Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
by
DECEMBER 2015
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS....i-ii
LIST OF FIGURES.....iii
LIST OF TABLES...........iv
CHAPTER 1.......................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2
1.3
Project Objective...................................................................................................... 2
1.4
Project Scope.2-3
1.5
Thesis Outline...3
CHAPTER 2.......................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 4
2.1
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
CHAPTER 3........................................................................................................................ 20
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 20
3.1
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 20
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................32-34
APPENDIX
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
iii
LIST OF TABLES
iv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Over the last few years, wireless sensor network technology has a fast expand
and have gained world-wide attention. WSNs have a better advantage of many
applications such as in the military such as target tracker and surveillance. An
environmental applications such as natural disaster relief, medical field, for example,
biomedical health monitoring, and unsafe environment exploration, seismic sensing and
some more. In military target tracker and observation, a WSN can assist and support in
distinguishing interruption and identification. With natural disasters, sensor nodes can
detect and sense the environment if there are any sign of disaster will occur before it
happens. This will help a lot on standby and alert if a disaster happens. In biomedical
application, surgical implants of sensors inside the human body can help and monitor
the human health. Lastly, for an earthquake-related sensing, a deploying sensor as an adhoc network type can help to detect and monitor signs of the earthquake and other
eruption. Localization is one of the techniques in WSN, where to know the location of
data and to determine the location of node sensors. It is very extremely important to find
and determine using a specialized algorithm.
1.2
Problem Statement
Localization in WSN is high importance in many social, industry and military
application. Exact localization it is demanded for crucial application. So, finding the
best technique of localization, based application, reflect the accuracy and look forward
to the best technique has to be used.
1.3
Project Objectives
The objective of this project can be summarized into:
1.4
Project Scope
In order to achieve the objectives of the project, the scope of the project is
summarized as follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
1.5
Thesis Outline
This research is divided into three chapters. The contents of each chapter are
summarized as below:
Chapter three is a methodology which first explains general about the rangebased localization scheme and the focus on RSSI technique that will be used as a
method or technique in this project. Moreover, chapter three will discuss in details of
OMNeT++ and MiXiM framework.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter elaborates the research on the technology of Wireless Sensor Network
and emphasizes the use of it in various applications. Explanation will be focused on the
related field of localization technique in WSN and wireless sensor network background.
Research and surveys have been conducted in order to design and implement Localization in
WSN. To achieve the aims and objective of this project, all the related research papers and
journals will be discussed in this chapter.
Besides, it will collect data and process before direct send it to the nearest gateway or
sink node. A node in the sensor network consists of more than one sensor, a low power
consumption, mobility power supply type, and localization device, such as a GPS (Global
Positioning System). These nodes incorporate wireless transceivers so that communication
and networking are enabled.
A small device that consists of several essential components called sensor node. An
actuating unit, a processing unit, transceiver unit and power supply unit which is important for
Wireless Sensor Network. The sensor node furnished with the position detection unit such as
a position finding system such as GPS, a mobilizer and so on to determine the location in
every of each in purpose of communication.
The actuating unit, also called sensors are a component that is divided into two groups,
for example, analog sensor and digital sensor. The digital sensor produces data in a digital or
discrete form and for the analog signal, it produces data in continuous or in the waveform.
The data that produce will be sent to the processing unit to be converted into readable form. A
processing unit such as processors or embedded microprocessor, it is built inside with a
memory storage to store data. Random Access Memory (RAM) will store the data before sent
it, meanwhile ROM (Read Only Memory) only store OS (Operating System) used by the
sensor nodes [6].
The radio transceiver is a tiny component that has the ability to receive data or
information before sending it to other sensor nodes by
an using RF connection to
communicate each other. During the process of receiving data or transmission process, the
transceiver is the component used most of power inside the sensor nodes to function. Several
operation modes inside the transceiver that will save a lot of power in using it, such as
transmit, receive, idle and sleep. The power unit is the most important component inside the
sensor nodes. Without power, sensor nodes cannot work and operate with all the components.
The lifetime of a sensor node depends on the power unit [6].
There are different sorts of sensors, for example, seismic, thermal, visual, and infrared
are used to monitor a variety of surrounding conditions such as temperature, moisture,
pressure, movement of the object and living things and features of objects. Figure 2.2 shows
the overview and components of sensor nodes and Figure 2.3 show the actual image of sensor
nodes [4].
