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CHAPTER 9
Compressible Flow
Introduction
c p = cv + R.
c p = kcv .
cp =
9.2
cp =
cp
1
+ R or c p 1 = R
k
k
Rk
k 1
Speed of Sound
Substitute Eq. 4.5.18 into Eq. 4.5.17 and neglect potential energy change:
Q W
V22 V12 p 2 p 1 ~ ~
S
=
+
+ u2 u1 .
m
2
2 1
~ + pv = u
~ + p / . Therefore,
Enthalpy is defined in Thermodynamics as h = u
Q W
V 2 V12
S
= 2
+ h2 h1 .
2
m
9.4
Assume the fluid is an ideal gas with constant specific heat so that h = c p T .
Then
2
2
Q W
S = V2 V1 + c (T T ).
p 2
1
2
m
Q W
V22 V12
k p2 p1
S
=
+
.
2
m
k 1 2 1
The speed of sound is given by
c = dp /d .
9.6
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dp
= 2110 10 6 Pa
d
9.8
dp
2110 106
c=
=
= 1453 m/s
d
1000
Since c = 1450 m/s for the small wave, the time increment is
9.10
9.12
t =
10
d
=
= 0.0069 seconds
c 1450
sin =
t =
1
c
= .
M V
1000
. L = 3776 m
L
3776
= 3.776 s.
1000
V
1000 m
Eq. 9.2.4: V =
p
p
0.3
=
=
= 0.113 fps.
c
kRT
0.00237 1.4 1716 519
Energy Eq:
9.16
V2
(V + V ) 2
+ c pT =
+ c p (T + T ).
2
2
T =
0 = V V +
(V ) 2
+ c p T.
2
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Vs=0
From 1 s :
9.18
1/ k
p
V12 p1 ps
+
= . s = 1 s
2 1 s
p1
V12 69 900 79 900
.
+
=
2
0.906
0.997
Is pr < 0.5283p0 ?
1/1.4
79.9
= 0.906
69.9
V1 = 77.3 m/s.
1000 298 =
9.20
e =
= 0.997 kg/m3 .
Ve2 = kRTe .
pe = 105.7 kPa.
1.4 287Te
+ 1000Te . Te = 248.1 K, Ve = 315.8 m/s.
2
105.7
= 1.484 0.012 315.8 = 0.1473 kg/s.
= 1.484 kg/m3 . m
0.287 248.1
2
0 =
1.4
130 e
=
200 2.338
200
= 2.338. e = 1.7187 kg/m3 . Ve = 257.9 m/s.
0.287 298
a) pr < 0.5283 p0. Me = 1. pe = 0.5283 200 = 105.7 kPa. Te = 0.8333 298 = 248.3 K.
e =
105.7
= 1.483 kg/m3 . Ve = 1.4 287 248.3 = 315.9 m/s.
0.287 248.3
9.22
e =
pe
= 0.65. M e = 0.81, Te = 0.884T0
p0
130
= 1.719 kg/m3 , Ve = 0.81 1.4 287 263.4 = 263.5 m/s.
0.287 263.4
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=
Ve = 1.4 287 252.5 = 318.5 m/s. m
211.3
0.052 318.5 = 7.29 kg/s.
0.287 252.5
9.26
p0 = 2 27.83.
5193 300 =
1.667 2077 Te
225
+ 5193 Te . Te = 225 K. pe = 200
2
300
t =
9.28
97.45
= 0.2085 kg/m3.
2.077 225
Ve2 1.667 pe
+
5193 300 =
.
2 0.667 e
pe = 200
Ve2
+ 3324 103 9.54Ve0.667 .
2
9.30
Ae A* = 13 9.7 = 1.34 . Using the air tables, we find two possible solutions, one
for subsonic flow, and the other for supersonic flow in the diverging section of
the nozzle. At the exit:
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50.7
59.7
2 = 0.009634
9.32
= 0.008573 slug/ft 3.
V2 = 4.495 V1.
=
+
2 0.4 0.009634
2
0.4 0.008573
V1 = 121.9 fps.
244
pt = 500
293
9.34
1.4 287 Tt
+ 1000 Tt . Tt = 244.0 K. Vt = 313.1 m/s.
2
263.5
= 3.763 kg/m3 .
0.287 244
1000 293 =
Ve2 1.4 pe
pe
263 500
. 3.763 0.0252 313.1 = e 0.0752Ve . 1.4
+
=
2 0.4 e
3.7631.4
e
293 000=
Ve2
+ 1.014 106 Ve0.4 . Trial-and-error: Ve = 22.2 m/s, 659 m/s.
2
e = 5.897 , 0.1987 kg / m 3 .
t = .01228
9.36
dt = 0.319 ft.
p
15
=
= 0.125. Me = 2.014, Te = 0.552 520 = 287D R, Ve = 2.014 1.4 1716 287
p0 120
= 684 fps.
A
A*
= 1.708.
de2
4
= 1.708
0.3192
4
. de = 0.417 ft.
