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RADIOSS Tutorials
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...........................................................................................................................................
1
RADIOSS Tutorials
and Examples
Tutorials ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Introductory...................................................................................................................................
Tutorials
3
RD-0010: Running
RADIOSS from HyperMesh
...................................................................................................................................
4
RD-0020: Running
RADIOSS at the Command Line
...................................................................................................................................
6
Large Displacement
Finite Element Analysis
...................................................................................................................................
7
HyperCrash................................................................................................................................... 8
RD-3000: Tensile
Test Setup using HyperCrash
...................................................................................................................................
9
RD-3030: ...................................................................................................................................
Buckling of a Tube using Half Tube Mesh
18
RD-3050: ...................................................................................................................................
Simplified Car Pole Impact in HyperCrash
29
RD-3060: ...................................................................................................................................
Three Point Bending with HyperCrash
42
RD-3160: ...................................................................................................................................
Setting up Multidomain Analysis using HyperCrash
61
HyperMesh................................................................................................................................... 68
RD-3500: ...................................................................................................................................
Tensile Test Setup using HyperMesh
69
RD-3510: ...................................................................................................................................
Cantilever Beam with Bolt Pretension
80
RD-3520: ...................................................................................................................................
Pre-Processing for Pipes Impact using RADIOSS
92
RD-3530:...................................................................................................................................
Buckling of a Tube using Half Tube Mesh
102
RD-3540:...................................................................................................................................
Front Impact Bumper Model using HyperMesh
116
RD-3550:...................................................................................................................................
Simplified Car Pole Impact
128
RD-3560:...................................................................................................................................
Bottle Drop
140
RD-3580:...................................................................................................................................
Boat Ditching
151
RD-3590:...................................................................................................................................
Fluid Flow through a Rubber Clapper Valve
173
RD-3595:...................................................................................................................................
Three Point Bending with HyperMesh
183
RD-3597:...................................................................................................................................
Cell Phone Drop Test using HyperMesh
199
RD-3599:...................................................................................................................................
Gasket with HyperMesh
215
Examples
............................................................................................................................................... 226
List of Examples
................................................................................................................................... 227
Example 1
- Twisted Beam
...................................................................................................................................
234
Example 2
- Snap-through Roof
...................................................................................................................................
240
Example 3
S-beam
Crash
................................................................................................................................... 254
Example 4
- Airbag
...................................................................................................................................
268
Example 5
Beam
Frame
................................................................................................................................... 278
Example 6
- Fuel Tank
...................................................................................................................................
285
Example 7
- Pendulums
...................................................................................................................................
303
Example 8
- Hopkinson Bar
...................................................................................................................................
320
Example 9
- Billiards (pool)
...................................................................................................................................
337
Example 10
- Bending
...................................................................................................................................
358
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Example 11
- Tensile Test
...................................................................................................................................
367
Example 12
- Jumping Bicycle
...................................................................................................................................
399
Example 13
- Shock Tube
...................................................................................................................................
417
Example 14
- Truck with Flexible Body
...................................................................................................................................
436
Example 15
- Gears
...................................................................................................................................
459
Example 16
Dummy
Positioning
................................................................................................................................... 467
Example 17
- Box Beam
...................................................................................................................................
493
Example 18
Square
Plate
................................................................................................................................... 559
Example 19
- Wave Propagation
...................................................................................................................................
587
Example 20
- Cube
...................................................................................................................................
598
Example 21
- Cam
...................................................................................................................................
604
Example 22
- Ditching
...................................................................................................................................
618
Example 23
- Brake
...................................................................................................................................
632
Example 24
- Laminating
...................................................................................................................................
639
Example 25
- Spring-back
...................................................................................................................................
649
Example 26
Ruptured
Plate
................................................................................................................................... 664
Example 27
- Football (Soccer) Shots
...................................................................................................................................
674
Example 37
Analytical
Beam
................................................................................................................................... 680
Example 39
- Biomedical Valve
...................................................................................................................................
690
Example 40
- Lap Joint
...................................................................................................................................
699
Example 41
- Follower Force for Implicit Analysis
...................................................................................................................................
707
Example 42
- Rubber Ring: Crush and Slide
...................................................................................................................................
715
Example 43
- Perfect Gas Modeling with Polynomial EOS
...................................................................................................................................
724
Example 44
- Blow Molding with AMS
...................................................................................................................................
742
Example 45
- Multi-Domain
...................................................................................................................................
749
Example 46
TNT
Cylinder
Expansion
Test
................................................................................................................................... 758
Example 47
- Concrete Validation
...................................................................................................................................
779
Example 48
Solid
Spotweld
................................................................................................................................... 801
Example 49
- Bird Strike on Windshield
...................................................................................................................................
809
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Tutorials
File
Location
Most tutorials use files that are located in the tutorials/ directory of the
software installation. In the tutorials, file paths are referenced as
<install_directory>/../. In order to locate the files needed, you will need to
determine the path of the installation directory <install_directory>. This
path is dependent on the installation that was performed at your site. To
determine what this path is, follow these instructions:
1. Launch the application.
2. From the Help menu, select Updates.
3. The HyperWorks Update Information dialog opens. The installation directory
path appears after Altair Home:.
The RADIOSS tutorial model files are located in <install_directory>/
tutorials/hwsolvers/radioss.
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Introductory Tutorials
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh. The User Profiles dialog appears upon start-up by default.
2. If the User Profiles dialog is not visible, select Preferences from the toolbar and choose
User Profiles.
3. Under Application:, select RADIOSS.
4. Click OK. This loads the appropriate User Profile. It includes the appropriate template,
macro menu, and import reader. It simplifies the menu systems to give access to only the
functionality of HyperMesh that is necessary.
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can be seen in the directory where the model file was written. The plate.out file is a
good place to look for error messages that will help to debug the input deck if any errors
are present.
The default files written to your directory are:
plate.html
plate.out
plate.res
plate.stat
plate.h3d
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To execute a check run to validate your input deck and determine how much RAM
and disk space is necessary for the run, at the command prompt, enter:
$HWSDIR/<solver_name> plate.fem -check
Information regarding memory requirements is written to the file plate.out.
Refer to the Running RADIOSS section of the RADIOSS User's Guide for more detailed
information.
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HyperCrash
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The model is reduced to one-quarter of the total mesh with symmetric boundary conditions to
simulate the presence of the rest of the part.
Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (ms), Mass (kg), Force (kN) and Stress (GPa)
Simulation time D01 [0 10.]
Boundary Conditions:
o The 3 upper right nodes (TX, RY, and RZ)
o A symmetry boundary condition on all bottom nodes (TY, RX, and RZ)
At the left side is applied a constant velocity = 1 mm/ms on -X direction.
Tensile test specimen dimensions = 11 x 100 with a uniform thickness = 1.7 mm
Johnson-Cook Elastic Plastic Material /MAT/PLAS_JOHNS (Aluminum 6063 T7)
[Rho_I] Initial density = 2.7e-6 Kg/mm3
[E] Youngs modulus = 60.4 GPa
[nu] Poissons ratio = 0.33
[a] Yield stress = 0.09026 GPa
[b] Hardening parameter = 0.22313 GPa
[n] Hardening exponent = 0.374618
[SIG_max] Maximum stress = 0.175 GPa
[EPS_max] Failure plastic strain = 0.75
Input file for this tutorial: tensile_0000.rad
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Exercise
Step 1: Import the mesh
1. Open HyperCrash and select the Output format: RADIOSS_V13 and the Unit System:
kN_mm_ms_kg.
2. Click Run.
3. From the menu bar, select File > Import > RADIOSS.
4. In the Browser window, select tensile.rad.
5. Click OK.
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7. Toggle Tx, Ty, Tz, Rx, Ry and Rz, and click Save.
8. Repeat the same operations to create constraint3, as shown in the figure below:
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Step 7: Create Control Cards, Export the Starter and Engine files
1. From the menu bar, select Model > Control Card (see below):
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2. Enter the values for the Control Cards, as shown in the images below, saving after every
step:
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3. Click File > Export > RADIOSS to export the solver file.
4. In the Write Block Format 130 RADIOSS File window that opens, navigate to your
desired run directory and create a new folder named TENSIILE_TEST.
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RADIOSS Computing
Step 8: Run RADIOSS Starter and RADIOSS Engine
1. Launch RADIOSS from the Start menu. A HyperWorks Solver Run Manager window
appears.
2. In the Input file field, select TENSILE_0000.rad. from the folder you created.
3. Click Run.
The HyperWorks Solver View window is opened. The RADIOSS Starter will run and on
completion the RADIOSS Engine will automatically run.
Step 9: Review the listing files for this run and verify the results
1. See if there is are any warning or errors in the .out files.
2. Using HyperView, plot the displacement and strain contour.
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Model
Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (ms), Mass (kg), Force (kN) and Stress (GPa)
Simulation time: Engine [0 10 ms]
The tube thickness is 0.914 mm.
An imposed velocity of 13.3 mm/ms (~30 MPH) is applied to the right end of the tube
Elasto plastic material using Johnson-Cook law /MAT/PLAS_JOHNS (STEEL).
[Rho_Initial] Initial density = 7.85e-6 Kg/mm3
[E] Youngs modulus = 210 GPa
[nu] Poisson coefficient = 0.33
[a] Yield Stress = 0.206 GPa
[b] Hardening Parameter = 0.450 GPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 0.5
File needed to complete this exercise: boxtube_0000.rad
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Exercise
Step 1: Import the mesh
1. Open HyperCrash and set the User profile: to RADIOSS V13 and the Unit system: to
kN mm ms kg.
2. Set User interface style as New.
3. Set the working directory to <install_directory>/tutorials/hwsolvers/radioss/.
4. Click Run.
5. Click File > Import > RADIOSS.
6. In the input window, select boxtube_0000.rad.
7. Click OK.
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4. Click Save.
Note: For the remainder of the tutorial, you need to have the
ID of the master node of the rigid body.
5. Click Show Node Info icon
in the toolbar, and select the rigid body master node in
the graphic window. The Node ID appears in the message window (node ID: 803).
6. Click Cancel in the lower right corner.
7. Click Close.
5. Click Save.
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8. Go to the Properties tab, and switch the Friction Parameter: Sliding to Friction.
9. For Friction, enter 0.200.
10. Click Save > Close.
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Step 12: Select the Starter file BOXTUBE_0000.rad as Input file and
Run the model with the option: both
Step 13: Review the listing files for this run and verify on the results
1. Using HyperView, plot the displacement and strain contour at 8 ms.
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (s), Mass (ton), Force (N) and Stress (MPa)
Simulation time:
An initial velocity of 15600 mm/s is applied on the car model to impact a rigid pole of
radius 250 mm.
Elasto-plastic Material /MAT/PLAS_JOHNS (WINDSHIELD)
[Rho_Initial] Initial Density = 2.5x10-9 ton/mm3
[E] Young's Modulus = 76000 MPa
[nu] Poissons Ratio = 0.3
[ 0] Yield Stress = 192 MPa
[K] Hardening Parameter = 220 MPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 0.32
Elasto-plastic Material /MAT/PLAS_JOHNS (STEEL)
[Rho_Initial] Initial Density = 7.9x10-9 ton/mm3
[E] Young's Modulus = 210000 MPa
[nu] Poissons Ratio = 0.3
[ 0] Yield Stress = 200 MPa
[K] Hardening Parameter = 450 MPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 0.5
[SIG_max] Maximum Stress = 425 MPa
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Exercise
Step 1: Retrieve the HyperMesh file
1. Open HyperCrash and set the User profile: to RADIOSS V13 and the Unit system: to
kN mm ms. kg.
2. Set User Interface style as New.
3. Set the working directory to <install_directory>/tutorials/hwsolvers/radioss.
4. Click Run.
5. Click File > Import > Nastran for Crash.
6. In the input window, select full_car.nas.
7. Click OK.
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5. Click the Tree tab and select PSHELL3 and PSHELL16 in the tree.
6. Click
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3. Click the Tree tab and select PSHELL20 to PSHELL23 in the tree.
4. Click
7. Click Save.
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4. Click the Tree tab and select PSHELL3, PSHELL16 and PSHELL20 to PSHELL23 in the
tree.
5. Click
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6. Click
to show all the parts except the ones made with glass and rubber.
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5. In the Selection tab, set the Distance to search for slave nodes to 300.
6. Click See at the bottom of the panel to display the rigid wall.
7. Click Save.
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6. Click See at the bottom of the panel to display the rigid cylinder.
7. Click Save.
8. Click Close to close the Rigid Walls panel.
10. Click in the [Mast_id] Master field. Move the cursor to the graphical window and rightclick. The menu shown in the image below should appear. Choose the option Add
selected parts by box
the graphic window.
and use the mouse to drag a box to select the entire car in
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6. Go back to the Time History panel and click Add/Remove nodes by picking
selection
7. Select six nodes on the rails, for example as shown in the following image:
7. Click Yes in the lower right corner or right-click in the graphic window to exit the
selection.
8. Click Save > Close.
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3. Under the Quality menu, click Model Checker to check the quality, then check All
Solver Contact interfaces, remove all the initial penetrations in the model.
4. Under Mesh Editing menu, click Clean, then clean the model before exporting.
5. Click File > Export > RADIOSS, enter FULLCAR and click OK.
6. Leave the Header of RADIOSS File window empty and click Save Model. The Starter file
FULLCAR_0000.rad is written.
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Step 13: Select the Starter file FULLCAR_0000.rad as Input file and
Run the model
Exercise Expected Results
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (s), Mass (ton), Force (N) and Stress (MPa)
Simulation time: in _0001.rad [0 7.0E-2s]
Only one half of the model is modeled because it is symmetric.
The supports are totally fixed. An imposed velocity of 1000 mm/s is applied on the
Impactor in the (Z) direction
Model size = 370mm x 46.5mm x 159mm
Honeycomb Material /MAT/LAW28: HONEYCOMB
[Rho_I] Initial density = 3.0e-10 ton/mm3
[E11], [E22] and [E33] Youngs modulus (Eij) = 200 MPa
[G11], [G22] and [G33] Shear modulus (Gij) = 150 MPa
Elasto-Plastic Material /MAT/LAW36: Inner, Outer and Flat
[Rho_I] Initial density = 7.85-9 ton/mm3
[E] Youngs modulus = 210000 MPa
[nu] Poisson's ratio = 0.29
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Strain Curve:
0
STRAI
N
STRES
S8E-
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
400
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Step 3: Create and assign a material for Inner, Outer, and Flat parts
1. In the Window, right-click and select Create New > Elasto-plastic > Piecewise linear
(36).
2. For Title, enter Shell Material.
3. Enter all the material data, as shown in the following image:
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7. In the Function file window, select the function with an ID of 2 to import the curve, as
shown in the following image.
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8. Click Save.
9. Click the Tree tab and select the parts Inner, Outer, and Flat on the tree.
10. Click
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4. Right-click on the Yield stress function 11 field and click Select in Model to select a
curve already present in the model.
5. In the Function file window, select the function with ID of 5, then select OK.
6. Repeat this process for the Yield functions, as shown in the following image.
7. Click the Tree tab and select the part HCFoam (7) on the tree.
8. Click
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4. Enter Shell thickness and Shell element formulation values, as shown in the following
image.
5. Click the Tree tab and select the parts Inner, Outer and Flat on the tree.
6. Click
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3. Click the Tree tab and select the parts Impactor and Support in the tree.
4. Click
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5. Click Close.
6. Constrain all DOF except translation in Z as shown in the following image. To constrain
the nodes, check VX, VY, RX, RY and RZ.
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7. Click Save.
8. Repeat the same process to create Support Fix and Symmetry BC's, as shown below.
9. Click node selection icon
following image.
10. Constrain all DOF by selecting VX, VY, VZ, RX, RY and RZ, as shown in the following
image.
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18. Click
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select components Outer, Inner and Flat, as shown in the following image.
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2. Select All.
3. Click Clean > Close.
Step 14: Export the model, write the Starter (_0000.rad) and Engine
(_0001.rad) files
1. Click Model > Control Card and select the control cards in the images below.
Note: Make sure to save each control card before editing the
next.
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In order to run this analysis using multidomain technique, we have to split this model into
two domains, one containing the finely meshed region and the other containing the rest. A
node to node link (/LINK/TYPE4) is then specified at the boundary between the two domains.
These domains will be created using a pre-processor (using HyperCrash in this tutorial) and
the options specific to multidomain analysis will be added to the input decks through a texteditor. A Multidomain master input file will also be created using a text editor.
For a list of multidomain options, refer to Multidomain Input.
For information on how to create links or connections between domains, refer to Multidomain
in the User's Guide.
For more information on Multidomain Master Input, refer to Multidomain Master Input File.
Exercise
Step 1: Import Full Model
1. Open HyperCrash 13.0.
2. Set User profile: to RADIOSS V13 and Unit system: to kN mm ms kg.
3. Click Run.
4. Click File > Import > RADIOSS to import the model monodomain_0000.rad.
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2. In the Tree, select the subsets of the fine-meshed region (subsets BB_fine1 (21),
BB_fine2 (24), and fine_mesh (69)), then right-click, then click Export Selection.
3. In the Export Selection window, select the option to Add models control card not
linked to any part, toggle Export geometry and select ALL POSSIBLE RELATED
ENTITIES.
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4. Click Ok.
5. Save the file as fine_mesh. This will write the file fine_mesh_0000.rad.
6. Click Model > Control Card and enter the following Control Cards:
7. In the Tree, select the subsets/spotwelds of the coarse-meshed region, then rightclick Export Selection.
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8. In the Export Selection window, select the option to Add models control card not
linked to any part, toggle Export geometry and select ALL POSSIBLE RELATED
ENTITIES.
9. Click Ok.
10. Save the file as coarse_mesh. This will write the file coarse_mesh_0000.rad.
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2. Open the Starter file coarse_mesh_0000.rad and add the option /EXTERN/LINK, as shown
below:
Note: Two external links through node sets 1001 and 1002
have been added to this domain. These node sets
were already defined in monodomain_0000.rad and
exported to the two domains in Step 2.
3. Open the Starter file fine_mesh_0000.rad and add the same options.
4. Create a RAD2RAD input file input.dat defining the two domains and specifying the
connections between them.
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5. The input files are now ready to be run using the multidomain technique. For information
on how to launch a multidomain computation, refer to Multidomain.
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HyperMesh
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The model is reduced to one-quarter of the total mesh with symmetric boundary conditions to
simulate the presence of the rest of the part.
Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (ms), Mass (kg), Force (kN) and Stress (GPa)
Simulation time D01 [0 10.]
Boundary Conditions:
o The 3 upper right nodes (TX, RY, and RZ)
o The center node on left is totally fixed (TX, TY, Rx, RY, and RZ)
o A symmetry boundary condition on all bottom nodes (TY, Rx, and RZ)
At the left side is applied a constant velocity = 1 mm/ms on -X direction.
Tensile test specimen dimensions = 11 x 100 with a uniform thickness = 1.7 mm
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS (Block) User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or from the toolbar, click the
icon.
3. Select RADIOSS (Block120) and click OK.
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3. Click on Nodes. A nodes selection appears. Select the three nodes, as shown in the
figure below and click proceed.
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6. For Name, enter constraint2, set Select type to Boundary Condition and set GRNOD
to Nodes.
7. Select the node, as shown in the image below.
9. Click Create to create the constraint. The created constraint appears in the table, and a
handle appears in the graphics area.
10. For Name, enter constraint3, set Select type to Boundary Condition and set GRNOD
to Nodes.
11. Select the nodes, as shown in the image below.
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75
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
Status
[Checked]
TITLE
Tensile Test
Status
[Checked]
Tstop
10
Status
[Checked]
Keyword2
ON
Status
[Checked]
N_Print
-1000
Status
[Checked]
Time Frequency
0.01
[Checked]
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
TStart
Tfreq
0.500
[Checked]
[Checked]
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Step 12: Review the listing files for this run and verify the results
1. See if there is any warning or errors on .out files.
2. Using HyperView, plot the displacement and strain contour.
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (ms), Mass (kg), Force (kN) and Stress (GPa)
Simulation time:
o CANTILEVER_0000.rad [0 25.1 ms]
Steps to setup this model:
o Fix the Cantilever Beam to the support with a 10 kN pre-tension. The bolt attains 10
kN in 10 ms and remains constant thereafter.
o After pre-tension, a concentrated load of 0.2 kN is gradually applied at the free end
of the beam from 10 ms to 25 ms and it remains constant thereafter.
Material used:
Elasto-plastic material /MAT/LAW2.
[Rho_I] Initial density = 7.83e-6 Kg/mm3
[E] Youngs modulus = 205 GPa
[nu] Poissons ratio = 0.29
[a] Yield Stress = 0.792 GPa
[b] Hardening Parameter = 0.510 GPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 0.26
[SIG_max] Maximum Stress = 0.95 GPa
[c] Strain rate coefficient = 0.014 GPa
[EPS_0] Reference strain rate = 1
Input file for this tutorial: CANTILEVER_0000.rad
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS (Block) User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or from the toolbar, click the
icon.
3. Select RADIOSS (Block120) and click OK.
in the toolbar.
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Fig 1
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Fig 2
12. With all the DOFs checked, click create to create the rigid body.
13. Click the Mask icon
the bolt.
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8. In the Model browser, click on the property Spring to open the Entity Editor.
9. Right-click on IFUN2 and select Create to create and attach a curve. A Create Curve
dialog opens.
10. Change the Name of the curve to Stiffness.
11. Click Close to exit the dialog.
12. In the Model browser, select the curve Stiffness, right-click and select Edit from context
menu.
13. The XY curve editor appears. Fill in the values, as shown below.
14. Click Update > Close. The created curve is assigned to the property.
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3. Click on the nodes, the nodes selection appears; by window option, select the bottom
layer of the bolt support, as shown below and the selection should appear as shown below
in the XY Plane view:
5. Click Create to create the constraint. The created constraint appears in the table and a
handle appears in graphics area.
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3. Click create.
4. Click edit and enter the variable name DEF.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TITLE_ENGINE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TITLE_ENGINE
TITLE
Cantilever Beam
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
25.1
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Keyword2
ON
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-1000
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Time Frequency
0.05
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA
SET
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA
Tmin
0.0008
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to auto-correct
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Objective
In this tutorial you will learn how to set up a RADIOSS input file in HyperMesh for analyzing
the impact response between two pipes. The modeling steps that are covered are:
Creating materials, sections, and parts for the model.
Defining the contact between the two pipes using /INTER/TYPE7.
Applying a translational initial velocity to a pipe using the /INIVEL card.
Applying local constraints to the other pipe using the /BCS card.
Model Description
The units used in this tutorial are milliseconds, millimeters and kilograms (ms, mm, kg), and
the tutorial is based on RADIOSS 110.
Pipe model
Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS (Block) User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
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elem_ID
/PART
part_ID
/PROP
prop_ID
/MAT
mat_ID
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part_ID
prop_ID
mat_ID
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In this step, the material created will be used for the analysis. The next step is to define the /
PROP card that will be used to define the properties of the elements in the model.
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Step 6: Assign the /PART, /MAT and /PROP cards to the elements
Assign the /PART card to the component for the coarse pipe and specify the /PROP/SHELL
card ID in it.
1. In the Model browser, select the components Pipe1 and Pipe2. A combined Entity Editor
(EE) appears for both the selected components.
2. Set Card Image to PART.
3. For Prop_Id, click Unspecified > Property and select the property, prop shell and
click OK.
4. For Mat_Id, click Unspecified > Material and select the material, elast1 and click OK.
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coarser mesh (2) will be the master surface while the one with finer mesh (1) will be the
slave surface. RADIOSS has multiple ways to define master and slave entity types from which
to choose; in this example define the master and slave entities as components, by doing this,
the master will be exported as /SURF/PART and the slave as a /GRNOD/PART.
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Contact. A contact is created and
the Entity Editor (EE) opens.
2. For Name field, enter contact.
3. Set Card Image to TYPE7 and click Yes to confirm.
4. For Surf_id(M) that corresponds to the master selection, click on the drop-down arrow
and select Components.
5. Click Components and select component 2 in the selection or on the graphics window
and click OK.
6. For Grnod_id(S) that corresponds to the slave selection, click on the drop-down arrow
and select Components.
7. Click Components and select component 1 in the selection or on the graphics window
and click OK.
8. For static coefficient [FRIC], enter 0.10.
In this step, you defined the contact between the two pipes as /INTER/TYPE7.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TITLE_ENGINE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TITLE_ENGINE
TITLE
PIPE IMPACT
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
7.01
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Keyword2
ON
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-100
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Time Frequency
0.01
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Tfreq
0.500
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
[Checked]
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (ms), Mass (kg), Force (kN) and Stress (GPa)
Simulation time: Engine [0 10 ms]
The tube thickness is 0.914 mm.
An imposed velocity of 13.3 mm/ms (~30 MPH) is applied to the right end of the tube
Elasto-plastic material using Johnson-Cook law /MAT/PLAS_JOHNS (STEEL).
[Rho_Initial] Initial density = 7.85e-6 Kg/mm3
[E] Youngs modulus = 210 GPa
[nu] Poisson coefficient = 0.33
[a] Yield Stress = 0.206 GPa
[b] Hardening Parameter = 0.450 GPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 0.5
[SIG_max] Maximum Stress = 0.0 GPa
File needed to complete this tutorial: tube_box.hm
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
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6. Click create.
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3. Click on the nodes, nodes selection appears; by window option, select the top layer of
the channel as shown below and the selection should appear as below:
5. Click Create to create the constraint. The created constraint appears in the table, and a
handle appears in graphics area.
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2. Select the master node of the RBODY on which the boundary condition needs to be
applied.
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9. Click the Create tab to create the constraint. The created constraint appears in the table
and a handle appears in graphics area.
4. Click the Create tab to create the constraint. The created constraint appears in the table
and a handle appears in graphics area.
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4. Set the normal vector using the N1, N2, N3 option, as shown below. Ensure that N3 is
not active. Click Proceed.
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4. Toggle the option to Components for Surf_id (M) (master entity), select Tube_box and
click OK.
5. Set STFAC = 1, FRIC = 0.20 and GAPmin = 0.90.
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7. You may want to review the created interface. For this go to the Analysis > Interface
panel.
8. Go to the update subpanel, select created interface and click review. It will show
master and slave surface as blue and red.
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Box_Tube
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
10.01
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-100
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
EPSP
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
ENERGY
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
VONM
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
HOURG
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
VEL
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
FOPT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
CONT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Tfreq
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/NODA
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/NODA
DMAS
[Checked]
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Exercise
The model used consists of a simplified bumper model (see image below):
Bumper model
icon in toolbar.
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in the toolbar, set the selector to elements and select the rigid
JXX
JXY
JXZ
JYY
JYZ
JZZ
800
1.5E+07
-5.0E+03
-8.0E+06
5.0E+07
-900
6.0E+07
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Step 4: Create a GRNOD/BOX that contains all nodes but the barrier
nodes
1. Activate the Solver browser if it is not active on your screen. Use View > Browsers >
HyperMesh > Solver to enable the tab.
2. In the Solver browser, right-click and select Create > GRNOD > BOX. The Entity Editor
opens.
3. For Name, enter box velocity.
4. Optionally, select a Color.
5. Enter Max and Min X, Y, and Z coordinates, as shown below.
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5. In the Solver browser, right-click and select Create > SURF > PART. The Entity Editor
opens.
6. For Name, enter bumper_surface.
7. For Entity IDs, click on Components.
8. In the Select Components dialog, select bumper, exterior crashbox left, exterior
crashbox right, interior crashbox left, and interior crashbox right and click OK.
9. In the Solver browser, right-click and select Create > SURF > SURF. The Entity Editor
opens.
10. For Name, enter barrier_bumper_surface.
11. For Entity IDs, select Sets.
12. Click on Sets and select barrier_surface and bumper_surface and click OK.
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Step 8: Create a system that specifies the location and the cross
section plane normal
1. Click the numbering icon
on the toolbar.
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on the toolbar.
Step 9: Create a set of elements that will contribute to the crosssectional force results
1. In the Solver browser, right-click and select Create > GRSHEL > SHEL. The Entity Editor
opens.
2. For Name, enter XsectionPlane-elements.
3. For Entity IDs, toggle to Elements selector active, select two rows of element on either
side of the system, as shown in figure below.
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) subpanel.
3. For x=, y= and z=, enter the values 600, -750 and 90, respectively.
4. Click create.
5. In the Solver browser, right-click and select Create > RWALL > PLANE. The Entity
Editor opens.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter
Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Bumper_Impact
Status
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter
Value
Tstop
20
Status
[Checked]
Keyword2
ON
Status
[Checked]
N_Print
-1000
Status
[Checked]
Time Frequency
0.1
Status
[Checked]
EPSP
[Checked]
VONM
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
STRESS
[Checked]
STRAIN
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
MEMB
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
MEMB
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
DISP
[Checked]
VEL
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
TStart
Tfreq
Status
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Parameter
Keyword
CST 0 Tmin
Parameter
Value
3.6e-4
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (s), Mass (ton), Force (N) and Stress (MPa)
Simulation time: Engine file (_0001.rad) [0 0.0601 ms]
An initial velocity of 15600 mm/s is applied on the car model to impact a rigid pole of
radius 250 mm.
Elasto-plastic Material /MAT/LAW2 (Windshield)
[Rho_I] Initial Density = 2.5x10-9 ton/mm3
[E] Young's Modulus = 76000 MPa
[nu] Poissons Ratio = 0.3
[a] Yield Stress = 192 MPa
[b] Hardening Parameter = 200 MPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 0.32
Elasto-plastic Material /MAT/LAW2 (Rubber)
[Rho_I] Initial Density = 2x10-9 ton/mm3
[E] Young's Modulus = 200 MPa
[nu] Poissons Ratio = 0.49
[a] Yield Stress = 1e30 MPa
[n] Hardening Exponent = 1
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon on toolbar.
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Step 4: Create and assign the material for the rubber components
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Material. The Entity Editor is
displayed.
2. For Name, enter rubber.
3. Set Card Image to M2_PLAS_JOHNS_ZERIL and click Yes to confirm.
4. Input the values, as shown below:
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6. For Mat_Id, select the material steel and click OK to assign the material to the selected
components.
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below.
X = -2300, Y = 1200, and Z = -1.
11. Click update > return.
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5. Click Create to create the boundary condition and boundary condition appears in the
table.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Car_Analysis
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Run Number
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
0.0601
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-1000
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Time Frequency
9e-5
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
EPSP
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
VONM
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
HOURG
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
VEL
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
CONT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
FOPT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Tfreq
0.003
2. Enter a filename in the destination directory where you want to export to.
3. Enter the name FULLCAR and click Save.
4. Click the downward-pointing arrows next to Export options to expand the panel.
5. Click Merge starter and engine file to export the engine file with the model in one file.
6. Click Export to export both model and engine file.
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon in toolbar.
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5. Similarly create a material with the name Water using Steps 3.1 to 3.4.
6. Input the values, as shown below.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Bottle_drop
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
NMOTS
40000
CONTROL CARDS
SPMD
Status
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
IOFLAG
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
ANALY
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
ALE_Grid_Velocity
[Checked ]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
1.5e-2
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Keyword2
OFF
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-1000
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Time Frequency
0.00015
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
VONM
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PRES
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Tfreq
1.5e-3
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT > DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT > DT
Tscale
0.5
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT > DT
Tmin
0.0
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS (Block) User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon
in toolbar.
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5. Create a new property named Air with a Card Image of P14_SOLID by right-clicking in
the Model browser.
6. Click on the component Air and assign Air as the Prop_Id and air as the Mat_Id in the
Entity Editor.
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5. In the Model browser, create a new property named Water with a Card Image of
P14_SOLID.
6. Click on the component Water and assign Water as the Prop_Id and Water as the
Mat_Id in the Entity Editor.
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5. In the Model browser, create a new property named Boat with a Card Image of
P1_SHELL and assign the new property with the values shown below:
6. Click on the component Boat and assign Boat as the Prop_Id and Boat as the Mat_Id
in the Entity Editor.
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5. Click on the component Air-BC and assign Air as the Prop_Id and air-bc as the
Mat_Id in the Entity Editor.
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5. Click on the component Water-BC and assign Water as the Prop_Id and water-bc as
the Mat_Id in the Entity Editor.
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3. Set the Surf_id (M) for master selection to Components and select the boat
component.
4. Set the Grnod_id (S) for slave selection to Components and select all the components,
except boat.
Step 9: Create RBODY for the Boat and assign mass to the Master
Node
1. Isolate the boat part using the Model browser.
2. From the pull-down menu, select Tools > Rbody Manager.
3. For Title:, enter boat-rigid, verify that Master node: is set to Calculate Node and set
Slave node(s): to Parts and select the Boat.
4. Click Create to create the RBODY. The created RBODY appears in the table.
5. Select the created RBODY in the table and right-click and select Edit card
the card image panel.
to open
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5. Click the Node tab and select the master node of the RBODY created in the previous
step.
6. Set Z velocity (VZ) to -11.0 indicating velocity opposite to global Z-axis.
7. Click Create to create the initial velocity boundary condition.
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CONTROL CARDS
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Keyword
TITLE
Parameter
Status
Parameter
Value
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter
Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Boat-Ditch-1
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
NMOTS
40000
CONTROL CARDS
SPMD
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
IOFLAG
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
ANALY
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
Status
[Checked]
RunName
Boat-Ditch-1
Tstop
30.01
Status
[Checked]
Keyword2
OFF
Status
[Checked]
N_Print
-1000
Status
[Checked]
VONM
[Checked]
DENS
[Checked]
PRES
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
VEL
[Checked]
CONT
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
TStart
Tfreq
1.0
ENGINE KEYWORDS DT
Status
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter
Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS DT
Tscale
0.5
ENGINE KEYWORDS DT
Tmin
0.0
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS (Block) User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon in toolbar.
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5. In the Model browser, create a new property named Air with a Card Image of
P14_SOLID.
6. Click on the component Air and assign as the Prop_Id and air as the Mat_Id in the
Entity Editor.
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5. In the Model browser, create a new property named Water with a Card Image of
P14_SOLID.
6. Click on the component Water and assign Water as the Prop_Id and Water as the
Mat_Id in the Entity Editor.
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5. In the Model browser, create a new property named Boat with a Card Image of
P1_SHELL and assign the new property with the values shown below:
6. Click on the component Boat and assign Boat as the Prop_Id and Boat as the Mat_Id in
the Entity Editor.
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3. Set the Surf_id (M) for the master selection to Components and select the boat
component.
4. Set the Grnod_id (S) for the slave selection to Components and select all the
components, except boat.
Step 7: Create RBODY for the Boat and assign mass to the Master
Node
1. In the Model browser, isolate the boat part.
2. From the pull-down menu, select Tools > Rbody Manager.
3. For Title, enter RIGID_BOAT. Verify that the Master node is set to Calculate Node and
set the Slave node(s) to Parts and select the Boat.
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4. Click Create to create the RBODY. The created RBODY appears in the table.
5. Select the created RBODY in the table and click Edit Card
panel.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Boat-Ditch-1
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
NMOTS
40000
CONTROL CARDS
SPMD
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
IOFLAG
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
ANALY
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
ALE_Grid_Velocity
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
Status
[Checked]
RunName
Boat-Ditch-1
Tstop
30.01
Status
[Checked]
Keyword2
OFF
Status
[Checked]
N_Print
-1000
Status
[Checked]
VONM
[Checked]
DENS
[Checked]
PRES
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
VEL
[Checked]
CONT
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
TStart
Tfreq
1.0
Status
[Checked]
Tscale
0.5
Tmin
0.0
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon in toolbar.
7. Click Update.
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8. Follow Steps 3.1 - 3.7 to create a curve named density, with the values shown below.
9. Click Close.
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5. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Property to create a new
property.
6. For Name, enter solids.
7. For Card Image, select P14_SOLID. Keep all the default settings.
8. Click Yes to confirm.
9. In the Model browser, click on the inlet component and assign solids as the Prop_Id
and inlet-water as the Mat_Id.
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5. Click on the air component in the Model browser and assign solids as the Prop_Id and
air as the Mat_Id.
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3. To set the Surf_id (M), change the selector to Components and select the rubber
component.
4. To set the Grnod_id (S), change the selector to Components and select all the comps,
except rubber.
5. Click Create.
6. Repeat Steps 9.1 to 9.5 to create Boundary conditions on Y and Z faces (see image below
for reference).
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7. Check the box Ty in order to constrain the translational d.o.f in Y-direction, as shown
below:
8. Check the box next to Tz in order to constrain the translational d.o.f in Z-direction, as
shown below:
Step 10: Create Boundary Condition to fix one end of the rubber
1. For Name, enter Fix-rubber, set Select type to Boundary Condition and set the
GRNOD to Nodes.
2. Select all the nodes on the edge of the clapper, as shown below.
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Keyword
TITLE
Parameter
Status
Parameter Value
[Checked]
180
Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
CLAPPER
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
NMOTS
40000
CONTROL CARDS
SPMD
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
IOFLAG
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
ANALY
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD ALE_Grid_Velocity
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD GridVel_Gamma
100.00
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD GridVel_Cwx
1.00
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD GridVel_Cwy
1.00
Status
[Checked]
RunName
CLAPPER
Tstop
50.100
Status
[Checked]
Keyword2
OFF
Status
[Checked]
N_Print
-1000
Status
[Checked]
VONM
[Checked]
DENS
[Checked]
PRES
[Checked]
Status
[Checked]
CONT
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
Status
[Checked]
TStart
Tfreq
0.5
ENGINE KEYWORDS DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS DT
Tscale
0.5
ENGINE KEYWORDS DT
Tmin
0.0
2. For File:, click the folder icon and navigate to the destination directory where you want to
export to.
3. For Name, enter clapper and click Save.
4. Click the downward-pointing arrows next to Export options to expand the panel.
5. Click Merge starter and engine file to export solver deck as one file.
6. Click on Export to export solver deck.
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (s), Mass (ton), Force (N) and Stress (MPa)
Simulation time: in Engine file [0 6.601e-002 s]
Only one half of the model is modeled because it is symmetric.
The supports are totally fixed. An imposed velocity of 1000 mm/s is applied on the
Impactor in the (Z) direction
Model size = 370mm x 46.5mm x 159mm
Honeycomb Material /MAT/LAW28: HONEYCOMB
[Rho_I] Initial density = 3.0e-10 ton/mm3
[E11], [E22] and [E33] Youngs modulus (Eij) = 200 MPa
[G11], [G22] and [G33] Shear modulus (Gij) = 150 MPa
Elasto-Plastic Material /MAT/LAW36: Inner, Outer and Flat
[Rho_I] Initial density = 7.85-9 ton/mm3
[E] Youngs modulus = 210000 MPa
[nu] Poisson's ratio = 0.29
Strain Curve:
0
183
STRAI
N
STRES
S
325
343783
7
0.032
0.03300 0.03352
5
3
389.506
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon in toolbar.