Figure 2.4 above shown the WSN layer protocol used by the sensor nodes. This protocol
mixes up together routing protocol and networking protocol. Many different types of
application that can design and build on the application layer. Software and hardware are in
the lowest layer transparently to the end-user made by this layer. It also helps to maintain the
flow of data.
For network layer, it receives and store the data that route from the transport layer and
set up a multi-hop wireless routing protocol between nodes and sink nodes. Next, data link
layer where it is responsible for multiplexing of data streams, frame detection and error
detection. The physical layer is modulation and demodulation of digital data, frequency
selection, encryption and decryption of data, and transmission and reception of the data [3].
Network Architecture is shown below in Figure 2.5, it comprised of sensor node (end
notes), router, sink node and placed in a large area called sensor node. Data information is
transmitted from sensor nodes sink through a multi-hop communication paradigm [5].
knowledge base wireless sensor network to upgrade the existing health care to stay in touch
with the medical officer, patient and authorized user.
Next, environmental and agriculture in wireless sensor network is one of its applications and
could be deployed and used in wildness areas, fire detection, nuclear reactor controlling,
traffic monitoring, etc. [1]. The significant advantage using WSN in environmental and
agriculture its will reduce cost and fast set up of the network due to self-organization
provided. Besides, no increase in power consumption and cost when collected data will be
carried through intermediate nodes. Next, the survivability and robustness of the network
meet specific applications.
Besides that, WSN application is used in the military as an important part in command
and control, communication, computing, battlefield surveillance and etc. In the military, it can
guide the area by monitoring the environment condition such as frequency vibrate, brightness
and area temperature. In addition, the sensor node can detect and trace the biological radiation
or any dangerous chemical exists in the area [1].
Traffic control and industrial environments are used in Wireless Sensor Network, such
as mine and nuclear power plant. By using a special sensor such as biological, a chemical
sensor, it will monitor the risk materials and hazardous substance information to reduce or
avoid the damage to the workers. Furthermore, it also can be used in many industries such as
10
electronic industries by monitoring the plant operation condition, identify the future problem
that will be able to reduce dead time, enhance the efficiency and make the equipment use for
long-lasting [1].
11
Localization technique to find the position of data and information, it is pointless if the
nodes have the unknown information about their location in the district area. Localized node
and un-localized node estimate their location by communicating each other to determine their
exact location and position. There are certain concept and method used in localization such as
Lateration, Trilateration, Multilateration, and Triangulation.
Figure 2.7 below shown many schemes and technique in localization, such as the
anchor-based and anchor-free localization schemes, Centralized and decentralized based
localization schemes, fine-grained based localization schemes, mobile sensor node
localization schemes and range based and range-free localization schemes.
12
determine the location, so by using algorithm calculation the location of nodes can be
identified. Centralized localization technique where all information is transmitted to a central
node. Taking care of position computation of all nodes and circulates the information to the
respective node are the function of the base station or sink nodes. This scheme is low-cost
computation and low power consumption. Next, decentralized schemes technique calculates
and estimate the position individually by each sensor because there are no clustering for each
node to communicate with anchor nodes. Fine grained is an algorithm that use received signal
strength features of nodes. For mobile sensor node schemes, the sensors based algorithm are
required and most applications are using mobile sensor nodes [17].
There are two different types which are range based and range free of localization
technique schemes. Figure 2.8 below shown localization technique range based method uses
the range information to calculate the distance estimation and determine the distance between
each node. While for range free methods do not need specialized equipment device for
localization in determining the location of the nodes. However, it identified their distance and
range based on DV-hop or DV distance through the connectivity of each node [8].
13
These three main parameters help to compare the differences and similarities of all
technique which is accuracy, cost, and power or energy to be considered in implementing any
of localization technique schemes. Example for accuracy, medical and military application
are really concerned about the accuracy in monitoring health and intrusion detection. For the
cost, most of the technique and algorithm are mostly are high in cost. However, their
accuracy is very low in rate. For power, every sensor node is using the battery for power
supply which have limited in power. So power is also the major things to be considered [17].
