OFFICIAL LABWORK REPORT OF

Earth Science

Arranged by :
Aprilia Mantayani (14312241028 )
CLASS I SCIENCE EDUCATION 2014

STUDY PROGRAM OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE FACULTY
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
2015

Contour Map

A. TITLE
Contour Map
B. OBJECTIVE
1. To develop the concept of representation of the earth, a small part of the earth
on paper.
2. To know the concept of scale as a miniature representation.
C. THEORY
A topographic map is a type of map that shows elevation. Topographic maps
are used by people like hikers and others who need to know what the elevation of
an area is. So what do these lines mean? Why are there so many, and why are they
so crooked? This lesson will be looking at just that: we will cover what a
topographic map is, what those lines are, and how they work. Specifically, we will
delve into the rules that those lines follow and how to make sense of the numbers
associated with them. Later on in the lesson, we'll learn how this information
connects to a true geologic map and how to read all those colors.
Topographic Map Basics
We begin our focus on the basic part of a topographic map, all those lines.
These are known as contour lines. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation.
All that means is that where there's a line, everything on that line is the same
height or altitude. Think of it this way, if you had a tub of water with a big rock in
it and you started filling the tub with water but paused every minute to draw a line
where the water had risen to - those lines would be like contour lines. If you did
this for the entire rock, then drained all the water out, the rock would have lines all
over it. If you looked at this from above, just like the whipped cream from before,
you would see all those lines connecting and forming circles. A topographic map
shows those lines. On most maps like this, these lines are shown with a light
brown color. If you were to look at a topographic map, you would realize that
there's not just one line, but many. Each line is a different elevation, but some of
the lines have numbers on them. These are called index contours. Index contours
display the exact elevation of one specific line. Why not just put numbers on
every line? Space. There just isn't enough room on the map to keep putting
numbers everywhere, and it would get awfully cluttered if we did. We'll touch on
this idea again later on. To put this into perspective, imagine you are somewhere
with a big staircase. Maybe you're at the Pyramids of Giza or one of those big
concrete sports arenas or any other place where there's lots of steps. Imagine you
are at the very bottom of those steps. If you start hiking up the stairs, the tenth step

up would be painted light brown. Not just in one spot, the entire step, all the way
across. It would represent 10 feet high. This would be one of your contour lines.
If you went up another 10 steps there would be another step painted brown there
as well. If you keep going, eventually you will probably lose count of how many
steps you took. Don't believe me? Go run stairs somewhere and try to remember
what floor you are on, try a tall hotel stairwell. After a while you'll get tired and
start to forget. Well lucky for you, after your 50 stairs, you see a painted step that
has a big 5-0 printed on it. Do Why don't you have a seat, catch your breath and
take look around. This step with a big 50 painted on it means that you're now 50
feet above sea level. Each index contour might only be labeled in two or three
other places - it keeps the clutter down (Muhammad:2005).
Contour Ruler
One different thing about topographic maps: they have rules. Specifically the
contour lines have rules - and every topographic map follows them:
1. Lines cannot cross.
2. Lines form circles around hills or depressions.
While that would be pretty cool, being at two different elevations at the same
time would cause some serious issues with physicists because basically you would
need to be in two different places at one time, and that can't happen.
While we're focused on lines here, look at the space between any two lines.
This is called the contour interval. Contour interval is the distance between any
two side-by-side lines. For example, a contour interval of 10 means you would
change elevation 10 feet up or down by crossing over those lines on the map. It
depends which way you're traveling. Every space between every line on that map
would be 10 feet of elevation change, no matter how close or spread out those
lines are. This information will either be printed on the map somewhere or you
can figure it out by looking at the index contours. Now, lines can (and often do)
get really close to each other. The closer those lines, the steeper the hill would be.
A sheer cliff would have lines all piled up to show that drastic elevation change,
and a gentle slope would have contour lines much more spread out. See how these
lines are all bunched up here? This is a topographic map that would represent this
type of cliff landform.

The other rule we need to look at states: contour lines close around
hills and depressions. This is probably best explained by going back to our
step idea. If you were to run all the way around the base of one of the
pyramids, it would make one big square. If you were to then go up 10 feet to
that first painted level of painted step and run around that that, it would make
another square. This would be a little bit smaller, but the same exact shape. If
you kept doing that, eventually you would you would probably be arrested, but
you would up with a bunch of concentric squares. Eventually it would look
like a square bull's eye with the center being the smallest square. The same is
true for hills and mountains. As you go up in elevation, that circle will get
smaller and smaller. Just like lines in the whipped cream, the lines here would
completely surround the pyramid (Gross:2006)

Up until now we've only talked about contour lines going up in elevation.