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5. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Property to create a new property.
6. For Name, enter Foam and set the new property Card Image as P14_SOLID. Leave all
the settings as default, except for Isolid which should be set to 24.
7. In the Model browser, right-click on the component HCFoam and select Assign. Assign
Foam as the Prop_Id and Foam as the Mat_Id.
8. Click Apply.
Step 4: Create and Assign material and property for the component
Inner
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Material. The new material
appears in the Entity Editor.
2. For Name, enter Inner.
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5. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Property to create a new property.
6. For Name, enter Inner and set Card Image as P1_SHELL. Leave all the settings as
default, except for Ishell which should be set to 4 and Thick which should be set to
9.119e-01.
7. In the Model browser, right-click on the component Inner and select Assign. Assign
Inner as the Prop_Id and Inner as the Mat_Id.
Step 5: Create and Assign material and property for the component
Outer
1. In the Model browser, right-click on the material Inner and select Duplicate. Name the
new material Outer. This creates a new material that is identical to the source material.
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2. In the Model browser, right-click on the property Inner and select Duplicate. Name the
new property Outer. This creates a new property that is identical to the source property.
3. In the Model browser, right-click on the component Outer and select Assign. Assign
Outer as the Prop_Id and Outer as the Mat_Id.
Step 6: Create and Assign material and property for the component
Flat
Follow the procedure described in Step 5 with Outer replaced by Flat.
5. In the Model browser, right-click on the property Inner and select Duplicate. Name the
new property Impactor. This creates a new property that is identical to the source
property.
6. In the Model browser, right-click on the component Impactor and select Assign. Assign
Impactor as the Prop_Id and Impactor as the Mat_Id.
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Step 10: Define imposed velocity and boundary condition for the
impactor
1. From the Utility page, start the BCs Manager.
2. For Name, enter IMPOSED_VELOCITY, set Select type to Imposed Velocity and set the
GRNOD to Nodes.
3. Click nodes and select the master node of the rigid body of the Impactor, as shown in the
following image.
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9. For Name, enter Impactor_constraints, set Select type to Boundary Condition and
set the GRNOD to Nodes.
10. Click nodes and select the master node of the rigid body.
11. Check all the degrees of freedom to constrain, except Tz.
12. Click create to create the boundary condition.
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Step 12: Define symmetry boundary condition for the foam, inner,
outer and flat
1. From the Utility page, start the BCs Manager.
2. For Name, enter SYMMETRY_XZ, set Select type to Boundary Condition and set the
GRNOD to Nodes.
3. Select the nodes of the foam, inner, outer and flat, as shown in the following image.
4. Check the degrees of translational degrees of freedom Y and rotational degrees of
freedom X and Z to constraint.
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Step 13: Define contacts between the beam and the support
1. Launch the HyperMesh Solver browser from View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Solver.
2. In the Solver browser, right-click and select Create > INTER > TYPE7.
3. Enter the values, as shown below:
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4. Set the Surf_id (M) for the master selection to Components and select the Support
component.
5. Set the Grnod_id (S) for the slave selection to Components and select the Flat
component.
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Step 14: Define the self contact between the beam components
1. Using the directions in Step 13, create a new Type 7 interface named Self with the
components Outer, Inner, and Flat as Master and the same components Outer, Inner,
and Flat as Slave. This will make the components self-contact instead of self-penetrate.
Ensure the interface has a FRIC of 0.1 and GAPmin of 0.2.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
3PBENDING
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
RunName
3PBENDING
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
RunNumber
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
7.01e-2
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
TFILE
Time_frequency
0.0001
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-100
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
VONM
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
EPSP
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
VEL
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
CONT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Tfreq
2.5e-3
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Tscale
0.0
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Tmin
0.0
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA
CST_0
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA/CST_0
Tscale
0.9
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA/CST_0
Tmin
7e-7
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA
DEL
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA/DEL
Tscale
0.9
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT/NODA/DEL
Tmin
3.5e-8
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RBODY_ENGINE
RBODY/ON
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RBODY_ENGINE
NUM_rbnodes
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RBODY_ENGINE
Data: Nodes
29664
29665
2. For File:, navigate to the destination directory where you want to export to.
3. For name, enter bending and click Save.
4. Click the downward-pointing arrows next to Export options to expand the panel.
5. Click Merge starter and engine file to export solver deck as one file.
6. Click on Export to export solver deck.
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Step 19: Review the listing files for this run and verify on the results
1. See if there are any warnings or errors in .out files.
2. Using HyperView, plot the displacement, strain contour and vectors.
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (s), Mass (ton), Force (N) and Stress (MPa)
Simulation time: in Engine [0 3.3e-3]
This is a very simple cell phone model used to demonstrate how to set up a drop test.
The model is an assembly of two solid parts meshed with Tetra 10 elements, connected
with spring elements, and contact defined between them.
To reduce the simulation time, the cell phone is dropped 1 mm from the ground with an
initial velocity of -4429.4469 mm/s representing the velocity that it would have
attained from a free fall of 1000 mm.
Boundary Conditions: Gravity load + initial velocity of -4429.4469 mm/s on the cell
phone.
Elasto-plastic Material /MAT/LAW36 (Plastic)
[Rho_I] Initial density = 1.16E-9 ton/mm3
[nu] Poisson's ratio = 0.3
[E] Young's modulus = 1000 MPa
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STRAIN
16
STRESS
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon in toolbar.
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Step 4: Create material and properties for the cell phone parts
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Material to create a new material.
2. For Name, enter cell_phone.
3. For Card Image, select M36_PLAS_TAB and click Yes in the confirmation window.
4. Input the values, as shown below.
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11. In the Model browser, expand the Components folder and highlight the components
Cellphone_bottom and Cellphone_top and right-click to Assign the newly created
property and material.
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15. Click Update > Close to close the Curve editor window.
16. Back in Gravity load collector, update Ifunc to the curve just created.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
Cellphone_drop
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
NMOTS
40000 No needed
CONTROL CARDS
SPMD
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
IOFLAG
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
ANALY
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
ALE_Grid_Velocity
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD
GridVel_Gamma
100.00
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
[Checked]
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
3e-3
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Keyword2
ON
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-1000
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
VONM
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
DENS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
PRES
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
CONT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Tfreq
2e-4
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Tscale
0.0
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Tmin
0.0
2. For File:, navigate to the destination directory where you want to export to.
3. For Name, enter Cellphone and click Save.
4. Click the downward-pointing arrows next to Export options to expand the panel.
5. Click Merge starter and engine file to export solver deck as one file.
6. Click on Export to export solver deck.
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Step 13: Review the listing files for this run and verify on the results
1. See if there are any warnings or errors in .out files.
2. Using HyperView plot the strain and stress contour.
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Model Description
UNITS: Length (mm), Time (ms), Mass (kg), Force (kN) and Stress (GPa)
Simulation time:
o Engine [0 1.501] in steps of 0.5 ms for each load case
The outer circumference area is fixed on all degrees of freedom (VX, VY, VZ) and the
center node is fixed on X direction and the X and Y rotation (VX, WX, Wy)
The gasket dimensions are: Thickness = 100 mm, External Diameter = 200 mm and
Internal Diameter = 50 mm.
Hyper-Elastic Material /MAT/LAW42 (Rubber)
[Rho_I] Initial density = 6.0-6 Kg/mm3
[nu] Poissons ratio = 0.495
[mue1] ( 1) = 0.6
[alfa1] ( 1) = 2
(alfa2] ( 2) = -2
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Exercise
Step 1: Load the RADIOSS (Block) User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
2. From the Preferences menu, select the User Profiles or click the
icon in toolbar.
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5. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Property to create property.
6. For Name, enter gasket.
7. For Card Image, select P14_SOLID and click Yes to confirm.
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8. In the Model browser, expand the Component folder and select GASKET. Right-click and
Assign the newly created property and material.
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Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
TITLE
TITLE
GASKET
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
MEMORY
NMOTS
CONTROL CARDS
SPMD
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
IOFLAG
Status
[Checked]
CONTROL CARDS
ANALY
Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD Status
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD ALE_Grid_Velocity
[Checked]
ALE-CFD-SPH
ALE_CFD_SPH_CARD GridVel_Gamma
100.00
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Status
GASKET
ENGINE KEYWORDS
RUN
Tstop
1.51
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
PARITH
Keyword2
ON
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Keyword Type
Keyword
Parameter
Parameter Value
ENGINE KEYWORDS
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
N_Print
-1000
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
VONM
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
DENS
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/ELEM
PRES
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/VECT
CONT
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
TStart
ENGINE KEYWORDS
ANIM/DT
Tfreq
0.05
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Status
[Checked]
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Tscale
0.0
ENGINE KEYWORDS
DT
Tmin
0.0
ENGINE KEYWORDS
/TFILE
Tfreq
1.5e-3
2. For File:, navigate to the destination directory where you want to export to.
3. For name, enter GASKET and click Save.
4. Click the downward-pointing arrows next to Export options to expand the panel.
5. Click Merge starter and engine file to export solver deck as one file.
6. Click on Export to export solver deck.
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Step 14: Review the listing files for this run and verify on the results
1. See if there are any warnings or errors in .out files.
2. Using HyperView plot the displacement and strain contour and vectors.
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Examples
This manual illustrates examples solved using the RADIOSS software with regard to common
problem types.
The main purpose of this manual is:
First, to illustrate examples for validation using uncommon models for carrying out
various RADIOSS functionalities. Whenever possible, the results provided by RADIOSS
are compared with experimental data or analytical solutions. Furthermore, when the
computation time is significant, different types of formulations are compared in order to
provide users with an overall idea of the cost for a given option or formulation.
Second, as a guide for new RADIOSS users or for users interested in a type of problem
with which they are not familiar. The data is provided to enable a detailed
understanding of the options used for modeling. The reader can load data files or
process the results obtained at a later stage. The techniques for modeling can be
applied to similar problems.
Third, to explain about the additional functions included in the RADIOSS data files, thus
providing helpful options when using the RADIOSS data input manuals.
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List of Examples
1 Twisted Beam
Torsion - bending coupling
Sensitivity study on mesh and
element formulations.
2 Snap-through Roof
Snap-through problem solved
by explicit and implicit
solvers.
Results are compared with
experiments.
3 S-beam Crash
Sensitivity study on element
formulations, plasticity
treatment and boundary
conditions for impact.
4 Airbag
Airbag deployment using
monitored volumes with
communications.
Perfect gas modeling.
5 Beam Frame
Transient dynamic analysis
using beam elements.
6 Fuel Tank
Fluid-structure coupling and
fluid flow are studied using
ALE formulation.
Two analyses are performed:
sloshing and fuel tank
overturning.
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7 Pendulums
Momentum transmission,
contact modeling, bi- and tridimensional analysis.
8 Hopkinson Bar
Study of the stress wave
propagation and the strain
rate effect on the Hopkinson
bar.
9 Billiards (Pool)
Impact between balls,
trajectory study and
treatment with several
interfaces (Penalty /
Lagrangian method).
10 Bending
Pure bending test.
Sensitivity study on mesh and
element formulations.
3- and 4-nodes shell.
11 Tensile Test (Material
Characterization)
Correlations between
simulations and experimental
results. Treatment of the
necking point and the failure.
12 Jumping Bicycle
A sequence of events
managed using "sensors".
13 Shock Tube
Analysis with SPH, Lagrangian
and Eulerian formulations.
Correlation with theory.
Perfect gas modeling.
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16 Dummy Positioning
Quasi-static analysis by
explicit solver with different
convergence options.
Static analysis by implicit
solver (linear and nonlinear
problem).
17 Box Beam
Crash test.
Sensitivity study on mesh and
element formulations.
18 Square Plate
Torsion and tensioncompression tests.
Sensitivity study on mesh and
element formulations.
19 Wave Propagation
Bi-dimensional wave
propagation.
Lagrangian and ALE
formulations.
Infinite domain modeling.
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20 Cube
Demonstrative problem.
Contact modeling.
Co-rotational formulation
elements.
21 Cam
Contact modeling.
Linear and quadratic surface.
Comparison of fine and coarse
meshes.
22 Ditching
Fluid simulation using the
Smooth Hydrodynamic
Particles formulation.
Comparison with experimental
data.
23 Brake
Frictional contact modeling.
Lagrangian formulation.
24 Laminating
Study of the number of
elements with regard to
thickness, the large/small
strain formulation, plastic
strain formulation and
temperature dependency.
25 Spring-back
Explicit stamping simulation
followed by an implicit/explicit
spring-back simulation. Final
shape of the sheet metal is
compared with experiments.
26 Ruptured Plate
Perforation of a thick plate by
a rigid sphere. Different
failure models integrated in
material law (2 and 27) or
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40 - Lap Joint
A lap joint is fixed at one end
and pulled at the other to
shear the joint.
41 - Follower Force
Evaluate the response of four
cantilever beams.
42 - Rubber Ring
Crush and Slide
43 - Perfect Gas
Polynomial EOS is used to
model Perfect Gas.
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46 - TNT Cylinder
Expansion Test
An experimental test used to
characterize the adiabatic
expansion of detonation
products.
47 - Concrete Validation
Three kinds of tests are
performed in order to
evaluate the simulation/
experiment correlation.
48 - Solid Spotweld
Solid spotweld connects two
metal sheets with tied
contact.
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49 - Bird Strike on
Windshield
Introduce how to simulate a
bird strike on the windshield.
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Summary
This example deals with a clamped beam subjected to a coupled torsion-bending loading.
This simple test being particularly severe for shell elements, a sensitivity study is performed
on the mesh and element formulation. An analytical solution validates the accuracy of
results. The problem under analysis consists of a concentrated load being applied to the
extremity of the beam with the static approach requiring a convergence method to enable
fast convergence towards equilibrium. The dynamic relaxation option allows for an efficient
quasi-static response to be obtained.
The results are compared using two separate views:
Shell element formulations (BATOZ, QEPH, DKT18 and BT hourglass type 3).
Influence of the mesh (Triangular and quadrilateral meshes are compared using three
different element densities: 4x24, 2x12 and 1x3).
Several results can be extracted:
X-displacement of the loaded point
Y-displacement of the loaded point
Z-displacement of the loaded point
Error on energy
CPU time
Comparisons are made between theoretical displacements and those by simulations.
Results show that QEPH and BATOZ element formulations provide the most accurate results
and the more the mesh is fine, the more accurate the results will be. To pass this test, a good
curvature representation of element formulation is needed; the BT hourglass type 4
formulation does not satisfy this condition. QEPH offers a good ratio in terms of precisioncost, and is useful for quasi-static analysis. DKT18 is a costly element formulation.
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Title
Twisted beam
Number
1.1
Brief Description
Bending test on a twisted beam modeled with triangular and quadrilateral meshes and
different element formulations (QEPH, BT hourglass type 4, BATOZ, DKT).
Keywords
Shells Q4, T3
QEPH, BT (Hourglass type 4), BATOZ and DKT
Density mesh, elasticity, and dynamic relaxation
Linear problem
RADIOSS Options
Concentrated load (/CLOAD)
Dynamic relaxation (/DYREL)
Compared to / Validation Method
Analytical solution
Input File
QEPH: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/01_Twisted_Beam/QEPH/
TWISBEAM*
BATOZ: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/01_Twisted_Beam/BATOZ/
TWISBEAM*
BT-TYPE4: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/01_Twisted_Beam/BTtype4/TWISBEAM*
DKT18: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/01_Twisted_Beam/DKT18/
TWISBEAM*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Medium
235
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to compare element formulations concerning mesh density
with regard to a coupled torsion-bending problem.
Physical Problem Description
A twisted beam is clamped at one end, and subjected to a concentrated load at the other
end.
The material used follows a linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) and has the following geometrical
characteristics with no specific measurement unit:
Initial density: 7.34x10-4
Thickness: 0.32
Length: 12
Width: 1.1
Load case: Fx = 0
Fy = 1.0
Fz = 0
This simple test is particularly severe for shell element behaviors, due to the torsion-bending
coupling. It enables readers to appreciate the qualities/restrictions of the shell element
formulations in RADIOSS.
The following points are to be noted:
Displacements are very low. Thus, we are faced with a linear problem.
Another load case, using Fy = 0 and Fz = 1, is considered in the document but does not
give concern to additional conclusions.
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T3 Mesh
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UM = 0
Y-displacement:
VM = 0.00175
Z-displacement:
WM = -0.00179
The chart below shows the displacement oscillations of point M until reaching stabilization in
the direction of the static solution.
Energy
margin error
QEPH
BT (type 4)
BATOZ
DKT18
0.1%
-14.7%
0%
0%
CPU (normalized):
QEPH
CPU
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BT (type 4)
1.1
BATOZ
DKT18
1.04
1.79
238
Conclusion
QBAT and QEPH provide good results (precision).
Good results provided by DKT18 when the mesh is fine, though no better than QBAT
and QEPH.
BT (Hourglass type 4) does not pass this test (due to the flat facet approach).
QEPH: the best element formulation for quasi-static analysis. Very good precision-cost
ratio.
QBAT: good curvature representation. For quasi-static analysis, the cost is 4% higher
compared to using the QEPH formulation.
DKT18 represents the highest cost for this test.
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Summary
A snap-through problem is studied on a shallow cylindrical roof upon which an imposed
velocity is applied at its mid-point. The characteristic curve, caused by the limit load and
achieved by simulation is compared to a reference. This example is considered a static
problem.
Only one-quarter of the structure is taken into consideration and adequate boundary
conditions are applied on the model sides.
The problem is solved using two different approaches:
An analysis by an explicit solver
An analysis by an implicit solver
The implicit strategy uses the arc-length method with a time step limitation. The RADIOSS
implicit options are defined in the modeling description.
The simulations using explicit and implicit methods provide accurate results with a good
evaluation of the limit load experimentally observed. A time step control with a low value is
required in order to describe the nonlinear path of the load displacement curve. Both
computations converge toward a single solution.
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Title
Snap Roof - Explicit
Number
2.1
Brief Description
An imposed velocity is applied onto a shallow cylindrical roof at its midpoint. The analysis
uses an explicit approach.
Keywords
Explicit solver
T3 Shell
Elasticity and quasi-static analysis
Stability, snap-through problem, and limit load
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental results
Input File
Explicit solver: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/02_Snap-through/
Explicit_solver/SNAP_EXP*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
241
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to study a snap-through problem with a single instability.
Thus, a structure that will bend when under a load is used. The results are compared to the
references contained in: Finite Element Instability Analysis of Free Formed Shells. Report 77
.
This static analysis is performed with an explicit approach.
Physical Problem Description
A shallow cylindrical roof, pinned along its straight edges upon which an imposed velocity is
applied at its mid-point.
Units: mm, ms, g, N, MPa
Geometrical data are provided in Fig 1, with the following dimensions:
l = 254 mm
R = 2540 mm
Shell thickness: t = 12.7 mm
= 0.1 rad
The material used follows a linear elastic law and has the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.85x10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 3102.75 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
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Fig 2: T3 mesh
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The displacement of point C is indicated in its absolute value. The curve illustrates the
characteristic behavior of a snap-through instability. Beyond the limit load, an infinite
increase in load Fz will cause a considerable increase in displacement q due to the
collapsing of the shell.
The first extreme defines the limit load =2208.5 N (displacement of point C = 10.5 mm).
The increase in the curve slope after the snap-through shows that the deformed configuration
becomes more rigid.
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Fig 5: Comparison between a reference curve and a curve obtained using RADIOSS
The difference between the two curves is approximately 10% for reduced displacements (up
to 5 mm) and slightly more (15%) for the higher nonlinear part of the curve (between 5 and
20 mm). For displacements exceeding 20 mm, the curves are shown much closer together.
The accuracy of the RADIOSS results in comparison to those obtained from the reference is
ideal for this explicit approach.
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Initial configuration
Start of snap-through
Stable configuration
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Title
Snap Roof - Implicit
Number
2.2
Brief Description
A shallow cylindrical roof upon which an imposed velocity is applied at its mid-point.
Analysis uses an implicit approach.
Keywords
Implicit solver, time step control by arc-length method
Static nonlinear analysis
Stability, snap-through, and limit load
T3 Shell
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Implicit options (/IMPL)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental results
Input File
Implicit solver: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/02_Snap-through/
Implicit_solver/SNAP_IMP*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
247
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to study a snap-through problem with a single instability.
Thus, a structure that will bend when under a load will be used. The results are compared to
a reference solution [1]. This analysis is performed using an implicit approach. It illustrates
an implicit strategy using an arc-length method.
Physical Problem Description
A shallow cylindrical roof, pinned along its straight edges, upon which an imposed velocity is
applied at its mid-point.
Units: mm, ms, g, N, MPa
Geometrical data are indicated in Fig 6, with the following dimensions:
l = 254 mm
R = 2540 mm
Shell thickness: t = 12.7 mm
= 0.1 rad
The material used follows a linear elastic law and has the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.85x10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 3102.75 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
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The imposed velocity is considered using the implicit method. Thus, the constant input curve
is converted into an imposed displacement according to the computation time.
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Static nonlinear
Nonlinear solver:
Modified Newton
Tolerance:
2x10-4
5 iterations maximum
Arc-length
10 ms
1 ms
10 ms
20
0.8
Automatic computation
Spring-back option:
no
Precondition methods:
Stop criteria:
Machine precision
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/IMPL/PRINT/
NONL/-1
/IMPL/SOLVER/1
5 0 3 0.0
/IMPL/NONLIN
5 2 0.20e-3
/IMPL/DTINI
10
/IMPL/DT/STOP
1 10
/IMPL/DT/2
6 .0 20 0.8 1.1
Refer to RADIOSS Starter Input for more details about implicit options.
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For a time step equal to or less than 10 ms (maximum value set in the implicit /IMPL/DT/
STOP option), agreement with RADIOSS is achieved, with good results obtained using the
reference. Accuracy is improved by decreasing the maximum time step, even though the CPU
time is increased.
Fig 11: Load displacement curve obtained by implicit and explicit solvers.
Comparison of the computation time between the explicit and implicit (maximum time step
set to 10 ms) approaches is shown in the table below:
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Implicit solver
Explicit solver
Normalized CPU
2.45
Cycles
(normalized)
237
In comparison with the implicit computation, which uses a maximum time step of 10 ms, the
saved CPU time using a maximum time step fixed at 100 ms, approximately corresponds to
factor 4.
Reference
Institute Of Technology, Trondheim, HORRIGMOE G.
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Summary
A sensitive study is performed on a crushed S-beam. The modeling includes a material law
using the elasto-plastic model of Johnson-Cook and an auto-impacting interface based on the
Penalty method in order to model the buckling of the beam. An initial velocity is applied on
the left section via a kinematic condition: either a rigid body or a rigid link. The impacting
condition is sliding and is secured by specific boundary conditions in the right section. Half of
the structure is modeled.
The results are compared according to three different views:
Shell element formulations (BATOZ, QEPH and BT hourglass type 3)
Plasticity options (global and progressive plasticity)
Influence of the initial velocity (5 and 10 ms-1)
Several criteria are used to compare the results:
Deformation configuration
Crushing force versus displacement (via momentum integration)
Energy assessment
Displacement of the left section
Hourglass energy
Kinetic energy
Internal energy
Maximum force
Maximum plastic strain
BATOZ and QEPH element formulations provide accurate results. The BT hourglass type 3
formulation is a low-cost method and the QEPH formulation provides a good precision/cost
ratio (the cost is three times lower than the BATOZ formulation). BATOZ and QEPH are
element formulations which do not have hourglass energy.
The results show an over-estimation of the plastic strain in the case of the global plasticity
use.
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Title
S-Beam
Number
3.1
Brief Description
An S-beam is crushed against a rigid wall with initial velocity.
Keywords
Shell, type 3 Q4 Hourglass, QEPH, and BATOZ
Type 7 interface, auto-impacting, plasticity, and /MAT/LAW2
MODIF files
RADIOSS Options
Initial velocities (/INIVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Rigid link (/RLINK)
Input File
QEPH: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/03_S-Beam/QEPH/
Global_plasticity/QEPH*
BATOZ: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/03_S-Beam/BATOZ/
Global_plasticity/BATOZ*
BT_type3_NiP0: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/03_S-Beam/BT-type3/
Global_plasticity/Q4_NIP0*
BT_type3_NiP5: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/03_S-Beam/BT-type3/
NiP5/Q4_NIP5*
RADIOSS Version
44q
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
255
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to study the behavior of a crashed S-beam using various shell
formulations and a number of different integration points. This test also compares the initial
velocity influence on results. A MODIF file is used to introduce an auto-impacting interface.
Physical Problem Description
An Sbeam is crushed at an initial rate of 5 ms-1 against a rigid wall. The section is an
empty square-shaped tube (each side measuring 80 mm). The thickness is 1.5 mm. The
tube is made of steel, and plasticity is taken into account, but not failure. Using symmetry,
half of the cross-section is modeled.
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The rigid wall is modeled with boundary conditions on the right section of the beam (X, Z
translations and all rotations fixed).
The left section undergoes the following conditions:
Fixed in the Z direction.
Initial velocity of 5 m/s in the X direction.
All nodes are rigidly connected in X, Y and Z directions.
A 500 Kg mass is added on the left end.
Block format input specifications:
Hierarchy organization: there is only one subset made up of three parts, one for each
side of the beam, and one for the top. The materials and properties are identical for
each part.
Node groups: there are three node groups, one for each end of the beam, and one for
the symmetry plane. The boundary conditions are set on the left end.
TH selection: DX is saved for node 1 (the node used to display displacement at the left
end).
RADIOSS Options Used
Taking account of symmetry, half of the structure is modeled. The symmetry plane covers
the y axis = 0 mm. Boundary conditions are also set at the right end to simulate a rigid wall
(slide).
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Two equivalent possibilities are available for generating kinematic conditions attached to the
left extremity of the beam. The first consists of creating a rigid body to connect all of the left
section nodes to the gravity center of the beam cross-section, with a mass being introduced
on a master node. The second type of modeling retained uses the rigid link option, which
rigidly connects the left section nodes in the X, Y and Z directions. A 500 kg mass is added
to the master node.
Both models provide identical results; the rigid link will be used for this example.
An initial velocity of 5 ms-1 is used for the master node of the rigid link or for the rigid
body.
MODIF file:
A MODIF file enables to add option(s) during a run. The MODIF files carry the name
Runnamednn. For example, to run a MODIF files after the first run (restart file
Runnamer01), the run number for the MODIF file must be 02: Runnamed02.
MODIF files use the same input format as the RADIOSS deck. In RADIOSS V44, the
header lines are defined as the first line of the RADIOSS deck:
(1)
(2)
#RADIOSS
Starter
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Except for the header line, blocks may be input in any order.
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After 20 ms, an auto-impacting interface is required to deal with the buckling of the beam.
This is added using a MODIF file where the interface is defined and saved for the TH. This
type of interface corresponds to 7; all values are set to "default". To define the master side,
a surface is defined using three parts of the model (/SURF/PART). The safest and easiest
method for defining the slave side of an auto-impacting interface consists of defining a node
group with the master surface (/GRNOD/SURF).
The MODIF file is CRA2D02.
The next Engine file is CRA2D03 (final time = 30 ms).
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Fig 4: Deformed mesh for Belytschko hourglass type 3 formulation (V=5 m.s-1)
The crushing force is obtained by time derivation of the X-momentum. The maximum
displacement over a 20 ms long computation corresponds to 96.4 mm.
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Fig 5: Crushing force (X-direction) versus displacement for different element formulations (V=5 m.s-1)
Note that the structure does not absorb a lot of energy and that you should check the
hourglass energy, which may be relatively high compared with the total energy.
The following table shows the results obtained using different element formulations and
plasticity options:
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NiP = 5
BATOZ
QEPH
Q4 Hourglass
type 3
Q4 Hourglass
type 3
Initial energy
(mJ)
6.25012x106
6.25012x106
6.25012x106
6.25012x106
Kinetic energy
(mJ)
t = 30 ms
5.48166x106
(0.877)
5.47964x106
(0.875)
5.55602x106
(0.889)
5.5487x106
(0.888)
Internal
energy (mJ)
t = 30 ms
768124
(0.123)
798529
(0.125)
684098
(0.109)
688984
(0.110)
Hourglass
energy (mJ)
t = 30 ms
10017.7
(0.0016)
12220.2
(0.002)
Displacement
(mm)
t = 30 ms
143.46
143.55
144.6
144.28
CPU
(Normalized)
4.88
1.58
1.38
Error on
energy (%)
t = 30 ms
0%
0%
-1.46%
-1.77%
Maximum force
(N)
42459.4
42688.5
35949.4
35387.2
Maximum
plastic strain
0.462
0.448
0.414
0.323
Initial velocity = 5 ms-1 (Values in brackets are the energy percentages compared with the initial energy)
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Initial Velocity = 5
ms-1
Initial Velocity = 10
ms-1
6.25012x106
2.5 x107
444848 (0.0711)
666704 (0.107)
538142
840622
(0.0215)
(0.0336)
X displacement = 70
mm:
X displacement = 140
mm:
4879.87 (0.0009)
9530.27 (0.002)
5969.83
12702.4
(0.0005)
(0.0004)
35949.4
41704.3
-1.09%
-1.11%
Hourglass energy
(mJ)
(Values in brackets refer to the energy percentages compared with the initial energy)
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Fig 7: Crushing force versus displacement for the different initial velocities
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First auto-contact:
Initial velocity = 5 ms-1: displacement = 120 mm;
Initial velocity = 10 ms-1: displacement = 94.15 mm.
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Example 4 - Airbag
Summary
This example deals with the deployment of a chambered airbag modeled by monitored
volumes using communications. The airbag is initially folded along four fold lines. The fabric
is meshed with shell elements which undergo an elastic orthotropic behavioral test. Perfect
gas is injected into a central chamber via an inflator with the air flow through the connected
chambers being simulated. The chambers inflate while the airbag is deploying.
In the auto-impacting interface definition, the action of the Inacti flag to deactivate stiffness
in the case of initial penetration is studied in order to significantly increase the time step. An
adequate gap enables to pass from a kinematic interface time step to a higher element time
step.
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Title
Airbag
Number
4.1
Brief Description
A chambered airbag folded along four fold lines is deployed.
Keywords
Orthotropic shell
Monitored volumes and communicating airbags
Material law 0 and type 7 interface
Hierarchy organization
RADIOSS Options
Monitored volume with communications (/MONVOL/COMMU)
Interface (/INTER/ with Inacti flag)
Input File
Inactiv_0_Gap0.1: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/04_Airbag/
Inacti0_Gap01/AIRFIX*
Inactiv_5_Gap0.3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/04_Airbag/
Inacti5_Gap03/AIRBAG*
Inactiv_5_Gap1.5: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/04_Airbag/
Inacti5_Gap15/AIRBAG2*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
269
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to deal with monitored volumes using communications on a
simple airbag model. Methods for increasing the time step are considered.
Physical Problem Description
A 30-liter airbag is folded along the four fold lines. The following examples illustrate the
airbag folded and deployed.
The fabric thickness is 0.33 mm and is modeled using an elastic orthotropic material law (/
MAT/LAW19) with the following properties:
Density: 0.85x10-3 g/mm3
Youngs Modulus: 500 MPa in both directions
Shear Modulus: 10 MPa
Reduction factor: 0.001
The property set is /PROP/SH_ORTH (shell orthotropic, type 9), using one integration point.
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The model is divided into two subsets: the fabric layers and the communication surfaces.
The fabric surface is then divided into 9 subsets, one for each monitored volume. Each
"monitored volume" is further divided into two parts. All the parts of the layer of fabric have
the same Type and MID.
The same properties apply for the communication surfaces.
The airbag is modeled using 9 communicating volumes in order to simulate the air flow
through the folds and the behavioral differences within the airbag when unfolding. The
communicating surfaces between the volumes are simulated using dummy membranes. The
dummy membranes are modeled using shells with fictitious material (/MAT/LAW0).
RADIOSS Options Used
Monitored volumes:
A monitored volume is defined as a surface area having one or more shell property sets and
where the surface must be closed. The monitored volume used is a COMMU type for airbags
using communications (chambered, with communications, of the folder airbag type). For
further details about monitored volumes, see the RADIOSS Theory Manual.
The main properties for this type are:
Volumetric damping factor: 0.001 g.mm-1ms-1 .
External pressure: 0.1 MPa
Constant perfect gas: 1.4
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Specific heat at constant pressure: 926 mJ/g (This is the specific heat coefficient
related to mass)
Temperature: 780 K.
Communication area: total (Acom =1 and Scom =0)
Time to deflate vent hole: 1030 ms
Specific input for the central chamber one (inflator):
Vent hole membrane surface area is 1000 mm2 (Avent =0) and is immediately
activated.
Relative vent deflation pressure: 0.0002
Number of injectors: 1 (Njet =1; Ijet =0)
Final injected mass is 46 g injected into the central chamber (Fscalemas and FscaleT
=1). Two functions define the mass and temperature of the injected gas compared
with time (function identifiers: fct_IDmas and fct_IDT).
Time (ms)
11
12
15
19
28
30 106
Mass (g)
11
14
17
22
29
31
36
41
45
46
46
Time (ms)
106
Temperature (K)
780
780
Interface
Taking into account the fabric is self-impacting with itself, an auto-impacting interface must
be used. The interfaces Block Format definition is made: defining the master surface (/
SURF/PART), then defining the slave nodes for all nodes on this surface (/GRNOD/SURF).
The distance between the fabric layers before unfolding is very small. In order to avoid initial
penetration, the gap required is approximately 0.1 mm, thus enabling the time step to
considerably decrease when such a gap is chosen.
By using Inacti =5, a 0.3 mm gap is chosen. Any initial penetration below 0.2 mm (twothirds of the input gap) is ignored (it is strongly recommended to verify that no initial
penetration is above this value).
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Using Inacti = 5, the minimum time step is around 10-3 ms. When not using this option, the
minimum time step is around 2x10-5 ms. For the full model, the number of cycles may be
divided up into 10 or more. Furthermore, the model is numerically less sensitive.
The time step is monitored by the interface time step (kinematic) for up to 40 ms despite the
unfolding and the fact that there is no energy contact from 8 ms. In order to transfer into
the element time step and to reduce computation time, it is advisable to increase the gap so
that the kinematic step becomes higher than the element step.
Time-stepkinetic < 0.9 x GAP / Nodal_velocityrelative (using scale factor = 0.9)
The time step is only low during the unfolding phase (before 10 ms) with a gap equal to 1.5
mm.
Inacti flag = 5
Inacti flag = 0
GAP = 0.3 mm
GAP = 1.5 mm
GAP = 0.1 mm
Error on energy
-18%
-20.2%
-10.5%
CPU
(normalized)
2.68
27.9
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Fig 6: Time step obtained with GAP = 0.3 mm and GAP = 1.5 mm (Inacti = 5).
Fig 7: Contact energy with GAP = 0.3 mm and GAP = 1.5 mm (Inacti = 5).
It is obvious that a gap of 1.5 mm generates an increase in the contact force. However, the
additional error on energy remains quite low and is acceptable.
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Animations
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Summary
A beam frame with clamped extremities receives an impact at its mid-point from a pointed
mass having initial velocity. The material is subjected to the elasto-plastic law of JohnsonCook. The model is meshed with beam elements. An infinite rigid wall with only one slave
node, including the impacted node, is subjected to the initial velocity. This example is
considered a dynamic problem and the explicit solver is used.
The explicit approach leads to finding a quasi-static equilibrium of the structure after impact.
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Title
Beam-frame
Number
5.1
Brief Description
A beam frame receives an impact from a mass having initial velocity.
Keywords
Beam
Rigid wall
Plasticity and Johnson-Cook material (/MAT/LAW2)
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Initial velocities (/INIVEL)
Beam element (/PROP/BEAM)
Rigid wall (/RWALL)
Input File
Beam_frame: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/05_Beam-frame/FRAME*
RADIOSS Version
44q
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to perform a static analysis using beam elements.
Physical Problem Description
A pointed mass (3 kg) makes an impact at point O of a beam frame (see Fig 1 for the
geometry) using a speed of 10 ms-1 in the Z direction. The beams are made of steel and
each beam section is square-shaped (each side being 6 mm long).
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Fig 7: Normal and shear force on beam element 15 (near to point O).
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Summary
The fluid-structure interaction and the fluid flow are studied in cases of a fuel tank sloshing
and overturning. A bi-phase liquid-gas material with an ALE formulation is used to define the
interaction between water and air in the fuel tank.
In the case of sloshing, the fuel tank is subjected to a horizontal deceleration. The fuel tank
container is modeled with a Lagrangian formulation and undergoes an elasto-plastic material
law. Fluid structure coupling is taken into account.
The overturning of the fuel tank is studied by applying a variable deceleration. The tank
container is not modeled as the boundary nodes are fixed. The Eulerian formulation is used.
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Title
Fuel tank - Fluid
Structure Coupling
Number
6.1
Brief Description
Sloshing inside a fuel tank by simulating the fluid structure coupling. The tank deformation
is achieved by applying an imposed velocity on the left corners. Water and air inside the
tank are modeled with the ALE formulation. The tank container is described using a
Lagrangian formulation.
Keywords
Fluid structure coupling simulation, and ALE formulation
Shell and brick elements
Hydrodynamic and bi-phase liquid gas material (/MAT/LAW37)
RADIOSS Options
ALE boundary conditions (/ALE/BCS)
J. Donea Grid Formulation (/ALE/DONEA)
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Gravity (/GRAV)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
ALE material formulation (/ALE/MAT)
Input File
Fluid_structure_coupling: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/06_Fuel_tank/1-Tank_sloshing/Fluid_structure_coupling/TANK*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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286
Overview
Aim of the Problem
A numerical simulation of fluid-structure coupling is performed on sloshing inside a
deformable fuel tank. This example uses the ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) formulation
and the hydrodynamic bi-material law (/MAT/LAW37) to model interaction between water, air
and the tank container.
Physical Problem Description
A rectangular tank made of steel is partially filled with water, the remainder being
supplemented by air. The initial distribution pressure is known and supposed homogeneous.
The tank container dimensions are 460 mm x 300 mm x 10 mm, with thickness being at 2
mm.
Deformation of the tank container is generated by an impulse made on the left corners of the
tank for analyzing the fluid-structure coupling.