In range-based localization, there are many algorithms to determine the range such as
RSSI (received signal strength indication), TOA (Time of arrival), TDOA (Time difference of
arrival) and AOA (Angle of arrival) by calculating the distance and with the support of
geometrical principle. The Figure 2.9 and Figure 2.10 below shown the classification of
range-based localization schemes with the concept use such as lateration, tri-lateration,
angulation, triangulation and multi-lateration [17].
14
The Angle of Arrival (AOA) is a scheme that using the triangulation method to find
the location of a un-localized node by estimating the relative angles between nodes that are
near to it (neighbor).Localization metrics called Time of Arrival (TOA), calculate the
wavelength in term of speed between sensor nodes to neighbors and determine time signal
pass through the un-localized node and anchor node. In addition, TOA used trilateration
method.
For TDOA which is Time Difference of Arrival, the sensor node consists of speaker
and microphone. When signals are transmitted to other nodes and with the help of the speaker,
the node will generate something called chirps. When the un-localized node receives a
signal, the microphone will be turned on and identify the incoming chirps that store a time
15
information. So the time information is used to determine the distance between nodes. Figure
2.11 below show the differences of a range-based algorithm that separated them by their
localization parameter such as accuracy, cost and energy efficiency [17].
Range Free localization schemes not require any calculation including angle and
distance. Used with wireless connection and DV-hop (Distance Vector) technique to
determine the location of sensor nodes. Furthermore, this range free technique is less accurate,
but it is low cost in many aspects compare to others. Every anchor node carries location
information with increment one of hop count.
There are two types in range-free localization technique, first is local technique and
the second is counting technique. Below this two technique, there are algorithms such as
Centroid Algorithm, HIRLOC (High-resolution Robust Localization), SERLOC (Secure
Range Independent Localization Algorithm), and ADLA (Active Distributed Localization
Algorithm). The Figure 2.12 below shows the comparison between all algorithms in certain
criteria.
16
17
2.3
Related Work
Discuss and on the common attacks against localization, and survey research state of
secure localization. Example techniques are SeRLoc, HiRLoc and ROPE by Guanjie Han,
Jinfang, Chuan Zhu, Yuhui Dong and Na Zhang (2011), Secure Localization in Wireless
Sensor Networks. For example, techniques are SeRLoc, HiRLoc, and ROPE. The positive
side of this research is proposed secure localization schemes by improving security schemes
to enhance detection rate.
Ziguo Zhong and Tian He (2012), they propose in the Wireless Sensor Node
Localization by Multisequence processing (MSP), there are four optimizations to increase
localization accuracy. By listing several fascinating issues, for example, incomplete (partial)
node sequences and arrangement flip, found at the Mirage proving ground. They have
assessed the MSP system through hypothetical examination, extensive simulation as well as
two physical frameworks. Assessment established that MSP can accomplish an accurate
result, requiring neither extra excessive equipment on sensor nodes nor exact event
distribution.
Focuses on the localization techniques used by the sensor nodes to identify their
location. It also covered the different localization techniques used and their problems such as
security and energy and compare two techniques which are a range-based and range-free by
Jeril Kuriakose, Sandeep Joshi, and V.I. George (2013) in Localization in Wireless Sensor
Network: A Survey. As a result of their research, scalability of range-free localization
approach is more compared to range-based localization technique.
18
Babar. S and Ki-IL Kim (2014), Three-Dimensional Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor
Networks, their research on identifying the unique properties of communication environments
in three-dimensional space, discuss a background and application of AANETs and UWSNs
and survey on the airborne ad hoc network (AANETs) and underwater wireless sensor
networks (UWSNs). They also explain more about an advance in network design principle for
3D wireless ad hoc and sensor network.
19
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
In range-based localization scheme of Wireless Sensor Network, estimating the
distance between nodes using measurement technique is adopted. In the steps of finding
and determining the distance of nodes and thus the position, signal propagation time and
power signal strength are used to calculate their anchors. These are also known as
Distance Estimation technique and it needs extra hardware to implement the
localization. Methods or techniques used in a range-based localization scheme are Angle
of Arrival (AOA), Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Time Difference of Arrival
(TDOA), and Time of Arrival (TOA) [8].
