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BASIC ASSIGNMENTS

Subtractive Transformation

WALL

3D FORM

ROOM

3D FORM

DOOR PLACEMENT

WINDOW PLACEMENT

PARTS OF A BUILDING
Coping
Parapet wall

Roof

Ceiling Plane
Wall Plane
Lintel
Reveal

Lintel
Door

Window
Sill

Ramp

Steps

Floor Plane
Foundation
Load Down
On Soil

PARTS OF A BUILDING

Load Down
On Soil

PARTS OF A BUILDING
1.

Foundation:- It Is The Lowest Part Of The Structure Below The Ground Level Which Is In Direct Contact
With The Ground And Transmits All The Dead, Live And The Other Loads To The Soil On Which The
Structure Rests.

2.

Plinth:- The Portion Of The Building Between The Ground Surrounding The Building And The Top Of The
Floor Immediately Above The Ground Is Known As Plinth.

3.

Walls:- Walls Are Provided To Enclose Or Divide The Floor Space In Desired Pattern. Walls Provide Privacy,
Security And Give Protection Against Sun, Rain, Cold And Other Adverse Effects Of Weather.

4.

Column:- It May Be Defined As An Isolated Vertical Load Bearing Member The Width Of Which Is Neither
Less Than Its Thickness Nor More Than Four Times Its Thickness.

PARTS OF A BUILDING
5.

Floors:- Floors Are Flat Supporting Elements Of A Building. They Divide A Building Into Different Levels
Thereby Creating More Accommodation On A Given Plot Of Land.

6.

Doors, Windows & Ventilators:- A Door May Be Defined As A Barrier Secured In An Opening Left In A Wall
To Provide Usual Means Of Access To A Building, Room Or Passage. A Window May Be Defined As An
Opening Left In A Wall For The Purpose Of Providing Daylight, Vision And Ventilation.

7.

Stairs:- A Stair May Be Defined As A Structure Comprising Of A Number Of Steps Connecting One Floor To
Another. The Stair Must Be Constructed In Such A Manner That It Is Safe And Comfortable To Use And It
Should Be So Located As To Permit Easy Communication.

Types of Roof
Roof

Wall

Floor

Pitched Roof

Roof

Roof

Wall

Floor

Lean To Roof

Wall
Floor

Roof

Types of Roof
Roof

Wall

Wall

Wall

Floor

Butterfly Roof

Roof

Roof

Floor

Butterfly Roof

Floor

Roof

Types of Roof

Types of Roof

PARTS OF A DOOR

FOUNDATION OF A BUILDING

FOUNDATION OF A BUILDING

Shapes And Forms


Shape
The characteristics outline
or surface configuration of a
particular form. Shape is the
Principal aspect by which we
identify and categorize forms.

Shape
Size
The physical dimension
of length, width and depth
of a form. While those dimensions
determine the
Proportion of a form, its scale is
determined by its size relative to
other forms in its context.

Size
Color

Colour

A phenomenon of light and visual


perception that may
be described in terms of an
individuals perception of
hue, saturation and total
value

Shapes And Forms


Form
The location from relative to its
environment or the visual feid
within which it is run.

Shape

Orientation
The direction of a form relative
to the ground. Plan the compass
points other forms or to the
person viewing the form.

Orientation
Visual Inertia
The degree of the concentration
and stability of a form the visual
Inertia of a form depends Upon
the geometry as well as its
orientation to the ground plan
and the pull of gravity and our
line of signet.

Circles
Diameter

Radius

Sector

Chord
Segment
Quadrant
Chord

Circumference

Arc

Base Plane
Base Plane
A horizontal plane laying
as a figure on a contrasting
Background defines a
Simple field of space.
This field can be visually
Reinforced in following ways

Example of Top Base Plan

Example of Base Plane

Example of Top Base Plane

Example of Isometric Base Plane

Elevated Base Plane


A horizontal plane elevated
Above the ground plane
establishes vertical surfaces
Along its edges that reinforced
the visual separation between
Its field and surrounding
Ground.

Example of Elevated Top


Plan

Example of Elevated Base


Plane

Example of Elevated Top


Plane

Example of Isometric Elevated


Plane

Base Plane
Depressed Base Plane
A Horizontal plane
depressed into the ground
Plane utilizes the vertical
Surface Of the lowered area to
Define the volume of a space.

Example of Top Base Plan

Example of Base Plane

Example of Top Depressed


Plane

Example of Isometric Depressed


Plane

Overhead Plane
Example of Overhead Top
Plan

Example of Overhead
Isometric Plan

A horizontal plane located


Overhead defines a volume of
space between itself and the
ground plane.