D. METHODS
1. Time and location
Location : Laboratorium IPA 2
Date
: Thursday , 8th Oktober 2015

Time
: 09.20-11.00 WIB
2. Tools and materials
a. clay,
b. a piece of paper,
c. a pencil,
d. skewers,
e. books
f. ruler
E. OBSERVATION PROCEDURE
Shaping clay or plasticine into a miniature mountain, complete with hills and
valleys, slopes with a gradual slope at the top of the cardboard.
Put a thick book on a table next to a miniature mountain
Eyes fixed position above the book and then look at the mountain. mark around the
highest part of the mountain that part of the book.
Draw a line around the mountain with toothpicks / skewers to connect the sign that
was created in step 3.
Observe the lines that have been drawn on tapat mountain from the top of the
mountain (perpendicular). whether the line is a circle? The line represents what?
Perform steps 2-4 by using a thinner book and 7. do steps 2-4 using thick and thin
books stacked.
Observe the lines that have been drawn on the right of the mountain from the top of
the mountain (perpendicular). apakalh the line apart at the same distance on the
surrounding mountains? section where the lines berdekatab running?
Sketch on paper mountain appearance when viewed from above berdasarkab lines
already drawn on the mountain
F. OBSERVATION RESULTS

Observation result of the miniatur

With use skala 1:20.000 and with long 47,5 cm to large 28,5 cm.
G. DISCUSSIONS

Percobaan yang berjudul Peta Kontur yang dilakukan pada hari kamis, 8
Oktober 2015 bertujuan untuk mengembangakan konsep respresentasi bumi,
bagian kecil bumi dari bumi pada kertas dan mengetahui konsep skala sebagai
representasi bentuk miniatur. Adapun alat dan bahan yang digunakan adalah tanah
lempung, selemabar kertas, pensil, tusuk gigi, buku-buku, pengaris, dan jarum
pentul. Adapun langkah-langkah yang harus dikerjakan dalam praktikum ini
adalah sebagai berikut menyediakan peta topografi yang akan diinterpretasikan,
selanjutnya menentukan titik ketinggian, kemudian menghubungkan titik ke
tinggian yang sama dengan menarik garis lurus yang tidak putus dan tidak saling
berpotongan, membuat profil peta topografi dari garis kontur yang diperoleh dan
terakhir membuat sketsa penampakan gunung pada kertas. Pada percobaan ini
untuk sketsa penampakan gunung dengan ukuran panjang 47,5 cm dan lebar 28,5.
Garis kontur adalah garis khayal dilapangan yang menghubungkan titik
dengan ketinggian yang sama atau garis kontur adalah garis kontinyu diatas peta
yang memperlihatkan titik-titik diatas peta dengan ketinggian yang sama. Nama
lain garis kontur adalah garis tranches, garis tinggi dan garis tinggi horizontal.
Garis kontur + 25 m, artinya garis kontur ini menghubungkan titik-titik yang
mempunyai ketinggian sama + 25 m terhadap tinggi tertentu. Garis kontur
disajikan di atas peta untuk memperlihatkan naik turunnya keadaan permukaan
tanah. Aplikasi lebih lanjut dari garis kontur adalah untuk memberikan informasi
slope (kemiringan tanah rata-rata), irisan profil memanjang atau melintang
permukaan tanah terhadap jalur proyek (bangunan) dan perhitungan galian serta
timbunan (cut and fill) permukaan tanah asli terhadap ketinggian vertikal garis
atau bangunan.
Garis kontur dapat dibentuk dengan membuat proyeksi tegak garis-garis
perpotongan bidang mendatar dengan permukaan bumi ke bidang mendatar peta.
Karena peta umumnya dibuat dengan skala tertentu, maka untuk garis kontur ini
juga akan mengalami pengecilan sesuai skala peta. Garis-garis kontur merupakan
cara yang banyak dilakukan untuk melukiskan bentuk permukaan tanah dan
ketinggian pada peta, karena memberikan ketelitian yang lebih baik. Cara lain
untuk melukiskan bentuk permukaan tanah yaitu dengan cara hachures dan
shading.
Berdasarkan hasil praktikum mengenai peta kontur, dapat menginterpretasi
suatu daerah berdasarkan sketsa penampakan gunung dengan tanah lempung. Pada
praktikum ini dengan mengambarkan sketsa gunung dapat menunjukan kondisi