The steel container is modeled using the elasto-plastic model of Johnson-Cook law (/MAT/
LAW2) with the following parameters:
Density: 0.0078 g/mm3
Youngs modulus: 210000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.29
Yield stress: 180 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
The material air-water bi-phase is described in the hydrodynamic bi-material liquid-gas law
(/MAT/LAW37) available in ALE RADIOSS document. Material law 37 is specifically designed
to model bi-material liquid gas.
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The equations used to describe the state of viscosity and pressure are:
Viscosity:
Liquid EOS:
Pi = C i
where, = ( / 0) - 1
Gas EOS:
Cl
l
): 0.001 mm2/ms
for gas:
i
Cl
ag
): 0.00143 mm2/ms
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Using the ALE formulation, the brick mesh is only deformed by tank deformation the water
flowing through the mesh. The Lagrangian shell nodes still coincide with the material points
and the elements deform with the material: this is known as a Lagrangian mesh. For the ALE
mesh, nodes on the boundaries are fixed in order to remain on the border, while the interior
nodes are moved.
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Time (ms)
12
12.01
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Time = 0 ms
Density
Velocity
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Time = 12 ms
Density
Velocity
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Time = 42 ms
Density
Velocity
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Title
Fuel tank - Fluid flow
Number
6.2
Brief Description
Fuel tank overturning with simulation of the fluid flow. The reversing tank is modeled using
horizontally-applied gravity. The tank container is presumed without deformation and only
the water and air inside the tank are taken into consideration using the ALE formulation.
Keywords
Fluid flow simulation and ALE formulation
Brick elements
Hydrodynamic and bi-phase liquid gas (/MAT/LAW37)
RADIOSS Options
ALE boundary conditions (/ALE/BCS)
J. Donea Grid Formulation (/ALE/DONEA)
Gravity (/GRAV)
ALE material formulation (/ALE/MAT)
Input File
Fluid_flow_gravity_1: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/06_Fuel_tank/2Tank_overturning/Fluid_flow_1/PFTANK*
Fluid_flow_gravity_2: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/06_Fuel_tank/2Tank_overturning/Fluid_flow_2/PFTANK*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The fluid flow is studied during the fuel tank overturning. This example uses the ALE
(Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) formulation and the hydrodynamic bi-material law (/MAT/
LAW37) to simulate interaction between water and air. The tank container is presumed
without deformation and it will not be modeled.
Physical Problem Description
A rectangular tank is partially filled with water, the remainder being supplemented by air.
The tank turns once around itself on the Y-axis. The overturning is achieved by defining a
gravity field in the X direction, which is parallel to the liquid gas interface. All gravity is
applied in other directions. The initial distribution pressure is already known and supposed
homogeneous. The tank dimensions are 460 mm x 300 mm x 10 mm.
The example deals with two loading cases: an instantaneous rotation of the fuel tank by 90
degrees (gravity function 1) and a progressive rotation (gravity function 2).
The main material properties for the ALE bi-phase air/water are:
Air density: 1.22x10-6 g/mm3
Water density: 0.001 g/mm3
Gas initial pressure: 0.1 MPa
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Using the ALE formulation, brick mesh is only deformed by the tank deformation, the water
flowing through the mesh. The Lagrangian shell nodes still coincide with the material points,
while the elements are deformed with the material: this is the Lagrangian mesh. For the ALE
mesh, nodes on boundaries are fixed to remain on the border, while the interior nodes are
moved.
RADIOSS Options Used
Regarding the ALE boundary conditions (/ALE/BCS), constraints are applied on:
Material velocity
Grid velocity
All nodes inside the border have grid and material velocities fixed in the Z direction; the
nodes on the left and right sides have a material velocity fixed in the X and Z directions,
while the nodes on the high and low sides have a material velocity fixed in the Y and Z
directions. The grid velocity is fully fixed on the border, just as the material velocity is fixed
on the corners.
A function defines gravity acceleration in the X direction compared with time in order to
simulate the rotation effect. Gravity is activated by /GRAV. Two cases are studied depending
on the acceleration function chosen:
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Time = 170 ms
Density
Velocity
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Time = 280 ms
Density
Velocity
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Time = 50 ms
Density
Velocity
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Time = 70 ms
Density
Velocity
Conclusion
This example allows the study of hydrodynamic bi-material using Law 37 in RADIOSS. ALE
and Eulerian formulations are used. The application of boundary conditions in ALE formations
and handling the fluid-structure interaction are discussed. Furthermore, the results obtained
correctly represent the physical problem.
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Example 7 - Pendulums
Summary
The purpose of this example is to simulate the oscillation and wave propagation of a group of
pendulums, arranged in a line, when impacted at one end. The material is described as being
elastic. Two models are used to simulate two different physical problems:
The 2D model represents the infinite cylindrical mass for pendulums
The 3D model is necessary for determining the spherical mass
The quality of the model first depends on how contact is managed. For the 2D model, a
simple type 5 interface with a plane facet is used. For the 3D model, however, a type 16
interface using the Lagrange Multipliers method is used.
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Title
Pendulums
Number
7.1
Brief Description
Five pendulums in line, initially in contact with each other, are struck by a sixth one. The
shock wave and oscillating motion are observed.
Keywords
Tri-dimensional analysis, truss, brick, and 16-node thick shell
Type 16 interface (Node to brick contact)
Elasticity, momentum transmission, shock wave propagation, and multiple-impacts
Bi-dimensional analysis, plane strain, type 5 interface, and quad element
RADIOSS Options
Bi-dimensional analysis (/ANALY)
Gravity (/GRAV)
Type 16 interface (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE16) and type 5 (/INTER/TYPE5)
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental and analytical results
Input File
Tri-dimensional_analysis: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/07_Pendulums/3D_model/PENDULUMS_3D*
Bi-dimensional_analysis: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/07_Pendulums/Plan_strain_model/PENDULUMS_2D*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Medium
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to study the shock wave propagation and the momentum
transfer through several bodies, initially in contact with each other, subjected to multipleimpact. The process of collision and the energetic behavior upon impact are delineated using
a tri-dimensional model. A plane strain assumption can be used as a compliment to this
study, whereby a bi-dimensional model using fine mesh enables shock wave propagation and
the mechanics contact to be shown in a qualitative manner.
Physical Problem Description
A metal ball strikes a line of five balls, initially in contact with each other. The momentum is
transferred from pendulum to pendulum until reaching the last one at the opposite end. The
system is subjected to gravity. This results in the end pendulums alternate oscillating for
half the time period.
Units: mm, ms, g, N, MPa.
The left pendulum has an initial angle of 45 in relation to the vertical. The material used is
aluminum alloy which behaves like a linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) during impact.
The properties are defined as follows:
Youngs modulus: 70000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.33
Density: 0.0027 g.mm-3
The geometrical characteristics of the balls and trusses are:
Truss:
- Length: 124.6 mm
Ball:
- Radius: 25.4 mm (massball = 182.5g)
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The modeling technique used enables to ensure contact between the quadratic surfaces.
Figure 3 shows the mesh used for balls. The mesh uses a hypercube mesh topology
combining brick and 16-node thick shell elements.
The type 16 interface using the Lagrange Multipliers method is employed to model contacts
between the nodes and the quadratic elements surface. An interface must be defined for
each ball (five interfaces).
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Fig 4: Slave nodes and master surfaces defined for the type 16 interface.
No gap is required for the type 16 interface, enabling the contact condition to be exactly
satisfied.
RADIOSS Options Used
Gravity is applied to all nodes. A function defines the gravity acceleration in the Z direction
compared with time. Gravity is activated by the /GRAV option.
The upper extremities of the trusses are fixed in Y and Z translations and in Y and Z
rotations.
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Normal vectors of quad elements should have the same orientation to avoid negative
volumes. Quad elements undergo a type 14 general solid property.
The contact between the external segments of the quads is modeled five times using a type 5
interface.
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Fig 8: Master segments and slave nodes defined for type 5 interfaces.
Type 5 interface uses the Penalty method for a master segment contact (blue side) to the
slave node (red side). The gap is set to 0.1 mm as the initial interval between the masses.
The contact is sliding using a Coulomb friction coefficient that is equal to zero.
Type 7 general interface is not available in a 2D analysis.
RADIOSS Options Used
The upper extremities of the trusses are fixed in Y and Z translations. It should be noted that
the 2D conditions are automatically taken into account with N2D3D = 2 in /ANALY.
Gravity is applied to all nodes. A constant function (-0.00981 mm.ms-2) defines the gravity
acceleration in the Z direction compared with time. Gravity is activated by /GRAV.
Note that for the 2D analysis, the rigid body /RBODY option is not available.
For the purpose of this example, the balls are given the following numbers:
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When the pendulum mass is released at time t=0, the No. 6 end ball has maximum potential
energy and null kinetic energy. Ball 6 achieves maximum velocity before striking the five
other pendulums. For a moderate case, that is without loss, we have:
EKINETIC = EPOTENTIAL
Where, h is the vertical displacement of the balls center, V is the velocity and m is the mass.
The maximum kinetic
energy is reached for:
Analytical solution:
Simulation results:
Maintaining the kinetic energy in the system is not entirely satisfactory, due to the energy
contact being dissipated during impact.
The two extreme pendulums alternate, oscillating for half of the time period. The velocity of
the middle balls in comparison to time is shown in Fig 11.
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Velocity is transferred from pendulum to pendulum until reaching the end one.
Equation of Motion
The relative motion of a simple pendulum can be described using the equation:
where,
Such analytical equation can be corroborated with regard to the end balls No. 1 and 6.
Rotations and rotational accelerations
end of the trusses.
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for ball 6.
for ball 1.
The numerical results have an average correlation in relation to the analytical solution, due to
the dynamic response of the nodal acceleration saved in the Time History.
Energetic Behavior Upon Impact
Lets consider the interval [203,33 ms and 204,11 ms] where multiple impacts occur from
balls No. 6 to 1.
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As shown in Fig 15, the internal energy stored in the system is released after each impact, in
line with the defining balls linear material law. The kinetic energy is transferred from
pendulum to pendulum.
The 16-node thick shells are elements which do not suffer hourglass deformation. Therefore,
the low amount of kinetic energy lost during multiple impact is due to the dissipated contact
energy (-2.47mJ). The external work of the gravity remains constant (78.655mJ).
The following animations separately illustrate:
the motion of the pendulums
the kinetic energy transmission
the stress wave propagation
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The force between balls compared with time is shown in Fig 17. Note the existence of a time
interval where forces contacts are not at zero.
Fig 17: Forces contact between balls compared with time (contact starts at t=0 ms).
This process leads to multiple impacts. It corroborates the experimental observations, where
the theory was well estimated. Based on an Impulse Correlation Ratio (ICR), a regularized
system of an N-ball chain using an elastic contact spring gives similar results.
Referential results: [V. Acaray, B. Brogliato / Second MIT Conference on Computational
Fluid and solid Mechanics]
von Mises stress wave propagation from ball to ball during the multiple impact period
(isostep values):
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Conclusion
The impact between several pendulums in line is studied using RADIOSS. Two models
representing physical problems are studied:
(i) a global analysis using a relatively coarse mesh with 3D elements
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Summary
Precise data for high strain rate materials is necessary to enable the accurate modeling of
high-speed impacts. The high strain rate characterization of materials is usually performed
using the split Hopkinson Pressure Bar within the strain rate range 100-10000 s-1. Using the
one-dimensional analysis of the Hopkinson bar experiment, it is assumed that the specimen
deforms under uni-axial stress, the bar specimen interfaces remain planar at all times, and
the stress equilibrium in the specimen is achieved using travel times. The RADIOSS explicit
finite element code is used to investigate these assumptions.
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Title
Split Hopkinson
pressure bar testing
Number
8.1
Brief Description
The high strain rate tensile behavior of the 7010 aluminum alloy is studied using the
Hopkinson pressure bar technique (stress wave).
Keywords
Axisymmetrical analysis and quad elements
High strain rate and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB)
Wave propagation and stress pulse
Elastic model (/MAT/LAW1) and Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic model (/MAT/LAW2)
RADIOSS Options
Axisymmetrical analysis (/ANALY)
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Imposed velocities (/IMPVEL)
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental data
Input File
High_strain_rate: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/08_Hopkinson_Bar/
High_strain_rate/SHPB_H*
Low_strain_rate: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/08_Hopkinson_Bar/
Low_strain_rate/SHPB_L*
RADIOSS Version
44q
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
In order to model and predict the behavior of material during impact, the responses at very
high strain rates should be studied. The Split Hopkinson Bar is an inexpensive device for
performing high strain-rate experiments [1]. This equipment consists of four long pressure
bars:
the striker bar
the incident bar
the transmission bar
the drop bar
The specimen is sandwiched between the transmission and the incident bar. Assuming that
the wave propagation in the bar is non-dispersive, the force and displacement upon contact
between the bar and the specimen can be obtained from the strains measured through
experience. In this example, the dynamic tensile behavior, achieved through experience of
the 7010 aluminum alloy with a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is compared to
numerical simulations. Two cases are studied at the strain rates of 80 s-1 (low rate) and 900
s-1 (high rate) respectively. At high strain rates, experience shows that the stress flow
significantly increases by more than 30% with the strain rate increasing; thus demonstrating
strain rate dependence in aluminum alloys in general. For the strain rates range applied
here, an existing Johnson-Cook model is used to describe the stress flow as a strain and
strain rate function. Failure is not taken into account.
Physical Problem Description
The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique corresponds to a high strain rate deformation of
the aluminum alloy at high stress. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the basic Hopkinson bar
setup. It consists of two cylindrical bars of the same diameter, respectively called Input and
Output bars.
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Johnson-Cook Model
The Johnson-Cook model describes the stress in relation to the plastic strain and the strain
rate using the following equation:
where:
is the strain rate
0
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to one end of the input bar. The impact generates a tensile wave which propagates along the
input bar. Part of the wave is reflected and a part is transmitted via the specimens interface.
The stress pulse continues through the specimen and into the transmitted bar. The wave
reflections inside the sample enables the stress to be homogenized during the test. The
strain associated with the output or transmitted stress wave is measured by the strain
gauges on the output or transmitted bar. The strain gauges attached to the specimen gauge
length provide direct measuring of the true strain and the true plastic strain in the specimen
during the experiment. The transmitted elastic wave provides a direct force measurement to
the bar specimen interfaces by way of the following relation:
F(t) - SbarEbar T(t)
Where, Ebar is the modulus of the output bar, T is the strain associated with the output
stress wave and the Sbar is the cross-section of the output bar.
If the two bars remain elastic and wave dispersion is ignored, then the measured stress
pulses can be assumed to be the same as those acting on the specimen.
The engineering stress value in the specimen can be determined by the wave analysis, using
the transmitted wave:
Engineering stress can also be found by averaging out the force applied by the incident, that
is the reflected and transmitted wave, as shown in the equation:
Where,
and
is the strain
True stress and true strain are evaluated up to the failure point.
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Fig 5: Mesh of the axisymmetrical model with imposed velocities on the top of the input bar.
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True Stress, True Strain and True Strain Rate Measurement from Time History
In the experiment, the strain gauge is attached to the specimen. In simulation, the true
strain will be determined from 9040 and 6 nodes relative Z displacements (l0 = 3.83638
mm).
The true stress can be given using two data sources. The first methodology consists of using
the equation previously presented, based on the assumption of the one-dimensional
propagation of bar-specimen forces. The engineering strain t associated with the output
stress wave is obtained from the Z displacement of nodes located on the output bar. The true
plastic strain is extracted from the quads on the specimen, saved in the Time History file.
True stress can also be measured directly from the Time History using the average of the Z
stress quads 6243, 6244, 6224 and 6235. It should be noted that the section option is not an
available option with the quad elements.
The strain rate can be calculated from either the true plastic strain of quads saved in /TH/
QUAD or from the true strain true.
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Z stress
average from
quads saved in
/TH
True
strain
True
strain
rate
Fig 7: Variation of true stress compared with true strain for 7010 alloy using two different rates (experimental
data).
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For the test performed with a strain rate of 900 s-1, the flow stress reaches 850 MPa at a
0.25 strain.
Table 2: True stress at specific strains using both strain rates (experimental data).
Strain rate: 80 s-1
True strain
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.25
True stress
(MPa)
550
600
610
625
775
800
850
Johnson-Cook Model
Figure 8 shows the variation of true stress in time in relation to the wave propagation along
the bars. Stresses are evaluated on the input bar, the specimen and the output bar.
Fig 9: Stress waves in the input bar, the output bar and the specimen (imposed velocities = 5.8 ms-1 ).
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The stress-time curve shows the incident, reflected and transmitted signals.
Fig 10: Diagram of SHPB showing the motion in time of the tensile pulse.
Fig 11: von Mises stress wave propagation along bars (imposed velocities = 5.8 ms-1 ).
The speed of wave, C along the bars is calculated using the relation:
C = 5189 ms-1
Where, E is the Youngs modulus and
The time step element is controlled by the smallest element located in the specimen. It is set
at 5x10-5 ms. The stress wave thus reaches the specimen in 0.77 ms and travels 0.26 mm
along the bar for each time step. Obviously, it remains lower than the element length of the
smallest dimension (0.88 mm).
An imposed velocity of 5.8 ms-1 produces a strain rate in the specimen of approximately 900
s-1, while a strain rate of approximately 80 s-1 is achieved using an imposed velocity of 1.7
ms-1. A simulation is performed for each velocity value. It should be noted that the study on
low rates is more limited in time than on high rates due to the reflected wave generated on
top of the output bar.
Figure 12 shows the true stress and true strain as a function of the strain rate.
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Fig 12: Variation of true stress with true strain for high and medium strain rates.
At a high strain rate (900/s), an increase in the flow stress is observed, being approximately
30% higher than the stress obtained for a low strain rate (80/s). The Johnson-Cook model
used provides precise results compared with the experimental data.
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The true stresses determined from both methodologies are shown side-by-side. This validates
the analysis based on a transmitted wave. Typical curves for a model having imposed
velocities equal to 5.8 ms-1 are shown below:
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Either data sources used to evaluate the strain rate give similar results.
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These studies are performed for the high strain rate model ( = 900 s-1).
Figure 14 compares the distribution of the von Mises stress on the specimen, with and
without the strain rate filtering at time t=0.6 ms.
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Fig 14: Comparison of the distribution of the von Mises stress at time t=0.6 ms.
We obtain more physical flow stress distribution using filtering. Explicit is an element-byelement method, while the local treatment of temporal oscillations puts spatial oscillations
into the mesh.
Reference
[1] CRAHVI, G4RD-CT-2000-00395, D.1.1.1, Material Tests Tensile properties of Aluminum
Alloys 7010T7651 and AU4G Over a Range of Strain Rates.
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Summary
The impact and rebound between balls on a small billiard table is studied. This example
deals with the problem of defining interfaces and transmitting momentum between the balls.
The study is divided into three parts:
At first, a general study is used to see the results of a cue ball when coming into contact with
the 15 other balls arranged in a triangle. The balls are meshed for the purpose using 16node shell elements (for the curvature) and a type 16 interface between each ball as well as
between the balls and the table. The results show that the momentum is not homogenously
transmitted: the balls on the table are not being evenly spread out.
Secondly, the collision between two balls is studied. All parameters are the same as in the
first part. The reaction of those two balls is then compared to the analytical results.
Finally, six different interfaces are compared: types 16 and 17 tied or sliding interfaces using
the Lagrange Multipliers method and a type 7 tied or sliding interface using the Lagrange
Multipliers or the Penalty method. The study is also initiated using a quasi-static gravity
application prior to dynamic behavior. When comparing the kinetic energy transmission, the
results show that interfaces without the tied option provide better results than the others,
and that the type 16 interface seems to be the best.
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Title
Billiards (Pool)
Number
9.1
Brief Description
A pool game is modeled to show the transmission of momentum between one impacting ball
and 15 impacted balls.
Keywords
16-node thick shell and sphere mesh
Type 7 interface using the Lagrange Multipliers method and the Penalty method
Type 16 sliding and tied interface type 17 sliding and tied interface, and quadratic
surface contact
Elastic shock
Momentum transmission and shock wave
RADIOSS Options
Type 7 interface (/INTER/TYPE7), type 16 (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE16) and type 17 (/
INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE17)
Initial velocities (/INIVEL)
16-node thick shell property type 20 (/PROP/TSHELL)
Input File
Billiard_game / Interface_16: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/09_Billiards/Billiards_model/BILLARD*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/09_Billiards/Billiards_model/
Supplement_Interface7Lag/BILLARD*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to investigate the transmission of momentum between several
balls. Contact with the various interfaces using the Penalty and Lagrange Multipliers method
is analyzed.
Physical Problem Description
Pool is a game consisting of 16 balls, each 50.8 mm in diameter. It is played on a small
billiard table measuring 1800 mm x 900 mm. Fifteen (15) balls are placed in a triangle to
enable their tight grouping. The initial velocity of the shooting ball is presumed equal to 1.5
ms-1. Elastic rebounds are observed.
Frame: polymer
Plate: slate
Initial density
0.00137 g.mm-3
0.001 g.mm-3
0.0028 g.mm-3
Young's
modulus
10500 MPa
1000 MPa
62000 MPa
Poisson ratio
0.3
0.49
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The type 16 interface with the Lagrange Multipliers method is used to model the ball/ball and
balls/table contacts. An interface must be defined for each ball (that is: 16 interfaces in
total). An additional interface is used to define the contacts between the balls and the table
(plate and frame).
Fig 5: Type 16 interface: slave SHEL16 for balls and master SHEL16 for the table.
Fig 6: Example of the type 16 interface defined for the contact between balls.
Slave nodes (red) are extracted from the external surfaces of the parts.
RADIOSS Options Used
An initial velocity of 1.5 ms-1 in X direction is applied to all nodes of the white ball.
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All nodes of the lower face of the table are completely fixed (translations and rotations).
Gravity is considered for all the balls nodes. A function defines the gravity acceleration in the
Z direction compared with time. Gravity is activated using /GRAV.
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Due to the faceting of the ball, contact between the impacting ball and the impacted balls is
not perfectly symmetrical and momentum is not homogeneously transmitted among the
balls. An apparent physical strike thus results.
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Fig 10: History of the balls motions (contact control: type 16 interface).
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Overview
Two balls are now considered in order to study the behavior of impacting spherical balls.
The balls behavior is described using the parameters (angles and velocities) shown in Fig 11.
The numerical results are compared with the analytical solution, assuming a perfect elastic
rebound (coefficient of restitution is equal to 1).
Modeling Methodology
The balls and the table have the same properties, previously defined for a pool game. The
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dimensions of the table are 900 mm x 450 mm x 25 mm and the balls diameter is 50.8 mm.
The balls and the table are meshed with 16-node thick shell elements for using the type 16
Lagrangian interface.
The initial translational velocities are applied to the balls in the /INIV Engine option.
Velocities are projected on the X and Y axes.
Fig 14: Master and slave sides for the type 16 Lagrangian interface.
Analytical Solution
Take two balls, 1 and 2 from masses m1 and m2, moving in the same plane and approaching
each other on a collision course using velocities V1 and V2, as shown in Fig 15.
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Velocities are projected onto the local axes n and t. To obtain the velocities and their
direction after impact, the momentum conservation law is recorded for the two balls:
(1)
or
(2)
The shock is presumed elastic and without friction. Maintaining the translational kinetic
energy is respected as there is no rotational energy:
(3)
Such equality implies that the recovering capacity of the two balls corresponds to their
tendency to deform.
This condition equals one of the elastic impacts, with no energy loss. Maintaining the
systems energy gives:
(4)
This relation means that the normal component of the relative velocity changes into its
opposite during the elastic shock (coefficient of restitution value e is equal to the unit).
The following equations must be checked for normal components:
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It should be noted that these relations depend upon the masses ratio.
As the balls do not suffer from velocity change in the t-direction, maintaining the tangential
component of each spheres velocity provides:
The norms of velocities after shock result from the following relations.
and
In this example, balls have the same mass: m1 = m2.
Therefore:
and
(7)
The norms of the velocities are given using the following relations, depending on the initial
velocities and angles:
(8)
By recording the projection of the velocities, directions after shock can be evaluated using
relation (9):
(9)
Equations (8) and (9) are used for determining the analytical solutions (angles and velocities
after collision).
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(collision at 40 ms).
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For given initial values of V1, V2, 1 and 2, simulation results are reported in Table 1.
Table 1: Comparison of results for after collision
Numerical Results
Analytical Solution
42.27
44.72
26.75
26.48
V1
0.731 m/s
V1
0.731 m/s
V2
0.969 m/s
V2
0.977 m/s
Conclusion
The simulation corroborates with the analytical solution. The 16-node thick shells are fullyintegrated elements without hourglass energy. This modeling provides a good transmission of
momentum. However, the type 16 interface does not take into account the quadratic surface
on the slave side (ball 2), due to the node to thick shell contact. Accurate results are
obtained for a collision without penetrating the quadratic surface of the slave side in order to
confirm impact between the spherical bodies.
A fine mesh could improve the results.
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Overview
The balls and the table have the same properties as previously defined. The dimensions of
the table are 900 mm x 450 mm x 25 mm and the balls diameter is 50.8 mm.
Six interfaces are used to model the contacts (ball/ball and balls/table):
Table 2: Interfaces used in the problems.
Type 16 (Lagrange Multipliers) tied or sliding: slave nodes / master
solids contact
Type 17 (Lagrange Multipliers) tied or sliding: slave 16-node shells /
master 16-node shells contact
Type 7 (Lagrange Multipliers): slave nodes / master surface contact
Type 7 (Penalty) sliding: slave nodes / master surface contact
The type 16 interface defines contact between a group of nodes (slaves) and a curved surface
of quadratic elements (master part). The type 17 interface is used for modeling a surface-tosurface contact. For both interfaces, the Lagrange Multipliers method is used to apply the
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contact conditions; gaps are not required. Contact between the balls and the table is set as
tied or sliding. Contact between the balls themselves is always considered as sliding. The
type 7 interface enables the simulation of the most general contact types occurring between
a master surface and a set of slave nodes. The Coulomb friction between surfaces is not
modeled here (sliding contact) and the gap is fixed at 0.1 mm. The other parameters are set
to default values.
The type 7 interface with the Penalty method is not available with 16-node thick shell
elements. Thus, brick elements replace the 16-nodes shells in this case (check in the input
file).
Contact modeling between balls (always sliding).
The symmetrical interface definition is not recommended when using the Lagrange Multipliers
method (types 16, 17 and 7-Lag). The problem using the interface with the Penalty method
uses two interfaces to model the symmetrical impact.
Fig 20: Symmetrical configuration of the type 7 interface using the Penalty method
Interface
Type 16 tied
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Interface
Type 16 sliding
Type 17 tied
Type 17 sliding
Type 7 Lagrange
Multipliers
Type 7 Penalty
method
Contact between the balls and the table (sliding or tied depending on the problem):
Fig 21: Definition of slave and master objects for balls/table contacts.
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Interface
Type 16 tied
Type 16 sliding
Type 17 tied
Type 17 sliding
Type 7 Lagrange
Multipliers
Type 7 Penalty
method
with,
being the relaxation value by default, equal to 1, and T being the period to be
damped (less than or equal to the largest period of the system).
Thus, a viscous stress tensor is added to the stress tensor:
In an explicit code, the application of the dashpot force modifies the velocity equation:
without relaxation
with relaxation
with:
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354
= 1 and T = 0.2).
The dynamic problem (impact between balls) is considered in a second run managed by the
D02 Engine file with a time running from 30 ms to 130 ms.
Type 17 Interface
Contact between
quadratic surfaces
Balls/table contact:
tied
Ball/ball contact:
sliding
Type 17 Interface
Contact between
quadratic surfaces
Balls/table contact:
sliding
Ball/ball contact:
sliding
Type 16 Interface
Contact nodes /
quadratic surface
Balls/table contact:
tied
Ball/ball contact:
sliding
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Type 16 Interface
Contact nodes /
quadratic surface
Balls/table contact:
sliding
Ball/ball contact:
sliding
Type 7 Interface
Lagrange
Multipliers method
Contact nodes /
linear surface
(sliding contact)
Type 7 Interface
Penalty method
Contact nodes /
linear surface
Balls/table contact:
sliding
Ball/ball contact:
sliding
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Conclusion
Interface
7
Interface 7
Lagrange
Penalty
Multipliers
Interface
16 Tied
Interface
16 Sliding
Interface
17
Tied
Interface
17 Sliding
Cycles
241392
241385
241387
241385
241385
773099
Error on
Energy
-30.8%
-1.4%
-55.5%
-10.8%
-1.2%
-46.1%
Rolling
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
Momentum
Transmissi
on
partial
quasiperfect
partial
good
good
partial
master and
slave sides
master and
slave sides
no
no
Quadratic
surface
A non-elastic collision appears using the type 7 interface Penalty method. After impact, each
ball has about half of the initial velocity. The momentum transmission is partial and can be
improved by increasing the stiffness of the interface despite the hourglass energy and
degradation of the energy assessment.
Error on energy is more noticeable for interfaces using the Tied option, due to taking into
account the rolling simulation.
This study shows the high sensitivity of the numerical algorithms for the modeling impact on
elastic balls. Regarding the interface type, the kinematics of the problem and the
transmission of momentum are more or less satisfactory. Type 16 interface allows good
results to be obtained.
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Example 10 - Bending
Summary
The bending of a straight cantilever beam is studied. The example used is a famous bending
test for shell elements. The analytical solution enables the comparison with the quality of the
numerical results. Carefully watch the influence from the shell formulation. In addition, the
results for the different time step scale factors are compared.
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Title
Bending
Number
10.1
Brief Description
Pure bending test with different 3- and 4-nodes shell formulations.
Keywords
Q4 and T3 meshes
QEPH, Belytshcko & Tsay, BATOZ, and DKT shells
Mesh, hourglass, imposed velocity, quasi-static analysis, and bending test
RADIOSS Options
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid bodies (/RBODY)
Compared to / Validation Method
Analytical solution
Input File
BATOZ: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/10_Bending/BATOZ/.../
ROLLING*
QEPH: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/10_Bending/QEPH/.../ROLLING*
BT (type1): <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/10_Bending/BT/BT_type1/
.../ROLLING*
BT (type3): <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/10_Bending/BT/BT_type3/
.../ROLLING*
BT (type4): <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/10_Bending/BT/BT_type4/
.../ROLLING*
DKT18: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/10_Bending/DKT18/.../
ROLLING*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner benchmark
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
The purpose of this example is to study a pure bending problem. A cantilever beam with an
end moment is studied. The moment variation is modeled by introducing a constant imposed
velocity on the free end.
Units:
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KN-mm
The following tables summarize the results obtained for the different formulations. From an
analytical point of view, the beam deformed under pure bending must satisfy the conditions
of the constant curvature which implies that for = 2 , the beam should form a closed ring.
However, depending on the finite element used, a small error can be observed, as shown in
the following tables. This is mainly due to beam vibration during deformation as it is highly
flexible. Good results are obtained by the QBAT, QEPH and DKT18 elements, respectively.
This is mainly due to the good estimation of the curvature in the formulation of these
elements. The BT family of under-integrated shell elements is less accurate. With the type 3
hourglass formulation, the model remains stable until = 6rad. However, the momentrotation curves do not correspond to the expected response.
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To reduce the overall computation error, smaller explicit time steps are used by reducing the
scale factor in /DT. The results reported in the end table show that a reduction in the time
step enables to reduce the error accumulation, even though the divergence problems for BT
elements cannot be avoided.
The following parameters are chosen for drawing curves and displaying animations:
BATOZ
QEPH
BT
DKT
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.2
Scale factor
Imposed
velocity rot.
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The following curves show the evolution previously shown (rotation and nodal displacement
by moment):
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BATOZ
QEPH
Sf=0 Sf
Sf
Sf
Sf
.9 =0.8 =0.6 =0.9 =0.8
BT
Type 1
Sf
Sf
=0.9 =0.1
Type 3
Sf
=0.9
Sf
=0.1
DKT
Type 4
Sf
Sf
Sf
=0.3
=0.9 =0.1
Sf
=0.2
Sf
=0.1
108.6
CPU
0
7.17 5.44 8.21 16.21
(normali 2.18 2.43 3.14 1.23 1.34 42.64 7.07 2.62
1.03
zed)
953 107 1429 935 1052 8153 730 25150 18241
7306 4200 62945 1258
53
77
74
8
808
1
248 81332 66
41
0
678
# cycles 05 219
Error
=2
(%)
0%
err
=20%
0%
0%
degree
=
2
(mm)
0%
6.91 6.89
(rad)
Dz
0%
-53%
99.9
%
99.9
15%
%
4.36 4.53
5.98
4.38
4.51 6.37
6.06
396 395
250 260
347
343
8.9%
1.5%
500. 500.
500. 500.
525. 518.33
433. 476. -496.5
500.5
491.2
506.0 529.8
499.4
5
5
5
5
8
3
8
5
Mx
=
2
(x10
-4.06
-4.01 -0.21
-3.13
4.04 4.05
4.01
0.11
+5
kNmm)
-3.08
Conclusion
A description summary of the different tests is provided below:
QBAT element:
This formulation gives a 2 -revolution of the beam with no energy error. However, a
20% error is attained for = 384.
Note that the decrease of the scale factor enables obtaining better results.
QEPH element:
This formulation seems to be the best one to treat the problem. It enables a 2 revolution of the beam to be obtained. The error remains null until = 400.
BT formulation:
This formulation does not provide satisfactory results and is not adapted to this
simulation, whatever the anti-hourglass formulation. This is mainly due to using a flat
plate formulation and the fact that the element is under-integrated. The type 3
hourglass formulation seems to be better than others.
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Summary
The material characterization of ductile aluminum alloy is studied. The RADIOSS material
laws 2, 27 and 36 are used to reproduce the experimental data of a traction test by
simulation. The work-hardening, damage and rupture of the specimen are simulated by a
finite element model. The parameters of the material laws are determined to fit the
experimental results. The influence of the strain rate is also studied. A strain rate filtering
method is used to reduce the effect of a dynamic resolution on the simulation results.
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Title
Law characterization
Number
11.1
Brief Description
Elasto-plastic material law characterization using a tensile test.
Keywords
Shell element
Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic model (/MAT/LAW2)
Tabulated elasto-plastic (/MAT/LAW36)
Elasto-plastic brittle (/MAT/LAW27)
Necking point, damage model, maximum stress, and failure plastic strain
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Imposed velocities (/IMPVEL)
Material definition (/MAT)
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental results
Input File
Law_2_Johnson_Cook: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/11_Tensile_test/Law_2_Johnson-Cook/.../TENSIL2*
Law 27_Damage: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/11_Tensile_test/
Law_27_Damage/DAMAGE*
Law_36_Tabulated: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/11_Tensile_test/
Law_36_Tabulated/TENSI36*
RADIOSS Version
44q
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
It is not always easy to characterize a material law for transient analysis using the
experimental results of a tensile test. The purpose of this example is to introduce a method
for characterizing the most commonly used RADIOSS material laws for modeling elastoplastic material. The use of "engineering or "true stress-strain curves is pointed out.
Damage and failure models are also introduced to better fit the experimental response.
Apart from the experimental results, the modeling of the strain rate effect on stress will be
considered at the end of this example using a sensitivity study on a set of parameters for
Johnson-Cooks model.
Physical Problem Description
Traction is applied to a specimen. A quarter of the specimen is modeled using symmetrical
conditions. The material to be characterized is 6063 T7 Aluminum. A velocity is imposed at
the left-end.
Units: mm, ms, g, N, MPa.
Fig 1: Geometry of the tensile specimen (One quarter of the specimen is modeled).
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Fig 2: Experimental results of the tensile test: engineering stress vs. engineering strain.
Node number 54 was renamed "Node 1" to be compliant with the Time History.
For node 54, only displacements in the x-direction (variable DX) are saved.
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For both sections, the variables FN and FTX, are saved; thus the following variables will be
available in /TH/SECTIO: FNX, FNY, FNZ (saved using "FN"), and FTX.
Engineering strains will be obtained by dividing the displacement of node 1 with the distance
up to the symmetry axis (75 mm). Engineering stresses will be obtained by dividing the force
through section 1 with its initial surface (10.5 mm2). Therefore, the results shown correspond
to the engineering stress as a function of the engineering strain, equivalent to the force
variation compared to displacement (similar curve shape).
RADIOSS Options Used
An imposed velocity of -1.0 m/s in the x-direction is applied to the nodes, shown below
(abscissa less or equal to 25 mm). The displacement is proportional to time.
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Only one quarter of the specimen is modeled to limit the model size and to eliminate the rigid
body motions. Symmetry planes are defined along axis x = 100 mm and axis y = 0. Note
that two boundary conditions cannot be applied to the same node 13 (corner).
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= In(1 + I / Io)
= In(1 + e)
Engineering stresses are measured by dividing the force through one section with the initial
section. True stresses are measured by dividing the force with the true deformed section:
Thus, to compute true stresses, the surface variation must be taken into account. Assuming
that Poissons coefficient is 0.5 during plastic deformation, the true surface in mono-axial
traction is:
S = S0 exp( - tr)
Thus, the relationship between true and engineering stresses is:
tr
= e exp( tr)
= tr - tr / E
An important point to be characterized on the curve is the necking point, where the slope of
the force versus the displacement curve is equal to 0, and where the following relationships
apply:
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Generic Equation
Engineering stress
Engineering strain
True stress
True strain
tr
= e exp( tr )
tr
= In(1 + e)
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374
It is estimated that the necking point occurs between 6% and 8% (engineering strain). After
analyzing the experimental data, the first point satisfying the necking condition is at 6.68%.
Fig 10: Comparison between engineering and true curves (from experimental data).
tr
= e
exp( tr)
The true stress curve is higher than the engineering stress curve, as it takes into account the
decrease in the specimen cross-section.
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where, a is the yield stress and is read from the experimental curve and then converted into
true stress.
To compute b and n, two states are needed. This leads to the following formulas for b and n:
The first point is chosen at the necking point, then b and n are computed for each other point
of the curve and averaged out since the results tend to differ depending on the point chosen.
Characterization up to the Necking Point
The first stage when determining the material model is to obtain Johnson-Cooks coefficients.
Neither the maximum stress, nor the failure plastic strain effects are taken into account here
(set at zero).
The values of coefficients are chosen so that the model adapts to the test data.
Fig 11: Variation of the engineering stress/strain according to Johnson-Cooks model adapted to the test.
Figure 12 compares the yield curve defined using the Johnson-Cook model with the one
extracted from experimental data.
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The engineering stress deviations between experiment and simulation are described in the
table below:
Engineering
strain
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.067
Deviation
7.9%
4.8%
1.8%
1.1%
1%
1.8%
2.9%
Comparison is performed up to the necking point (engineering strain = 6.68%) because after
this state, a rapid decrease in the engineering stresses occurs in the specimen. The rupture
sequence is simulated in the following paragraphs. Results using Law 2 remain within 8% of
the experimental curve.
