GEOPHYSICS

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Body Waves can propagate

through the body of an elastic
solid and are nondescriptive.
Velocity of Body waves remains
same by changing frequency.
Two types as:
Surface Waves can propagate
only along the boundary of solid.
Two types are:
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Waves:
S-Waves (Transverse waves) propagate by a pure
shear in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
wave travel.
P-Waves (Longitudinal waves) propagate by
compressional dilation uniaxial strains in the direction
of wave travel.
Rayliegh Waves propagate along boundary between
two dissimilar solid media, in a plane perpendicular to
the surface and containing the direction of
propagation.
Love Waves are polarized shear wave with an
associated oscillatory particle motion parallel to the
free space and perpendicular to the direction wave
motion.

Resolution:
It is a measure of ability to see two events separately in seismogram.
Two types are:
1. Vertical Resolution
2. Horizontal Resolution
Multi Channel Seismic Reflection Surveying:
It is the survey in which energy refracted record at different geophones from same signal shot.
The two most common shot-detectors configurations in 2D as:
1. Split or Straddle Spread
2. Single ended Spread.

Seismic Reflection Survey

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2D Seismic Surveying:
It gives vertical plane of profile in which shots and detectors are spread linearly.
It gives the area of selected location.

3D Seismic Surveying:
It gives 3D vision profile in which shots and detectors are spread disorder or non linear.
It gives the volumetric data of selected location.

Sources and Detectors:

The main detector is geophone while in case of marine survey hydrophones are used.
The main sources are:
1. Air Guns and Water Guns
2. Tail buoy
3. Streamers
4. Pinjers
5. vibrators
6. sparkers
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The Main Sources

CDP Surveying:
It is the most accurate field method for gathering subsurface reflections and computing velocity
from the NMO effect.
It is possible only in case of horizontal strata and failed in dipping strata.
In 2D it is known as CDP profiling.
It increases the improvement of SNR.
VSP Surveying:
It is the form seismic reflections surveying that utilize boreholes.
Shots are normally fixed at surface of the well head and recorded at different depths within the
borehole using special detectors clamped to the borehole wall.

Seismic Stratigraphy:
It is the Analysis of reflection sequences as the seismic reflection of lithologically distinct depositional
sequences.
Normal Moveout (NMO):
It is the difference in travel time between reflected arrivals and zero offset.
NMO=> ? T= x / 2V to
It is very useful for determining depth and velocity.
Dip Moveout (DMO):
It is the difference travel time of rays reflected from dipping strata to receives at equal or
opposite offsets.
DMO => ? T= 2x sinT / V
Static Correction:
It is uniformly on all traces and applied for correcting time difference due to surface
irregularities which may be of:
1. Elevation difference between individual shots and detectors because of undulating or
topographic surface.
2. The presence of weathered layer which has low seismic velocity.
Dynamic Correction:
It is applied to remove the offset of normal Moveout which is produced by horizontal strata.

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Multiples:
They are the reflectors where rays are reflecting at the same reflection more then one time.
Long Path Multiples generate discrete pulse length, when time difference is more between
primary and secondary reflection.
Shot Path Multiples generate extended pulse length, when time difference is less between
primary and secondary reflection.
Migration:
It is the process of reconstructing a seismic section so that reflections events are repositioned
under their correct surface location and at a corrected vertical reflection time.
It also improves the resolutions of seismic solutions by focusing energy spread over a Fresnel
zone and by collapsing diffraction pattern produced by point reflector and faulted beds.
Four types of migration are:
1. Time Migration
2. Depth Migration
3. 2D Migration
4. 3D Migration

Bright Spot Technique:

It is used for locating hydrocarbon accumulation which is on true seismic section by localized zones of
anomously strong reflections.
Flat Spot Techniques:
It is horizontal or near horizontal reflections events discordant to the local geological dip which is the
indication of the absence of hydrocarbon or bright spot.
Bow Tie Effect:
It is the event of syncline which is resulting from the existence of discrete reflections points for any
surface locations.
Subsurface Mapping Procedure:
Data Validation
Data Interpretation
Data Extraction
Mapping
Review
Done

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Projection of Well:
1. Plunge Projection
2. Strike Projection
3. Up or down dip Projection
4. Normal to the section line Projection
5. Parallel to Fault Projection
Types of Geophysical Maps:
1. Time Structure Map
2. Depth Contour Map
3. Log Map
4. Reservoir Analysis Map (RAM)
5. Facies Analysis Map (FAM)
3D Views:
1. Fence Diagrams
2. Isometric Projections
3. Log Maps
4. 3D Reservoir Analysis Model

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