Abstract

This seminar, Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor

Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes
over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting
number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When
somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented
by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when
any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by
one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in
the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is
also

displayed

on

the

seven

segment

displays.

The

microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from

the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of
software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller PIC 61F887
continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object
pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the
receivers are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the
Microcontroller.

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Automatic room light control is one the highly sensitive
electronic design in the modern countries which has to do with
different section of functions. It not common applied anywhere,
there are valuable places in which the use of this automatic light
control are needed in terms beautifying, security purposes and so
on.

Such

places

like

modern

equipped

hospitals

hotels

government executive lodges and offices.

Microcontroller based Automatic room light control This Project
"Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using
Microcontroller" is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of
controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/
visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into
the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in
the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room
then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only
switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total
number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven
segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It
receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated
under the control of software which is stored in ROM.
Microcontroller PIC 61F887 continuously monitor the Infrared
Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then
the IR Rays falling on the receiver?s are obstructed , this
obstruction
is
sensed
by
the
Microcontroller.
Program

The aim of this seminar is to:

Serve the purpose of security and safety
Show that the Design can enhance the beauty of the building
where needed
Bring awareness and increasing the use of microcontrollers in
embedded system design in the field engineering.
Design can easily be changed without necessarily changing the
hardware concept of the circuit.
Show that the Products are fast produced because the total
chip count is reduced by greater than 70% through the use of a
microcontroller in its architecture.
Users can easily customize their products to suit their need.

The following steps were taking before this seminar/project was

successfully carried out:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Sourcing for Circuit diagram

Sourcing for required components
Writing of computer program/ simulation
Loading of program into the microcontroller (PIC61F887)
Circuit construction/ testing
Building the Casing

CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19 th century
when electricity was first discovered by scientist from the western
world by Sir Edward Haughton in 1876 that was born to the family
of Hillary Haughton in north London.

This design has the short

comings of handling greater power output.

Also in that same

year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up

with yet technique in power change over design.

In

has

is

design he used pressurized hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor

bars that was meant to carry the current down to the load, with
this introduction, high power change overs were made but also,
its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult
to work around with.
In 1889, Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by
the early works of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic
induction, came up with a design that uses this scheme -

electromagnetic principles this arrangement was sort of a

relay but in a housing that looks like a transformer. His
design was largely welcomed due to its speed in making or
breaking electrical contacts between its copper contact bars and
also the first design that included three phase, the short comings
of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only
suited to industrial use alone.
Sequel to this discovery, series of designs were brought to the
market scene like the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by
Professor Hong To his design was largely welcomed due to it
miniaturized size and the ability to withstand enormous power
without compromising speed. And today, a vast model of designs
has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase
power changeover to single phase power changeover.
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase
power changeover due to its cost effectiveness and ease of
construction.

A lighting control system consists of a device that controls

electric lighting and devices, alone or as part of a daylight
harvesting system, for a public, commercial, or residential
building or property, or the theater. Lighting control systems are
used for working, aesthetic, and security illumination for interior,
exterior, and landscape lighting, and theater stage lighting
productions. They are often part of sustainable architecture and

lighting design for integrated green building energy conservation

programs.
Lighting control systems, with an

embedded processor or

industrial computer device, usually include one or more portable

or mounted keypad or touchscreen console interfaces, and can
include mobile phone operation. These control interfaces allow
users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices), operate
dimmers, and pre-program space lighting levels

CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are
made up with infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in
any of the buildings in which when its energized, the transmitting
signal and the receiving signal and awaits any interruption of the
links, then the microcontroller count the number of people on the
interruption of signal. The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay, then count the
number people that exit the door point, the microcontroller will
decrement by the number of people in the room until the last

person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off the light.
The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links
before taking effect on the microcontroller.
The components use for the design:

Power supply unit

Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay

Crystal (oscillator)

Power supply unit

The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit
is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which
allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and
perform the following acts:
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply
source and everything starts to happen at high speed! The
control logic registers what is going on first. It enables only
quartz oscillator to operate. While the first preparations are in
progress and parasite capacities are being charged, the first
milliseconds go by.

Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply

source and everything starts to happen at high speed! The control
logic registers what is going on first. It enables only quartz
oscillator to work. While the first

Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process
flow will be controlled by this hardware accordingly to the
embedded programming in it. Microcontroller is chosen for the
system as the controller. The functions of the microcontroller are
limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model.

The

microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured

by

Atmel

Semiconductors

and

every

families

of

the

microcontroller have same or different features.

What is what in microcontroller?
Obviously, everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at
high speed and quite simple, but it would not be so useful if there
are no special interfaces which make it complete. Text below
refers to that:
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently
stores a program being executed. Obviously, the maximal length
of the program that can be written to depends on the size of the
memory. Program memory can be built in the microcontroller or

added from outside as a separate chip, which depends on type of

the microcontroller.
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and
keeping different data and constants created and used during
operating process. The content of this memory is erased once the
power is off. For example: when the program performs addition, it
is necessary to have a register presenting what in everyday life is
called a sum. For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition. Data
memory size goes up to a few KBs.
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all
the types of the microcontrollers have. Its content can be
changed during program execution (similar to RAM), but it is
permanently saved even after the power goes off (similar to
ROM). It is used for storing different values created and used
during operating process and which must be saved upon turning
off the device (calibration values, codes, values to count up to
etc.).

A Passive Infrared Sensor

The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in
conjunction with Ivies programmable iFlex, 1026, and 884+
matrix mixers, but will work with any equipment that has logic
capable of responding to a contact closure.
The IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating
whether a door is open or closed. A mixer can be programmed to
reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open,
combining rooms, changing levels,
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device
that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field
of view. PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIRbased motion detectors (see below). Apparent motion is detected
when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human,
passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature,
such as a wall.[1]

All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to

what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared
radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected
by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term
passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit
an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared
radiation. Infra meaning below our ability to detect it visually,
and Red because this color represents the lowest energy level
that our eyes can sense before it becomes invisible. Thus, infrared
means below the energy level of the color red, and applies to
many sources of invisible energy.

Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch
electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor
material, with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another
pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be
much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor
provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in
integrated circuits.

Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an
electromagnet and a set of contacts. Relays are found hidden in
all sorts of devices. In fact, some of the first computers ever built
used relays to implement. A type of relay that can handle the high
power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a
contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no

moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform

switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
"protective relays

Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini
orchestra. Equalized pulses coming from this circuit enable
harmonious and synchronic operating of all other parts of the
microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics
resonator for frequency stabilization it is important to know that
instructions are not executed at the rate ordered by oscillator but
several times slower. The reason for this is that each instruction is
executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers execution
time of all instructions is equal, while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)

Block diagram of the design

Room
light

Power
source
unit

PIC
61F887

Relay

Micro
controll
er

Switch

Infrar
ed

trans
mitte
r

Infrar
ed
receiv
er

Door and infrared

sensors

CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge
to me, though it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic
principles of electronics components.

This seminar, Automatic

room light control is an electronic desings which can be used in

a variety of ways ranging from:

Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various
departments contained in it.

These and lots more can be

achieved with this scintillating electronic wonder.

However, it has two major draw backs which are:

It is very expensive to install in any firm

Most of the components used are not easily accessible.

Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar, I found that very
few organization knows about this technology and its being use in
the western countries. Appling this technology in our country in
most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of
development and attract foreign investors. For this process to
work effectively there must be constant power in any of the
buildings where its applied.

References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit
Theory
Penfold Robert (1980): Eveready Electronics
Theraja B.L and Theraja A. K. (2002) Text book of electrical
Technology
Menkiti, A.I. Aumere, O.E, Eze F.C (2005): Introduction to
Electronics
Ochiagha, G.C (Engr., Dr.), Okoronkwo Charles (Engr.) Igweonu E.I
(Engr.) (2005): Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H. Ardam, A Remote Controller for Home and Office
Appliances by Telephone, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. , vol.
44, no. 4, pp1291- 1297, November 1998.
Daldal

Nihat,

Microcontroller

Based

Control

system

(In

Turkish),
M.C. Term Project, Gazi University, Ankara, 2003.
E. Wong, A Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automation, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. , vol. 40, no. 1, pp.
28-33, February

1995.

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