The curve could be improved by slightly adjusting some of the values. The purpose of this
test is to propose a method for deducing material law parameters using a tensile test.
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Fig 13: Beginning of the necking point using only the first coefficients of the Johnson-Cook model (a, b and n).
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378
Fig 14: True stress versus true strain curve up to the beginning of the necking point.
The necking point can be simulated, either by adjusting the Johnson-Cook coefficients to
obtain an accurate slope, or by compelling curve with a maximum stress.
Simulation of the Slope Near the Necking Point
By implementing an energy approach, the hardening curve can be modified to achieve an
engineering curve which resembles a horizontal asymptote near the necking point with the
purpose of simulating the behavior of the curve as observed in the test.
The Johnson-Cook coefficients used to describe the physical slope are:
Yield stress: 79 MPa
Hardening parameter: 133 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.17
For this model, the new true stress / true strain relationship is:
(Johnson-Cook model 2)
The results obtained with those coefficients are provided below.
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Fig 15: Adjusted engineering stress/strain curve to model the beginning of the necking point.
The shape of the yield curve versus the experimental data is depicted in Fig 16.
This condition is characterized by the intersection of the true stress versus the true strain
curve with its derivate.
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Fig 17: Superposition of engineering curve and true curve with its derivate.
Fig 18: Engineering stress versus engineering strain; necking point characterization
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Fig 19: Variation of the von Mises stress with the true strain from shell 11.
Maximum stress max is reached for von Mises stress on shells where the necking begins. To
avoid overly-high stresses after the necking point, a maximum stress factor must be set
approximately equal to the true necking point stress.
The following curves show the evolution of the von Mises stress versus the true strain shell at
two characteristic locations of the specimen (3b and 3a in Fig 20):
Fig 20: von Mises stress curve with a maximum stress limit.
The beginning of the necking point is observed following the point where the stress is equal
to stress versus strain derivate
.
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382
The derivate of the stress is very sensitive and strongly depends on the yield curve definition.
Thus, introducing the necking point into the simulation is very delicate (a small change can
result in many variations). The necking point should first begin on a given element for
numerical reasons. The preferred beginning of necking is addressed below.
Preferred Beginning of the Necking Point
Experimentally, the beginning of the necking point can appear anywhere on the specimen.
The beginning of the necking point should preferably be located on the right end elements in
order to propose a methodology for this quasi-static test. If the model only uses a quarter
part of the specimen, the necking point is found on elements 30, 125 and 78.
The beginning of the necking point is physically and numerically sensitive and can be
initiated on the right elements by changing a few of the coordinates along the Y-axis of the
node in the right corner (node 16) in order to decrease the cross-section and privilege the
necking point in this zone. Changing the node position by 0.01 mm is enough for achieving
the preferential beginning of the necking point.
A second approach also enables the necking point to be triggered on the right end side by
defining an extra part, including shells 3, 11 and 4 by using a maximum stress slightly lower
than the remaining part, in order to initiate the necking point locally since the necking point
stress is first reached in the elements having the lowest maximum stress value, that is shells
3, 11 and 4. This method, based on material properties, is quite appropriate for
demonstrating the characterization of a material law and will thus be used in the continuation
of the example.
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Fig 23: Localization of the beginning of the necking point according to the models using max.
max
The following curves indicate the variation of the engineering stress versus the engineering
strain according to the beginning of the necking point zone and in comparison to the
experiment.
Fig 24: Engineering stress/strain curve for each starting necking point location.
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384
There is a fast decrease in the engineering stress after the right-end necking point. The
necking point, due to the boundary conditions of the y-symmetry plane (y-translation d.o.f.
released), becomes more pronounced.
Note that the variations in the section where the necking point is found are quite similar up
to the necking point. After such point, there is a sharp surface decrease for the right-end
necking point, contrary to the second case where the surface decrease is more moderate.
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Fig 26: Engineering stress/strain curve obtained using adjusted Johnson-Cook coefficients.
The following graph compares the new yield curve with experimental data:
(true stress/strain)
Yield stress = 50 MPa
Hardening parameter = 350 MPa
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Fig 28: Shell contribution during the necking point sequence (von Mises stress).
As the necking point progresses, more physical results are obtained due to the new input
data of the material law coefficients having a better element contribution.
Fig 29: Variation of the von Mises stress on elements 110, 109, 108, 107, 11 and 106.
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Fig 31: max = 47% ; yield curve adjusted with respect to lower stresses:
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Fig 32: max = 40% ; yield curve adjusted with respect to high stresses:
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The following graphs display the results obtained using the material coefficients of two
previous Johnson-Cook models. Damage parameters complete those models.
Damage Model A
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Damage Model B
Damage model: t1
= 0.16 ;
m1
max
=1
Johnson-Cook model:
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Fig 34: Hardening function defined in law 36 to obtain the results below.
The hardening curve has to be defined with precision around the necking point while the
decrease of the curve is very sensitive to its adjustment. In order to improve the modeling of
the necking point, two points can be interpolated, one "just before" the necking point, and
one "just after" with the slope between those two points equal to the necking point stress.
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Title
Strain rate effect
Number
11.2
Brief Description
The strain rate effect is taken into account, using filtering (cut-off frequency).
Keywords
Shell element
Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic model (/MAT/LAW2)
Engineering strain / stress, strain rate effect, and filtering
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Imposed velocities (/IMPVEL)
Input File
Time_History_files: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/11_Tensile_Test/
TENSILET01
RADIOSS Version
44q
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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where:
is the strain rate
0
a = 90.27 MPa
b = 223.14 MPa
n = 0.375
The results are reported in the following tables.
Strain Rate Effect - Plasticity Model: Johnson-Cook
The influence of the strain rate and stress smoothing are shown below (with
and c = 0.1):
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394
Stress Comparison
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The following results show the effect of the reference strain rate,
c:
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Fig 36: First principal strain rate comparison at time t=4 ms.
A more physical strain rate distribution is achieved by filtering. Moreover, such results show
spatial oscillations when not damped by filtering. The explicit scheme is an element-byelement method and the local treatment of temporal oscillations puts spatial oscillations into
the model.
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influence:
If the strain rate is lower than the reference strain rate, there is no strain rate effect.
Therefore, the lower the reference strain rate, the more the effect will be emphasized.
The effect appears as a translation of the curve towards higher stresses. An increase in
the flow stress using an increasing reference strain rate is observed.
Cut-off frequency influence:
The cut-off frequency must not be set higher than half of the sampling frequency.
Smoothing is improved as the cut-off frequency comes closer to a particular value and
the convergence of the curve until a smoothing curve can be observed. A highreference strain rate requires low cut-off frequencies.
Conclusion
A tensile test is simulated using several material laws in RADIOSS. A method is set up to
correspond to the material parameters in the Johnson-Cook model. The rupture phase is
very sensitive and the simulation results strongly depend upon the starting point for necking.
The point-by-point definition of the hardening curve in law 36 enables to bypass the
adaptation difficulties when using the Johnson-Cook model. However, the results following
the necking point are very sensitive to the position of points defining the hardening curve.
A method to filter the strain rate is also demonstrated. The method can be generalized to
the industrial cases.
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Summary
The purpose of this example is to illustrate how to use the RADIOSS description when
resolving a demonstration example. The particularities of the example can be summarized
using dynamic loading during a four-step scenario where a dummy is first put on a bike, then
it rides on a plane to subsequently jump back down onto the ground. The scenario described
is created using sensors.
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Title
Jumping bike
Number
12.1
Brief Description
After a quasi-static pre-loading using gravity, a dummy cyclist rides along a plane, then
jumps down onto a lower plane. Sensors are used to simulate the scenario in terms of time.
Keywords
Shell, brick, beam, truss, general spring, and beam
Sensors on rigid bodies and monitored volumes (perfect gas)
Quasi-static load treatment (gravity), kinetic relaxation, restart file, and MODIF file
Dummy and hierarchy organization
Type 7 interface auto-impacting and rigid wall (infinite plane and parallelogram)
Linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) and Johnson-Cook law (/MAT/LAW2)
RADIOSS Options
Added mass (/ADMAS)
Gravity (/GRAV)
Initial velocity (/INVEL)
Kinetic relaxation (/KEREL)
Monitored volume type gas perfect (/MONVOL/GAS)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Rigid wall (/RWALL)
Sensor (/SENSOR)
Input File
Jumping_bicycle: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/12_Bicycle/Bike/
BIKERC*
RADIOSS Version
51h
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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400
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to set up a demonstration in which sensors and restart files
are used to allow the change of a problem over time.
Physical Problem Description
Subjected to the gravity field, a dummy cyclist rides on a higher plane, then jumps down
onto a lower horizontal plane. The problem can be divided into four phases:
positioning the cyclist under the gravity effect
running the bicycle on the high plane
free fly
the impact on the ground
Units: mm, s, ton, N, MPa
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The material of the metallic parts undergoes the Johnson-Cook model (/MAT/LAW2) using the
following properties:
Youngs modulus: 210000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.3
Density: 7.9x10-9 GKg/l
Yield stress: 185.4 MPa
Hardening parameter: 540 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.32
A QEPH formulation (Ishell = 24) is used for tires in order to prevent hourglass deformations.
A Belytschko & Tsay element with a type 4 hourglass formulation is used for the other shell
parts. A global plasticity model is used.
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Properties
Materials
Frame
Shell Q4 3 mm
Steel Law 2
Spokes
Truss 2 mm2
Steel Law 2
Rim
Shell Q4 3 mm
Steel Law 2
Tires
Shell QEPH 3 mm
Rubber Law 1
Hubs
Steel Law 2
Saddle
Brick
Foam Law 1
Pedals
Steel Law 2
Tube of saddle
Shell Q4 3 mm
Steel Law 2
Body (limbs)
Shell Q4 3 mm
Law 1
Joints
Spring (8)
Bike
Dummy
Hierarchy organization:
Bike model: 6 subsets comprising 23 parts.
Dummy model: 11 subsets comprising 38 parts.
Monitored Volumes / Perfect Gas
A perfect gas monitored volume is defined to model the pressure in the tires. For further
details about monitored volumes, refer to the RADIOSS Theory Manual.
The main properties are:
External pressure: 0.1 MPa
Initial internal pressure: 0.75 MPa
Gas constant: 1.4
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A type 11 interface models contact between the pedals (beams) and the feet (shells).
Links between man and bicycle
The spring type 8 (/PROP/SPR_GENE) general spring property model the links between the
feet/pedals and the hands/handlebar.
Stiffness (TX, TY and TZ): 100 kN/m
Mass: 1 g
Inertia: 0.1 kg/mm2
A rupture criteria based on displacements is activated by the beams connecting the hands
and handlebar in order to simulate the fall of the cyclist after landing.
Left hand: Z = 20 mm
Right hand: Z = 20 mm
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Dummy joints
The general type 8 springs, characterize a spherical hinge with a stiffness given for each
d.o.f. Directions are local and attached to a moving skew frame. Two coinciding nodes define
a spring.
Limbs are linked to the springs via the slave nodes of the rigid bodies, as shown in Fig 7.
Wheel rotation
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Beam elements are used to attach the wheel to the forks. The rotational d.o.f. is released
around the beam axis.
The characteristics of the parallelogram plane are: 2013 mm x 1200 mm. Both rigid walls are
tied to allow the wheels to turn.
The infinite plane is defined by the normal vector (MM1) and the parallelogram by the
coordinates of three corners (M, M1, and M2). For both rigid walls, the slave nodes are
obtained from the tire and rim parts (displayed in green in Fig 10).
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Fig 10: Slave nodes definition (green) and profile view of rigid walls
Several rigid bodies are created (/RBODY) and activated by sensors for use at the appropriate
time and in a chronological manner (sens_ID not equal to 0). Thus, every rigid body is not
active at the same time. The activation order is described in the paragraph dedicated to /
SENSOR. According to their activation time, the rigid bodies are classified in groups which
are indicated in following table.
The inertias of rigid bodies are set in local skew frames for groups A, C and D.
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Fig 12: Initial translational velocities of the model bike man (30 km / h) at t = 0.004 s.
Gravity is applied to all nodes of the model. A constant function defines the gravity
acceleration in the Z direction versus time. Gravity is activated by /GRAV.
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The explicit time integration scheme starts with the nodal acceleration computation. It is
efficient for the simulation of dynamic loadings. Nevertheless, quasi-static simulations via a
dynamic resolution method need to minimize the dynamic effects to converge towards the
static equilibrium. Among the methods usually employed, the kinetic relaxation method is
quite effective and is activated in the D01 Engine file with /KEREL. All velocities are set to
zero each time the kinetic energy reaches a maximum value.
Rigid bodies are activated and deactivated with sensors (/SENSOR). A sens_ID flag
characterizes the sensors and it is required in the rigid bodies definition. Five types of
sensors are used:
Sensor type TIME (activated with time)
Sensor type DIST (activated with nodal distance)
Sensor type INTER (activated after impact on rigid wall)
Sensor type SENSOR (activated with sensor IS1 and deactivated with sensor IS2)
Sensor type NOT (ON as long as sensor IS1 is OFF)
Fig 15: Events definition for the activations and deactivations of sensors.
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At the beginning of the simulation (time=0), the rigid bodies are automatically set to ON, as
long as the sensors are not active. Thus, in order to deactivate the rigid bodies at the first
cycle, active sensors at time t=0 should be used. Consequently, the rigid bodies are active
when the sensors are not active.
It should be noted that added masses and inertia, as well as the flag for the gravity center,
are ignored when a rigid body is managed by sensors. By default, the gravity center is only
computed by taking into account the slave nodes mass (ICoG set at 2). The master node is
moved to the computed center of gravity where added mass and inertia are placed. In order
to distribute the mass to the dummy over the rigid bodies, option /ADMAS is used.
Sensors used are:
Table 2: Sensors used for simulation
Name
Type
Definition
Rigid bodys
group using
senor
S1
TIME
Time 0s.
S2
DIST
S3
DIST
S4
RWALL
SEN(S2,S3)
SEN
SEN(S3,S4)
SEN
SEN(S2,S4)
SEN
Group A / B
NOT(SEN(S2,S
3))
NOT
Group C
NOT(SEN(S3,S
4))
NOT
Group D
Sensor (S4) is also used for deactivating both the beam type springs modeling links between
the feet and pedals (Isflag set to 1). A case could be considered without this sensor to study
the risks of automatic pedals.
The following graphs show the active and deactivated zones of sensors and rigid bodies.
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Fig 17: Activation and deactivation of main model parts (elements flag ON/OFF).
Fig 18: Distribution of the von Mises stress on the frame after quasi-static loading.
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Fig 21: Configuration of a dummy cyclist during impact on the ground (shoes not attached).
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Fig 22: Variation of von Mises Stress for a shell element of the frame.
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Summary
This famous experiment is interesting for observing the shock-wave propagation. Moreover,
this case uses the representation of perfect gas and compares the different formulations: The
ALE uses Lagrangian or Eulerian and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).
The first part of the study deals with the modeling description of perfect gas with the
hydrodynamic viscous fluid law 6. The purpose is to test the different formulations:
Lagrangian (mesh points coincident to material points)
Eulerian (mesh points fixed)
For the Eulerian formulation, different scale factors on time step are also tested.
Furthermore, the SPH formulation is also tested; which does not use mesh, but rather
particles distributed uniformly over the volume.
The propagation of the gas in the tube can be studied in an analytical manner. The gas is
separated into different parts characterizing the expansion wave, the shock front and the
contact surface. The simulation results are compared with the analytical solution for velocity,
density and pressure.
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Title
Shock tube
Number
13.1
Brief Description
The transitory response of a perfect gas in a long tube separated into two parts using a
diaphragm is studied. The problem is well-known as the Riemann problem. The numerical
results based on the SPH method and the finite element method with the Lagrangian and
Eulerian formulations are compared to the analytical solution.
Keywords
Brick elements
Lagrangian and Eulerian formulations
SPH modeling and hexagonal net
Scale factor for time step
Hydrodynamic viscous fluid law (/MAT/LAW6) and perfect gas modeling
RADIOSS Options
ALE boundary conditions (/ALE/BCS)
ALE material formulation (/ALE/MAT)
SPH symmetry conditions (/SPHBCS)
Compared to / Validation Method
Analytical solution
Input File
Eulerian_formulation: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/13_Shock_tube/
Eulerian_formulation/TACEUL*
Lagrangian_formulation: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/13_Shock_tube/Lagrangian_formulation/TACLAG*
SPH_hexagonal-net: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/13_Shock_tube/
SPH_formulation/TUBSPH*
RADIOSS Version
44q
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The shock tube problem is one of the standard problems in gas dynamics. It is a very
interesting test since the exact solution is known and can be compared with the simulation
results. The Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method, as well as the Finite Element
method using the Eulerian and Lagrangian formulations serve in the numerical models.
Physical Problem Description
A shock tube consists of a long tube filled with the same gas in two different physical states.
The tube is divided into two parts, separated by a diaphragm. The initial state is defined by
the values for density, pressure and velocity, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. All the viscous
effects are negligible along the tube sides; it is also assumed that there is no motion in the
beginning.
The initial state at time t = 0 consists of two constant states 1 and 4 with p4 > p1, 4 > 1,
and V1 = V4 = 0 (table).
Table 1: Initial conditions in the shock tube.
High pressure side
(4)
500000 Pa
20000 Pa
Velocity
0 m/s
0 m/s
Density
5.7487 kg/mm3
0.22995 kg/mm3
Pressure p
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303 K
303 K
Temperature T
Just after the membrane is removed, a compression shock runs into the low pressure region,
while a rarefaction (decompression) wave moves into the high pressure part of the tube.
Furthermore, a contact discontinuity usually occurs.
with
where,
p is the pressure
Ci are the hydrodynamic constants
En is the internal energy per initial volume
is the density
0
Perfect gas is modeled by setting all coefficients C0, C1, C2 and C3 to zero.
Also:
C4 = C5 =
Where,
- 1c
Then the initial internal energy, per initial volume is calculated from initial pressure:
Under the assumption = Cst = 1.4 (valid for low temperature range), the hydrodynamic
constants C4 and C5 are equal to 0.4.
In this example, gas pressure is described by:
p = (C4 + C5 )En
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Initial internal
energy
1.25x106 J
5x105 J
C4 and C5
0.4
0.4
5.7487 kg/mm3
0.22995 kg/mm3
Density
Analytical Approach
The shock tube problem has an analytical solution of time before the shock hits the extremity
of the tube [1].
Fig 3: Schematic shock tube problem with pressure distribution for pre- and post-diaphragm removal.
Evolution of the flow pattern is illustrated in Fig 3. When the diaphragm bursts, discontinuity
between the two initial states breaks into leftward and rightward moving waves, separated
by a contact surface.
Each wave pattern is composed of a contact discontinuity in the middle and a shock or a
rarefaction wave on the left and the right sides separating the uniform state solution. The
shock wave moves at a supersonic speed into the low pressure side. A one-dimensional
problem is considered.
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There are four distinct zones marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Fig 4. Zone 1 is the low pressure gas
which is not disturbed by the shock wave. Zone 2 (divided in 2 and 2' by the contact
surface) contains the gas immediately behind the shock traveling at a constant speed. The
contact surface across which the density and the temperature are discontinuous lies within
this zone. The zone between the head and the tail of the expansion fan is noted as Zone 3.
In this zone, the flow properties gradually change since the expansion process is isentropic.
Zone 4 denotes the undisturbed high pressure gas.
Equations in Zone 2 are obtained using the normal shock relations. Pressure and the velocity
are constant in Zones 2 and 2.
The ratio of the specific heat constant of gas is fixed at 1.4. It is assumed that the value
does not change under the temperature effect, which is valid for the low temperature range.
The analytical solution to the Riemann problem is indicated at t=0.4 ms. A solution is given
according to the distinct zones and continuity must be checked. Evolution in Zones 2 and 3
is dependent on the constant conditions of Zone 1 and 4. The analytical equations use
pressure, velocity, density, temperature, speed of sound through gas and a specific gas
constant. Equations in Zone 2 are obtained using normal shock relations and the gas velocity
in Zone 2 is constant throughout. The shock wave and the surface contact speeds make it
possible to define the position of the zone limits.
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Zone 1 Zone 4
Pressure p
Velocity
Density
Temperature T
Zone 4
Zone 1
p4 = 500000 Pa
p1 = 20000 Pa
4
4
= 0 m/s
= 5.7487 kg/mm3
T4 = 303 K
1
1
= 0 m/s
= 0.22995 kg/mm3
T1 = 303 K
a4 = 348.95 m/s
a1 = 348.95 m/s
287.049 J/(kg.K)
a4 = 348.95 m/s
a1 = 348.95 m/s
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Zone 2
Analytical solution
Results at t = 0.4 ms
p2 = 80941.1 Pa
Pressure p
Velocity
Density
= 2RT2
= 399.628 m/s
= 0.5786 kg/mm3
T2 = 487.308 K
Temperature T
m/s
Therefore, x2/1 = Vs * 0.4 + 500 = 765.266 mm
Zone 2'
Analytical solution
Results at t = 0.4 ms
p2 = p2 '
p2' = 80941.1 Pa
Pressure p
Velocity
Density
Temperature T
2'
= 2'
= 3(x4/3 )
p2' = r2'RT2'
2'
2'
= 399.628 m/s
= 1.5657 kg/mm3
T2' = 180.096 K
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Zone 3
Zone 3 is defined as:
where, x = 500 + X
Analytical solution
Results at t = 0.4 ms
Pressure p
Velocity
= 290.792 + 2.0833 X
Density
Temperature T
Continuity verifications:
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In the Lagrangian formulation, the mesh points remain coincident with the material points
and the elements deform with the material. Since element accuracy and time step degrade
with element distortion, the quality of the results decreases in large deformations.
In the Eulerian formulation, the coordinates of the element nodes are fixed. The nodes
remain coincident with special points. Since elements are not changed by the deformation
material, no degradation in accuracy occurs in large deformations.
The Lagrangian approach provides more accurate results than the Eulerian approach, due to
taking into account the solved equations number.
For the ALE boundary conditions (/ALE/BCS), constraints are applied on:
Material velocity
Grid velocity
The nodes on extremities have material velocities fixed in X and Z directions. The other
nodes have material and velocities fixed in X, Y and Z directions.
The ALE materials have to be declared Eulerian or Lagrangian with /ALE/MAT.
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The nominal value h0 is the distance between each particle and its closest neighbor.
According to the assigned property of the part, the mass of the particles should be calculated.
The mass is related to the density and the size of the net, in accordance with the following
equation:
Where:
Particle mass of low pressure part: mp = 1.25265x10-5 g
Particle mass of high pressure part: mp = 3.13166x10-4 g
Particle mass is specified in the SPH property set.
The scale factor of the time step is set to 0.3 in order to ensure cell stability computation.
Boundary conditions are used to introduce SPH symmetry conditions (/SPHBCS). This option
is specific to the SPH modeling and consists of creating ghost particles, symmetrical to the
real particles with respect to the symmetry plane.
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Each symmetry condition is defined according to the plane passing through the frame origin
attached to the plane and is normal in relation to the local direction of this frame.
Selected nodes and SPH symmetry condition frame along (-x) axis:
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Pressure
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Density
Velocity
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Pressure
Density
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Indications on computation for each formulation are given in the following table (the scale
factor is set to 0.5):
Finite Element approach
SPH approach
Formulation
Lagrangian
Eulerian
SPH
Normalized CPU
1.08
1809
Number of cycles
(normalized) up to
0.4 ms
1.42
3.46
(DTsca=0.5)
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Fig 9: Pressure wave produced in the shock-tube at t = 4 ms for different approaches and animations regarding
pressure, density and velocity
Reference
[1] J. D. Anderson Jr., Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, McGraw Hill
Professional Publishing, 2nd ed., Oct. 1989.
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Summary
The purpose of this example is to compare different studies with flexible or rigid bodies. The
method for using the flexible bodies in an explicit analysis is also studied.
At first, the truck is modeled using a classical finite element model for explicit analysis. All
parts of the truck are modeled using different kinds of finite elements, such as shells, bricks,
springs and beams. The volumes monitored with perfect gas characterize the tires.
The problem is divided into two loading phases. First, gravity is applied as a quasi-static
load. Then, the trucks Virtual Proving Ground (VPG) is studied to observe the truck driving
over an obstacle (bump).
For the gravity loading phase, the explicit approach using relaxation techniques or not is
employed. For the VPG analysis, three approaches are compared: (i) classical finite element
model; (ii) simplified finite element model with a global rigid body; and (iii) finite element
model involving a flexible body. The last approach requires the first run to compute the Eigen
and static modes. A flexible body input file is then generated for use in a second time-history
run. The main interest of this method is to economize the CPU time.
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Title
VPG with a complete
finite element model
Number
14.1
Brief Description
After applying gravity, a truck runs on a horizontal plane and passes over a bump.
Keywords
Shell, brick, beam, beam type spring, and monitored volume (perfect gas)
Quasi-static load treatment and kinetic relaxation
Type 7 and 2 interfaces, auto-impacting, and rigid wall (infinite plane and cylinder)
Linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1), elasto-plastic law (/MAT/LAW2), and void material law
(/MAT/LAW0)
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Gravity (/GRAV)
Initial velocity (/INIVEL)
Kinetic relaxation (/KEREL)
Monitored volume type gas perfect (/MONVOL/GAS)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Rigid wall (/RWALL)
Skew frame (/SKEW)
Input File
VPG_complete_model: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/14_Truck_with_FXB/VPG_complete_model/TRUCK*
RADIOSS Version
51j
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
In the first step, the truck model is placed on the ground under the gravity field until static
equilibrium is obtained. Then, under the impulse of 15.6 m/s (56 km/h) initial speed, the
truck runs in a straight line and passes over a speed bump. The shock is expected to cause
major deformation in some highly solicited parts.
Units: mm, s, ton, N, MPa.
In order to simplify modeling, most of the parts undergo the linear elastic material law (/
MAT/LAW1).
Youngs modulus: 205000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.3
Density: 7.85x10-9 Kg/l
The elasto-plastic Johnson-Cook model (/MAT/LAW2) mainly describes the joint and
strengthening elements, such as the beams and spring.
Youngs modulus: 205000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.3
Density: 7.85x10-9 Kg/l
Yield stress: 180 MPa
Hardening parameter: 480 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
The truck represents a simplified model having the essential parts. The weight of the truck is
approximately 8 tons.
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439
Node
24726
4-node shell
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3-node shell
1638
Brick
1148
Beam
47
Spring
126
Part
159
The improved Belytschko hourglass formulation (type 4 hourglass, Ishell =4) is used for shell
elements in the explicit computation. The Eigen analysis requires fully-integrated elements
since the computation mode needs an implicit option. Compatible element formulations are
set by default.
The main parts of the model are shown in the table below:
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Fx, Fy, Fz
-105
105
-1
Mx, My, Mz
-106
106
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The type 2 tied interface rigidly connects a set of slave nodes to a master surface. The
kinematic constraint is set on the slave nodes which remain in the same position on their
master segments. This interface is a kinematic condition. The Spotflag spotweld formulation is
set to zero in order to connect two meshes without coincident nodes. The master surface
should be the coarser mesh.
Fig 9: Example of the tied interface modeling connections between the fuel tank and its support
Rigid bodies are created to join two or more parts together. For these rigid bodies no added
mass is required and the master node can be located anywhere.
Slave nodes may not accept the other kinematic conditions (such as tied interface).
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A spherical inertia must be used for the rigid bodies having only two slave nodes for ensuring
the stability of the connected elements (set Ispher = 1). Thus, inertia is spherical and not
computed from data.
Contact Modeling Auto-impacting
Taking into account self-impacting parts, a type 7 auto-impacting interface must be used.
The Block Format definition of this interface is to define master surface (/SURF/PART), then
define slave nodes as all nodes on this surface (/GRNOD/SURF).
Gap is equal to 0.5 mm.
Fig 11: Type 7 interface Auto-impacting (slave side in red and master side in blue).
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Fig 13: Infinite plane and cylindrical wall for modeling the ground and bump (slave nodes displayed in green).
The cylindrical wall is defined by point M (500, 0, -600), M1 (500, 100, -600) and the
diameter.
Both rigid walls are tied to allow the wheels to turn. The tire parts define the slave nodes for
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the infinite plane (contact of ground and tires) and only the nodes of the front right tire are
set as slave for the speed bump in order to model a local bump. The obstacle is not infinite.
A kinematic condition is applied on each impacted slave node. Therefore, a slave node
cannot have another kinematic condition; unless such condition is applied in an orthogonal
direction. In such a manner, incompatible kinematic conditions can be detected, due to the
coincident normal orientations along the Z-axis of the cylindrical and plane walls. However,
the common slave nodes are not affected simultaneously by both kinematic conditions.
A 15600 mm.s-1 (56 km/h) initial velocity (/INIVEL) is applied to all nodes of the structure in
the X direction at t = 0.3 s. This initial condition is defined in the D02 restart file (start time:
0.3 s), which is run after achieving the quasi-static equilibrium with gravity loading.
Option in D02 file:
/INIV/TRA/X/1
15600
1 265130
Fig 16: Selected nodes for the initial translational velocity of the truck (56 km/h) at t = 0.3 s.
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Fig 18: Distribution of von Mises stress on the model during bump passage.
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Fig 19: Cab deformation (initial state and after bump passage).
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Title
VPG with flexible and
rigid bodies
Number
14.2
Brief Description
After applying gravity, a truck runs on a horizontal plane and passes over a bump. The
major part of the truck is described using a flexible body.
Keywords
Eigen and static analysis
Eigen modes
Flexible body
RADIOSS Options
Eigen modes computation (/EIG)
Flexible body input file (/FXINP)
Flexible body (/FXBODY)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Input File
VPG_Rigid_body: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/14_Truck_with_FXB/
VPG_Rigid_body/TRUCK*
VPG_Flexible_body: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/14_Truck_with_FXB/VPG_Flexible_body/Model_EIG/TRUCK_EIG_*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/14_Truck_with_FXB/
VPG_Flexible_body/Model_FXB/TRUCK_FXB_*
RADIOSS Version
51j
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to perform an Eigen analysis on a complete truck model with
the purpose of creating a flexible body which will be used to model the trucks main part,
excluding transmission (wheels, left-springs, differential, shaft, brakes and axles). In order to
appreciate the quality of the modeling, the results will be compared with those obtained
using two other models: one without a flexible body (previous analysis) and the other
substituting the flexible body with a rigid body.
The study deals with:
an Eigen analysis to create a file containing the dynamic response of the structure
a quasi-static analysis (explicit pre-loading by gravity)
an explicit dynamic analysis with a global flexible body
an explicit dynamic analysis with a global rigid body
1 model including a
global flexible body
1 model including a
global rigid body
In the previous section where a complete finite element model is used, it is noted that the
stress and strain levels are low for most parts of the global model. Thus, the CPU time can
be considerably reduced if the elements working in the linear elastic field are replaced with a
flexible body. The purpose of this example is to provide an overall view of using flexible
bodies in RADIOSS.
The top part of the truck, where no damage and no plastic strain occurs, is first successively
modeled with a rigid body (non-deformable) and then with a flexible body (deformable), as
shown in Fig 20.
Parts of the truck covered by rigid or flexible body is shown in the following diagram:
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Fig 20: Top part of truck included in a flexible/rigid body depending on the model.
Fig 21: A flexible body is deformable according to its Eigen modes (from vibratory analysis).
A preliminary study with RADIOSS extracts Eigen or static modes for creating the flexible
body input file used in a second run. This computation phase requires the /EIG and /FXINP
options.
The /EIG option is set up in the Starter input file and defines the part to be included in the
flexible body, as well as the type and number of modes to be computed.
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=0
In addition, static modes can be computed if boundary conditions are added to a node group
in the flexible body frontier. They correspond to the static response of the structure. All
degrees of freedom in the set of interface nodes concerned by the additional boundary
conditions are fixed and one static mode is computed for each constrained degree of
freedom. The equation solved is:
Ku = F
Static modes are displayed with null frequencies in animations.
Rigid modes are not permitted and generate null pivots during inversion of the stiffness
matrix.
It should be noted that modes computation requires the implicit options in the Engine file (/
IMPL/LINEAR and /IMPL/SOLVER/1).
Eigen frequencies are provided in the Engine output file. One animation exists per
computed mode.
The /FXINP option is used in the Engine file for creating a flexible body input file .fxb.
The flexible body has the same support as that defined in /EIG. You should enter:
- Identification number of the Eigen mode or static mode problem defined in /EIG;
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- The critical structural damping coefficient used for computing the Rayleigh damping
coefficient to be introduced in the flexible body (it is recommended to use default
value 0.03);
- Type of flexible body (1 = free flexible body, 2 = fixed flexible body).
The flexible body input file can be used in a second run using /FXBODY in the Starter
Input file to generate a flexible body. The flexible body input file name ending in .fxb
for the RADIOSS format and master node coordinates are required (possible
coordinates are given at the top of the .fxb file).
Eigen Analysis (writing FXB input
file)
FXB
domain
can
contain
FXB
domain
must not
contain
Free parts.
Slave nodes on the flexible body
frontier.
Rigid body overlapping on
flexible body and the rest of
structure.
Truss elements.
Void material.
Monitored volumes.
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For the truck model, the global flexible body includes 14344 nodes, 120 of which are the
master nodes of the inside rigid bodies. Thus, the flexible body takes into account
constraints of the rigid bodies.
Eigen Run
In addition, you can define nine interface nodes linking the flexible body and the rest of the
truck with the translation fixed along the X-, Y- and Z-axis. Thus, 27 static modes will be
computed.
Only the translation degrees are retained in order to minimize the input file size of the
flexible body, given that preliminary studies have shown that additional static modes
computed by fixing rotational degrees have not substantially improved flexible body
behavior.
Fig 23: Nine interface nodes with blocked translations for computing static modes.
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A static mode is computed for each fixed degree of freedom, in addition to the Eigen modes.
Thus, the number of modes is equal to the number of Eigen modes, plus the number of
blocked degrees of freedom.
Flexible Body Run
The rigid bodies and tied interfaces included in the flexible body domain should be removed
for the second run. Those kinematic conditions are only considered in Eigen modes
computation.
The coordinates of the center of mass (possible master node) indicated in the flexible body
input file are:
X: 3.267252E+03
Y: -1.71759E+01
Z: 1.407584E+03
(node 265200)
The master node should be included in the nodes groups for gravity loading and initial
velocity. It should be defined in the Starter file (/NODE).
Connections between the parts covered by the flexible body and other parts of the model are
modeled with beams and the rigid body, as shown in Fig 24. Connection is set at the beam
extremity.
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Fig 27: Face view of the different models behavior during bump passage (displayed with multi-models option)
Animation Results
Animations multi models: cab deformation face view
Animation flexible body model: cab deformation
Animation original model: cab deformation
Conclusion
This example introduced a method for creating and employing a flexible body using an Eigen
analysis performed by RADIOSS. The number of retained modes and the frequency range set
for the Eigen analysis are according to the parameters which influenced the results.
Simulation using the flexible body provided accurate distribution of deformations in the
model, compared with the modeling not having a substitute body. However, the amplitudes
obtained are very low. The flexible body behavior could be enhanced by improving
connections between the flexible body and the rest of the structure to ensure transmission of
the shock wave up to the flexible body.
The flexible body input file required the IMPLICIT module (RADIOSS version 5) for the Eigen
modes computation.
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Example 15 - Gears
Summary
The main purpose of this example is to study how to represent a quadratic contact. Two
different interfaces are compared:
Type 16 interface (node to surface)
Type 17 interface (surface to surface)
Moreover, 20-node brick and 16-node shell elements are used for the mesh to represent the
curvature of the teeth. Constant acceleration is also applied to the gear using constant initial
rotation and an imposed velocity.
Finally the results of the contact force show that the type 16 interface is more adaptable than
a type 17 interface.
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Title
Simple gears
Number
15.1
Brief Description
The problem studied is a twin gear having an identical pitch diameter and straight teeth.
Keywords
Type 16 and 17 interfaces (sliding)
20-node brick and 16-node thick shell
Quadratic surface contact
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Imposed velocities (/IMPVEL)
Initial velocities (/INIVEL)
Interface type 16 (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE16) and type 17 (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE17)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Input File
Interface_type16: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/15_Gears/Inter16/
DIF24416*
Interface_type17: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/15_Gears/Inter17/
DIF24416*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to illustrate the use of quadratic contact via node-surface and
surface-to-surface interfaces of types 16 and 17.
The following study shows a gear example using interface type 16 and type 17. The finite
elements used to model this gear are the thick SHELL16 elements and the quadratic BRICK20
elements. In the first stage the interface type 16 is used to model contact between the teeth.
Then, interface type 17 is used to manage a surface-to-surface contact.
Physical Problem Description
The gear system is turning with a constant acceleration ( = 0.002 rad/ms2). The
acceleration is applied to both of the gears. It is assumed that contact between the teeth
does not generate any friction.
Steel characteristic (elastic /MAT/LAW2) are:
Young Modulus: 210000 MPa
Density: 7.8x10-03 g/mm3
Poissons coefficient: 0.29
Number of teeth: Z =19
Diametric pitch: P = 1/mo = 1/40
Pressure angle: ao = 20 degrees
The following parameters are calculated as:
Pitch diameter: Dp = mo * Z, then Dp = 760 mm
Root diameter: Db = mo * cos(ao), then Db = 714.17 mm
Addendum:
ha = mo, then ha = 40 mm
Dedendum:
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Interfaces types 16 and 17 use the Lagrange multipliers. Type 16 interface is built with a
slave node group impacting a quadratic master surface. Type 17 interface is built with two
quadratic surfaces.
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To apply the initial rotational velocity to the gears, two rigid bodies are created, as shown in
Fig 4. Then both the rigid bodies are set to OFF to ensure a realistic deformation of parts
after the first loading phase.
The out-of-plane rotation of the rigid bodies is set free. A YZ symmetry plan is used to
stabilize the model.
Number of options:
Options
BCS
Quantity
3
BRIC20
950
FUNCT
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Options
Quantity
GRBRIC
GRNOD
20
IMPVEL
INIVEL
INTER
MAT
NODE
10757
PART
PROP
RBODY
SENSOR
SHEL16
380
TH
4
Minimum time step: 0.4E-03 ms
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Figures 7 and 8 compare the contact forces obtained for two different models; one using the
type 16 interface and the other using the type 17 interface. The comparison shows that some
numerical problems may appear when using the interface type 17, due to the complexity of
the algorithms; especially when two surfaces with nonlinear curvatures are used.