Example of Overhead Top


Plane

Example of Overhead Isometric


Plane

Approaches

Example Of Frontal Top View

Example Of Frontal Isometric View

Frontal Approach:
A Frontal Approach Leads Directly To The Entrance Of A Building Along A Straight , Axial Path.
The Visual Goal That Terminates The Approach Is Clear, It May Be The Entire Front Faade Of
A Building Or An Entrance Within The Plane .

Approaches

Example of Oblique Top View

Example of Oblique Isometric View

Oblique Approach :
An Oblique Approach Enhances The Effect Of Perspective On The Front Facade And Form Of A
Building. The Path Can Be Redirected One Or More Time To Delay And Prolong The Sequence Of The
Approach. If A Building Is Approached At An Extreme Angle , Its Entrance Can Project Beyond Its
Facade To Be More Clearly Visible.

Approaches

Example of Spiral Isometric View

Example of Spiral Isometric View

Spiral Approach :
A Spiral Approach Enhances The Effect Of Perspective On The Front Faade And Form Of A
Building. The Path Can Be Redirected One Or More Times To Delay And Prolong The Sequence
Of The Approach. If A Building Is Approached At The Extreme Angle, Its Entrance Project Beyond
Its Faade To Be More Clearly Visible.

Types of Doors
Location Of Doors
(i) From Consideration Of Adequate Air Circulation
Within The Room, The Doors Should Be Provided In
Opposite Walls Facing Each Other.
(ii) From Consideration Of Proper Space Utilization And
Privacy, Doors Should As For As Possible Be Located
Near The Corner Of A Room (Say About 20 Cm Away
From The Corner).
(iii) The Location Of The Door Should Meet The Functional
Requirements Of The Room.
(iv) The Numbers Of Doors In A Room Should Be Kept In
Minimum To Achieve Optimum Utilization Of Space.

Types Of Door:Door Frame


Door Frame Is Made Up Of Two Typical Members Known As
Jambs Or Posts And Flat Member Connecting The Jambs At
Top Called Head. The Cross-sectional Dimensions Of The
Jamb And The Head Are Normally Kept Same. The Size Of
Door Frame Is Worked Out After Allowing A Clearance Of 5
Mm. All-round For Convenience Of Fixing The Frame In The
Opening. Frames Made From Timber Steel Are Described
Below

1.Battened Ledged Door


2 Battened Ledged And Braced Door
3.Battened Ledged Braced And
Framed Door
4. Framed And Panel Door
5.Glazed Or Sash Door
6 .Flush door
11. Collapsible Steel Doors
7. Fly proof doors
12.Rolling Steel Shutter Doors
8.Revolving doors
13.Rolling Grill Doors
9. Sliding Door
14.M.S. Sheet Doors
10.Swing doors
15. Fire Check Door

Battened and Ledged Door


Plan

FRAME 60x100

x
Hinge

30mmTHICK
BATTEN

HORIZONTAL SECTION

Hold fast

60x100 FRAME

Size
MIDDLE LEDGE
200x30

OUT

200x30 LEDGES
IN

OUT
SCOTCH TE HINGE
30mm TH BATTENS
BRICK WALL PLASTER

IN

Definition:BOTTOM LEDGE
200x30

ELEVATION

VERTICALSECTION

This Is The Simplest Form Of Door Commonly Used For


Narrow Openings. The Door Consists Of Vertical
Battens Or Boards Usually Tongued And Grooved And
Fixed Together With Horizontal Battens Known As
Ledges. There Are Three Fixed In The Middle Of The
Shutter. The Middle Ledges Is Also Known As Lock
Ledges.

Battened, ledged, braced,& framed Door


Detail Plan
Hold fast

Frame

Frame(125X75)

Brick Wall

Top Rail

Bracing

Hinge

HORIZONTAL SECTION

Definition:Lock Rail

Bracing

Bottom Rail

Elevation

Vertical Section

This Type Of Door Is Considered To The


Superior In Strength, Durability And
Appearance. The Frame Work Of This
Type Of Door Consists Of Two Vertical
Members Called Stiles, Three Horizontal
Members Known As Ledges Or Rails,
Vertical Battens And Two Inclined Braces.
The Rails Positioned Near The Top,
Middle And The Bottom Of The Shutter
Are Mortised And Tinned Into The Stiles.
The Battens Are Generally Tongued And
Grooved And V-jointed. At Their Upper
End, The Battens Are Let Into The Top
Rail While At Mid Rail While At Mid
Height And Lower Ends They Go Right
Over The Middle And Bottom Rails.