133
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Using compressible flow tables for air, we determine the pressure ratio and
temperature ratio for M = 2.8 to be:
p
T
= 0.03685, and
= 0.3894 . p = 0.03685 p0 = 129 kPa abs
p0
T0
9.38
150
1.4 287 303
= 0.430.
A1
0.052 dt2
* = 1.5007. At =
=
=
. dt = 0.0816 m or 8.16 cm.
1.5007
1.5007
4
A
A
At M = 3,
A*
= 4.235.
M>1
Ve ~= 0
M<1
Mt = 1
100
= 0.9027 kg/m3 .
0.297 373
m
10
0.00938
=
= 0.00938 m 2 . At =
= 0.00221 m 2 .
i Vi 0.9027 1181
4.235
At M = 3, T = 0.3571 T0 , p = 0.02722 p0 .
T0 = Te =
373
100
= 1044 K or 772DC. p0 =
= pe = 3670 kPa abs.
0.3571
0.02722
= AV 2 .
F = mV
M t = 1.
9.46
Ae
A*
101
= 0.4198 kg/m3 .
0.189 1273
80 000 9.81
= 0.4198 0.252 V 2 .
6
V = 1260 m/s.
= 4; M e = 2.94, pe = 0.02980 p0 .
F
p0A0
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Ve
FB =
100
0.052 6182 + 3 356 000 0.22 = 412 000 N.
0.287 109.95
Normal Shock
+
287 283 = 0. 1 =
= 0.9850 kg/m3 .
2
0.4 2
0.287 283
9.48
M1 =
M2 =
1000
808
= 2.966. T2 =
= 746 K or 473DC.
0.287 3.774
1.4 287 283
261
= 0.477.
1.4 287 746
2 p2 T1 2 k M12 k + 1
=
=
1 p1 T2
k +1
( k + 1)2 M12
( k + 1)M12
=
.
2
k 1 2
2
2
+
(
1)M
k
1
1 + 2 M1 [4 k M1 2 k + 2]
M 21 =
9.50
k + 1 p2 k 1
+
. (This is Eq. 9.4.12). Substitute into above:
2k p1
2k
p
p
( k + 1)( k + 1) 2 + ( k 1)
( k + 1)( k + 1) 2 + k 1
p1
p1
2
.
=
p
1
p
2
2
4 k + ( k 1)( k + 1) 2 + ( k 1) ( k + 1) + ( k 1)( k + 1)
p1
p1
k 1 + ( k + 1)p 2 / p 1
.
k + 1 + ( k 1)p 2 / p 1
9.52
p2
k+1
>> 1, 2 =
.
p1
1 k 1
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2 =
9.54
1600
= 8.33 kg/m3 .
0.287 (2.285 293)
T1 = 223.3 K.
= 4. M e = 0.147. pe = 0.985 p0
p0 =
101
= 102.5 kPa abs.
0.985
t =
54.15
= 0.7599 kg/m3. Vt = 1.4 287 248.3 = 315.9 m/s.
0.287 248.3
pe = 14.7 psia = p2 .
p1 =
A
A*
14.7
1.482
= 1.482 psia. At M1 = 2.94, p / p0 = 0.0298. p0 =
= 49.7 psia.
9.918
0.0298
9.58
136
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655
pt = 0.546 p0 = 0.546 1200 = 655 kPa. Tt = 673
1200
0.3/1.3
= 585 K.
655
= 2.42 kg/m3 . Vt = 1.3 462 585 = 593 m/s. (Mt = 1.)
0.462 585
t =
= t At Vt . 4 = 2.42
m
9.60
101
Te = 673
1200
0.3/1.3
d t2
4
= 380.2 K e =
101
= 0.575 kg/m3.
0.462 380.2
Ve2
+ 1872 380.2 = 1872 673. (Energy from 0 e.) (c p = 1872 J/kg K)
2
Ve = 1050 m/s. 4 = 0.575( de2 /4) 1050. de = 0.092 m or 9.2 cm.
81.9
M e = 1, pe = 0.546 150 = 81.9 psia. Te = 1160
150
9.62
e =
0.3/1.3
= 1009D R.
81.9 144
= 0.00423 slug/ft 3 . Ve = 1.3 2760 1009 = 1903 fps.
2762 1009
0.25 = 0.00423
de2
4
M1 =
800
= 2.29.
1.4 287 303
V2
V1
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= 20o
c)
V1
= 35o
2 = 47D.
M2 =
0.736
sin(28D 10D )
= 2.38.
1 = 26.4 D .
T2 = T1
T0 T2
1
= 273
0.2381 = 117 K.
T1 T0
0.5556
T2 = 156 D C.
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M1
0.818
sin(18D 5D )
shock
M2u
shock
M2l
= 3.64.
p0 p2
0.002177
= 20
p p0
0.006586
= 6.61 kPa.
CL =
CD =
Lift
1
V12 A
2
Drag
1
V12 A
2
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