On the other hand, interface type 16 obtains an overall physical response.
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Conclusion
The type 16 interface provides an overall satisfactory results for this kind of application,
where the contact surfaces are complex and there is no gap.
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Summary
The problem of a dummy positioning on the seat before a crash analysis is the quasi-static
loading which can be resolved by either RADIOSS explicit or RADIOSS implicit solvers. If
deformation remains small, a linear analysis may be used as a simple approach to determine
the position after applying gravity force. However, this method is not valid if the contact
surface between the dummy and the seat is not correctly estimated before analysis. When
comparing the implicit and explicit solvers, it's shown that the implicit computation enables
saving time in the computation. However, the rigid body modes of the dummy must be
controlled. This is not the case if the explicit solver is used.
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The topic of this study concerns quasi-static load treatment using kinetic relaxation, dynamic
relaxation and Rayleigh damping. The explicit solutions provided by the three different
approaches will be compared and analyzed.
Physical Problem Description
The purpose is to position a dummy on a foam seat under the gravity field using a quasistatic approach prior to a possible dynamic crash simulation.
Units: mm, s, ton, N, MPa
The dummy weighs 80 kg (173.4 lbs.). The material introduced does not represent the
physical case; however, the global weight of the dummy is respected. As the dummy
deformation is neglected in this loading phase, simplifying the material characterizations has
no incidence on the simulation.
Material for seat brace - both the columns and the floor are made of steel with the following
properties (/MAT/LAW1):
Youngs modulus: 210000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.3
Density: 7.8 x 10-9 Gkg/l
The seat columns have the following characteristics:
Area: 2580 mm2
Inertia: IXX = 554975 mm4; IYY = 554975 mm4; IZZ = 937908 mm4
The thickness for the seat back and the floor:
Brace thickness = 2 mm
Floor thickness = 1 mm
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The seat cushion is made of foam which can be described using the generalized Kelvin-Voigt
model. The material properties of the foam are:
Youngs modulus: 0.2 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0
Density: 4.3 x 10-11 Gkg/l
E1 and E2: 0 MPa
Tangent modulus: 0.25 MPa
Viscosity in pure shear: 10000 MPa/s
C1 = C2 = C3 = 1 (visco-elastic bulk viscosity)
RADIOSS material law 35 is used. The open cell foam option is not active (IFlag = 0) and the
pressure is read using the following input curve:
Table 1: Pressure versus compression curve.
Compression
Pressure
-100000
-10
3000
-1000
-1000
7.633
209000 210000
7.633
18.5
Two pressure computations are available in RADIOSS for foam having no open cells. The
expression used by default is:
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Pressure may also be computed using the pressure versus compression curve defined by you.
The compression, is defined as:
Where,
The seat cushion is meshed with 70 brick elements defined by general type 14 solid property.
Quadratic bulk viscosity: 1.1
Linear bulk viscosity: 0.05
Hourglass viscosity coefficient: 0.1
The dummy and seat brace are modeled with shell elements, divided into 4871 4-node shells
and 203 3-node shells (Dummy: 5004 shells and seat: 70 shells).
Using a dummy in the model, the /DEL/SHELL/1 option should be activated in the Engine file
to avoid a small time step, due to the low density of material defining the dummy envelope.
The shell properties are:
Belytschko hourglass formulation (Hourglass type 4, Ishell = 4).
Membrane hourglass coefficients: 0.01 (default value)
Out-of-plane hourglass: 0.01 (default value)
Rotation hourglass coefficient: 0.01 (default value)
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Contacts between the dummy and the seat cushion, as well as between the foot and the
floor, use type 7 interface models with the penalty method. Additionally, symmetrical
contact between the body and seat is achieved by creating two complementary interfaces, as
shown below:
First interface: Dummy parts: slave nodes / seat: master surface
Second interface: Dummy parts: master surface / seat: slave nodes
The gap between the symmetrical interfaces is equal to 5 mm, while a gap of 0.5 mm is set
for the other interface.
The type 7 interface allows sliding to occur between surfaces. A Coulomb friction can be
introduced; in addition, a critical viscous damping coefficient can be defined to damp sliding.
The symmetric interfaces properties are:
Coulomb friction (Fric flag) = 0.3
Critical damping coefficient (Visc flag) = 0.05
Scale factor for stiffness (Stfac flag) = 1
Sorting factor (Bumult flag) = 0.20
Maximum impacted segment / node (Multimp flag) = 4
See the RADIOSS Theory Manual and Starter Input for further information about the
definition of the type 7 interface.
RADIOSS Options Used
The goal is to set the body on the seat using a quasi-static approach in order to obtain static
equilibrium. The positioning phase is not included in this study. Thus, all nodes of the
dummy are placed in a global rigid body in order to maintain the dummys initial
configuration.
In order to save the CPU, a second global rigid body includes parts of the seat and the floor;
except for the seat cushion parts, which will only have active elements during simulation.
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When the ICoG flag is set to 1 for the rigid body of the seat, the center of gravity is
computed using the master and slave node coordinates, and the master node is moved to the
center of gravity, where mass and inertia are placed.
When the ICoG flag is set to 3 for the rigid body of the dummy, the center of gravity is set at
the master node coordinates defined by you. The added masses and added inertia are
transmitted to the master node coordinates.
The master node coordinates and skew are extracted from the pelvis part of the original rigid
body.
Gravity is applied to all nodes of the model. A function defines gravity acceleration in the z
direction versus time. Gravity is activated by /GRAV in the D00 file.
Fig 7: Input gravity function (-9810 mm.s-2) and nodes selection (yellow).
The six rigid body modes of the seat are removed by completely fixing the rigid body master
node attached to the seat. In order to limit the out-of-plane vibrations, the master node of
the dummy's rigid body is fixed in translation along the Y axis.
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Fig 9: Kinetic relaxation method with /KEREL (also named energy discrete relaxation).
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with,
being the relaxation value (recommended default value 1), and T being is the period
to be damped (less than or equal to the highest period of the system).
Thus, a viscous stress tensor is added to the stress tensor:
Using an explicit code, application of the dashpot force reduces the velocity equation
modification:
and T).
Where,
and
The orthogonal transformation using this proportional damping assumption leads to:
with:
i
i
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If you have some experimental results, the proportionality factors, and are found by
evaluating the damping for a pair of the most significant frequencies used. Thus, two
equations with two unknown variables are obtained:
and
may be used.
This model of proportional damping is not recommended for complex structures and does not
enable good experimental retiming.
This option is activated in the D01 Engine file using /DAMP (inputs data:
and
).
Parameters Used
In this example,
First case:
and
= 10 and
Second case:
Third case:
= 0 and
= 10 and
Fourth case:
= 20 and
= 10
=0
=0
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Fig 11: Z-displacement of the rigid bodys master node on dummy (node 14199).
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Fig 13: Z-displacement of the rigid bodys master node on dummy (node 14199).
Fig 14: Z-velocity of the rigid bodys master node on dummy (node 14199).
The period T to be damped is estimated from the velocity curves (highest period).
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Fig 15: Z-displacement of the rigid bodys master node on dummy (node 14199)
Fig 16: Z-velocity of rigid bodys master node on dummy (node 14199)
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Fig 17: Comparison of the nodal displacements display on the seat at time t = 1.48 s
Fig 18: Comparison of damping on displacement obtained using the three static approaches
(Z-displacement of the rigid bodys master node on dummy: node 14199)
Conclusion
It is undeniable that the damping methods used to converge towards static equilibrium
provide accurate results, especially in the case of this problem where the low rigidity of the
seat caused very little quenched oscillations.
The kinetic relaxation introduced in /KEREL, was relatively effective having a swift
convergence of the solution towards a static solution, in addition to being easy to use since
no input is required. Stability was obtained at 0.137 s.
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The /DYREL and /DAMP options are based on viscous damping conducted for the same
response, with convergence in three oscillations. Stability was obtained at 0.75 s.
Furthermore, dynamic relaxation and the Rayleigh damping methods are basically equivalent
in this problem, due to the low stiffness of the seat cushion (Youngs modulus is equal to 0.2
MPa), which breaks the balance between the mass and the weight stiffness in the Rayleigh
assumption. Moreover, the boundary conditions and the loading applied on the model lead to
a problem described using a predominant natural frequency. Thus, only one parameter, is
needed to describe this physical behavior, which reverts back to the dynamic relaxation
assumption.
Using =1 and T =0.18s for dynamic relaxation and
achieve:
Dynamic relaxation:
Rayleigh damping:
[C] = [M] +
[K]
[M]
10[M]
In conclusion, the approaches available in RADIOSS provided after convergence a single
solution, namely displacement of the dummy by -12.66 mm along the Z-axis and an identical
deformation of the seat cushion.
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The modified Newton-Raphson method is based on maintaining the tangent matrix for all
iterations and can be combined with the line search acceleration technique for accelerating
convergence.
Piloting techniques available in RADIOSS:
Displacement norm control
Arc-length control
An automatic time step control is used.
Static Analysis and Implicit Options
This example deals with two implicit analyses:
A static linear computation (loading by gravity),
A static nonlinear computation (three computations are performed: dummy positioning
using an imposed displacement, followed by a concentrated load and a gravity loading).
An adapted modeling methodology is set up for each analysis. Contact with the different
interfaces depends on the computations taken into account and then the material can be
updated.
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The goal for this analysis is to propose a modeling method for different loading cases, with
specific input data used in the implicit strategies. The studies by linear implicit and nonlinear
implicit using imposed displacement are no longer comparable with results obtained by
explicit due to the different physical approaches. Comparisons are only valid for the
positioning by gravity loading.
Fig 20: Type 2 tied interface linear contact for dummy / seat cushion modeling.
The visco-elastic law 35 (generalized Kelvin-Voigt model) describing the foam of a seat is
converted into a linear plastic law 1 (properties are maintained):
Youngs modulus: 0.2 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0
Density: 4.3 x 10-11 k g/l
You can select BATOZ formulations for the shell elements and HA8 formulations using 2x2x2
integration points for the brick elements.
The linear implicit methods used are:
Implicit type:
Static linear
Linear solver:
Direct Cholesky
Precondition method:
Stop criteria:
Tolerance:
10-6
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Results
Only one animation corresponds to the static solution.
Fig 21: Linear static implicit solution of gravity loading (type 2 interface is used).
It should be noted that this modeling contact slightly modifies the problem which is no longer
comparable with the previous explicit models.
Table 1: Indication of time computation.
Normalized CPU
Explicit Solver - /
DYREL
Implicit Solver
Linear
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In addition to the constant gravity load, an imposed displacement along the Z-axis is applied
on the master node of the global rigid body covering the dummy. This approach allows
computation to converge and the rigid body modes to be removed (no null pivot). An input
curve for the imposed displacement is required. The boundary conditions on master node
14199 are: 110 111.
Fig 23: Imposed displacement along the Z-axis as a monotonous increasing time function.
Static nonlinear
Nonlinear solver:
Modified Newton
Stop criteria:
Tolerance:
0.01
5 iterations maximum
5s
0.01 s
no
20
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0.8
Automatic computation
Spring-back option:
no
Implicit parameters are set in the Engine file with the options beginning with /IMPL/.
The implicit options used are:
Due to the contact problem, the tolerance value (Tol) is set to 10-2 (default value = 10-3).
Some options are not compatible with the implicit solver. Refer to RADIOSS Starter Input for
more details about implicit options.
Results
The last animation corresponds to the static solution.
Note that the Z-displacement of the dummy should not be considered as a result but as an
input data (imposed displacement on the master node 14199).
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Normalized CPU
1.26
Number of cycles
(normalized)
56704 (1718)
33 (1)
Fig 25: Concentrated load along the Z-axis as a monotonous increasing time function.
Fig 26: Springs type 8 defined for removing rigid body modes during implicit computation.
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Translational stiffness:
TX = 1 N/mm
TY = 1 N/mm
TZ = 1 N/mm
Rotational stiffness:
RX = 100 Mg.mm2/(s2.rad)
RY = 100 Mg.mm2/(s2.rad)
RZ = 100 Mg.mm2/(s2.rad)
Implicit options are the same as the previous implicit problem; except for the initial time step
is set to: 2s.
Results
Table 3: Time computation comparison between explicit and implicit computations:
Explicit Solver - /DYREL
Implicit Solver
Nonlinear
Normalized CPU
3.07
Number of cycles
(normalized)
56704 (1090)
52 (1)
Z displacement
(master node dummy)
-12.75 mm
-12.49 mm
Implicit options are the same as the previous implicit problem (initial time step is set to: 2s).
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Results
Table 4: Time computation comparison between explicit and implicit computations:
Explicit solver - /DYREL
Implicit solver
Nonlinear
Normalized CPU
2.53
Number of cycles
(normalized)
56704 (1090)
52 (1)
Z displacement
(master node dummy)
-12.75 mm
-12.42 mm
Fig 28: Convergence results of the X- and Z-displacement of master node 14199 (rigid body dummy) for the
implicit models using gravity loading and concentrated load.
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Fig 29: Final dummy position obtained using IMPLICIT (model using gravity loading) and EXPLICIT (model with
gravity loading and kinetic relaxation).
Conclusion
This example brings awareness to the use of the RADIOSS implicit solver in resolving quasistatic problems. On the other hand, it illustrates different convergence acceleration
techniques when an explicit solver is applied to the quasi-static problems. The advantages
and drawbacks of the methods are compared.
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Summary
The crashing of a box beam against a rigid wall is a typical and famous example of simulation
in dynamic transient problems. The purpose for this example is to study the mesh influence
on simulation results when several kinds of shell elements are used.
At first, the quality of the results obtained for the different mesh densities is studied using
several element formulations. Then the mesh transition influence is highlighted. Finally, the
meshes are disturbed and the simulation results are compared.
This example illustrates element sensitivity for various kinds of mesh, in the case of a crash
analysis.
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17.1 - Densities
Title
Box Beam - Densities
Number
17.1
Brief Description
A steel box beam, fixed at one end and impacted at the other end by an infinite mass.
Results for mesh with different densities are compared.
Keywords
Shells Q4
Type 7 and 11 interface
Global plasticity, iterative plasticity, and variable thickness
BT_TYPE1, 3, 4, QEPH, BATOZ, DKT18 and C0 formulation
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Rigid wall (/RWALL)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Input File
Mesh 0: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Densities_mesh/
mesh0/.../BOXBEAM*
Mesh 1: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Densities_mesh/
mesh1/.../BOXBEAM*
Mesh 2: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Densities_mesh/
mesh2/.../BOXBEAM*
Mesh 3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Densities_mesh/
mesh3/.../BOXBEAM*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
A steel box beam fixed at one end, is impacted at the other end by an infinite mass. The
dimensions of the box beam are 203 mm x 50.8 mm x 38.1 mm, and its thickness is 0.914
mm. As symmetry is taken into account, only one quarter of the structure is modeled. Four
kinds of mesh are compared.
Units:
The material used follows an isotropic elasto-plastic material (/MAT/LAW2) using the
Johnson-Cook plasticity model, with the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8 x 10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 206 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
Maximum stress: 340 MPa
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Fig 2: Meshes.
The 3-node shell mesh is obtained by dividing the 4-node shell elements.
RADIOSS Options Used
Boundary conditions:
Take into account the symmetry, all nodes in the Y-Z plan are fixed in a Y translation
and an X and Z rotation. One quarter of the structure is modeled.
Rigid body:
The lower (fixed) end is modeled using a rigid body connecting all lower nodes (Z =
0.0). The rigid body is completely fixed using translations and rotations.
Wall:
The impactor is modeled using a sliding rigid wall having a fixed velocity (13.3 m/s) in
a Z direction and is fixed for other translations and rotations.
Interfaces:
The structures self-impact is modeled using a type 7 interface on the full structure.
Note that the interface master surface is defined using the complete model. The slave
nodes group is defined using the master surface.
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On top of the beam, possible edge-to-edge impacts are dealt with using a type 11 autoimpacting interface. The edges use the master surface of the type 7 interface as the input
surface.
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503
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507
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MESH 0
MESH 1
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MESH 2
MESH 3
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
3.25 x 105
3.82 x 105
4.88 x 105
7.23 x 105
Ehr
t = 8 ms
EK
1.32 x 104
1.23 x 104
1.26 x 104
1.10 x 104
Total Energy
3.38 x 105
3.94 x 105
5.00 x 105
7.34 x 105
Error
0.3%
1.1%
1.6%
2.9%
10350
10491
10953
11555
EI
t = 8 ms
t = 8 ms
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
Formulation: QEPH
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
EI
t = 8 ms
3.38 x 105
4.55 x 105
5.49 x 105
8.13 x 105
Ehr
t = 8 ms
EK
t = 8 ms
1.32 x 104
1.36 x 104
1.35 x 104
0.93 x 104
Total Energy
3.51 x 105
4.68 x 105
5.63 x 105
8.23 x 105
Error
2.0%
2.9%
3.2%
8.0%
10345
10574
11335
11865
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
Formulation: BT_TYPE1
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
EI
t = 8 ms
3.19 x 105
3.60 x 105
4.68 x 105
5.19 x 105
Ehr
t = 8 ms
2.42 x 104
4.17 x 104
3.87 x 104
8.80 x 104
EK
t = 8 ms
1.29 x 104
1.23 x 104
1.16 x 104
1.35 x 104
Total Energy
3.32 x 105
3.72 x 105
4.79 x 105
5.32 x 105
Error
-6.4%
-9.3%
-5.8%
-11.5%
10344
10505
10971
11569
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
Formulation: BT_TYPE3
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
EI
t = 8 ms
3.14 x 105
3.73 x 105
4.46 x 105
4.94 x 105
Ehr
t = 8 ms
2.02 x 104
3.80 x 104
6.56 x 104
11.90 x 104
EK
t = 8 ms
1.31 x 104
1.24 x 104
1.32 x 104
1.29 x 104
Total Energy
3.27 x 105
3.85 x 105
4.60 x 105
5.07 x 105
Error
-5.5%
-8.2%
-11.0%
-16.7%
10353
10526
11000
11670
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
Formulation: BT_TYPE4
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
EI
t = 8 ms
3.23 x 105
3.52 x 105
4.60 x 105
5.26 x 105
Ehr
t = 8 ms
1.26 x 104
1.94 x 104
3.74 x 104
5.02 x 104
EK
t = 8 ms
1.30 x 104
1.24 x 104
1.21 x 104
1.31 x 104
Total Energy
3.36 x 105
3.64 x 105
4.72 x 105
5.39 x 105
Error
-3.3%
-4.0%
-5.8%
-6.5%
10344
10538
11011
11568
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
Formulation: C0
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
EI
t = 8 ms
3.45 x 105
4.56 x 105
4.79 x 105
8.64 x 105
Ehr
t = 8 ms
EK
t = 8 ms
1.29 x 104
1.30 x 104
1.10 x 104
1.12 x 104
Total Energy
3.58 x 105
4.69 x 105
4.90 x 105
8.75 x 105
Error
0.2%
0.8%
1.7%
2.5%
10355
10344
10875
11435
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
Formulation:
DKT18
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MESH 0
MESH 1
MESH 2
MESH 3
3.21 x 105
3.75 x 105
3.97 x 105
4.32 x 105
EK
t = 8 ms
1.29 x 104
1.34 x 104
1.13 x 104
1.45 x 104
Total Energy
3.34 x 105
3.88 x 105
4.08 x 105
4.47 x 105
Error
0.5%
0.8%
1.6%
1.9%
10348
10367
10800
11139
EI
t = 8 ms
Ehr
t = 8 ms
t = 8 ms
Maximum
normal force on
the wall (N)
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17.2 - Transitions
Title
Box Beam Transitions
Number
17.2
Brief Description
A steel box beam, fixed at one end, impacted at the other end by an infinite mass.
Results for meshes with different transitions are compared.
Keywords
Q4 shells
Type 7 and 11 interface
Global plasticity, iterative plasticity, and variable thickness
BT_TYPE1-3-4, QEPH, BATOZ, DKT18 and C0 formulation
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Rigid wall (/RWALL)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Input File
Mesh 0: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/
Transition_mesh/mesh0/...//BOXBEAM*
Mesh 1: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/
Transition_mesh/mesh1/...//BOXBEAM*
Mesh 2: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/
Transition_mesh/mesh2/...//BOXBEAM*
Mesh 3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/
Transition_mesh/mesh3/...//BOXBEAM*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
519
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
A steel box beam fixed at one end, is impacted at the other end by an infinite mass. The
dimensions of the box beam are 203 mm x 50.8 mm x 38.1 mm, and its thickness is 0.914
mm. As symmetry is taken into account, only one quarter of the structure is modeled. Four
kinds of mesh and three plasticity formulations are compared (global plasticity, five
integration points and iterative plasticity).
Units:
mm, ms , g , N , MPa
The material used follows an isotropic elasto-plastic material (/MAT/LAW2) with the JohnsonCook plasticity model, having the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8 x10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 206 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
Maximum stress: 340 MPa
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Rigid body:
The lower (fixed) end is modeled using a rigid body connecting all lower nodes (Z =
0.0). The rigid body is completely fixed in translations and rotations.
Wall:
The impactor is modeled by a sliding rigid wall using a fixed velocity (13.3 m/s) in the
Z-direction and fixed for other translations and rotations.
Interfaces:
The structures self-impact is modeled using a type 7 interface on the full structure.
Note that the interface master surface is defined using the complete model. The slave
nodes group is defined using the master surface.
On top of the beam, the possible edge-to-edge impacts are dealt with using a type 11
auto-impacting interface. The edges use the master surface of the type 7 interface as
the input surface.
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Hourglass energy
Total energy
Total energy is the sum of all energies.
Mesh Influence for a Given Shell Using Global Plasticity
BATOZ
523
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QEPH
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BT_TYPE1
525
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BT_TYPE3
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527
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BT_TYPE4
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C0
529
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DKT18
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531
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533
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535
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MESH 0
MESH 1
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MESH 2
MESH 3
537
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Formulation: QEPH
Formulation:
BT_TYPE1
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Formulation: BT_TYPE3
Formulation: BT_TYPE4
539
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Formulation: C0
Formulation: DKT18
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541
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17.3 - Distorted
Title
Box Beam Distorted
Number
17.3
Brief Description
A steel box beam, fixed at one end and impacted at the other by an infinite mass.
Results for distorted meshes are compared.
Keywords
Q4 shells
Type 7 and 11 interface
Global plasticity, iterative plasticity, and variable thickness
BT_TYPE1-3-4, QEPH, BATOZ, DKT18 and C0 formulation
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Rigid wall (/RWALL)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Input File
Mesh 0: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Distorted_mesh/
mesh0/...//BOXBEAM*
Mesh 1: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Distorted_mesh/
mesh1/...//BOXBEAM*
Mesh 2: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Distorted_mesh/
mesh2/...//BOXBEAM*
Mesh 3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/17_BoxBeam/Distorted_mesh/
mesh3/...//BOXBEAM*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
543
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
A steel box beam fixed at one end, is impacted at the other end by an infinite mass. The
dimensions of the box beam are 203 mm x 50.8 mm x 38.1 mm, and its thickness is 0.914
mm. As symmetry is taken into account, only one quarter of the structure is modeled. Four
kinds of mesh and three plasticity formulations are compared (global plasticity, five
integration points and iterative plasticity).
Units:
mm, ms , g , N , MPa
The material used follows an isotropic elasto-plastic (/MAT/LAW2) with the Johnson-Cook
plasticity model, with the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8 x10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 206 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
Maximum stress: 340 MPa
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Rigid body:
The lower (fixed) end is modeled using a rigid body connecting all lower nodes (Z =
0.0). The rigid body is completely fixed in translations and rotations.
Wall:
The impactor is modeled using a sliding rigid wall with a fixed velocity (13.3 m/s) in the
Z-direction and fixed for other translations and rotations.
Interfaces:
The structures self-impact is modeled using a type 7 interface on the full structure.
Note that the interface master surface is defined using the complete model. The slave
nodes group is defined using the master surface.
On top of the beam, the possible edge-to-edge impacts are dealt with using a type 11
auto-impacting interface. The edges use the master surface of the type 7 interface as
the input surface.
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Hourglass energy
Total energy
Total absorption energy is the sum of internal energy and hourglass energy.
Mesh Influence of a Given Shell Using Global Plasticity and BT_TYPE3 Formulation
547
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549
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551
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MESH 0
MESH 1
553
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MESH 2
MESH 3
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Formulation: BT_TYPE1
Formulation: BT_TYPE3
Formulation: BT_TYPE4
555
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Formulation: QEPH
Formulation: BATOZ
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Formulation:
DKT18
Formulation:
C0
Conclusion
The crash of a box beam using several meshes and finite element formulations was studied in
detail. The simulation results for uniform, mapped and transit meshes are classified and
compared for each different shell formulation. The results obtained illustrate the sensitivity of
the shell elements with respect to the quality of the mesh for a typical crash problem.
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Summary
A square plane subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane static loading is a simple element test.
It allows you to highlight element formulation for elastic and elasto-plastic cases. The underintegrated quadrilateral shells are compared with the fully-integrated BATOZ shells. The
triangles are also studied.
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Title
Square plate torsion
Number
18.1
Brief Description
Torsion test on a cantilever plate submitted to two opposing forces on the same side.
Keywords
Q4 shells
T3 shells
Hourglass, mesh, and concentrated loads
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Concentrated loads (/CLOAD)
Element formulation (/PROP)
Input File
4Q4: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/Torsion/4Q4/
.../TORSION*
8T3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/Torsion/8T3/
.../TORSION*
8T3 inv: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Torsion/8T3_inv/.../TORSION*
2Q4-4T3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Torsion/2Q4-4T3/.../TORSION*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
This example concerns a torsion problem of an embedded plate subjected to two
concentrated loads, as shown in the following diagram. The purpose of this example is to
illustrate the role of the different shell element formulations with regard to the mesh.
Units:
The material used follows a linear elastic behavior with the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8x10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
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10
10
200
400
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563
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Mesh 2: 4Q4
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4 Q4
8 T3
BT_TY BT_TY
BT_TY BT_TY
BATOZ QEPH
BATOZ
PE1
PE4
PE1
PE4
DKT
1.37
QEPH
0-2
HEmax
---
0-2
0-2
1.01x1 1.03x1
0-4
0-2
0-2
---
---
0-4
0-2
0-2
1.94x1 1.98x1
0-4
C0
8 T3 Inverse
DKT
C0
0-2
x10-1
0-2
0-1
0-2
---
---
---
---
---
0-6
DZmax 1.75x1 1.78x1 1.78x1 1.21x1 2.42x1 2.95x1 2.97x1 2.30x1 1.44x1 1.69x1 1.44x1 1.69x1
0-3
0-3
0-3
0-2
0-3
0-3
0-3
0-3
0-2
0-3
0-2
0-3
Conclusion
A square plate under torsion is a severe test to study the behavior of shell elements in
torsion-bending. A general overview of the results obtained highlight the following key
points:
For the 4Q4 mesh, the results obtained using QBATOZ and QEPH are similar. BT
elements are too flexible and are not significantly influenced by the hourglass
formulation, due to the in-plane mesh.
For triangular meshes, the DKT element is able to bend much better, the co-element
being too stiff.
The mesh with both Q4 and T3 elements may not comment like the other two, as one
part uses the triangle elements employed in RADIOSS.
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Title
Square membrane
elastic
Number
18.2
Brief Description
Square plate submitted to two opposing in-plane end forces.
Keywords
Q4 shells
T3 shells
Hourglass, mesh, and concentrated loads
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Concentrated loads (/CLOAD)
Input File
4Q4: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elastic/4Q4/.../TRACTION*
8T3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elastic/8T3/.../TRACTION*
8T3 inv: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elastic/8T3_inv/.../TRACTION*
2Q4-4T3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elastic/2Q4-4T3/.../TRACTION*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
567
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
This example concerns the in-plane traction-comparison problem of an embedded plate
subjected to two concentrated loads, as shown in the following diagram. The purpose of this
example is to illustrate the role of the different shell element formulations with regard to the
mesh.
Units:
The material used follows a linear elastic behavior and has the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8 x 10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
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569
F(t)
10
10
200
400
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Simulation Results
Curves and Animations
The purpose of this example is to compare several models concerning:
the use of different element formulations for each mesh
the different types of mesh for a given element formulation
Two criteria used to compare the results are:
absorbed energy (internal and hourglass)
vertical displacement of the node under the loading point
The following diagrams summarize the results obtained.
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Mesh 2: 4Q4
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QEPH
BT_TYPE 1
BATOZ
and 3
IEmax
1.07 x
10-2
1.19 x
10-2
HEmax
---
2.10 x
10-5
Dymax
1.18 x
10-3
1.38 x
10-3
(Traction)
(Traction)
573
4Q4
QEPH
8T3
BT_TYPE 1
BATOZ
and 3
DKT
8T3_INV
CO
DKT
CO
---
3.49 x 106
---
---
---
---
---
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Conclusion
In the case of elastic flat plate modeling, when the loading is in-plane, the shell elements are
reduced to become a membrane if the loads applied do not cause buckling.
A general overview of the results obtained highlight the following key points:
1. The quadrilateral shell elements QEPH and QBAT have the same in-plane behavior.
2. The different types of hourglass formulations in the BT shell elements lead to the same
results, as there is no out-of-plane deformation and the material is supposed to be elastic.
3. The three in-plane behaviors of the DKT18 and T3C0 RADIOSS triangles are exactly the
same, as both of the elements are used for the same membrane formulation.
4. The triangles are stiffer than the quadrilateral elements and do not provide good results,
especially when the mesh is coarse.
Refer to the RADIOSS Theory Manual for more details.
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Title
Square membrane
elasto-plastic
Number
18.3
Brief Description
Square plate submitted to two opposing in-plane end forces.
Keywords
Q4 shells
T3 shells
Hourglass, mesh, and concentrated loads
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Concentrated loads (/CLOAD)
Input File
4Q4: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elasto-plastic/4Q4/.../TRACTION*
8T3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elasto-plastic/8T3/.../TRACTION*
8T3 inv: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elasto-plastic/8T3_inv/.../TRACTION*
2Q4-4T3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/18_Square_plate/
Membrane_elasto-plastic/2Q4-4T3/.../TRACTION*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
575
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
This example concerns the torsion problem of an embedded plate subjected to two
concentrated loads, as shown in the following diagram. The purpose of this example is to
illustrate the role of different shell element formulations with regard to the mesh.
Units:
The material used follows an isotropic elasto-plastic behavior with the Johnson-Cook
plasticity model (/MAT/LAW2), with the following characteristics:
Initial density: 0.0078 g/mm3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 206 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
Maximum stress: 340 MPa
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577
F(t)
10
10
200
400
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Simulation Results
Curves and Animations
The purpose of this example is to compare several models concerning:
the use of different element formulations for each mesh
the different types of mesh for a given element formulation
Two criteria used to compare the results are:
absorbed energy (internal and hourglass)
vertical displacement of the node under the loading point
The following diagrams summarize the results obtained.
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579
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Mesh 2: 4Q4
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581
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Mesh 4: 8T3_INV
583
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Conclusion
The purpose of this example was to highlight the role of the elasto-plastic treatment when
formulating RADIOSS shells. The in-plane plasticity was considered here. Regarding the
applied boundary conditions and the Poisson effect on the plate, the test may be very severe
with respect to the behavior of plastic in under-integrated elements.
In the case of a mesh with four quadrilaterals, the QBAT element always provides the best
results as it allows four integration points to be put over the element. The plasticity
computation over the integration points is thus more accurate. The under-integrated
elements, having just one integration point at the center, allows only two integration points
to be put through the width of the mesh. Another point concerns the role of Poissons ratio in
the plasticity computation. In fact, the QEPH element uses an analytical expression of the
hourglass energy which takes into account the accurate expression in terms of the Poisson
ratio (refer to the RADIOSS Theory Manual for further information). However, some
approximations are induced in its elasto-plastic formulation, possibly influencing the results,
especially for low levels of work-hardening. In the BT element formulation with a type 3
hourglass control, the Poisson ratio effect on the plastic part of the hourglass deformation is
computed by a simplified expression which minimizes its role. In fact, the results obtained
using BT_TYPE3 are slightly affected by the change in (use =0 for the example studied
and compare the results obtained). The BT elements are generally more flexible and provide
better results for a very coarse mesh.
For triangular meshes, the in-plane behavior of DKT18 should be noted as being the same as
the T3C0 element. In fact, the elements are essentially different with respect to their bending
behaviors.
When combining the T3 and Q4 elements, the results generally come between a uniform
triangular mesh and a quadrangular mesh.
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Summary
Elastic shock wave propagation on a half-space is studied using two different approaches:
Lagrangian formulation
ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) formulation
The simulation results are compared with an analytical solution. A bi-dimensional problem is
considered.
The domain subjected to the vertical impulse load undergoes an elastic material law process.
The generated shock wave is composed of a longitudinal wave and a shear wave. Results are
indicated in 0.77 ms, for which the longitudinal wave is predicted to reach the lower
boundary of the domain. In order to ensure an accurate wave expansion, an infinite domain
is modeled using a silent boundary material law available in the ALE formulation.
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Title
Lagrangian
Number
19.1
Brief Description
Elastic wave propagation on a half-space subjected to a vertically-distributed load.
Keywords
Bi-dimensional analysis, quad and general solid
Impulse load, shock wave propagation, longitudinal and shear waves
ALE and Lagrangian modeling
Bound silent material and infinite domain
RADIOSS Options
ALE material formulation (/ALE/MAT)
Bi-dimensional analysis (/ANALY)
Concentrated load (/CLOAD)
Function (/FUNCT)
Bound silent material law 11 (/MAT/BOUND)
Compared to / Validation Method
Lagrangian vs. ALE modeling / Analytical solution
Input File
Lagrangian modeling: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/19_Wave_propagation/Lagrangian_formulation/WAVE*
ALE modeling: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/19_Wave_propagation/
ALE_formulation/WAVE*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Medium
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588
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to study wave propagation through a bi-dimensional domain.
Two analyses are performed using:
a Lagrangian formulation
an ALE (Arbitrary Langrangian Eulerian) formulation
The simulation results are compared to an analytical solution.
Physical Problem Description
A half-space is subjected to a vertical load distributed over a varied time span and creating
wave propagation in the domain. The dimensions of the model are 8 m x 4.76 m and the
impulse load is applied over a 1 m-width zone.
Units: m, s, Kg, N, Pa.
The material used follows a linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) and has the following
characteristics:
Initial density: 2842 kg.m-3
Youngs modulus: 73 GPa
Poisson ratio: 0.33
The expansion process of the shock wave is comprised of the longitudinal and shear waves.
Based on these material properties, the propagation speed of longitudinal waves in the
material correspond to 6169.1 m.s-1 and 3107.5 m.s-1 for shear waves. Thus, the
longitudinal waves should reach the lower boundary of the domain in about 0.77 ms.
The wave pattern caused by a distributed load is shown in Fig 2.
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The impulse load is described by the sinusoidal function: F(t) = sin(2 * 105t) GPa
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The limitation of this approach is the reflection on the domains boundaries. Simulation
results are shown for the point in time prior to the shock hitting the low side (< 0.77 ms).
Specific Options for the ALE Modeling
Silent boundary: The mesh includes quiet boundary elements to model the infinite domain.
These elements minimize the reflection of the propagating waves. The material used for
these elements follow a bound silent material law 11 (type 3) as a silent boundary, and has
the following characteristics:
Initial density: 2842 kg.m3
Characteristic length: 0.0632m
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Fig 6: Infinite domain modeled by the silent boundary material law 11 (type 3).
ALE material: The materials have to be declared ALE using /ALE/MAT in the input desk.
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The shock wave propagation is well predicted. Simulation results obtained at t=0.77ms
corroborate the analytical solution: Longitudinal and shear waves.
Lagrangian Results
Wave Pattern
The wave pattern produced by the distributed load shown previously can be identified in the
deformed configuration when the longitudinal wave reaches the lower boundary of the mesh.
Vertical Displacement
The graphs below shows the vertical displacement (DZ) of three nodes respectively
positioned at 0 m, 3.2 m and 4.75 m under the edge of the distributed load.
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Figure 11 shows the vertical displacement of Node 0. The beginning of the wave propagation
can be seen during the time [0; 1.35e-04]. Note that the response after the end of the
application force [1.35e-04; 4e-04] is due to the shear wave.
The vertical response of Node 1 shows that the longitudinal wave reaches it in 0.47 ms (Fig
12). The reflection can be seen after 0.97 ms. Note that the shear wave does not appear
because its motion is in the horizontal direction.
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The displacement of Node 2 placed at the other extremity of the pattern, shows that the
longitudinal wave crosses the model in 0.7 ms, in accordance with the analytical results.
Horizontal Displacement
Figure 14 shows the horizontal displacement of Node 1 (placed 3.2 m below the load
surface). The horizontal component of the longitudinal wave reaches the node in 0.49 ms,
while the shear wave arrives at 1.1 ms. Any response after this time results from the
different reflections of the longitudinal and shear waves.
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ALE Results
The wave pattern produced by a distributed load can be identified in the deformed
configuration by displaying the pressure. The grid is fixed and nodal displacements are equal
to zero. The following figure shows propagation when the longitudinal wave reaches the lower
boundary of the mesh.
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Conclusion
The wave propagation in a finite domain is studied using Lagrangian and ALE approaches.
The Lagrangian formulation does not allow an infinite domain to be defined. Reflections of the
longitudinal and shear waves against boundaries restrict simulation in terms of time (t <
0.77 ms). The ALE approach allows you to model an infinite domain by defining the silent
boundary material (Law 11 - type 3) on the limits. Such specific modeling minimizes the
reflection of the expansion wave.
The bi-dimensional analysis illustrates a planar propagation. An accurate representation of
the wave pattern is obtained and the simulation results are in a closed agreement with the
analytical solution.
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Example 20 - Cube
Summary
The fall of a dropping ice cube on two sloped beams is studied here to illustrate the use of an
explicit time integration scheme in resolving a transient dynamic analysis with free
deformable flying objects. The impact and the rebound are modeled easily using various
types of RADIOSS contact algorithms. Due to the rotary motion of the ice cube, a corotational solid formulation is required.
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Title
Cube
Number
20.1
Brief Description
Ice cube dropping on two sliding channels.
Keywords
Brick elements and 16-node shell elements
Type 7 and 16 interface
Co-rotational formulation
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Type 7 interface (/INTER/TYPE7) and type 16 (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE16)
Function (/FUNCT)
Gravity (/GRAV)
Input File
Model: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/20_Cube/CUBE*
RADIOSS Version
44s
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
599
Altair Engineering
Overview
Aim of the Problem
This problem demonstrates comparing two interfaces which allows a sliding contact between
an ice cube and the steel beams to be modeled.