Panelled Door Vertical And Horizontal Section


A

Frame
60x100

Top rail
100x35

EQ

EQ
900

Plan

Panel
15mm

Panelled Door:Freeze rail


100x35

This Type Of Door Is Commonly


Provided In All Types Of
Buildings . This Door Consists
Of Timber Frame Work Of Stiles
And Rails Which Are Grooved
On The Inside To Receive One
Or More Panels . The Door May
Be Single, Double, Three, Four
Or Six Paneled Also . The Panels
Can Be Timber, Plywood, Block
Board Or Hard Board.

Panel

Lock rail
150x35

Panel

Bottom rail
200x35

Elevation

Section

Six Panelled Door

Glazed or Sash Door


Top Rail
35100
Hold Fast
Glass

Brick Wall
Frame(60100)

Glass

Wooden Bead

Wooden
Beading
1020

Lock
Rail
35X150

HORIZONTAL SECTION

Wooden Panel

Bottom rail
35200

ELEVATION

VERTICAL SECTION

Definition:This Type Of Door Is Used In Residential As Well As Public Buildings


Like Hospitals, Schools Or Colleges Etc. Glazed Or Sash Doors Are
Made In Several Designs. They Can Be Glazed Fully Or Partly.
In Case Of Partly Glazed Doors Normally The Bottom 1/3rd Height Of
The Door Is Panelled And Remaining 2/3rd Height Is Glazed. In Case
Of Partly Glazed Doors, The Stiles Are Sometimes Diminished At The
Lock Rail To Improve The Elevation And To Permit More Area Of
Glazing In The Process.

Solid Core Type Flush Door


Top Rail
Frame
Stile

Solid
core of
Particle
Board

Face Veneer
or Plywood
Stile

Edge of hard wood Solid core of


Particle Board
or lipping

Solid core type Flush Door :Cross


Band
Face
Veneer or
Plywood

Bottom Rail

ELEVATION

Flush doors have pleasing appearance , simple


construction ,high strength and durability and
cost less as compared with panelled doors.
Flush door shutter consists of a solid or
semisolid framed skeleton covered on both
faces with either plywood or a combination of
cross bands and face veneers giving perfectly
flush and joint less surface .
In solid core type flush doors the wooden frame
used for holding the core consists of stiles, top
rails and bottom rails , width of each member
being not less than 5 cm.

Solid Core Type Flush Door


Top Rail

Stile

Soft wood
strips or
laminated
core pieces

Fra
me
Stile

Face
veneer or
Ply Wood

Soft wood strips or


laminated core
pieces
Frame

Stile

Face veneer or
Ply Wood

Cross Band

Definitions:

Face Veneer
or Plywood

Bottom Rail

ELEVATION

Flush Doors Have Pleasing Appearance ,


Simple Construction ,High Strength And
Durability And Cost Less As Compared With
Panelled Doors. Flush Door Shutter Consists
Of A Solid Or Semisolid Framed Skeleton
Covered On Both Faces With Either Plywood
Or A Combination Of Cross Bands And Face
Veneers Giving Perfectly Flush And Joint
Less Surface .
In Solid Core Type Flush Doors The Wooden
Frame Used For Holding The Core Consists
Of Stiles, Top Rails And Bottom Rails , Width
Of Each Member Being Not Less Than 5 Cm.

Hollow Core type Flush door


TOP RAIL

FRAME

BATTENS

FACE VENEER OR
PLYWOOD

STYLE
STILE
VOIDS

EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING


BATTENS

INTERMEDIATE
RAIL

HORIZONTAL SECTION

Frame
Style

FACE VENEER OR PLYWOOD

VOIDS

EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING


LOCK RAIL

CROSS BAND
FACE VENEER
OR PLYWOOD
BOTTOM RAIL

ELEVATION

ENLARGE VIEW OF HORIZONTAL SECTION

HOLLOW CORE TYPE FLUSH DOOR :-In This Type ,The Frame Consists Of Stiles ,Top
Rail ,Bottom Rails And Minimum Two Intermediate Rails-each Not Less Than 75mm. In
Width. The Space Between The Stiles And The Rails Is Divided By Fixing Wooden Battens
Not Less Than 25 Mm. In Width In Such A Manner That The Voids Are Equally Distributed
And Area Of Any Void Remains Less Than 50 Cm Sq . Instead Of Battens ,Rolls Or Strips Of
Veneers Can Also Be Used For Forming Core. Plywood Sheets Or Combination Of Crossbands And Face Veneers Are Then Glued Under Pressure On Both Faces Of The Core .The
Thickness Of Plywood Used Should Not Be Less Than 6 Mm. In This Type Of Shutter.

