Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BENT 3163
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1: RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Part 1
02 -2015/2016
Chapter Contents
Introduction to Frequency Spectrum
Introduction to radio wave propagation
2/24/2016
References
Wireless Communication:
Principle and Practice 2nd Edition
Theodore S. Rappaport
Prentice Hall
Electronic Communication
Systems: Fundamentals through
Advanced, 5th Edition
Tomasi W.,
Prentice Hall
References
Wireless Communications, 2nd
Edition,
Andreas F. Molisch,
Wiley IEEE Press
2/24/2016
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Communication between locations realised by:
Converting information signal to electromagnetic energy
Receiving station convert back to original form.
Electromagnetic energy distributed throughout almost infinite
frequency ranges.
2/24/2016
Frequency Range
30 Hz ~ 300 Hz
3
4
Designations
Applications
ELF
0.3kHz ~ 3kHz
VF
Telephone
3 kHz ~ 30 kHz
VLF
LF
MF
AM radio broadcasting
3 MHz ~ 30 MHz
HF
VHF
UHF
10
3 GHz ~ 30 GHz
SHF
11
EHF
12
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Wavelength:
Radio waves:
Wavelength rather
than frequency.
Low frequencies vs
high frequencies.
2/24/2016
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
BANDWIDTH OF:
INFORMATION:
COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL:
STANDARDS
To ensure no conflicts to spectrum (or frequency) allocations, users are
European
Telecommunications
Standards Institute
(ETSI)
International Special Committee on
Radio Interference (Comit
international spcial des perturbations
radiolectriques - CISPR)
International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
2/24/2016
STANDARDS
How about Malaysia?
Spectrum allocations are controlled by MCMC (Malaysian Communications &
Multimedia Commission)
All radio wave use for communication are govern by standards
Spectrum
Frequency (MHz)
< 30
Band I
47 ~ 68
Band II
87.5 ~ 108
Broadcasting
Band III
174 ~ 230
Band IV & V
470 ~ 806
L Band
1452 ~ 1492
STANDARDS
GSM 900 (source from MCMC)
Band
Lower
TELCO
Frequency (MHz)
Maxis
800 ~ 886
Digi
886 ~888
Celcom
Mobile
Communication
Upper
888 ~ 890
890 ~ 905
Maxis
925 ~ 931
Digi
931 ~ 933
Celcom
Maxis
933 ~ 935
935 ~ 950
950 ~ 960
2/24/2016
STANDARDS
GSM 1800 (source from MCMC)
Band
Mobile
Communication
Lower
Upper
TELCO
Frequency (MHz)
Maxis
1710 ~ 1735
Celcom
1735 ~ 1760
Digi
1760 ~ 1785
Maxis
1805 ~ 1830
Celcom
1830 ~ 1855
Digi
1885 ~ 1880
TELCO
Frequency (MHz)
U Mobile
1920 ~ 1935
UMTS
1935 ~ 1950
Celcom
1950 ~ 1965
Digi
1965 ~ 1980
Reserved
1980 ~ 2010
U Mobile
2010 ~ 2125
UMTS
2125 ~ 2140
Celcom
2140 ~2155
Digi
2155 ~ 2170
Reserved
2170 ~ 2200
STANDARDS
IMT2000 FDD (source from MCMC)
Band
Lower
International
Mobile
Tele
communication
Upper
2/24/2016
STANDARDS
IMT2000 TDD (source from MCMC)
International
Mobile
Telecommunication
TELCO
Frequency (MHz)
U Mobile
1915 ~ 1920
Digi
2010 ~ 2015
UMTS
2015 ~ 2020
Celcom
2020 ~ 2025
16
2/24/2016
17
18
2/24/2016
19
Propagation Model
Propagation model predicting average received signal
20
Propagation Model
Small-scale propagation models characterize the rapid
10
2/24/2016
21
Deterministic methods
Based on the physical laws of wave propagation
Example: Ray tracing
Expected to produce more accurate and reliable predictions of the path loss than the empirical
methods but more expensive in computational effort and depend on the detailed and accurate
description of all objects in the propagation space, such as buildings, roofs, windows, doors, and
walls.
22
ht
hr
Transmitter
Distance, d
Receiver
11
2/24/2016
23
L are usually due to transmission line attenuation, filter losses and antenna losses
L = 1 indicates no loss in the system hardware
24
12
2/24/2016
25
Example 2:
Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter.
26
FSPL
FSPL (dB)
= 32.4 + 20 + 20
fc: carrier frequency in MHz
d : distance in km
13
2/24/2016
27
[dB]
= + +
[dBm]
= +
[dBm]
= +
[dBm]
28
P d
d
Pr d dBm 10 log r 0 20 log 0
d
1mW
Pr d 0 in Watts
14
2/24/2016
29
antenna.
30
[dB]
15
2/24/2016
31
32
16
2/24/2016
33
2
2
= + + + 20
[watt]
2
[dBm]
34
17