Physical Problem Description
The cube is submitted to gravity and slides on inclined fixed beams and is collected in a cup.
The width of the cube is 30 mm and the dimensions of the beams are 40 x 30 x 500 mm.
The material used for the cube is ice and has a linear elastic behavior (/MAT/LAW1), with the
following characteristics:
Initial density: 916 Kg/m3
Young modulus: 10000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
The material used for the beams and the cup is steel and follows an isotropic elasto-plastic
material (/MAT/LAW2) with the Johnson-Cook plasticity model, having the following
characteristics:
Initial density: 7800 kg/m3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 206 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
Maximum stress: 340 MPa
Units: m, s, Kg, N, Pa
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601
Interfaces.
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Conclusion
This demonstrative example illustrated the capacity of RADIOSS to simulate sliding contacts,
either using a Lagrangian (type 16 interface) or a Penalty method (type 7 interface).
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602
The co-rotational solid formulation is essential in this case, taking into account the ice cubes
rotary motion.
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Example 21 - Cam
Summary
A cam can be considered as a device that translates motion from circular to linear. The
camshaft of a car takes the rotary motion of the engine and translates it into the linear
motion required for operating the intake and exhaust valves.
The purpose of this example is to illustrate the capacity of RADIOSS to simulate the dynamic
behavior and the kinematic motion of a cam-valve system. The smooth motion of the valve
can be simulated using an adequate and accurate contact model having contact algorithms
with quadratic surfaces and without gaps.
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Title
Cam
Number
21.1
Brief Description
The modeling of a camshaft, which takes the engines rotary motion and translates it into
linear motion for operating the intake and exhaust valves, is studied.
Keywords
Penalty/Lagrangian contact, type 7 interface, and type 16 interface
Linear/quadratic elements and quadratic surface contact
RADIOSS Options
BRIC20 elements (/BRIC20)
SHEL16 elements (/SHEL16)
Initial velocities around axis (/INIVEL/AXIS)
Spring element (/PROP/SPRING)
Type 16 interface (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE16) and type 7 (/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE7)
Input File
Interface 16:
Fine mesh: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/interface16/
fine_mesh/I16S16FM*
Coarse mesh: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/interface16/
coarse_mesh/I16S16CM*
Interface 7:
Penalty method: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/interface7/
penalty/slave_cam/I7PMCAM*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/interface7/penalty/
slave_valve/I7PMVALVE*
Lagrange multipliers: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/
interface7/lagrange/slave_cam/I7LMCAM*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/interface7/lagrange/
slave_valve/I7LMVALVE*
Friction: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/21_Cam/interface7/
friction/I7PFMCAM*
RADIOSS Version
As of 51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Medium
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
Modeling a contact between a plane and a curved surface uses a faceted curved surface. Two
interfaces (interfaces 7 and 16), which are compatible with the geometry of the problem and
the faceting, are described and compared.
Physical Problem Description
This problem demonstrates a cam rotating with an angular velocity of 314 rad/s, which
interacts and triggers off the translation of a valve tied to two springs. The superposed
springs have varying stiffness (spring 1: 30000 N/m and spring 2: 15000 N/m). The springs
control the higher and lower rotary frequencies.
The cam is 36 mm in length, having a maximum width of 14 mm and a thickness of 18
mm.
The valve is 44 mm in diameter with a thickness of 3 mm (Fig 1).
The spring is 40 mm in length.
The following system is used: mm, s, kg, mN , KPa.
The material used for the cam and the valve is steel. It is characterized by the isotropic
elasto-plastic material (/MAT/LAW2) and the Johnson-Cook plasticity model, with the
following properties:
Initial density: 7.8 x 10-06 Mkg/l
Young modulus: 2.1 x 10+08 KPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 20000 KPa
Hardening parameter: 40000 KPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
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Another model using linear elements is studied. Contact between the cam and valve is
defined by a type 7 interface. In order to satisfy the closed contact between parts, the
Lagrange Multipliers method is selected.
The springs are modeled using RADIOSS type 4 springs. The stiffness is linear and defined by
the following functions. Damping is neglected.
l-l0 (mm)
-40
50
Fspring 1 (mN)
-1.5 e+06
-0.3 e+06
1.2 e+06
Fspring 2 (mN)
-0.75 e+06
-0.15 e+06
0.6 e+06
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Boundary conditions:
- Master node of the cam is blocked, except when rotating around Y.
- Master node of the valve is blocked, except when translating around Z.
- One extremity of the spring is fixed to the valve, while the other is blocked.
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Imposed velocity:
A rotational velocity of 314 rad/s is imposed on the master node of the rigid body. This
velocity is activated by a temporal sensor, with a short activation delay (Tdelay
=0.0002s). This sensor is necessary to avoid applying the initial and imposed velocities
at the same time.
Initial velocity:
An initial rotational velocity is applied to all the cams nodes, including the master node
of the rigid body. This option is available as of RADIOSS V51. You must define the
origin (center of rotation) and the orientation vector.
Interfaces:
The type 16 interface simulates a contact between a quadratic master surface and a
group of nodes. In the case of contact between a curved and a plane surface, the
curved surface is defined as the master surface and the nodes of the plane part are
slave.
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The type 7 interface works either with Penalty or with Lagrange multipliers. In its basic
formulation, the interface simulates contact between two facetisated surfaces. The use of
the Lagrange Multipliers method enables to precisely satisfy the kinematic contact without
introducing a gap.
Fig 9: Interface 7.
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Fig 10: Vertical velocity of the master node valve for a type 7 interface using the Penalty method.
Attention should be paid to the use of filters. The filtered curves are in fact generally
affected by a border effect. Filtering induces an error in the beginning and end parts of the
curves (for this example, take the intervals of 0 < t < 0.002 and 0.038 < t < 0.04).
Fig 11: Vertical acceleration of the master node valve for a type 7 interface using the Penalty method.
The filtering quality depends on the number of samples which, in this case is the number of
points computed by RADIOSS for each curve. Therefore, a low value for the /TFILE parameter
in the D01 file is used to obtain good results, especially for the acceleration curve.
In the following sections, only the filtered curves are represented in order to the compare
different models.
Comparison of Interfaces
Figures 12 and 13 represent velocity and acceleration curves for a model using a type 7
interface with the Penalty method. As for the master and slave part definition, the results are
slightly different.
Figures 14 and 15 give velocity and acceleration curves for type 7 interface using the
Lagrange Multipliers method.
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Fig 12: Vertical velocity of the valves master node for a type 7 interface using the Penalty method.
Fig 13: Vertical acceleration of the valves master node for a type 7 interface using the Penalty method.
For both Figures 12 and 13, the model using slave nodes on the cam and a master surface on
the valve seems to be the most realistic.
Fig 14: Vertical velocity of the valves master node for a type 7 interface using the Lagrange Multipliers method.
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Fig 15: Vertical acceleration of the valves master node for a type 7 interface using the Lagrange Multipliers
method.
Even if using a type 7 interface with the Penalty or the Lagrange Multipliers method good
results can be achieved, a quadratic mesh with the type 16 interface will enable the reduction
of oscillations, due to facetisation.
Figures 16 and 17 compare the results for models using type 7 and 16 interfaces.
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Comparison of Meshes
Considering a contact modeled with a type 16 interface, the influence of the mesh density is
studied using two relatively coarse and fine meshes
Fine mesh: Cam:
Valve:
Coarse
mesh:
40 SHEL16 elements
12 SHEL16 elements
Cam:
Valve:
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Although the coarser mesh amplifies the facetisation of the curved surfaced, the mesh
density does not influence the results for velocity after filtering. However, the fine mesh
provides better results for acceleration, having limited parasite oscillations for each node/
surface contact.
Friction
An option in interface 7 using the Penalty method allows you to add friction to the model.
Several friction models are available. The Coulomb friction model is used here. A comparison
is made between models with and without friction.
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Fig 21: Vertical velocity of the valves master node for a type 7 interface using the Penalty method.
Fig 22: Vertical acceleration of the valves master node for a type 7 interface using the Penalty method.
CPU
(normalized)
Time Step
22,50
0.8365x10-7
0.207x10-6
1.65
0.2133x10-6
1.75
0.2117x10-6
1.68
0.2133x10-6
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CPU
(normalized)
Time Step
1.69
0.2126x10-6
1.66
0.2133x10-6
1.65
0.2126x10-6
Simulation
(slave nodes on cam and master surface on
valve)
Conclusion
This example illustrated the ability of RADIOSS to model mechanisms, particularly in the case
of this contact mechanism. Interface types 16 and 7 can be used to model contact between
plane and curved surfaces. The type 16 interface enables you to simulate contact between
quadratic surfaces without using a gap and provides accurate results within a reasonable
computation time. The type 7 interface allows a frictional modeling of the contact, needing
little computation time and provides good simulation results.
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Example 22 - Ditching
Summary
The ditching of a specimen into a pool of water is studied using SPH and CEL approaches. The
simulation results are compared to the experimental data and to the analytical results.
Furthermore, the study is performed using different impact velocities. The specimen is
modeled using a triangular section. In the first approach, a SPH model is used for water. This
example deals with the problem of an interface definition between the two parts. First, the
SPH boundary and type 7 interface are used. Moreover, the specimen undergoes a linear
elastic law; the water being defined by the hydrodynamic viscous fluid law 6. The results are
compared with regard to the pressure and acceleration outputs. The OUTLET boundary
conditions provide appropriate results. In the second approach, the water is modeled with an
ALE mesh while the structure is Lagrangian. The interface type 18 is used to treat the fluidstructure interactions. The results compared to Von Karman theory, illustrate the robustness
and stability of the CEL method.
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
The problem consists of a simple specimen falling into water simulating the ditching of a
helicopter.
Units: mm, ms, N, MPa, g.
Impact of a triangular section specimen on water is performed and the results are compared
qualitatively [2], also using the experimental data obtained from the Politecnico di Milano
[1].
The computation is performed using several impact velocities: 3.5 m/s, 6.8 m/s and 11 m/s.
The material used for the specimen follows a linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) with the
following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8 x 10-3 g.mm-3
Reference density: 7.8 x 10-3 g.mm-3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
The material law for water is a hydrodynamic viscous fluid law (/MAT/LAW6) with the
following characteristics:
Initial density: 1 x 10-3 g.mm-3
Kinematic viscosity: 0
C0: 0 MPa
C4: 0 MPa
C5: 0 MPa
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Accelerometer:
An accelerometer is set on the rigid bodys master node.
SPH outlet:
The parallelepiped water mesh is surrounded on five faces by Outlet SPH boundary
frontier absorbing conditions. A control surface is placed at a distance equal to 2 x ho
inside the water. This surface shown in green on Fig 2, is oriented so that its normal
vector points face the interior of the domain. On this outlet surface, specific silent
boundary conditions are applied to the SPH cells.
Interfaces:
One type of contact occurs in the simulation. Contact between the skin structure (shell
finite elements) and the water (SPH cells) is modeled using a sliding interface (type 7).
The gap between the surface skin and the SPH cells is equal to 1 mm. After
optimization, a scale factor on the Penalty stiffness interface equal to 0.1 is used for
controlling the interface forces between the rigid specimen and the water.
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Output Acceleration
For the specimen, an accelerometer is set on the master node of the corresponding rigid
body. The acceleration values expressed in g units are compared to both the experimental
values [1] and the analytic solution proposed by Von Karman [2]. The signal is filtered using
a CFC 60 (-3db) filter frequency after calculation. The filtering reduces discrepancy between
the peaks.
The following diagrams indicate the time history acceleration results at the wedge specimens
rigid bodys master node for three cases of impact speed: 3.5, 6.8 and 11 m/s.
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For these three cases, the SPH approach using the OUTLET SPH boundary conditions
indicates a good deceleration. For an impact velocity nearing the 8 m/s of the Helicopter
ditching configuration, the deceleration is in correlation with the experimental data [1] and
also with the analytic solution proposed by Von Karman [2].
Conclusion
The simulations show that the SPH approach using the OUTLET option developed in RADIOSS
V4.4, allows the ditching of simple specimens to be modeled without any numerical
problems.
The SPH and OUTLET results are very close to the experimental test results and also to the
analytical solution. In conclusion, to achieve ditching simulations with the correct results, it is
necessary to model the water block using the SPH method with the OUTLET boundary
conditions.
References
[1] CAST Deliverable 5.5.1 Generic Water Impact Tests performed at Politecnico di Milano
(Polytechnic University of Milan)
[2] Olivier Pastore Study and modelization of rigid bodies impact during sea landing phase;
Annex 1 Von Karman's Theoretical Models, T. Miloh et al. May.
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Number
22.2
Brief Description
Impact of a simple specimen on water simulated by CEL approach.
Keywords
CEL modeling
Type 18 interface
RADIOSS Options
/MAT/ELAST
/ALE/DONEA
/UPWIND
/MAT/BIPHAS
/ALE/MAT
/INTER/TYPE18
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental data provided by Politecnico di Milano (Polytechnic University of Milan)
[1]
Analytic solution proposed by Von Karman [2]
Input File
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/22_Ditching/Ditching_CEL/ALE37-15*
RADIOSS Version
51h
Technical / Theoretical Level
Skilled
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
The problem consists of a simple specimen falling into water simulating the ditching of a
helicopter.
Units: mm, ms, N, MPa, g.
Impact of a triangular section specimen on water is performed and the results are compared
qualitatively [2], also using the experimental data obtained from the Politechnico di Milano
[1].
The computation is performed using several impact velocities of 3.5 and 11 m/s.
The material used for the specimen follows a linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) with the
following characteristics:
Initial density: 7.8 x 10-3 g.mm-3
Reference density: 7.8 x 10-3 g.mm-3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
The material law for water is BIPHAS law (/MAT/LAW37) with the following characteristics:
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Init. dens.
1.22E-9
#
RHO_L
LAMBDA_ON_RHO_L
1e-6
0
#
RHO_G
LAMBDA_ON_RHO_G
1.22E-9
0
Ref. dens.
0
CL
ALPHA_L
NU_L
2.089
.00089
GAMMA
P0
NU_G
1.4
.1e-3
.014607
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Fig 2: Higher peak force with coarse mesh and interface stiffness dependence
Higher peak forces are obtained with the coarse mesh. That can be partially corrected by
filtering, as shown in Fig 3.
Using a filter CFC 60, -3 dB, the simulation results of the CEL and SPH approaches are
compared to Von Karman theoretical solution and experimental measures in Fig 4.
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Fig 4: Comparison between simulation results, theoretical solution and experimental measures (acceleration)
SPH and CEL approaches respectively give the maximum acceleration of 83g and 84g.
However, the Von Karman theory delivers 82g; with the maximum value by experience is
between 83g and 73g.
On the other hand, the duration for acceleration beyond 40g is respectively 7.9ms and 8.2ms
for SPH and CEL simulation methods, where the experience provides values between 7.5ms
and 8.5ms and the Von Karman theory provides 8 ms.
It is worthwhile to note that:
The computation time is similar for both SPH and CEL approaches.
Using a fine enough mesh both RADIOSS methods SPH and CEL provide satisfactory
results, compared to experience and analytical solution.
The CEL approach is more robust and stable when the SPH signal is highly vibrated.
The use of a coarse mesh in the CEL approach requires the interfaced stiffness
calibration.
References
[1] CAST Deliverable 5.5.1 Generic Water Impact Tests performed at Politecnico di Milano
(Polytechnic University of Milan).
[2] Olivier Pastore Study and modelization of rigid bodies impact during sea landing phase;
Annex 1 Von Karman's Theoretical Models, T. Miloh et al. May.
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Example 23 - Brake
Summary
A frictional mechanism is studied, which consists of a brake system, defined by a disk
pinched between two pads. The main aspects of the model are the initial rotary motion of
the disk and the interface definition between the disk and the pads. Carefully watch the
accuracy of the simulation results compared to the analytical solution.
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Title
Brake
Number
23.1
Brief Description
A brake system is simulated using a finite Lagrangian mesh element.
Keywords
Brick elements and HEPH formulation
Type 7 interface and friction
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Initial velocities (/INIVEL)
Concentrated load (/CLOAD)
Type 7 interface (/INTER/TYPE7)
Skew frame (/SKEW)
Function (/FUNCT)
Input File
Lagrangian_formulation: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/23_Brake/
Lagrangian_formulation/BRAKE2*
RADIOSS Version
44s
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to highlight the capacity of RADIOSS to simulate frictional
mechanisms. The braking system retained consists of a disk pinched in between two pads.
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Radius = 100 mm
Width = 50 mm
Thickness = 5 mm
Mass = 1 kg
Inertia = 0.57x10-2 kg/m2 (about its free rotation axis).
Length = 65 mm
Width = 28 mm
Thickness = 5 mm
A constant P = 300N pressure is applied on the back of each pad to push them against the
disk.
A Coulomb friction coefficient is assumed as being 0.15.
Units: m, s, kg
The material used for the disk follows an isotropic elasto-plastic law (/MAT/LAW2) using the
Johnson-Cook plasticity model, with the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7800 Kg/m3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 206 MPa
Hardening parameter: 450 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.5
Maximum stress: 340 MPa
The material used for the pads follows a linear elastic law, with the following characteristics:
Initial density: 7300 Kg/m3
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Fig 2: Rigid bodies on the disk (RBODY1 on the left and RBODY2 on the right).
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Boundary conditions:
For the disks rigid bodies, all d.o.f., except the rotation around Y are fixed. For the
pads rigid bodies, all d.o.f,; except translation around Y are fixed.
Load:
Two concentrated opposite forces are applied to the rigid bodies master nodes for the
pads.
Initial velocity:
An initial rotational velocity 0 = 120 rad/s is applied to the disks master nodes during
the first computation phase.
= 0.096 second.
The simulation by RADIOSS using the explicit solver allows similar results to be obtained, as
shown in the following diagrams. The following graph shows the time history for angular
velocity. The disk stops at t = 0.095 s, which corresponds to the analytical solution.
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Reaction Forces
The reaction forces value in Fig 6 is about 90 N, which corresponds to the analytical value.
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Energies
The total energy remains constant during computation. After braking, the kinetics energy
decreases smoothly while the contact energy increases. There is no hourglass energy as a
HEPH solid element is used.
Fig 7: Energies.
Contact Forces
The following diagram presents the tangential contact forces for three consecutive moments.
Conclusion
The accuracy of the results obtained, using the simulation and corresponding to the analytical
solution, proves that RADIOSS is able to simulate mechanisms, such as braking systems.
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Example 24 - Laminating
Summary
The lamination of a metal strip under two rolling cylinders is studied. Several formulations
are compared. Large and small strain assumptions are respectively used. The influence of the
number of elements concerning the thickness of the metal strip, as well as element
formulation is discussed.
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Title
Laminating
Number
24.1
Brief Description
Two rolling rigid cylinders squeeze a plate to laminate it.
Keywords
Brick element, solid formulation, co-rotational formulation, and fully-integrated
element
Constant pressure formulation and plasticity options
Large deformation / Small strain
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Constant time step (/DT/BRICK/CST)
Imposed velocities (/IMPVEL)
Elasto-plastic material law (/MAT/PLAS_JOHNS)
General solid property (/PROP/SOLID)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Input File
Thickness: 2 elements: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/24_Laminating/Thickness/2_elements/ROLLING*
5 elements: //.../radioss/24_Laminating/Thickness/5_elements/ROLLING*
Formulation: Isolid=12: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/24_Laminating/Formulation/Isolid12/ROLLING*
Icpre=0: //.../radioss/24_Laminating/Formulation/Icpre0/ROLLING*
Icpre=1: //.../radioss/24_Laminating/Formulation/Icpre1/ROLLING*
Temperature: T=800C: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/24_Laminating/temperature/T=800/ROLLING*
T=1200C: //.../radioss/24_Laminating/temperature/T=1200/ROLLING*
RADIOSS Version
44m
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Physical Problem Description
This analysis shows a phase of a rail rolling. A metal strip is successively passed through two
rollers aiming at reducing its thickness. Both rollers have a constant angular velocity of 6.85
rad/s, and the metal strip is dragged along a moving machine bed. This process may be
considered quasi-static and involves high deformation (mainly compression).
Both rollers and the metal strip are made of mild steel. They exhibit an isotropic elastoplastic behavior which can be modeled using the Johnson-Cook law (/MAT/LAW2):
Initial density: 7.8 x 103 Kg/m3
Young modulus: 210000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Yield stress: 170 MPa
Hardening parameter: 400 MPa
Hardening exponent: 0.475
Note: Any temperature influence will not be taken into account. The problem is studied
using the following parameters:
Temperature exponent: 1
Melting temperature: 2073 K (around 1800C)
Specific heat at constant pressure: 460 J/Kg.K
Geometry: The metal strip has a cross-section of 80 x 20 mm and the rollers have a
radius of 100 mm. After the passage of the first roller, the thickness is reduced by 7
mm, then by another 5 mm after the second roller.
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Simulation Results
Number of Elements Over the Thickness
It was mentioned earlier that passing five elements over the thickness is a minimum; but
how was that number reached? It is not an easy question, this number depends on what is
being looked for. If interested in the stress distribution over the thickness, the higher the
better; thus the choice would be a trade-off between accuracy and the CPU time. Let's
compare the von Mises stress and the plastic strain for two elements over the thickness using
one integration point (Isolid =1) and five elements with 8 integration points (Isolid =12).
Table 1: Comparison between two and five elements.
Passing two elements over the thickness is definitely not enough to see the stress (or strain)
distribution; five elements though, seem to be enough. If the deformed shape is not smooth
and/or the gradient between the two elements is too high, consider refining the mesh;
however, this can be somewhat costly! Additionally, it takes 12 times longer to run the
model with five elements over the width.
What if the only interest is in the reaction force acting on the cylinder?
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The above graph indicates the reaction force on the first cylinder using two or five elements
over the thickness. Both curves are almost identical and, as mentioned previously, it takes
much more time to use five elements. Thus, in this case to save CPU time, there is no need
to use more than two elements.
Influence of the Small Strain Formulation
Usually for problems involving large deformations, a large strain formulation would be used.
In RADIOSS this is the default setting, but it is also possible to use a small strain
formulation. This formulation is not very accurate for large deformations, but it is more
robust and enables the time step to not decrease too much. Indeed, large deformation/
rotation problems may lead to mesh distortion which causes the time step to drop drastically;
computation may even stop due to a negative volume. The small strain formulation
overcomes all this by assuming a constant volume, consequently the time step becomes
constant, and even if the mesh is completely distorted, computation will not be stopped due
to the negative volume.
This formulation can be applied from t=0 by setting the flag Ismtr to 1, directly in the type of
a specific part. It is also possible to switch from a large strain formulation to a small strain
formulation during the simulation in order to prevent a negative volume and/or to maintain a
decent time step using the /DT/BRICK/CST option in the D01 Engine file having a critical time
step.
In this example the results between a full large strain formulation, a full small strain
formulation and a "mixed formulation using /DT/BRICK/CST are compared. Concerning the
average time step, it is 20% higher for a full small strain formulation and 3.5% higher for a
"mixed formulation in comparison to the default large strain formulation. Thus, there is a
significant gain in terms of CPU time using the small strain formulation. The deformed shape
is not good (see Table 2).
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Moreover, looking at the plastic strain, using a small strain formulation from t=0 leads to
major errors (see Table 3). First of all, the strain distribution is not well determined and most
importantly, the maximum is far too low, which means permanent deformation was underestimated.
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In such a case, it may be of interest to use the small strain formulation but only for a few
elements reaching a critical time step (using /DT/NODA/CST); as the time step will not stop,
due to one very distorted element. However, for accuracy reasons, the number of elements
switching to a small strain formulation should be checked, the lower the better.
The HA8 Formulation
An improved solid formulation, HA8 has been introduced in RADIOSS V44. This formulation
overcomes the drawbacks of the standard 8 integration points formulation (Isolid=12 or 112).
In particular, in the case of a pure bend, "shear-locking, which makes the standard
formulation rather stiffer, does not exist. It is also possible to use the small strain
formulation, which contrary to the 8 integration points formulation is not compatible. It is
now possible to use up to 9 integration points for each direction.
Depending on the value given for the Icpre flag, the HA8 formulation may use a reduced
pressure integration. In this part the influence of this flag on simulation will be investigated
in order to find out the most suitable value. Table 4 shows both the deformed shape and the
equivalent plastic strain for the different solid formulations. The new HA8 formulation with
reduced pressure integration behaves the same way as the standard 8 integration points
formulation. However, if the reduced pressure integration is not activated, the results will
not be correct, with the metal strip deforming badly and the plastic strain being overestimated (see Table 4). Moreover, the reaction force acting on the cylinder will also be
over-estimated (see Table 3), which means that the structure will be stiffer without the
reduced pressure integration.
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The HA8 formulation must in fact always be used with reduced pressure integration, the only
time when this option must be deactivated is in the case of emulating a thick shell
formulation with 8-nodes bricks.
Temperature Influence
When metal forming, one of the main parameters engineers' study whether the force is
needed during the process. In this particular case, it concerns the rolling force applied by the
cylinders. Engineers try to minimize this force in order to use less power and to reduce
maintenance on the cylinders. One way to do so is to form metal at a higher temperature.
RADIOSS will take into account the temperature dependency using the same law already
used (Johnson-Cook law). The following diagram indicates the rolling force in accordance
with the temperature and, as expected the higher the temperature, the lower the force.
Consequently, metal forming is a trade-off between the power saved using a lower force and
the power required to raise the temperature.
Conclusion
The squeezing of the metal strip under two rolling cylinders is simulated by RADIOSS. The
large deformation formulation, when a sufficient number of elements is used, obtaining
physically-acceptable results is allowed. The small strain option leads to bad results, but
with low cost. The element formulation and the number of integration points through
thickness are other parameters influencing results; the higher the precision, the higher the
cost. On the other hand, as the problem is considered to be quasi-static, resolution using the
RADIOSS implicit solver can be envisaged.
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Example 25 - Spring-back
Summary
The spring-back simulation of sheet metal bent into a hat-shape is studied. The problem is
one of the famous tests from the Numisheet93. As spring-back is generally a quasi-static
unloading, the use of the RADIOSS implicit solver is justified. The RADIOSS explicit solver is
also used to compare the methods efficiency. However, for the stamping phase only the
explicit solver is used, as the forming process is highly dynamic.
The example illustrates how to link up the explicit computations. It highlights the efficiency of
the implicit solver for the spring-back simulation.
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Title
Spring-back
Number
25.1
Brief Description
An explicit stamping simulation is followed by a spring-back analysis using implicit or explicit
solvers for stress relaxation. Results are compared with a reference.
Keywords
Explicit stamping simulation, implicit / explicit spring-back simulation, and stress
relaxation
Implicit strategy and time step control by arc-length method
Anisotropic elasto-plastic material law (/MAT/LAW43) and Hill model
Orthotropic shell formulation, QEPH, progressive plastification, and iterative plasticity
Type 7 Interface, Penalty method, and friction
RADIOSS Options
Concentrated load (/CLOAD)
Dynamic relaxation (/DYREL)
Implicit parameters (/IMPL)
Implicit spring-back (/IMPL/SPRBACK)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Compared to / Validation Method
Experimental data
Input File
Explicit spring-back: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/25_Spring-back/
Explicit_spring-back/DBEND_44*
Implicit spring-back: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/25_Spring-back/
Implicit_spring-back/DBEND_44*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
This example deals with the numerical simulation of a stamping process, including the
spring-back. This refers to one of the sheet metal stamping tests "2D Draw Bending"
indicated in Numisheet93. The final shape of the formed sheet metal, after releasing all
constraints on the blank sheet is studied. During the spring-back simulation, an explicit-toimplicit sequential solution method is used, where a dynamic forming process using the
explicit solver is used first, followed by an implicit modeling of the the spring-back
deformations by statically removing the stamping stress.
Thus, two analysis are performed in order to compare the performances and the accuracy of
results:
Explicit stamping and implicit spring-back simulations
Explicit stamping and explicit spring-back simulations (using dynamic relaxation)
The spring-back simulation of the forming sheet metal uses an elasto-plastic nonlinear
approach. The implicit input options and the incremental strategy used are described in the
modeling section.
A numerical simulation of stamping is performed up to 960 ms. The spring-back computation
is carried out from 960 ms to 1000 ms for implicit (static approach) and to 6000 ms for
explicit (quasi-static approach).
Physical Problem Description
A standard stamping operation is studied. The stamping tools include a punch, a die and a
blank holder.
Units: mm, ms, g, N, MPa.
A load F of 1225 N is vertically applied on the blank holder in order to flatten the sheet metal
against the die. The load is removed before spring-back simulation.
The sheet metal stamping operation is managed using a variable imposed velocity applied on
the punch with a maximum set to 0.1 ms-1. The tools are withdrawn after the stamping
phase in order to enable the spring-back to be observed.
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The Ai coefficients are determined using Lankfords anisotropy parameters range. Angles for
Lankford parameters are defined according to orthotropic direction 1.
A hardening coefficient is used to describe the hardening model as full isotropic (value set to
0) or based on the Prager-Ziegler kinematic model (value set to 1). Hardening can be
interpolated between the two models, if the coefficient value is between 0 and 1.
The material parameters are:
Initial density: 8x10-3 g/mm3
Young modulus: 206000 MPa
Poisson ratio: 0.3
Lankford 0 degrees: r00= 1.73
Lankford 45 degrees: r45 = 1.34
Lankford 90 degrees: r90= 2.24
The yield curve used is shown in the diagram below. Failure is not taken into account.
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The punch is shown in purple, the blank holder in green and the die in red. The sheet metal
(blue) is modeled using 4-node shell elements.
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The sheet metal is discretized by a non-regular mesh and a fine mesh is used for parts to be
plastically deformed. The smallest size of the shell element is 1.5 mm.
In order to achieve accurate simulation results, the QEPH shell element formulation is used in
explicit and implicit analyses. A Lagrangian formulation is adopted.
In accordance with the elasto-plastic Hill model for the material law, the sheet metal is
described by the shell elements using the orthotropic property (Type 9). The shell
characteristics are:
Five integration points (progressive plastification)
Interactive plasticity with three Newton iterations (Iplas = 1)
Thickness changes are taken into account in stress computation (Ithick = 1)
Initial thickness is uniform, equal to 0.74 mm
Orthotropy angle: 0 degree
Reference vector: (1 0 0)
The input components of the reference vector
is used to define direction 1 of the local
coordinate system of orthotropy. The orthotropy angle, in degrees defines the angle between
direction 1 of the orthotropy and the projection of the vector
on the shell.
Three type 7 interfaces using the Penalty method are employed to model contacts between
the stamping tools and the sheet metal. The parameters defining the contact are:
Coulomb friction: 0.129
Gap: 0.37
Critical damping coefficient on interface stiffness: 1
Critical damping coefficient on interface friction: 1 (default)
Fig 5: Contact modeling using a type 7 interface considered with the Penalty method (master / slave sides).
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In the implicit approach, the contact using the Penalty method with fictional springs is stored
in a separate stiffness matrix to the main one. Therefore, supplementary memory is needed
and information of the second contact stiffness will be printed out when contact is active.
Critical damping coefficients (inputs) description:
The normal force computation is indicated by:
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From 960 ms to 2000 ms: Stamping tools are slowly withdrawn because the quasistatic analysis requires dynamic effects to be minimized during spring-back. Thus,
the interfaces are not deleted. Options are defined in the D02 Engine file.
From 2000 ms to 6000 ms: A dynamic relaxation (/DYREL) is activated in the D03
Engine file in order to converge towards quasi-static equilibrium.
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The input implicit options are added in the D02 Engine file. Stress relaxation is
activated using the /IMPL/SPRBACK keyword. All interfaces are deleted and specific
boundary conditions are added on the stamping tools. Tools are not withdrawn.
In the simulation, the tools are modeled using rigid bodies (/RBODY) as shown in Fig 6.
An automatic master node is chosen. The center of gravity is computed using the master and
slave node coordinates and the master node is moved to the center of gravity where is placed
mass and inertia (ICoG is set to 1). No mass or inertia are added to the rigid bodies.
A quarter of the structure is modeled in order to limit the model size and to eliminate rigid
body modes for implicit computation. Symmetry planes are defined along the y axis = 0.
Fig 7: Boundary conditions (/BCS) on the sheet metal according to the symmetries.
The nodes on the longitudinal plane are fixed in the Y translation and X, Z rotations.
For the other symmetry plane, the nodes are fixed in the X translation and Y, Z rotations.
Stamping tools are restricted to moving only along the Z-axis. The boundary conditions are
applied on the master nodes of the rigid bodies, including the parts (Fig 7).
For the numerical simulation of the implicit spring-back, additional conditions must be added
in the D02 Engine file in order to remove the rigid body modes that is not permitted in the
implicit approach. The stamping tools are fully fixed (X, Y, Z translations and X, Y, Z
rotations). The translation of the ID 427 node is fixed along the Z-axis allowing the sheet
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metal to move towards the final shape without rigid body mode.
Fig 8: Added boundary conditions on the 427 node for implicit spring-back.
Imposed velocities are applied on the stamping tools via the master nodes of the rigid bodies.
The velocity of the punch is controlled by a specific input curve, as shown in Figures 9 and
10. During implicit spring-back, all velocities are set to zero. Explicit spring-back
computation up to 6000 ms necessitates imposed velocities on tools in order to withdraw
them as of 1000 ms.
Fig 9: Imposed velocity on punch via the rigid bodys master node.
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Fig 10: Imposed velocity on die and blank holder via the rigid bodies master node.
Fig 11: Imposed velocities on tools in two phases: stamping then tools removing.
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Static nonlinear
Nonlinear solver:
Modified Newton
Tolerance:
0.025
2 iterations maximum
0.8 ms
10-5 ms
no
Maximum convergence
iteration number:
20
0.67
1.1
Arc-length:
Automatic computation
Spring-back option:
Activated
A solver method is required to resolve Ax=b in each iteration of the nonlinear cycle. It is
defined using /IMPL/SOLVER.
Linear solver:
Precondition methods:
Maximum iterations
number:
Stop criteria:
Machine precision
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The input implicit options added in the D02 Engine file are:
Refer to RADIOSS Starter Input for more details about implicit options.
Explicit spring-back analysis uses the dynamic relaxation in the D03 Engine file from 2000
ms.
The explicit time integration scheme starts with nodal acceleration computation. It is efficient
for the simulation of dynamic loading. However, a quasi-static simulation via a dynamic
resolution method is needed to minimize the dynamic effects for converging towards static
equilibrium, the final shape achieved after spring-back.
The dynamic effect is damped by introducing a diagonal damping matrix proportional to mass
matrix in the dynamic equation.
where:
is the relaxation value which has a recommended default value 1.
T is the period to be damped (less than or equal to the highest period of the system).
The inputs of the relaxation dynamics are:
Relaxation factor: 1
Period to be damped: 1000 ms
This option is activated using the /DYREL keyword (inputs:
and T).
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the tools, prior to the explicit spring-back simulation in order to achieve a good result. Thus,
note that explicit stamping takes longer than stamping followed by implicit spring-back
computation.
Figure 12 shows the deformed configurations using implicit simulation. The symmetrical part
is added.
Fig 12: Deformed sheet metal before and after spring-back (implicit spring-back).
Stamping is performed from the beginning up to 960 ms. The final shape after the springback process is achieved after 1000 ms using the implicit solver and after 6000 ms using the
explicit solver.
Fig 13: Deformed mesh of the sheet metal before and after the spring-back (multi-models mode).
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The animations in Fig 14 include the results of the spring-back during simulation. There is an
increasing number of stresses in the sheet metal from the start up to 960 ms, after which,
the stresses begin to decrease as a result of the spring-back (stress relaxation).
Fig 14: Stamping results on the sheet metal before and after spring-back.
Figure 15 shows the internal energy stored in the sheet metal during the stamping.
Fig 15: Internal energy in the sheet metal part (explicit spring-back simulation).
The dynamic relaxation used in the explicit spring-back computation enables to improve
convergence towards quasi-static solution. The variation of the kinetics energy on the sheet
metal in the explicit spring-back simulation is depicted in Fig 16 (from 960 ms up to 6000
ms):
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Spring-back
cycles
(iter. Num.)
Spring-back CPU
(CPU per cycle)
Total CPU
Explicit
1160 (92326)
229379 (-)
2698 (0.01)
3858
Implicit
120 (354)
1589 (13.2)
2749
The implicit simulation for spring-back is performed from 960 ms to 1000 ms. Explicit springback simulation is performed until the kinetics energy on the sheet metal reaches a minimum
value (quasi-static equilibrium). The final computation time is set to 6000 ms.
Explicit and implicit analyses both obtain good results in this test, with implicit computation
being 40% faster than the explicit computation. The implicit approach is; however, 1320
times more expensive per step than the explicit solver. The use of the implicit approach
allows you to economize on the overall computation time.
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Summary
Failure of a circular plate subjected to the impact of an infinite rigid sphere is studied.
Material models, with or without a dedicated failure criteria, are compared. The new failure
criteria available in RADIOSS version 5, adds to the simple rupture models existing in such
material laws as Law 2 and Law 27. The study is divided into three parts:
Rupture using a damage model in Law 27
Failure using the Johnson-Cook model
Advantage of Forming Limit Diagram as a failure model
The sensitivity of the results for the different failure models is demonstrated.
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Title
Ruptured plate
Number
26.1
Brief Description
A metallic thick plate is perforated by a rigid sphere. Simulation of the rupture uses different
failure models.
Keywords
Rupture, elements deletion, maximum stress, and failure plastic strain
Johnson-Cook failure model, failure model using Forming Limit Diagram
Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic material law and damage integrated in the material law
General shell formulation, progressive plastification, and layers
RADIOSS Options
Johnson-Cook failure model (/FAIL/JOHNSON)
Forming Limit Diagram failure model (/FAIL/FLD)
Imposed velocities (/IMPVEL)
Material law 2 (/MAT/PLAS_JOHNS) and law 27 (/MAT/PLAS_BRIT)
Rigid Sphere (/RWALL)
Input File
Law 2 without failure: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/26_Ruptured_plate/Law2/Without_FAIL/LAW2*
Johnson failure: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/26_Ruptured_plate/
Law2/JOHNSON_model/.../FAILURE_JOHNSON*
FLD failure: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/26_Ruptured_plate/Law2/
FLD_model/Ishell=1_without_epsmax/.../FAILURE_FLD*
Law 27: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/26_Ruptured_plate/Law27/
LAW27*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to model the perforation of a thick plate using a rigid sphere.