Fly-proof Door
Frame
75125mm
Hold Fast
Paneled
Door

Wooden Panel
Frame(75125) 10 mm

Stile

HORIZONTAL SECTION

Lock Rail
35X150

Fly-proof Door:-

ELEVATION

VERTICAL SECTION

This Type Of Door Is Used To Check The Entry Of Flies, Mosquitoes ,


Insects Etc. Into The Room And To Allow Free Circulation Of Air At The
Same Time. The Door Consists Of Timber Framework Of Vertical Stiles
And Horizontal Rails And The Opening Of The Panels Are Fitted With
Fine-mesh Galvanized Wire Gauge. The G.I Wire Is Fixed By Use Of
Nails And Timber Beading. Generally The Door Opening In Such A Case
Is Provided With Double Shutters. The Shutter Opening Inside The Room
Is Paneled Whereas The Fly Proof Or Wire Gauge Shutter Open Outside
The Room Or Wise Versa.

Revolving Door
Styles

Inside

Rubber Piece

Glazing
Glazing
Outside

ELEVATION

Definition:
Revolving Door Provides Entrance On One Side And Exit On The Other Side
Simultaneously Keeping The Opening Automatically Classed When Not In
Use. The Door Essentially Consists Of Four Leaves Radially Attached Central
Member Is Provided With Ball-bearing At The Bottom And Bush Bearing At
The Top So As To Enable The Door To Revolve Smoothly Without Producing
Jerk.

Sliding Door Elevation


WALL
DOOR OPENING

BRACKETS

TRACK

FRAME

FRAME

SHUTTER
FLOOR FINISH

CHANNEL TRACK

Sliding Door Vertical Section

BRACKET
LINTEL

TROLLEY
OPENING
SHUTTER

BALL-BEARING
CHANNEL TRACK

Sliding Door Detail Plan


Definition:- This Type Of Door Is Suitable
Opening

Opening

Opening

For Shops, Sheds, Go-downs, Garage Etc.


And In Places Where The Use Of Hinges For
Fixing The Shutter Is To Be Avoided.
Depending Upon The Size Of The Opening ,
And The Space Available On Either Side, The
Door Can Have Single, Double Or More
Number Of Leaves Or Shutters. The Door Is
Provided With Top And Bottom Guide Rails
Or Runners Within Which The Shutters
Slide. The Guide Rails Run Past The Opening
For A Distance Equal To The Width Of The
Shutter So That When The Door Is Required
To Be Opened, The Door Shutter Occupies A
New Position Parallel To The Wall Face And
Clear Off The Opening. The Shutters Are
Also Provided With Locking Arrangements,
Handles, Stopper Etc.

Swing Door
Frame
10075mm

35 Mm Thick
Flush Shutter

Definitions: -

ELEVATION

VERTICAL SECTION

The Type Of Door Is Generally Provided In Passages Of


Buildings Like Offices, Banks Etc. The Door May Have Single
Shutter Or Two Shutters. The Shutters Are Fixed With Special
Hinges Known As Double Action Hinges Which Hold The Shutter
In The Closed Position When Not In Use.

Contrast

Single complementary color scheme Split complementary color scheme

Single complementary color scheme

Contrastcontrast Is A Point Of Focus Or Interruption . It Marks


The Location In A Composition Which Strongly Draw The
Viewers Attention. In Any Composition There Is A Primary(a
Main Focus) And A Secondary Focus. Contrast, Dominance And
Emphasis Are All One In A Composition. Another Word For
Contrast Is SURPRISE

Single complementary color scheme

Composition Project

Front View

Isometric View

Top View

Composition Project

Front View

Isometric View

Top View

Stairs
Dog Legged Stairs:It consist of two straight
flights of step with abrupt
turn between them. A
level landing is placed
across the two flights at
the change of direction.

Stairs

Durian Plan 2D

Outer Dimensions

Ground Floor Plan

Movement: Movement is the process of relocation of objects in space over time

Movement Through Colour

Movement Through Shape


(Shape Contour)

Movement Through Line Thickness

Movement of eye from Bright(Green) to Light(White).


Contrast creates movement

Movement: Movement is the process of relocation of objects in space over time

Movement Through Lines

Movement Through Gradation

Movement Through Texture

Movement Through Repetition

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