20
3.2
estimate the distance of nodes via measurement techniques. The distance between the
transmitter and receiver is measured based on the signal strength indicator at the
receiver [6]. The propagation loss is very important in RSSI to determine or estimate the
distance by calculating and converting into distance estimation.
The signal strength depends on the distance between transmitter and receiver if
the distance is increased the power of signal strength is decreased. In addition,
propagation between transmitter and receiver can be affected by refraction, reflection
and scattering. The used of RSSI in an indoor environment may be affecting the
measured accuracy in order to detect and estimate the location of nodes. The main
advantage of RSSI is it doesnt require extra hardware in order to do a job, because in
almost all wireless equipment are compatible with RSSI technology features [18].
There are certain factors that affect the RSSI in estimating and determine the
distance between nodes that cause an error in localization and lower in accuracy. There
are two common types of error in RSSI, for example, device error and environmental
error. Examples of environmental error occur when it has interference with other RF
device, weather condition and so on. However, for device error because of calibration
errors and the device cannot operate normally [18].
21
3.3
Other than that, OMNeT++ has graphical instruments for simulation things and
evaluating results in real time. OMNeT++ scales suitable for large scale of network
topologies, but without the proper simulation model or framework extensions, the
simulator lacks suitable protocols and proper energy modeling for sensor networks.
Several extensions, frameworks and simulators for WSN based on OMNeT++ such as
MiXiM, Castalia, Mobility Framework, EYES and many more. Additionally,
OMNeT++ provides specific editors for the simulations. The graphical NED editor and
INI file editor helps to edit the file with contains the configuration of simulation runs.
22
MiXiM provides detailed wireless channel models (fading, so on) and MAC
protocols, wireless connectivity, mobility, and obstacles. MiXiM simulates using the
OMNeT++ simulation engine for wireless and mobile network type. Moreover, it also
provides models for obstacles and many communication protocols, especially at the
Medium Access Control (MAC) level.
The general structure of MiXiM shows two different parts: First is the simulation
modules where a MiXiM network contains an actual utility model which defines the
environment properties like the size of the terrain, the kind of terrain simulation (2D or
3D) and different objects to model the environment of a simulation. The
ConnectionManager module manages dynamically the connections between
interfering nodes, where the signal quality is based on the interferences and the
mobility. Finally, the nodes make up the network. MiXiM supports different kind of
nodes (like Access Points and terminals) with different properties. An example of a
MiXiM network is shown below in Figure 3.2.
23
Second is the node structure, the nodes contain the modules according to the OSI
architecture, together with another sensor specific and battery module, the mobility
module, the arp module and the utility module, as it is shown below in Figure 3.3.
24
The layers of an IP model can be composed by the application layer, the network
layer, the MAC layer and the physical layer. The physical and MAC layer is grouped
into a Network Interface Card (NIC) module. The mobility module is responsible for the
movements of a node or an object. The battery module is used to simulate the power
consumption and properties. The arp module handles the Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), and the utility module provides a general interface for collecting statistical data
of a simulation and maintains parameters that need to be accessed by more than one
module within a node.
25
(18)
= 51
value of coefficient when there are a difference happen with the environmental
condition, derive the equation above [18].
+
(10 log(
(18)
Coefficient is computed with the RSSI value obtained from the reference
anchor by the base node. As the distance to the reference anchor is already known, this
distance is used in the equation to compute the coefficient. Then, the computed is
used to estimate more accurate distance values with the RSSI values transmitted by
another three anchor node. In order to compute the distances of the anchor nodes to the
node to be localized, the following equation is used [18].
= 10
(18)
26
After the distances of the anchor nodes to the localized node are computed by the
base node, the trilateration method is applied to estimate the exact location. As this
localization process is realized with the dynamically computed coefficient according
to the changing environmental conditions for each individual localization process, more
accurate localization estimates are expected [18].
3.5
Due to the low computation capacity of WSN nodes, and the necessity to save energy,
relatively low mathematical computation requiring circular localization technique is
applied and OMNeT 4.6 is used to develop the simulation of system nodes
27
#=
!
!
* = ,
!)
&
)&
(18)
#!
28
29
Start
Moving node:
Regular broadcast
No
Base: Number
of signals = 3?
Yes
No
localization
for calculation
Calculate distance
with trilateration
coefficient
End
30
31
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34