The simulations are performed using different failure models:
Damage model integrated in the elasto-plastic material law (/MAT/LAW27)
Johnson-Cook failure model, in addition to the elasto-plastic material law (/MAT/LAW2)
Failure model using the generic Forming Limit Diagram (FLD), in addition to the elastoplastic material law 2
Numerical results are not compared with experimental data. However, this example proposes
different approaches to take account of failure.
Physical Problem Description
A 3 mm thick plate is impacted at its midpoint by a 12.7 mm diameter sphere with an
imposed velocity of 1 ms-1.
Units: mm, ms, g, N, MPa.
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Fig 2: Mesh of the metallic plate with the initial rigid sphere position.
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Failure Modeling
Law 27: Elasto-plastic Material Law using a Damage Model
Law 27 is used to simulate material damage following a Johnson-Cook plasticity law. Thus, a
damage model is incorporated into the material law to take into account the damage
evolution with stress decreasing up to element rupture.
The damage parameters are:
Tensile rupture strain t1: damage starts if the highest principal strain reaches this
tension value.
Maximum strain m1: the element is damaged if the highest principal strain is above the
tension value. The element is not deleted.
Maximum damage factors max: this value should be kept at its default value (0.999).
Failure strain f1: the element is deleted if the highest principal strain reaches the
tension value.
= 0.999
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= 0.14
m1
f1
= 0.15
= 0.14
m1
= 0.151
f1
= 0.15
= 0.151
The maximum stress and the failure plastic strain are activated:
max
= 0.151
max
= 425 MPa
The element is removed if one layer (one integration point) of the element reaches the failure
tensile strain.
For further information about this law, refer to the RADIOSS Theory Manual and RADIOSS
User's Guide.
where,
d refers to the current damage (failure if d = 1)
*
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Ishell = 1
/FAIL
max
Johnson-Cook
failure model
Ishell = 2
/FAIL
only /FAIL
max
max
only /FAIL
max
D1 = 0.11
D1 = 0.09
D1 = 0.11
D1 = 0.09
D2 = 0.08
D2 = 0.08
D2 = 0.08
D2 = 0.08
D3 = -1.5
D3 = -1.5
D3 = -1.5
D3 = -1.5
max
= 0.151
max
= 0.151
max
= 425 MPa
max
= 425 MPa
For further information about this failure model, refer to the RADIOSS Theory Manual and
the RADIOSS User's Guide.
FLD Failure Model (Forming Limit Diagram) New Feature as of Version 51
This failure model uses the generic forming limit diagram, defined for the given material. The
curve is expressed in the area of principal strains (max and mini strains) and defines the
failure zone.
An input curve and the flag Ishell (same as Johnson-Cook model) are required. However, the
results obtained using Ishell = 1 and Ishell = 2 are very similar and only if Ishell = 1 is
presented.
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Two failure modes can be simulated by adjusting the diagram. Shells elements are deleted if
one layer is in the failure zone.
Explosive Perforation (Hole Creation)
Curve 1
Curve 2
For further information about this failure model, see the RADIOSS User's Guide.
max
max
Material law 27
max
Law 2
max
(without /FAIL)
Material law 2
Ishell = 1
Law 2 + /FAIL
/FAIL
max
max
only /FAIL
Ishell = 2
/FAIL
max
only /FAIL
max
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FLD 1
FLD 2
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In the /DEF_SHELL option defined in the input desk, the Istrain flag must be set to 1 for
computing strains in view of post-processing.
During simulation, failure of the elements can be checked in the output file
runname_0001.out.
Example of output file (extract):
[]
3869 0.5145
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
+00
3870 0.5147
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
+00
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
3871 0.5148
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
+00
3872 0.5149
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
+00
3873 0.5151
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
+00
3874 0.5152
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
+00
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
3875 0.5153
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
3876 0.5155
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
3877 0.5156
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
3878 0.5157
0.1330E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
3879 0.5159
0.1329E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
3880 0.5160
0.1329E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
-- RUPTURE OF SHELL ELEMENT NUMBER
3881 0.5161
0.1329E-03 SHELL
159 0.0%
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2451.
0.1692
2.336
0.0000E+00 0.0000E
2452.
0.1697
2.335
0.0000E+00 0.0000E
151
151
2453.
0.1694
2.361
0.0000E+00 0.0000E
2452.
0.7397
3.424
0.0000E+00 0.0000E
2446.
3.288
6.740
0.0000E+00 0.0000E
2443.
5.818
8.481
0.0000E+00 0.0000E
6.888
7.988
12.35
17.44
21.28
23.82
8.419
8.214
9.924
11.89
13.40
14.56
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
25.85
15.13
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
169
169
192
192
2443.
2443.
2437.
2430.
2425.
2421.
153
153
2419.
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
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[]
Fig 6: Perforation of the plate by the rigid sphere at 5 ms (case: Johnson-Cook failure model without failure plastic
strain, Ishell=2).
The following table compares the results provided by simulations in terms of plate
deformation, hole dimension, residual shells, etc.
Conclusion
The rupture of a circular plate, due to the impact of a rigid sphere was studied and several
failure models with different simulation parameters were compared. The results obtained
highlight the sensitivity of the numerical models to simulate the failure.
Laws 2 and 27, with or without the failure models were compared. The comparison shows
that the results are quite similar when coherent simulation parameters are used.
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Summary
This is mainly a demonstration example. An unusual application is used: In 1976, the
European Football (Soccer) Cup final was between the Bayern of Munich and Saint Etienne.
During the match, two shots from Saint Etienne rebound on the opposite bars, shaped as a
square cross-section. The fact that England is the only European country not having replaced
its square bars by round bars always makes French supporters believe that Saint Etienne
could have won the final if the bars had been round. This example provides an answer
through simulation. The controversy, however, will no doubt continue.
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Title
Football shot
Number
27.1
Brief Description
Simulation of a football (soccer) shooting impact on bars.
Keywords
Q4 and T3 meshes, and Orthotropic shell
Airbag modeling and sensor
Rigid cylinder
Initial velocity
RADIOSS Options
Initial velocity (/INIVEL)
Initial velocities around axis (/INIVEL/AXIS)
Monitored volume type airbag (/MONVOL/AIRBAG)
Rigid bodies (/RBODY)
Rigid cylinder (/RWALL)
Sensor (/SENSOR)
Compared to / Validation Method
Video films for a square cross-section case.
Input File
Bathenays shot: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/27_Football_shots/
Bathenay_circular/BAT_CIR*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/27_Football_shots/
Bathenay_square/BAT_SQR*
Santinis header: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/27_Football_shots/
Santini_circular/SANT_CIR*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/27_Football_shots/
Santini_square/SANT_SQR*
RADIOSS Version
51e
Technical / Theoretical Level
Medium
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Overview
Aim of the Problem
During the European football (Soccer) Cup final in 1976 (Bayern of Munich versus Saint
Etienne), a shot from Bathenay (Fig 1) and a header from Santini (Fig 2) rebounded off the
square cross-section frame of the German teams goal. The purpose of this demonstration is
to determine the influence of a square or a round cross-section bar for both cases.
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Fig 6: Trajectory of the ball for Bathenays shot (impact on a square and a round bar respectively).
Fig 7: Trajectory of the ball for Santinis head (impact on a square and a round bar respectively).
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Conclusion
Even using a simple modeling of the impact (bars modeled with rigid walls instead of parts),
the simulation provides quite accurate results in the case of a square cross-section when
simulations are compared to reality. The results obtained for the bars with a round crosssection show that the ball enters to the goal for both shots. However, several impact
parameters, such as friction and rotational velocity are estimated as calibrating the case of a
square cross-section. Conclusions on the results of the match in case of cylindrical bars
should be moderated.
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Summary
This example deals with the use of RADIOSS linear and nonlinear solvers. A beam submitted
to a concentrated load on one extremity and fixed on the other hand is studied. This problem
is well known and results can be compared with analytical solutions.
Different meshes are tested: beam, shell, thick-shell, and brick elements. For thick-shell
representation, different formulations are also tested: HA8, HSEPH, and 16-node thick-shell.
Moreover, this study tests with solvers: linear and nonlinear implicit solvers, as well as
nonlinear explicit solver. The linear solver is used for small displacements, whereas nonlinear
can solve more problems.
The main propose of this example is to illustrate how to prepare a RADIOSS deck for linear
analysis. It also demonstrates a high quality of RADIOSS finite elements to resolve linear and
nonlinear problems.
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Title
Analytical beam
Number
37.1
Brief Description
A cantilever beam submitted to a shear-bending is tested by RADIOSS linear and nonlinear
solvers. Different kinds of RADIOSS finite elements provide results close to the analytical
one.
Keywords
Linear solver
Beam, shell, thick-shell and brick elements
BATOZ, HA8 and HSEPH formulations
Dynamic relaxation and implicit solver
RADIOSS Options
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Concentrated load (/CLOAD)
Dynamic relaxation (/DYREL)
Implicit options (/IMPL)
Compared to / Validation Method
Analytical results
Input File
2 Bricks: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/37_Analytical_Beam/
Analytical_beam/2_bricks/explicit_nonlinear/POUTRE*
Linear: //.../2_bricks/implicit/Linear/.../POUTRE*
Nonlinear: //.../2_bricks/implicit/Nonlinear/.../POUTRE*
4 Bricks: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/37_Analytical_Beam/
Analytical_beam/4_bricks/explicit_nonlinear/POUTRE*
Linear: //.../4_bricks/implicit/linear/.../POUTRE*
Nonlinear: //.../4_bricks/implicit/nonlinear/.../POUTRE*
Beam: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/37_Analytical_Beam/
Analytical_beam/beam/explicit_nonlinear/POUTRE*
Linear: //.../beam/implicit/linear/.../POUTRE*
Nonlinear: //.../beam/implicit/nonlinear/.../POUTRE*
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Shell: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/37_Analytical_Beam/
Analytical_beam/shell/explicit_nonlinear/POUTRE*
Linear: //.../shell/implicit/linear/.../POUTRE*
Nonlinear: //.../shell/implicit/nonlinear/.../POUTRE*
Thick Shell: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/37_Analytical_Beam/
Analytical_beam/thick_shell/explicit_nonlinear/POUTRE*
Linear: //.../thick_shell/implicit/linear/.../POUTRE*
Nonlinear: //.../thick_shell/implicit/nonlinear/.../POUTRE*
RADIOSS Version
51f
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
Overview
Aim of the Problem
This study deals with two choices: finite element approach and resolution techniques.
Physical Problem Description
A simple beam is fixed on one extremity, and loaded on the other hand by concentrated load:
The material behavior is linear elastic law (/MAT/LAW1) with the following properties:
Density:
= 0.0078 g/mm3
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= 0.29
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Each formulation has particular properties (/PROP). Beam elements use the default
formulation (Ismstr = 0). Furthermore, in order to satisfy Timoshenkos beam assumptions,
with the following properties:
Cross section: 100 mm2
Moment of inertia: 833.33 mm4
This conducts to a shell thickness of 10 mm, where BATOZ shell formulation is used (Ishell =
12).
For the solid mesh, the HA8 formulation (Isolid = 14) is applied. No reduced pressure
integration is necessary for implicit computation, as the behavior is elastic (Icpre = 0).
For thick-shell elements (/PROP/TSHELL), several formulations are tested: HA8 (Isolid = 14),
HSEPH (Isolid = 15), and 16-node thick-shell (Isolid = 16), which require a specific nodal
connectivity, as shown below:
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When the loading is small enough, the beam behavior can be considered to be linear. Then,
the easiest way to resolve the problem is to use RADIOSS linear solver existing from version
51.
The implicit RADIOSS V51 solver considers a static loading. It needs to define some
parameters with the /IMPL option. Under the linear behavior assumption, RADIOSS linear
solver can be used by putting /IMPL/LINEAR in the rootname_0001.rad file. The nonlinear
implicit solver can be activated by /IMPL/NONLIN. To solve the equation, both methods need
a numerical linear solver as Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient solver (/IMPL/SOLVER/1).
The nonlinear explicit solver can also be used. In this case, the load is considered to be
applied dynamically. Then, the dynamic relaxation technique (/DYREL) allows to speed
converge to the static solution by introducing a numerical damping. That implies the
knowledge of the frequency to damp. To obtain the dominating period of the structure to
damp, you can look at the kinetic energy variation in time during the first phase of run. The
modal analysis solver by eigen values in RADIOSS V51 can also be used.
Analytical solution
Fig 4: Notation.
For nonlinear case, the Timoshenko and Gere study provides the following results [1]:
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684
For the nonlinear case, the results obtained by RADIOSS with explicit and implicit solvers are
in good concordance with the analytical solution of Timeshenko and Gere.
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The numerical error or the difference between the numerical results and the analytical
solution can be evaluated by:
(4)
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A schematic deformation mode for each case of mesh is shown in the following figures.
687
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Reference
[1] S.P. Timoshenko, J.M. Gere, "Mechanics of materials", D. Van Nostrand Co, 1972
689
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Summary
This example aims at demonstrating how to perform an FSI run using RADIOSS on a
relatively simple case. The maximum deflection of a flap in an interaction with a transient
fluid is computed once the stationary state is reached.
In this example, the two following points are emphasized:
How to set up an FSI case study
Fast description of the various options used in an ALE/CFD run (refer to the RADIOSS
Theory Manual for more information)
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690
Title
Biomedical Valve
Number
39.1
Brief Description
A Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) problem is studied. The RADIOSS ALE/CFD solver is used
to resolve the problem.
Keywords
FSI, CFD, and Fluid
INLET and OUTLET
Turbulent Fluid
RADIOSS Options
/MAT/BOUND
/ALE/MAT
/ALE/BCS
/PROP/FLUID
/VEL/ALE
Input File
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/39_Bio_Valve/BIO_VALVE/VALVE*
RADIOSS Version
51i
Technical / Theoretical Level
Skilled
Overview
Physical Problem Description
A simplified heart valve is modeled. The valve opens under the pressure of the incoming
blood flow. As the opening process of the valve is taken into account, the problem is
transient.
Additionally, fluid-structure interaction must be taken into account, as the flap deforms under
the pressure of the blood.
Units: Kg, m, s, N, Pa
691
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692
We can also specify extended boundary conditions for ALE nodes (grid velocity components
can be set to 0 or to the material velocity), or impose grid velocities or ALE links to any
nodes in a similar manner to classical kinematic conditions.
Nodal Boundary Conditions
Kinematic constraints act on material velocities and accelerations. In RADIOSS CFD, you can
define a wide variety of such constraints. For fluid applications, options of interest are:
fixed and full slip boundary conditions
imposed velocities (for example: imposed flux at inlet)
rigid links (temporary adds during restarts)
rigid bodies to model rigid structures and connections and also to compute drag and lift
forces (that is: fluid impulse on rigid body is stored in time history database)
Grid constraints act only on grid velocities. You can specify:
fixed and full slip grid conditions
Lagrangian conditions, that is: grid and material velocity are set equal.
ALE links to maintain regular distribution of nodes.
imposed grid velocities (for example: moving inlet and outlet)
Elementary Boundary Conditions
Boundary elements allow prescription of element values at domain boundaries. They can be
specified by assigning material law type 11 (or type 18 in purely thermal cases) to boundary
elements. Those are quads in 2D and solids in 3D. For each variable P, rho, T, k, epsilon,
internal energy, you can recommend:
imposed varying conditions according to user function
continuity
smoothly varying predefined function
Silent boundaries (material type 11, option 3) ensures free field impedance to pressure and
velocity fields.
With RADIOSS ALE/CFD, any combination of the above options can be specified. On the
counterpart, the closure of the various convection and diffusion equations has to be verified
carefully by you.
Generally the following elementary boundary conditions are used:
Inlet, flux is imposed using imposed velocities; density, energy, turbulent energy (that
is, k) are imposed as constants. Continuity is imposed for pressure (display purposes
only) and for epsilon. Turbulent energy, rho k is set to zero for external flows and to
1.5*rho*(0.06 Vin)2 for internal flows.
Outlet, continuity for all variables except pressure, which is imposed. When using the
silent boundary option, you need to provide a value for sound speed and a typical
relaxation length, which must be greater than the biggest wave length of interest.
Sides, continuity for all variables with silent boundary option or slip conditions without
boundary elements.
693
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694
A fluid material for the inlet to define density, energy and pressure of fluid (/MAT/
BOUND),
/MAT/BOUND
Rho = 960.0 Kg/m3
Ityp = 2 (General case)
Sound speed = 50.0 m/s
A fluid material for the outlet to define pressure of fluid outside the domain (/MAT/
BOUND).
/MAT/BOUND
Rho = 960.0 Kg/m3
Ityp = 3 (Silent boundary)
Sound speed = 50.0 m/s
Characteristic length = 1.0E-03 m
The format /ALE/MAT is assigned to each of fluid materials.
Two imposed velocity are applied to the inlet nodes:
Upper inlet: Vx= 1.253 m/s
Lower inlet: Vx= 0.849 m/s
The boundary conditions are defined in the following table:
Type
Position
Boundary Condition
/BCS
Lateral nodes
Translation Vz = 0
/ALE/BCS
Lateral nodes
Grid velocity Wz = 0
/BCS
Nodes domain on
the lateral edge of
flap
Translation Vz = 0
/ALE/BCS
Nodes domain on
the lateral edge of
flap
Wx = Vx
Wy = Vy
Wz = Vz
/BCS
Nodes on flap
Translation Vz = 0
Rotation Wx = 0
Rotation Wy = 0
/ALE/BCS
Nodes on flap
Wx = Vx
Wy = Vy
Wz = Vz
An interface type 2 is created to connect the nodes of fluid domain on the lateral edge of flap,
to the Lagrangian mesh of flap. Thus, the fluid domain is connected to the structural part.
With the use of this method, it is possible to have different meshes and mesh densities
between the fluid and the structure.
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The main purpose of this study is to obtain the maximum deflection of the flap in time.
Plotting the vertical displacement of the node 23360 given in the following graph in which the
flap position is stabilized at time t=1 s.
The pressure stabilization in time is shown in Fig 5 for elements 3370 and 3992.
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696
Fig 4: Vertical displacement of the free extremity (node 23360) of the flap in meter
697
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This example demonstrates RADIOSS capabilities to simulate transient Fluid-StructureInteractions. The use of the ALE formulation attached to a Lagrangian mesh is described.
Some elementary
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698
Summary
Two overlapping plates (aluminum) are connected by a rivet (titanium) forming a lap joint.
The aluminum and titanium materials are both defined by piece-wise linear elasto-plastic
law. The plates and the rivet are meshed with solid elements. The free end of the bottom
plate is constrained and the free end of the top plate is pulled (by applying imposed
displacement) to shear the joint. An all inclusive contact is defined such that all the
components in the model are master and all nodes of the model are slave.
This example is considered a static problem and the nonlinear implicit solver is used.
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Title
Lap joint
Number
40.1
Brief Description
A lap joint is fixed at one end and pulled at the other to shear the joint.
Keywords
Nonlinear large displacement analysis (NLGEOM)
Contact definition (CONTACT)
Plasticity and Piece-wise linear elasto-plastic material (MATX36 and TABLES1)
RADIOSS Options
Parameters for Geometric Nonlinear Implicit Static Analysis Control (NLPARMX)
Boundary conditions (SPC)
Imposed displacement (SPCD and NLOAD1)
Solid element (PSOLIDX)
Contact property for NLGEOM analysis (PCONTX)
Input File
Lap_joint: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/40_Lap_joint/lapjoint*
RADIOSS Version
11.0
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
Altair Engineering
700
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to demonstrate a nonlinear large displacement implicit
analysis (NLGEOM) involving elasto-plastic material and contact using RADIOSS.
Physical Problem Description
The top and bottom plates have a length of 30mm, width of 20mm and height of 1.5mm.
The rivet is 8mm in diameter and 6mm in height. The geometry of the joint is shown in
Figure 1. Due to symmetry only half of the joint is modeled.
The material used for the aluminum plates have the following properties:
Density: 1.2e-9 Mg/mm3
Youngs modulus: 71700 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.33
Yield stress: 350 MPa
The stress vs plastic strain plot for aluminum is shown in Figure 2.
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The material used for the titanium rivet has the following properties:
Density: 7.8e-9 Mg/mm3
Youngs modulus: 112000 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.34
Yield stress: 907 MPa
The stress vs plastic strain plot for titanium is shown in Figure 3.
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702
4
4
1
14
222
VAR
The imposed displacements are defined in FEM file using NLOAD1 card:
SPCD
572
2.5
LINEAR
LINEAR
0.0
0.0
1.0
TABLED1
+
NLOAD1
703
1.0ENDT
DISP
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GRID
LIST
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
SET
ELEM
PROP
CONTACT
7 OPENGAP
A small physical gap of around 0.02mm has been introduced between the top and bottom
plates and also between the plates and the rivet. The minimum gap specified (0.022) for the
contact is slightly higher than the physical gap for contact to take effect. A static Coulomb
friction of 0.05 is defined for the interface.
PCONT
PCONTX
AUTO
0.05
0.022
CONST
+
+
COUL
STIFF
The plasticity and contact causes major nonlinearities; therefore, a static nonlinear analysis
is performed using the arc-length displacement strategy. The time step is determined by a
displacement norm control.
The nonlinear implicit parameters used are:
Implicit type:
Static nonlinear
Nonlinear solver:
Termination criteria:
Tolerance:
0.01
5 iterations maximum
Arc-length
0.01
1e-5
0.05
AUTO
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704
20
0.8
1.02
Arc-length:
Automatic computation
Spring-back option:
No.
A solver method is required to resolve Ax=b in each iteration of a nonlinear cycle. The linear
implicit options used are:
Linear solver:
Direct (BCS)
Precondition methods:
Stop criteria:
Machine precision
The input nonlinear implicit options set in the FEM file are defined by NLPARMX:
NLPARM
100
0.01
NLPARMX
+
0.0
0.1
0.01
-1
BFGS
ARC
1e-5
0.05
AUTO
1.02
20
0.8
40
+
+
Refer to the RADIOSS manual for more details about implicit options.
The nonlinear large deformation analysis has to be defined through a subcase. An NLPARM
statement, as well as ANALYSIS=NLGEOM has to be present in the subcase. The termination
time of 1.0s is defined thru the TTERM entry.
SUBCASE
ANALYSIS NLGEOM
SPC =
10
NLPARM =
NLOAD =
9
7
TTERM = 1.000
705
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706
Summary
Four cantilever beams are analyzed. The objective is to evaluate the response of the beams
under (i) linear static analysis (small displacements) and (ii) geometric nonlinear analysis
(large displacements) with and without the application of follower forces.
Considering the example is a static problem, the nonlinear implicit solver is used.
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Title
Follower Force
Number
41.1
Brief Description
Cantilever beams.
Keywords
Nonlinear large displacement analysis (NLGEOM)
Termination time (TTERM)
RADIOSS Options
Parameters for Geometric Nonlinear Implicit Static Analysis Control (NLPARMX)
Boundary conditions (SPC)
Applied forces (FORCE, TABLED1, and NLOAD1)
Default shell element parameters (XSHLPRM)
Fixed coordinate system (CORD2R)
Moving coordinate system (CORD3R)
Input File
Follower force: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/41_Follower_force/
follow_force*
RADIOSS Version
11.0
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
Altair Engineering
708
Overview
Aim of the Problem
Follower forces imply that the direction of the load is assumed to rotate with the rotation at
the node (where the load is applied). The purpose of this example is to compare the
deformation characteristics of several cantilever beams with and without the application of
follower forces in a geometrically nonlinear implicit analysis (NLGEOM) and that in a
geometrically linear static analysis.
Physical Problem Description
The four beams are all identical with a length of 100mm, width of 10mm and thickness of
1mm.
11.0
24
1
2
VAR
1
NEWT
0.0
The loads and boundary conditions applied in the model are shown in Figure 2.
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The cantilever beams are constrained at one end and all dof and forces are applied at the
other end (15N are applied at the the two outer nodes as 30N is applied at the center node).
SPC
1234560.0
LINEAR
LINEAR
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0ENDT
8
1
130.0
30.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
30.0
100.0
0.0
FORCE
88
11.0
0.0
0.0
15.0
FORCE
89
11.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
FORCE
90
11.0
0.0
0.0
15.0
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100.0
710
For beam 3, loading is defined with a moving coordinate system (CORD3R) signifying the
follower force on beam 3. Geometric nonlinear analysis is performed on beam 3.
CORD3R
151
150
178
FORCE
151
31.0
0.0
0.0
15.0
FORCE
152
31.0
0.0
0.0
30.0
FORCE
153
31.0
0.0
0.0
15.0
Static nonlinear
Nonlinear solver:
Termination criteria:
Tolerance:
0.01
5 iterations maximum
Arc-length
0.5
1e-5
1.5
ENERGY
20
0.67
1.1
Arc-length:
Automatic computation
Spring-back option:
No.
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A solver method is required to resolve Ax=b in each iteration of a nonlinear cycle. The linear
implicit options used are:
Linear solver:
Direct (BCS)
Precondition methods:
Stop criteria:
Machine precision
The input nonlinear implicit options set in the FEM file are defined by NLPARMX:
NLPARM
0.0
+
NLPARMX
0.1
0.01
-1
40
Refer to the RADIOSS manual for more details about implicit options.
The nonlinear large deformation analysis has to be defined through a subcase. An NLPARM
statement, as well as ANALYSIS=NLGEOM has to be present in the subcase. The termination
time of 1.0s is defined thru the TTERM entry. The first subcase is linear static and the second
subcase is geometric nonlinear.
$HMNAME LOADSTEP
1"linstatic"
$
SUBCASE
SPC =
LOAD =
$
$HMNAME LOADSTEP
2"nlgeom"
15
$
SUBCASE
ANALYSIS NLGEOM
SPC =
NLPARM =
NLOAD =
1
7
TTERM = 1.0
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712
Figure 4 shows the differences in deformation characteristics with and without the application
of follower forces for geometrically linear and geometrically nonlinear analyses.
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Fig 4: Comparison of deformations for geometrically linear, geometrically nonlinear without application of follower
force and geometrically nonlinear analysis with follower force applied
Whether follower force should be applied or not depends on the application. For situations
where the applied force rotates with the rotation of the load application point, follower forces
should be defined for correct representation of the physical situation. In all other situations
where the direction of the force remains constant, follower forces do not need to be
considered.
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714
Summary
The model consists of a deformed rubber ring resting on a flat, rigid surface. Another circular
rigid impactor rests at the top of the ring, and is in contact with the ring at just a point.
Contact is defined between the rigid surfaces and the outside surface of the ring ands selfcontact is defined in the inside surface of the ring. The loading is applied in two steps in the
first step, the circular indenter is pushed down enough to produce self-contact of the inside
surface of the ring. In the second step, the indenter is simultaneously translated and rotated
such that the crushed ring rolls along the flat rigid surface producing a constantly changing
region of contact.
This example is considered a static problem and the nonlinear implicit solver is used.
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Title
Rubber-ring
Number
42.1
Brief Description
A rubber ring resting on a flat rigid surface is pushed down by a circular indenter to produce
self-contact on the inside surface of the ring. Then the indenter is simultaneously rolled and
translated so that crushed ring rolls along the flat surface.
Keywords
Nonlinear implicit large displacement analysis
Self-contact
Hyper-elastic material
RADIOSS Options
Hyper-elastic rubber material (/MAT/LAW42)
Boundary conditions (/BCS)
Releasing of dof (/BCSR)
Imposed displacement (/IMPDISP)
Incompressible solid element (/PROP/SOLID)
Contact definition (/INTER/TYPE7)
Implicit analysis (/IMPL)
Input File
Rubber_ring: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/42_Rubber_ring/
rubber_ring*
RADIOSS Version
11.0
Technical / Theoretical Level
Beginner
Altair Engineering
716
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to demonstrate a nonlinear large displacement implicit
analysis involving hyper-elastic material and contacts using RADIOSS.
Physical Problem Description
The deformed ring has an inner diameter of six units and an outer diameter of 8 units and
the thickness of the ring is 0.67 units. The diameter of the circular rigid indenter is 2 units.
The thickness of the rigid flat surface and the circular impactor is 0.01units. A question that
might come to mind is: "Why a half-symmetric model is not be used in this example?" Now,
even though the loading in the first step is symmetric, the loading in the second step is not,
so the full model had to used for the example to simulate the loading of both the steps.
The hyper-elastic rubber ring has been modeled using the Ogden, Mooney-Rivlin material (/
MAT/LAW42) with the following properties:
1: 0.7
2: -0.5
1: 2.0
2: -2.0
Poissons ratio: 0.495
The rigid barriers (indenter and flat surface) have been modeled using elastic material. But a
1D rigid link has been connected to all the nodes of each of the barriers, making them
essentially rigid. The material used for the rigid barriers has the following properties:
Density: 7.9e-9
Youngs modulus: 600 MPa
Poissons ratio: 0.3
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The ring has been modeled using first order fully-integrated solid elements.
/PROP/SOLID/5
WHEEL
14
10
222
The flat surface and indenter have been modeled using the first order reduced integration
shell elements with three integration points through the thickness. Full integration elements
were not considered as we are not interested in any detailed post-processing of the barrier.
/PROP/SHELL/6
BARRIER
1
0.01
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718
The boundary conditions applied to the flat rigid surface and circular indenter in step 1 are
shown in Figure 4.
The flat surface is constrained in all dof's, while the impactor is pushed down by 6.22 units in
Y-axis so much that self-contact is established within the inner surface of the ring.
Fig 4: Boundary conditions applied to flat surface and indenter in 1st step
In the second step, the top indenter is to be simultaneously translated and rotated such that
the wheel in the crushed configuration rolls along the flat rigid surface in X direction. So,
the X translation and ZZ rotations of the circular indenter have to be released from the
primary node of /RBODY. Additionally, the center nodes of the ring that were constrained in
X dof (as shown in Fig 3) need to be released for the ring to roll along the flat surface. So,
the Engine file for the second step has the following cards representing release of the abovementioned degrees of freedom.
/BCSR/TRA/X/
5 6 8 9 15 16 17 18
87 88 89 93 94 95 241 242
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30
0.5
000
0.055
Also, since the contact involved is between a rigid part and a very soft hyper-elastic material,
it is advisable that the E*h (Youngs modulus * thickness) of the rigid part be approximately
the same order as the bulk modulus of the rubber material.
RADIOSS Options Used
The hyper-elasticity and contact causes major nonlinearities. Therefore, a static nonlinear
analysis is performed using the arc-length displacement strategy. The time step is
determined by a displacement norm control.
The nonlinear implicit parameters used are:
Implicit type:
Static nonlinear
Nonlinear solver:
Termination criteria:
Tolerance:
0.001
5 iterations maximum
Arc-length
0.001
1e-6
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720
0.001
AUTO
15
0.8
1.1
Arc-length:
Automatic computation
Spring-back option:
No
Direct
Precondition methods:
Stop criteria:
Machine precision
/IMPL/NONLIN/2
5
0.001
/IMPL/SOLVER/3
5
/IMPL/DTINI
0.0
0.001
/IMPL/DT/STOP
1e-6
721
-------
0.001
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/IMPL/DT/2
------ Time step control method 2 Arc-length + Line-search
will be used with this method to accelerate and control convergence.
6
15
/IMPL/AUTOSPC/ALL
/IMPL/LSEARCH/3
/IMPL/RREF/INTER/5
0.8
1.1
Refer to the RADIOSS manual for more details about implicit options.
Figure 6 shows the slide of the crushed rubber ring along the flat rigid surface after the
indenter has been simultaneously translated and rotated.
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722
The stresses in the rubber ring after it has been crushed and sliding along the flat rigid
surface are shown in Figure 7.
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Summary
Polynomial EOS is often used by RADIOSS to compute hydrodynamic pressure. It is cubic in
compression and linear in expansion.
where,
(1)
and
(2)
Mathematical
model
Pressure
Energy
,E
absolute
absolute
,E
relative
absolute
, E
relative
relative
absolute
relative
3
4
, E
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724
Title
Perfect Gas Modeling
with
Polynomial EOS
Number
43.1
Brief Description
Polynomial EOS is used to model perfect gas. Pressure or energy can be absolute values or
relative. Material law 6 (/MAT/HYDRO) is used to build material cards for each of these
cases.
Keywords
Perfect gas
Polynomial EOS
Absolute / Relative formulations
Pressure shift
RADIOSS Options
Hydrodynamic fluid material (/MAT/LAW6 (HYDRO))
Imposed displacement (/IMPDISP)
Boundary conditions (/ALE/BCS)
Compare to / Validation method
Input File
Model 1: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/43_perfect_gas_polynomial_eos/01-Pabsolute_Eabsolute/*
Model 2: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/43_perfect_gas_polynomial_eos/02-Prelative_Eabsolute/*
Model 3: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/43_perfect_gas_polynomial_eos/03-Prelative_Erelative/*
Model 4: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/43_perfect_gas_polynomial_eos/04-Pabsolute_Erelative/*
RADIOSS Version
9.0
725
Altair Engineering
Overview
Aim of the Problem
The purpose of this example is to plot numerical pressure, internal energy, and sound speed
for a perfect gas material law. Comparison to theoretical results is made. Control cards for
Absolute and Relative formulations will be used.
Physical Problem Description
This test consists with an elementary volume of perfect gas undergoing spherical expansion
and compression.
= 1.204 kg/m3
=0
The fluid will be assumed to be a perfect gas. Volume is changed in the three directions to
consider a pure compression (-1 < < 0) followed by an expansion of matter (0 < ). See
Figure 1.
This test will be modeled with a single ALE element (8 node brick) and polynomial EOS.
Evolutions of pressure, internal energy and sound speed will be compared between numerical
output and theoretical results.
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726
Fig 1: Elementary volume change. Length is modified with /IMPDISP card; its influences on V and
are plotted.
(1)
and
(2)
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Altair Engineering
are called hydrodynamic coefficients and they are input flags. Hypothesis on the
material behavior allows determining of these coefficients:
General case corresponds to Mie-Guneisen EOS (see Appendix C of the Theory Manual)
Incompressible gas
Linear elastic material
Perfect gas
This example is focused only on Perfect Gas modeling.
Theoretical Results
The purpose of this section is to plot pressure, internal energy, and sound speed in function
of the single parameter V or .
1. Pressure
Perfect gas pressure is given by:
PV
1 Eint
(3)
Then,
dEint
P dV
dP
dV
P
V
y'
y Cst.x
Pressure is also polytropic:
PV
PoVo
V
P(V ) P 0 0
V
(4)
Here, is the material constant (ratio of heat capacity). For diatomic gas
made mainly of diatomic gas, so set gamma to 1.4 for air.
Altair Engineering
=1.4. Air is
728
2. Internal Energy
Equations (3) and (4) lead to the immediate result:
3. Sound Speed
Perfect gas sound speed is:
(5)
Equation (4) gives its expression in term of volume:
The theoretical results are listed in the table below. Pressure, internal energy, and sound
speed are expressed both in function of V and .
Pressure (Pa)
PREF(V
)
PREF( )
eREF(V)
eREF( )
cREF( )
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Modeling Methodology
A single ALE brick element is used. Material is confined inside the element by defining brick
nodes as Lagrangian. For each face, displacement is imposed on the four nodes along the
normal.
Material law 6 (/MAT/HYDRO) is used and describes the hydrodynamic viscous fluid material.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
/MAT/LAW6/mat_ID or /MAT/HYDRO/mat_ID
mat_title
i
C0
C1
Pmin
Psh
C4
C5
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C2
C3
E0
730
Pressure Shift
Material law 6 introduces flag Psh which allows shifting computed pressure in the polynomial
equation of state:
RADIOSS Engine shifts C0 flag and computed pressure P( ,E) with an offset of -Psh.
Minimum Pressure
The theoretical value is Pmin = 0 Pa (absolute pressure) with a default value of -1030, to
allow negative value in relative pressure formulation.
This flag has to be manually offset with -Psh.
,E
,E
, E
P
, E
with
731
Altair Engineering
Expanding this expression and identifying the polynomial coefficients leads to:
,E
C4 C5
where,
2. Corresponding Input
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
/MAT/LAW6/mat_ID or /MAT/HYDRO/mat_ID
AbsolutePRESSURE_AbsoluteENERGY
i
C4 =
-1
C5 =
-1
3. Output Results
Time
History
Initial
Value
Measure
Unit
/TH/BRICK (P)
P0
Pressure
/TH (IE)
Eint (= E x V0)
E0V0
Energy
/TH/BRICK (IE)
Eint / V
E0
Pressure
Altair Engineering
732
,E
Internal energy can be obtained through two different ways. The first one is internal
energy density (Eint / V) recorded by element time history (RADIOSS /TH/BRICK). The
second one is the internal energy from the global time history
model is composed of a single element.
because the
,E
Expanding this expression and identifying with polynomial coefficients leads to:
P( ,E) = P( ,E) = Psh = -Psh + (C4 + C5 )E
where,
733
Altair Engineering
2. Minimum Pressure
Then, the minimum pressure must be set to a non-zero value Pmin = -P0.
3. Corresponding Input
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
/MAT/LAW6/mat_ID or /MAT/HYDRO/mat_ID
RelativePRESSURE_AbsoluteENERGY
i
-P0
P0
C4 =
-1
C5 =
-1
4. Output Result
Time History
/TH/BRICK (P)
Measure
P
Initial
Value
Unit
Pressure
/TH (IE)
Eint (= E x V0)
E0V0
Energy
/TH/BRICK (IE)
Eint / V
E0
Pressure
Altair Engineering
734
,E
Internal energy can be obtained through two different ways. The first one is internal
energy density (Eint / V) recorded by element time history (RADIOSS /TH/BRICK). The
second one is the internal energy from the global time history
model is composed of a single element.
because the
,E
735
Altair Engineering
Expanding this expression and identifying with polynomial coefficients leads to:
P( , E) = P( ,E) - Psh = C0 - Psh + C1 + (C4 + C5 ) E
where,
C0 = C1 = E0( - 1)
C4 = C5 =
-1
E0 = 0
Psh = P0
2. Minimum Pressure
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
/MAT/LAW6/mat_ID or /MAT/HYDRO/mat_ID
RelativePRESSURE_RelativeENERGY
i
E0( - 1)
E0( - 1)
-P0
P0
C4 =
-1
C5 =
-1
4. Output Results
Time History
Measure
Initial Value
Unit
/TH/BRICK (P)
Pressure
/TH (IE)
Energy
/TH/BRICK (IE)
Pressure
Altair Engineering
736
, E
Internal energy can be obtained through two different ways. The first one is internal
energy density (Eint / V) recorded by element time history (RADIOSS /TH/BRICK).
The second one is the internal energy from the global time history
because
the model is composed of a single element. This numerical internal energy is relative
to its initial value; it is shifted with the E0V0 value from the absolute theoretical one
and also starts from 0.
