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Today's learning outcomes are to review a normal stress, and to define and discuss something called nominal stress or engineering stress. If we let the out of plane stresses go to zero then this became a 2-dimensional, or plane stress problem.
Today's learning outcomes are to review a normal stress, and to define and discuss something called nominal stress or engineering stress. If we let the out of plane stresses go to zero then this became a 2-dimensional, or plane stress problem.
Today's learning outcomes are to review a normal stress, and to define and discuss something called nominal stress or engineering stress. If we let the out of plane stresses go to zero then this became a 2-dimensional, or plane stress problem.
[SOUND] [MUSIC] Welcome to module seven of Mechanics and
Materials Part One. Today's learning outcomes are to review
a normal stress, and to define and discuss something called nominal stress or engineering stress, and to define and discuss true stress. We left off last clas s with the 3-dimensional state of stress at a point. If we let the out of plane stresses go to zero then this became a 2-dimensional or plane stress problem. And it looked like this. Now, if we only look at axial loa ding, that's a special case of two-dimensional, or plane stress. And so, here's a clip of an axial test being done on a specimen. And you can see it stretches out. And it starts t o neck down, and eventually it would fail. Here's another member, and so again, if I were abl e to put enough force on this member, it would stretch and the area, the cross-sectional area would start to get smaller. You can see a little bit better on some other material here. This is a softer material and so, here I can actually stretch it down and you may be able to see the cross section al area become a little bit smaller. Here's a rubber band type material. And so if I pull it you can see how the cross section area, it's very thin, its got a width and a length, but you can see how the cross-sectional area will become smaller and that the length stretches. And so, the same thing happens for all these materials if they're isotropic. And we'll talk about isotropic later a nd homogenous. And if I pull on them, that same sort of effect, it's actually called the pwasons effect. And we'll tal k about that more later as well. And so, our L becomes now L plus delta. So, I'm stretch ing them out. And we can do a cut inside that member to see what's going on. Let's do a transverse cut. It reveals a normal fo rce and a shear force. If we sum forces in the y direction we can see that the shear force for our transverse cut equals zero, and if we sum forces in the x direction we see that the normal force is actually equal to the external force p. And so as we recall, this is a review. W e can say that the stress will assume it to be uniformly distributed across the cross section, and so that's the definition of normal stress. Force per unit area perpendicular to the cut surface. And this is the formula for it and this is the sign convention. Positive stress for tension, negative stress for compression. Now, we can also talk about something called engineering stress or nominal stress. As we stretched this thing, we saw that the cross-sectional area got smaller. And so the engineering stress Is based on the initial cross-sectional area of our specimen. True stress however, is based on the actual area, and so as we stretch the member out, the actual area becomes smaller as the specimen gets closer and closer to failure, so the true stress can actually be a larger number. Now in most engineering applications, we use and we'll solve problems using the engineering stress, because the change in the area for most materials and the change of the stresses between nominal stress, engineering stress a[SOUND] Hi, and welcome to module two of Mec hanics of Materials part one. Today's learning outcomes are to first calculate the internal forces due to external loads applied to a real word engineering structure, and then to classify what we're gonna call axial centric loading. So I showed this general outline of the approach, the announced approach we'll take in the course. We start with an engineering structure. And this is a
lot of review for my course,
Applications of Engineering Mechanics. The structure we're gonna look at is, in this case, a truss bridge. And back in modules eight and nine of my applications in engineering mechanics, we analyzed this by doing first a free body diagram to show external loads being applied to something like the trust structure, that I have here, and we cut into that structure and found the internal forces and moments, if there are any in each of the members for the structure. And now we're going to go on and from those inter nal forces and moments, look at stresses and strains developed in the member and evaluate structural performance. Is the member, is the engineering structural me mber going to perform as we would like it to do. And so we're going to start by applying axial centric loads to these members. And so here's our section cut of the truss showing whether each member is intention or compression and how what the magnitude of that force is. I'll show it as a round cross section at this point but the cross section can be square, it can be rectangle, it can be an I-beam. As long as we just apply an axial load and by axial loading, I mean that the load is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member and the loading is centric, which means that the line of action or the resultant force passes through the centroid of that section. And so, that's where we'll get started in the next module. [SOUND]nd true stress are so small that we just go with the initial cross-sectional area. And so let's do a worksheet. I'll let you do the worksheet on your own. I've put the solution in the module hand outs, but we've got a flat alloy bar, it's got a thickness of 10mm and a width of 60 mm, so it's a rectangular cross section. We subject it to a tensile load of 60 kN, and I want you to find the nominal Or engineering axial stress in the bar. And once you've done that, you can check your solution and we'll see you next time. [SOUND] [MUSIC]