suatu daerah yaitu dengan adanya lembah, daratan yang tinggi maupun tegak,
misalnya dari kerapatan garis kontur kita dapat mengetahui kondisi bentang alam
suatu daaerah, dari pola aliran sungai yang nampak pada peta. Dapat juga dari
interpretasi suatu sketsa gunung kita juga dapat menghitung beda tinggi yang
berguna untuk mengetahui berapa beda antara tempat tertinggi dengan tempat
terendah suatu daerah. Mengukur jarak datar yang berguna untuk mengetahui
jarak kelandaian suatu daerah, mengetahui persen suatu kemiringan lereng yang
berguna untuk menentukan tingkat kemiringan.
Dari hasil percobaan tersebut untuk Interval kontur yang merupakan jarak
vertikal antar garis yang satu dengan garis kontur yang lainnya secara berurutan.
Pada percobaan ini skala 1: 20.000 dicantumkan interval konturnya 2 cm.
Pada sketsa gambar peta kontur berskala 1:40.000 mempunyai ukuran
23,7 x 14,25 cm dan diberi nomor dengan angka ke arah horizontal, dengan makin
besar arah vertikal menggunakan angka Romawi dengan makin kebawah makin
besar. Seperti gunung merupakan rangkaian garis kontur berbentuk huruf U
dimana U dari huruf U menunjukan tempat atau daerah yang lebih pendek dari
kontur diatasnya. Lembah atau Sungai Lembah atau sungai merupakan rangkaian
garis kontur yang berbentuk n (huruf V terbalik) jung dengan Ujung yang Tajam.
Daerah landai datar dan terjal curam Daerah datar/landai garis konturnya jarang,
sedangkan daerah terjal atau curam garis konturnya rapat.

Gambar peta kontur menurut literatur

Untuk dapat

lebih mempermudah pembacaan garis kontur, maka dibuat

kembali model penggambaran dengan tampilan tiga dimensi. Dimana pada tampilan
tiga dimensi, beda ketinggian dari suatu daerah dengan garis kontur dapat terlihat
dengan lebih jelas dan mudah. Untuk membuat tampilan tiga dimensi tersebut maka
diperlukan data masukan berupa peta topografi yang dianalisa dan diproses kedalam
output model objek tiga dimensi.

H. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of experiments conducted can be concluded that:
1. Topography map is a map that shows the state of the earth of an area, usually
using contour lines in modern maps.
2. Topographic maps also illustrate as much as possible the characteristics of the
surface of a specific area within the limits of the scale.
I. DISCUSSION
1. What a contour map?
The map that you have been given contains elevation point. Based on these
oints you are to draw in the countur lines. Choose an appropriate contour
interval by examming the elevation ponts on your map. If your total relief( the
difference between the highest and lowest elevation) is large, you wikneed a
large contour interval. The most common intervals are 10 0r 20 ft for less
relief and 100 ft for greater relief. Refer to the following guidelines and 2
when drawing.
2. How to read a map contour?
Ruler for contour lines
a. A contour line must never divide or sprit
b. A contour line ush never simply end. Somewhere (usully off the map) the
two ends of a contour line must join to endclsoe an irregulary circular
region.
c. A contour line must represent one and only one elevation
d. A contour line may never intersect other lines (overhanding cliffs a rare
excpetion, in which case the hidden contours are dashed).
e. Contour line from a V pattern when crossing streams. The V always points
upstream (uphalll)
f. Closely spaced contour lines indlcate a steep slope; widely spaced lines
inslacate a gentle slope.
g. Concentric circles of contour lines indlcate a hilltop or mountoin peak
h. Concentric circles of hachured contour lines indlcate hollow or closed
depression.
3. what it means when the contour lines coincide?
contour lines indicate a steep slope coincide

REFERENCES
Gross, M.G.2006. A View of Earth. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliff . New
Jersey.
Muhammad,

hamid.

2005.

Ilmu

Pengetahuan

Sosial-Geografi.

Jakarta:

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.

http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-read-topographic-and-geologicmaps.html, diakses pada sabtu, 10 oktober 2015 pada pukul 19.00 WIB.
http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/hiking/how-to-read-atopographic-map5.htm. Diakses pada sabtu, 10 oktober 2015 19.10 WIB.

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