, E
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Altair Engineering
Expanding this expression and identifying with polynomial coefficients leads to:
P( ,E) = C0 + C1 + (C4 + C5 ) E
Where,
C0 = C1 = E0 ( - 1)
C4 = C5 =
-1
2. Corresponding Input
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
/MAT/LAW6/mat_ID or /MAT/HYDRO/mat_ID
AbsolutePRESSURE_RelativeENERGY
i
E0( - 1)
E0( - 1)
C4 =
-1
C5 =
-1
3. Output Results
Time
History
/TH/BRICK (P)
Initial
Value
Measure
P
Unit
P0
Pressure
/TH (IE)
Energy
/TH/BRICK (IE)
Pressure
Altair Engineering
738
, E
Internal energy can be obtained through two different ways. The first one is internal
energy density ( Eint / V) recorded by element time history (RADIOSS /TH/BRICK).
The second one is the internal energy from the global time history
because the model is composed of a single element. This numerical internal energy is
relative to its initial value; it is shifted with the E0V0 value from the absolute
theoretical one and also starts from 0.
, E
Then,
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Altair Engineering
is:
In case of an isentropic transformation (i.e. reversible and adiabatic), the change of internal
energy Eint with volume V and pressure P is given by:
dEint = -PdV
Using relation which links Eint and E leads to:
(5)
This expression allows computing the sound speed for a given equation of state P( ,E). In
the case of perfect gas, it was shown that for each type of formulation (absolute or relative),
EOS can be written:
P( ,E) = C0 + C1 + (C4 + C5 )E
Equation (5) is used to compute sound speed:
Altair Engineering
740
(6)
C1
-1
-1
c = cREF
-1
-1
c = cREF
E0( - 1)
E0( -
-1
-1
c = cREF
E0( - 1)
-1
-1
c = cREF
1)
E0( 1)
C4
C5
Comparison with
theoretical value
Case
c2 from Eq (5)
For each of the four formulations, the computed sound speed by RADIOSS is the same as the
theoretical one. Time step and cycle number are also not affected.
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Altair Engineering
Summary
The aim of this example is to introduce high quality time step control Advanced Mass Scaling
(AMS). Time step will be computed by RADIOSS. Small element sizes may lead to small time
step and; therefore, occupy many CPU sources. Increase time step could use time step
control, but using old option of time step control will for example increase the mass or
kinematic energy. If the increase is not small enough, it will affect the solution, but with this
high quality time step control AMS, there is no change in inertia effects on translational
global acceleration, non-diagonal mass added. With AMS we got similar results like the old
one, but with much less computation time.
Altair Engineering
742
Title
Blow Molding with
AMS
Number
44.1
Brief Description
Blow molding with Advanced Mass Scaling (AMS).
Keywords
Advanced Mass Scaling (/AMS)
Time Step for Advanced Mass Scaling (/DT/AMS/Iflag)
Type 7 interface (/INTER/TYPE7)
Visco Elastic Plastic Piecewise Linear Material law (/MAT/LAW66)
Shell property (/PROP/SHELL)
Rayleigh damping (/DAMP)
RADIOSS Options
Boundary condition (/BCS)
Rigid body (/RBODY)
Impose displacement (/IMPDISP)
Pressure Load (/PLOAD)
Input File
EXAMPLE44: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/44_blow_molding_ams/
E4_66_AMS/*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/44_blow_molding_ams/
E4_66_no_dt_control/*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/44_blow_molding_ams/
E4_66_Noda_CST/*
RADIOSS Version
10.0 and 11.0
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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Altair Engineering
Overview
Description of the Physical Problem
A hollow plastic parison (tube-like) has been formed. Then the parison is clamped into a
mold and air is pumped into it. Here we use pressure load to modeling air pressure. Let it
push the plastic out and then match the mold. The dimension of the parision is cylinder with
30mm and its thickness 2mm. The dimension of the mold is 207mm x 120 mm and its
thickness is 1.0 mm.
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744
Imposed displacement:
Two molds are moved in opposite directions with imposed displacement.
Interface:
Type 7 interface has been defined between mold and plastic parison with friction 0.7.
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Altair Engineering
Performance
Using the AMS technique, CPU time is reduced by a factor of approximately 3, in this case.
Below shows results comparison of tests:
Without time step control (no mass scaling)
With standard mass scaling /DT/NODE/CST
With AMS
Table 1: Results of model computation with and without AMS
Without time
step control
With standard
mass scaling /
DT/NODA/CST
With AMS
Time step(s)
0.157e-04
0.34e-04
1.5700e-03
Total Number
of cycle
78198
24278
6966
Altair Engineering
746
Without time
step control
With standard
mass scaling /
DT/NODA/CST
With AMS
5.015e+03 s
1.517e+3 s
1.429E+03 s
Speed-up
3.31
3.51
Results quality
Bad
Good
CPU time(s)
Fig. 4: Plastic strain for tests without time step control (no mass scaling). With /DT/NODA/CST and with AMS at
time 0.4s.
It shows at time 0.4s for the same speed up factor with AMS we got more accurate results
compare with no mass scaling test than with node mass scaling.
Conclusion
To obtain a CPU saving factor of about 3, the target time step should be about 10 times
higher than the one without AMS; AMS treatment itself is taking some CPU cost.
Standard mass scaling technique can also speed up the calculation by a factor of about 3, but
the results quality will be affected.
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Altair Engineering
In general, AMS technique for a given speed up, gives more accurate results than standard
mass scaling.
The AMS technique does not change the total mass; the mass is added only on non-diagonal
terms of the mass matrix.
It is applicable to the entire model
There is no change in inertia effects on translational global acceleration
Note:
Result accuracy, in terms of stress and strains, is normally not affected; by the way
AMS is affecting Eigen modes of the structure(s) to which it is applied. Higher
frequencies are lowered.
AMS technique is highly scalable; large models could show even more significant speed
up factors.
Altair Engineering
748
Example 45 - Multi-Domain
Summary
The multidomain technique aims at optimizing performance of large scale RADIOSS models
containing one sub-domain with significant time step discrepancy, often related to mesh
refinement differences. It makes possible the split of a whole model into master domain and
several sub-domains. Each domain is computed as a separate RADIOSS model, using its own
timestep. The force and momentum transfers between them are managed by a separate
program insuring stability constraints. The aim of this example is to show you how to use the
new Multi-Domain Single Input Format and how to prepare a model.
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Title
Multi-Domain
Number
45.1
Brief Description
Separate the whole model into master domain and sub-domain and solve each one with its
own timestep. The new Multidomain Single Input Format makes the sub-domain part
definition with the /SUBDOMAIN keyword.
Keywords
Multidomain Decomposition (/SUBDOMAIN)
Multidomain Coupling (/RAD2RAD/ON)
/INTER/TYPE2
Input File
FRAME_MODIFIED: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/45multidomain_tied/monodomain/*
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/45-multidomain_tied/multidomain/*
RADIOSS Version
11.0-SA1-220
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
Altair Engineering
750
Overview
Description of the Physical Problem
The bumper beam impacts the rigid cylinder (254 mm diameter) with an initial velocity of
5m/s. The crash box behind the bumper is fixed in all directions, except translation in x
direction - the pillar is fixed in all directions.
The pillar is fixed in all directions.
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Altair Engineering
Starter
Remark:
We must keep the subdomain_title in /SUBDOMAIN the same as the sub-domain Engine
file root_name.
In this example, the subdomain_title in /SUBDOMAIN is FINE_MESH. Therefore, the
Engine sub-domain is FINE_MESH_0001.rad.
2. /RAD2RAD/ON must be present in both Engine files:
In order to use the multidomain technique, /RAD2RAD/ON in both Engine files needs to
be defined, so that the multidomain coupling can be established.
Altair Engineering
752
In this example, sub-domain will not impact the master domain during the simulation. So, we
just define two self-contacts for each domain. In case the sub-domain impacts the master
domain during the simulation, it is recommended to define the following four contact
interfaces type 7.
Two internal contact interfaces (/INTER/TYPE7) each one treated in its own domain:
Contact interface 1: self-contact interface for the master domain
Contact interface 2: self-contact interface for the sub-domain
Two contact interfaces (/INTER/TYPE7) for the interaction between domains treated in
the sub-domain:
Contact interface 3: contact subframe / car subframe on the slave side
Contact interface 4: contact car / subframe subframe on the master side
In this case, if all contacts are treated in one single contact (/INTER/TYPE7), every element
of the model would impact the sub-domain and all the elements of the model would be
duplicated in the sub-domain. If the model is large, the multi-domain interface would be
huge, the CPU cost of RAD2RAD would be very high; therefore, the performance of the
computation is very poor. The warning message Multi-Domains interface is too big will be
printed by Starter, in this instance.
Units: mm, ms, kg, N , GPa
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Altair Engineering
Mono-Domain (1)
free DT control
CPU
Timestep [ms]
CPU time [s]
Elapsed time [s]
Master domain
free DT control
Sub-domain
free DT
control
2E-04
8E-04
2E-04
5.93E+03
0.67E+03
2.64E+03
5.9E+03
3.3E+03
For Test 1 the timestep will be controlled by the fine mesh part. In order to avoid small
timesteps, you could use the multi-domain approach (Test 2). The master domain (coarse
mesh part) has a free timestep of about 8e-4 ms and the sub-domain (fine mesh part) has a
timestep of about 2e-4 ms. The total calculation time is only 3.3e-3 s (almost 2 times faster
than Test 1). Fig 3 shows same failure behavior between Test 1 and Test 2. Fig 4 and Fig 5
show exactly the same results between Test 1 and 2. So, Test 2 is faster and provides same
results quality as in Test 1.
Altair Engineering
754
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Altair Engineering
When using multi-domain, the performance will be more significant for large models or for
cases where the fine mesh part represents less than 30% of the whole model (50% here is a
lot).
The RADIOSS domains are treated sequentially, which means that only one RADIOSS process
is running at a time. The full CPU resource is automatically allocated to the running process
and the other is put into a no CPU consuming idle mode.
Altair Engineering
756
Conclusion
By using the multidomain approach, the computation time can be reduced significantly, with
preserving high quality results.
The new single input file format makes the multi-domain more user friendly, compared to the
set-up process in earlier versions.
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Altair Engineering
Summary
The Cylinder Expansion Test is an experimental test used to characterize the adiabatic
expansion of detonation products. It allows determining JWL EOS parameters.
It consists in a copper cylinder filled with an explosive (here TNT). Detonation is initiated at
the bottom of the explosive with a planar detonation wave. It propagates along cylinder axis
and radial expansion of the copper cylinder is measured at a given point of external surface.
In order to simulate this experience, a model is created with the following details:
3D mesh of a quarter-cylinder with eight node brick elements
Jones Wilkins Lee Equation-of-State for TNT detonation products (/MAT/JWL)
Hydrodynamic Johnson-Cook material law for the copper cylinder (/MAT/HYD_JCOOK)
Multi-Material Solid, Liquid, and Gas material law (/MAT/LAW51)
The simulation results are then compared to the experiment data.
Altair Engineering
758
Title
Cylinder
Expansion Test
with Lagrange
formulation
Number
46.1
Brief Description
Detonation is initiated at the bottom of the explosive. Radial expansion of the cylinder is
measured and compared to experimental data.
Keywords
Lagrange formulation
Jones Wilkins Lee EOS (/MAT/JWL)
Hydrodynamic Johnson-Cook Material (/MAT/LAW4)
Gruneisen equation of state (/EOS/GRUNEISEN)
Brick elements
RADIOSS Options
Axisymmetrical analysis (/ANALY)
Solid property (/PROP/SOLID)
Boundary condition (/BCS)
Detonation plan (/DFS/DETPLAN)
Time history on node (/TH/NODE)
Input File
Cylinder
Test:
<install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/46_TNT_Cylinder_Expansion_Test/Lagrange/*
RADIOSS Version
V11.0.240
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
759
Altair Engineering
Overview
Physical Problem Description
The purpose of this example is to show how to simulate the cylinder expansion test and
compare the simulation result to experimental data.
A OFHC copper cylinder (1.53cm diameter, 0.26cm thickness, 30.5cm height) is filled with an
explosive (TNT). Detonation is initiated at the bottom of the explosive. Radial expansion is
measured at a length of 8*D cm.
Since this problem is axisymmetric, only a quarter of the cylinder is modeled.
Altair Engineering
760
RHO_I
1.63
R1
R2
4.15
.95
OMEGA
3.7121
.3
#
.0323
P_CJ
.693
.21
E0
.07
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
Using Hydrodynamic Johnson-Cook material law (/MAT/LAW4), the Copper cylinder material
has the following characteristics:
Initial density = 8.96
E-Module = 1.24
Poisson = 0.35
A = 0.9e-3
B = 0.292e-2
N = 0.31
max
= 0.0066
C = 0.025
0
= 1e-5
M = 1.09
0 Cp
= 3.461e-3
Tmelt = 1656
The Gruneisen equation of state (/EOS/GRUNEISEN) is used for copper with the following
characteristics:
C = 0.394
S1 = 1.489
0 = 1.97
a = 0.47
E0 = 8.96
761
Altair Engineering
Altair Engineering
762
A scale factor of 0.5 (on time step for all elements) is used for this type of application.
In solid properties, qa and qb default values are used. These values have to be changed
depending of the formulation (ALE, Euler).
Isolid is set to 14 for copper solid properties.
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Altair Engineering
Isolid
Ismstr
dn
0
Icpre
0
Inpts
0
Irot
0
Iframe
0
0
#
q_a
q_b
0
#
dt_min
h
0
istrain
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
Isolid
Ismstr
dn
14
Icpre
Inpts
0
Irot
Iframe
0
#
q_a
dt_min
q_b
0
0
h
0
istrain
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
Altair Engineering
764
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Altair Engineering
The following diagram shows the comparison between the experimental and simulation
measurement of radial expansion.
Conclusion
Good correlation between experimental and simulation results. A thinner meshing could
improve the correlation between simulation and experimental curves.
Elapsed time for simulation: t = 11 441 s, 8514 cycles, (4 cpu intel core i7 Q 840 @ 1.87
GHz).
As the model is Lagrangian, the mesh becomes very distorted at the end of the simulation to obtain a
proper mesh, it is possible to use the Euler method.
References
[1] Adiabatic Expansion of high explosive detonation products, LANL, Wilkins (1969)
[2] A Constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and
high temperatures, Gordon R. Johnson, William H. Cook
Altair Engineering
766
767
Altair Engineering
Overview
Physical Problem Description
The purpose of this example is to show how to simulate the cylinder expansion test and
compare the simulation result to experimental data.
A OFHC copper cylinder (1.53cm diameter, 0.26cm thickness, 30.5cm height) is filled with an
explosive (TNT). Detonation is initiated at the bottom of the explosive. Radial expansion is
measured at a length of 8*D cm. With an Euler formulation, the air has to be modeled to be
able to measure radial expansion.
Since this problem is axisymmetric, only a quarter of the cylinder is modeled.
Altair Engineering
768
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
RHO_I
RHO_0
8.96
#
Iflg
10
P_ext
NU
0
#
C_01
ALPHA_1
1
LAMDA
RHO_01
E_01
P_min1
8.96
C_21
C_31
C_41
1.372
.87
1E-6
#
C_51
C_11
1.38
.87
#
G_1
CC_1
SIGMA_Y_1
.519
9E-4
N_1
.00292
.31
EPSILON_DOT_0_1
.025
#
Rhocv_1
BB_1
1E-6
CM_1
T_10
1.09
T_1melt
T_1limit
1656
3.461E-5
#
EPSILON_max_1
SIGMA_max_1
0
#
C_02
ALPHA_2
0
K_A1
K_B1
RHO_02
E_02
P_min2
.0012
2.5E-6
-1E-20
C_22
C_32
C_42
.4
0
#
C_52
C_12
0
.4
#
G_2
SIGMA_Y_2
0
#
CC_2
N_2
EPSILON_DOT_0_2
0
#
Rhocv_2
BB_2
0
0
CM_2
T_20
T_2melt
T_2limit
0
#
769
EPSILON_max_2
SIGMA_max_2
K_A2
K_B2
Altair Engineering
0
#
C_03
ALPHA_3
RHO_03
E_03
P_min3
C_23
C_33
C_43
0
#
C_53
C_13
0
0
#
G_3
SIGMA_Y_3
0
#
CC_3
N_3
EPSILON_DOT_0_3
0
#
Rhocv_3
BB_3
0
0
CM_3
T_30
T_3melt
T_3limit
0
#
EPSILON_max_3
SIGMA_max_3
0
#
C_04
ALPHA_4
K_A3
K_B3
RHO_04
E_04
1.63
.07
0
P_min4
-1E-20
1E-6
#
B_1
B_2
3.712
.0323
R_1
R_2
W
4.15
.95
.3
#
P_CJ
.693
.21
C_14
0.036
/EULER/MAT/1
#
Modif. factor.
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|--10----|
Using Multi-Material Solid, Liquid, and Gas material law (/MAT/LAW51), the TNT material has
the following characteristics:
Initial density = 1.63
Explosive cavitation pressure Pmin = -1e-20
Initial explosive pressure C04 = 1e-6
Explosive coefficient B1 = 3.712
Explosive coefficient B2 = 0.0323
Explosive coefficient R1 = 4.15
Explosive coefficient R2 = 0.95
Explosive coefficient
= 0.3
Altair Engineering
770
Chapman Jouget parameters allow to compute detonation time and burn fraction evolution:
Detonation velocity D = 0.693
Chapman Jouguet pressure PCJ = 0.21
Initial explosive energy per unit initial volume E04 = 0.07
RADIOSS Card (TNT)
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|--10----|
/MAT/LAW51/2
TNT
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#
RHO_I
RHO_0
1.63
Iflg
10
P_ext
NU
0
#
C_01
ALPHA_1
0
LAMDA
RHO_01
E_01
P_min1
8.96
C_21
C_31
C_41
1.372
.87
1E-6
#
C_51
C_11
1.38
.87
#
G_1
SIGMA_Y_1
.519
#
CC_1
N_1
.00292
.31
EPSILON_DOT_0_1
.025
#
Rhocv_1
BB_1
9E-4
1E-6
CM_1
T_10
1.09
T_1melt
T_1limit
1656
3.461E-5
#
EPSILON_max_1
SIGMA_max_1
0
#
C_02
ALPHA_2
0
K_A1
K_B1
RHO_02
E_02
P_min2
.0012
2.5E-6
-1E-20
C_22
C_32
C_42
.4
0
#
C_52
C_12
0
.4
#
G_2
SIGMA_Y_2
0
#
CC_2
771
N_2
0
EPSILON_DOT_0_2
0
#
BB_2
CM_2
T_20
T_2melt
T_2limit
Altair Engineering
Rhocv_2
0
0
#
EPSILON_max_2
SIGMA_max_2
0
#
C_03
ALPHA_3
K_A2
K_B2
RHO_03
E_03
P_min3
C_23
C_33
C_43
0
#
C_53
C_13
0
0
#
G_3
SIGMA_Y_3
0
#
CC_3
N_3
EPSILON_DOT_0_3
0
#
Rhocv_3
BB_3
0
0
CM_3
T_30
T_3melt
T_3limit
0
#
EPSILON_max_3
SIGMA_max_3
0
#
C_04
ALPHA_4
1
K_A3
K_B3
RHO_04
E_04
1.63
.07
0
P_min4
-1E-20
1E-6
#
B_1
B_2
3.712
.0323
R_1
R_2
W
4.15
.95
.3
#
P_CJ
.693
.21
C_14
0.036
/EULER/MAT/2
#
Modif. factor.
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|--10----|
Using the Multi-Material Solid, Liquid, and Gas material law (/MAT/LAW51, the Air material
has the following characteristics:
Initial density = 0.0012
Initial energy per unit initial volume E02 = 2.5e-6
Hydrodynamic cavitation pressure Pmin = -1e-20
Hydrodynamic coefficient C42 = 0.4
Hydrodynamic coefficient C52 = 0.4
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772
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
RHO_I
RHO_0
.0012
#
Iflg
10
P_ext
NU
0
#
C_01
ALPHA_1
RHO_01
8.96
LAMDA
0
E_01
0
P_min1
0
1E-6
#
C_51
C_11
C_21
1.38
1.372
C_31
0
C_41
.87
.87
#
G_1
CC_1
#
Rhocv_1
CM_1
SIGMA_Y_1
.519
9E-4
BB_1
.00292
N_1
.31
EPSILON_DOT_0_1
.025
1E-6
T_10
1.09
T_1melt
1656
T_1limit
0
3.461E-5
#
EPSILON_max_1
SIGMA_max_1
0
#
C_02
ALPHA_2
RHO_02
K_A1
0
E_02
K_B1
0
P_min2
.0012
2.5E-6
-1E-20
C_22
C_32
C_42
0
#
C_52
C_12
0
.4
.4
#
G_2
SIGMA_Y_2
0
#
CC_2
#
Rhocv_2
CM_2
BB_2
0
N_2
0
EPSILON_DOT_0_2
0
T_20
T_2melt
0
T_2limit
0
0
#
EPSILON_max_2
SIGMA_max_2
773
K_A2
0
K_B2
0
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#
C_03
ALPHA_3
RHO_03
E_03
P_min3
0
#
C_53
C_13
C_23
C_33
C_43
0
#
G_3
SIGMA_Y_3
0
#
CC_3
#
Rhocv_3
CM_3
BB_3
N_3
EPSILON_DOT_0_3
0
T_30
T_3melt
T_3limit
0
#
EPSILON_max_3
SIGMA_max_3
0
#
C_04
K_A3
ALPHA_4
RHO_04
1.63
K_B3
0
E_04
.07
0
P_min4
-1E-20
1E-6
#
B_1
B_2
R_1
3.712
.0323
4.15
R_2
W
.95
.3
#
P_CJ
.693
.21
C_14
0.036
/EULER/MAT/3
#
Modif. factor.
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|--10----|
Using the Multi-Material Solid, Liquid, and Gas material law (/MAT/LAW51), the Boundary
material has the following characteristics:
RADIOSS Card (Boundary)
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|--10----|
/MAT/LAW51/4
Boundary
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
RHO_I
.0012
RHO_0
0
Iflg
3
#
C_01
ALPHA_1
Altair Engineering
RHO_01
E_01
P_min1
774
8.96
1E-6
#
C_02
ALPHA_2
RHO_02
.0012
E_02
2.5E-6
P_min2
-1E-20
1E-6
#
C_03
ALPHA_3
RHO_03
E_03
0
P_min3
0
0
/EULER/MAT/4
#
Modif. factor.
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|--10----|
775
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Isolid
Ismstr
dn
Icpre
Inpts
Irot
Iframe
0
#
q_a
q_b
1.1
#
dt_min
0.05
istrain
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
Isolid
Ismstr
dn
Icpre
Inpts
0
Irot
Iframe
0
#
q_a
dt_min
q_b
1.1
0
0.05
h
0
istrain
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
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776
The following diagram shows the comparison between the experimental and simulation
measurement of radial expansion. The displacement values are estimated on the animations
using the density contour.
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Conclusion
Good correlation between experimental and simulation results. A thinner meshing could
improve the correlation between simulation and experimental curves.
References
[1] Adiabatic Expansion of high explosive detonation products, LANL, Wilkins (1969)
[2] A Constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and
high temperatures, Gordon R. Johnson, William H. Cook
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778
Summary
RADIOSS includes the material model CONC to model concrete failure modeling under
compression and tension.
Three kinds of tests are performed in this example:
Uniaxial tests (uniaxial compression and uniaxial tension) where experimental results
have been used to calibrate the model reference
Multi-axial tests to evaluate the simulation/experiment correlation
Cyclic tests to illustrate the right behavior of the model used
In order to simulate this experience, a model is created with the following details:
A one element cube with eight node brick elements
Concrete material law (/MAT/LAW24)
The simulation results are then compared to the experiment data.
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Title
Concrete Validation
Number
47.1
Brief Description
Three kinds of tests are performed in order to evaluate the simulation/experiment
correlation and to illustrate the good behavior of the model used.
Keywords
Concrete material law (/MAT/LAW24)
Brick elements
RADIOSS Options
Solid property (/PROP/SOLID)
Boundary condition (/BCS)
Imposed displacement (/IMPDISP)
Imposed velocity (/IMPVEL)
Pressure load (/PLOAD)
Input File
Concrete Failure: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/47_concrete_test/*
RADIOSS Version
V11.0.240
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
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780
Overview
Physical Problem Description
The purpose of this example is to compare the simulation results to experimental data.
A concrete cube is subjected to various tests:
Kupfer Tests [2]
1.1: C000 - Uniaxial compression
principle stress 1 = 0; 2 = 0; 3 = 1
= 0.22
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RHO_I
.0022
E_c
NU
31700
.22
fc
ft_on_fc
fb_on_fc
f2_on_fc
s0_on_fc
32.22
1.15
4.2
.8
#
H_t
k_y
ALPHA_y
f_k
0
.35
-.6
0
#
E
0
ALPHA1
0
D_sup
0
r_t
0
ALPHA_f
.2
f_0
0
sigma_y
0
ALPHA2
0
EPS_max
0
r_c
H_bp
V_max
0
H_v0
0
E_t
0
ALPHA3
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
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782
m=
m = 51 MPa; 1 = 1; 2 = 0; 3 = -1
m = 51 MPa; 1 = 2; 2 = -1; 3 = -1
= 0.19
783
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RHO_I
.0022
E_c
23000
fc
0
NU
.19
ft_on_fc
fb_on_fc
f2_on_fc
s0_on_fc
30.6
0
#
H_t
-31700
k_y
.35
ALPHA_y
-.6
f_k
0
ALPHA1
0
0
D_sup
0
r_t
0
ALPHA_f
.2
f_0
0
sigma_y
0
ALPHA2
0
EPS_max
0
r_c
0
H_bp
29710
V_max
0
H_v0
0
E_t
0
ALPHA3
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
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Cyclic Tests
4.1: BBX0 Tension-Compression-Tension Cycle without Reinforcement
= 0.25
RHO_I
.0022
E_c
NU
57600
#
.25
fc
ft_on_fc
fb_on_fc
f2_on_fc
s0_on_fc
35.60
0
#
H_t
D_sup
0
#
k_y
ALPHA_y
f_k
ALPHA1
0
r_t
0
ALPHA_f
0
f_0
0
sigma_y
0
ALPHA2
EPS_max
0
r_c
0
H_bp
0
V_max
0
H_v0
0
E_t
0
ALPHA3
0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
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= 0.25
RHO_I
.0022
E_c
NU
57600
#
.25
fc
ft_on_fc
fb_on_fc
f2_on_fc
s0_on_fc
35.6
0
#
H_t
D_sup
0
#
k_y
r_t
0
#
ALPHA_y
f_k
ALPHA1
EPS_max
0
r_c
0
ALPHA_f
0
0
0
H_v0
0
sigma_y
210000
0
E_t
500
ALPHA2
V_max
0
f_0
H_bp
0
ALPHA3
.01
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----|
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786
Isolid
Ismstr
dn
1
Icpre
0
Inpts
0
Irot
0
Iframe
0
0
#
q_a
dt_min
q_b
1.1
0
0.05
h
0
Istrain
1
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|---9----|---10----
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Fig 2: Uniaxial compression with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1. The stress/strain curve is made of three line segments.
2. After failure, the behavior obtained with RADIOSS curves (left) is perfectly plastic
whereas there is experimentally a softening phenomenon (right).
3. The yield stress is obtained at = 0.337 fc for theoretical, numerical and experimental
curves.
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788
Fig 3: Uniaxial Tension with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1. Failure is modeled by stress and elastic modulus softening.
2. On the RADIOSS curve there is a residual stiffness in concrete after the softening: (1Dsup)E
3. Dsup is set to 0.9 (default value = 0.99999).
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Fig 4: Biaxial Compression with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1. The yield stress is obtained at =0.197 fc for theoretical, numerical and experimental
curves.
2. Failure mode is similar to uniaxial compression.
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790
Fig 5: Compression/Compression with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1.
2.
3.
4.
Theoretical and numerical results are the same, but they are different from experimental
results; linear interpolation between the traction meridian and the compression meridian
is too coarse for small confinement.
791
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TC01 Compression/Tension
X displacement is fixed on nodes 2, 3, 6 and 7.
Z displacement is fixed on nodes 5, 6, 7 and 8.
A pressure load is applied in X direction on the face described by nodes 1, 4, 5 and 8, and in
Z direction on the face described by nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Fig 6: Compression/Tension with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1.
2.
3.
4.
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792
TC02 Compression/Tension
The X displacement is fixed on nodes 2, 3, 6 and 7. The Z displacement is fixed on nodes 5,
6, 7 and 8.
A pressure load is applied in X direction on the face described by nodes 1, 4, 5 and 8, and in
Z direction on the face described by nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Fig 7: Compression/Tension with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1.
2.
3.
4.
Theoretical and numerical results are the same, but they are lightly different from
experimental results.
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TC03 Compression/Tension
The X displacement is fixed on nodes 2, 3, 6 and 7. The Z displacement is fixed on nodes 5,
6, 7 and 8.
A pressure load is applied in X direction on the face described by nodes 1, 4, 5 and 8, and in
Z direction on the face described by nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Fig 8: Compression/Tension with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1.
2.
3.
4.
Theoretical and numerical results are the same, but they are different from experimental
results.
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794
Fig 9: Triaxial Meridian Shear with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1. Theoretical yield strength: 64.3 MPa
2. Theoretical failure: 88.9 MPa
3. Experimental failure: 93 MPa
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Fig 10: Triaxial Meridian Compression with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1. Theoretical yield strength: 68.4 MPa
2. Theoretical failure: 99.7 MPa
3. Experimental failure: 103 MPa
4. The behavior of the model under hydrostatic loading is elastic, whereas there are nonlinearities experimentally.
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796
Fig 11: Triaxial Meridian Compression with RADIOSS (blue curves) and experiment (red curves)
Comments
1. Theoretical yield strength: 57.9 MPa
2. Theoretical failure: 70.8 MPa
3. Experimental failure: 72 MPa
797
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798
Comments
1. Steel reinforcement improves compressive and tensile strength by 5 MPa compared to the
same model without steel reinforcement.
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Conclusion
Under complex loading we demonstrate concrete mechanic behavior between RADIOSS
simulation, theory and experiments. With three kinds of tests the mechanic behavior of
concrete could be well characterized using LAW24.
References
[1] A non-uniform hardening plasticity model for concrete materials, Mechanics of Materials,
D.J. Han and W.F. Chen, 1984.
[2] Behavior of Concrete under Biaxial Stresses, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics
Division, ASCE, V. 99, No. 4, pp. 853-866u, LKupfer, B., and Gerstle, K., 1973.
Altair Engineering
800
Summary
The aim of this example is to introduce solid element modeling for spotweld connection.
801
Altair Engineering
Title
Solid Spotweld
Number
48.1
Brief Description
Solid spotweld defined with /MAT/LAW59 and /FAIL/CONNECT connect two metal sheets with
tied contact.
Keywords
Shell element (for sheet metal)
Tied contact interface /INTER/TYPE2 (between solid spotweld and sheet metal)
Material law /MAT/LAW59 and failure model /FAIL/CONNECT for solid spotweld
Solid element property for connect material /PROP/TYPE43 for solid spotweld
Johnson-Cook elasto-plastic material law /MAT/LAW2 for sheet metal
RADIOSS Options
Boundary condition /BCS
Rigid wall /RWALL
Input File
Frame Modified: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/radioss/48_solid_spotweld/*
RADIOSS Version
V10.0.5 and 11.0
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
Altair Engineering
802
Overview
Physical Problem Description
A steel crash box with solid spotweld, fixed at one end, is impacted at the other end by a
rigid wall. The dimensions of the crash box are 333.6 mm x 122.7 mm x 68.28 mm, and its
thickness is 1.8 mm.
In this connection material (/MAT/LAW59) we could use stress - plastic strain curve to
describe the material characters of spot-weld. And with failure model (/FAIL/CONNECT) it is
possible for us using two different failure criteria to describe the failure of solid spot. Here in
this example, use the following characteristics:
Initial density = 7.8e-9 [Mg/mm3]
Young modulus = 210000 [MPa]
Failure relative displacement in normal direction = 1.0
Failure relative displacement (elongation) in tangential plane = 1.8
803
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In this simple example a linear behavior of spotweld has just been assumed. For more
accurate results you could also put nonlinear behavior of spotweld though real physic test
and CAE validation.
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804
805
Altair Engineering
Here in the model we define max. relative displacement in normal direction EPS_N_MAX=1.0
in option /FAIL/CONNECT. Therefore, two solid spotwelds (circled in red) failed after reaching
this criterion.
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806
Performance
Compare with spring beam spotweld molding, the following performance could be observed:
If we use this solid spotweld modeling, it shows less sheet metal mesh size dependence
compared with spring beam element.
With coarse sheet metal mesh size we got similar deformation and similar Force vs
Displacement curve for solid spotweld modeling and spring beam spotweld modeling.
See below:
But once you remesh the sheet metal shell element with fine mesh size (for example
with 2.5mm mesh size here), then you still get similar deformation and Force vs
Displacement curve in solid spotweld modeling but not in spring beam spotweld
modeling. This means less sheet metal mesh size dependence for this new solid
spotweld modeling. See below:
807
Altair Engineering
The solid spotweld element is time step is free. The element stability is assured by its
nodal connection. The node of the solid element must be connected (tied interface,
common nodes, and rigid connection).
The solid spotweld element height (length in local Z direction) can be null and the
spotweld results are independent from its height.
Strain rate of solid spotweld can be taken into account.
Altair Engineering
808
Summary
Birds striking an aircraft windshield is a very important topic, for safety reasons and also
financially. The aim of this example is to introduce how to simulate a bird strike on the
windshield.
809
Altair Engineering
Title
Bird Strike on
Windshield
Number
49.1
Brief Description
Using SPHCEL to simulate a bird striking a windshield.
Keywords
/SPHGLO
/SPHCEL
/MAT/HYD_VISC
/MAT/PLAS_TAB
/MAT/PLAS_BRIT
/PROP/SPH
/PROP/SH_SANDW
/INIVEL/TRA
RADIOSS Options
Boundary condition (/BCS)
Rigid Body (/RBODY)
Interface (/INTER/TYPE7 and /INTER/TYPE2)
Input File
Bird Strike on Windshield: <install_directory>/demos/hwsolvers/
radioss/49_bird_strike_on_windshield/*
RADIOSS Version
V10 and V11
Technical / Theoretical Level
Advanced
Altair Engineering
810
Overview
Description of the physical problem
A bird weighing about 4 pounds (1.93kg) with an initial speed of 80m/s impacts a windshield
of a plane. The bird model is extremely simplified with one cylinder (Diameter: 106mm;
Height: 195mm) but allows getting familiar with the major options used in a bird strike
analysis. Fix the edge of the plane model.
Units:
811
Altair Engineering
Notes:
1. In property, mp is the mass of each particle. There are 11190 particles in the bird model,
so the bird weighs 11190*1.725149e-4 = 1.93kg (4 pounds).
2. Set qa = 2e-30 and qb = 1e-30 for no damping.
To properly simulate a bird strike, the compression phase of the bird is the most
important; therefore, the initial compression wave should properly propagate through the
bird. Energy conservation is also important, so that the bird communicates the most
realistic amount of energy to the target, thus ensuring that the impact is reasonably
conservative.
A low value of qa and qb should be chosen. The behavior of the bird for very low values of
the damping is very similar, and there is no evidence of instability; therefore, negligible
values of qa and qb (that is 1-30 and 2-30) are considered.
3. In property, h is smoothing length
mp 2
1
3
1.725149 10
9.82242 10
1
3
6.286 [mm]
The smoothing length, h is highly recommended to use the minimal distance between any
particle and its closest neighbor.
4. SPH correction order is used to satisfy the consistency conditions. It is generally to insure
a better representation when the particles are not so well organized than into a hexagonal
compact net. High order value is very expensive. In this example, set order to 0.
For the windshield in this example, use composite material with matrix glass and plastic
fabric. Both use /MAT/PLAS_BRIT (composite with isotropic layers).
Glass matrix:
Initial density = 1.74e-6 [kg/mm3]
E-Modules = 61 [GPa]
Poisson ratio = 0.3
Yield stress a = 0.045 [GPa]
Plasticity hardening b = 0.05
_t 1
_ m1
= 0.01
= 0.03
element deleted at
Altair Engineering
_ f1
=0.06
812
Fabric plastic:
Initial density = 8e-7 [kg/mm3]
E-Modules = 3 [Gpa]
Poisson ratio = 0.3
Yield stress a = 1e30 [Gpa]
with /PROP/SH_SANDW
Thickness of windshield = 9 [mm]
Number of lays N = 9
Ithick=1
813
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Altair Engineering
814
o Use /SPHCEL to define SPH cells for bird. Use bird part ID in this keyword.
o Use /SPHGLO to defined global parameter for this simulation.
o Set sort = 0.25 (default value). sort is a security coefficient which is used when
searching for neighbors, so that for each particle more than the actual neighbors are
found. This allows reducing the computational time.
Contact between SPH bird and structure and impact setup
o Use interface type 7 to simulate the Contact between SPH bird and structure. Set the
structure as master and the bird as slave.
o Set Igap=1 (use variable gap). The gap is 1/2(particle diameter)+1/2(thickness of
the target). This is the physical value for contact.
o The stiffness between bird and structure are quite different. In order to get results
more close to reality. Normally set Istf=0 and Stfac=0.1. This means interface
stiffness equals to 0.1 times stiffness of master side (structure).
o Use /INIVEL/TRA to set bird part with initial velocity 80m/s strike on the structure.
Connection between the windshield and fuselage
o Use spring beam to simulate the weld connection between Windshield and fuselage,
and use tided contact to connect them.
Other remarks
In order to decrease the size of animation files and get the best display of SPH
particles, use /ANIM/VERS/44 in Engine file.
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Altair Engineering
The Interface Force between the bird and the windshield is shown in Fig. 4.
Altair Engineering
816
Conclusion
The size of the mesh and the number of particle seems to be a good compromise
between the accuracy of the problem and the CPU considerations (especially for larger
models such as 4 and 8 pound birds).
For interface parameters default values could be used.
The simplified viscous law is good.
Impact velocity remains small compared to the sound speed in the material (that is less
than 300 m/s).
The h value should be set to a value larger than the inter-cell distance (to avoid
excessive decohesion), but not too large to avoid excessive energy absorption by the
bird.
Using this model, the discrepancies between the real tests and the simulations are
usually due to parameters independent from bird modeling: boundary conditions, target
material laws and test sensitivity and so on.
The final shape of the bird is more physical, so more experimental data would be
required, such as for instance multiple penetration cases.
817
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