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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow

CHAPTER 9
Compressible Flow
Introduction

c p = cv + R.

c p = kcv .

cp =

9.2

cp =

cp

1
+ R or c p 1 = R
k
k

Rk
k 1

Speed of Sound
Substitute Eq. 4.5.18 into Eq. 4.5.17 and neglect potential energy change:

Q W
V22 V12 p 2 p 1 ~ ~
S
=
+

+ u2 u1 .

m
2
2 1
~ + pv = u
~ + p / . Therefore,
Enthalpy is defined in Thermodynamics as h = u


Q W
V 2 V12
S
= 2
+ h2 h1 .

2
m
9.4

Assume the fluid is an ideal gas with constant specific heat so that h = c p T .
Then
2
2

Q W
S = V2 V1 + c (T T ).
p 2
1

2
m

Next, let c p = cv + R and k = c p /cv so that c p / R = k /( k 1). Then, with the


ideal gas law p = RT , the first law takes the form


Q W
V22 V12
k p2 p1
S
=
+

.

2
m
k 1 2 1
The speed of sound is given by

c = dp /d .
9.6

For an isothermal process TR = p / = K , where K is a constant. This can be


differentiated: dp = Kd = RTd. Hence, the speed of sound is c = RT .

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow

For water Bulk modulus =

dp
= 2110 10 6 Pa
d

9.8

Since = 1000 kg/m , we see that


3

dp
2110 106
c=
=
= 1453 m/s
d
1000

Since c = 1450 m/s for the small wave, the time increment is
9.10

9.12

t =

10
d
=
= 0.0069 seconds
c 1450

c = kRT = 1.4 287 263 = 325 m/s. d = ct = 256 1.21 = 393 m.

c = 1.4 287 263 = 256 m/s.

sin =

sin = 0.256. tan = 0.2648 =


9.14

t =

1
c
= .
M V

1000
. L = 3776 m
L

3776
= 3.776 s.
1000

V
1000 m

Eq. 9.2.4: V =

p
p
0.3
=
=
= 0.113 fps.
c
kRT
0.00237 1.4 1716 519

Energy Eq:
9.16

V2
(V + V ) 2
+ c pT =
+ c p (T + T ).
2
2

T =

0 = V V +

(V ) 2
+ c p T.
2

cV 1.4 1716 519 ft/sec (0.113 ft/sec)


=
= 0.021R or 0.021F
cp
6012 ft-lb/slug-R

Note: Use slug = lb-sec2/ft (m = F/a). (Units can be a pain!)

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow


Isentropic Flow

a) ps = patm + 10 = 69.9 + 10 = 79.9 kPa abs.

p1 = 69.9 kPa abs.

Vs=0

From 1 s :
9.18

1/ k

p
V12 p1 ps
+
= . s = 1 s
2 1 s
p1
V12 69 900 79 900
.

+
=
2
0.906
0.997

Is pr < 0.5283p0 ?

1/1.4

79.9
= 0.906

69.9

V1 = 77.3 m/s.

0.5283 200 = 105.7 kPa.

a) pr < 0.5283p0 . choked flow. Me = 1.

1000 298 =

9.20

e =

= 0.997 kg/m3 .

Ve2 = kRTe .

pe = 105.7 kPa.

1.4 287Te
+ 1000Te . Te = 248.1 K, Ve = 315.8 m/s.
2

105.7
 = 1.484 0.012 315.8 = 0.1473 kg/s.
= 1.484 kg/m3 . m
0.287 248.1
2

b) pr > 0.5283p0 . M e < 1. 1000 298= Ve + 1.4 130 000 .


2 0.4
e

0 =

1.4

130 e
=
200 2.338

200
= 2.338. e = 1.7187 kg/m3 . Ve = 257.9 m/s.
0.287 298

 = 1.7187 0.012 257.9 = 0.1393 kg/s.


m

a) pr < 0.5283 p0. Me = 1. pe = 0.5283 200 = 105.7 kPa. Te = 0.8333 298 = 248.3 K.

e =

105.7
= 1.483 kg/m3 . Ve = 1.4 287 248.3 = 315.9 m/s.
0.287 248.3

 = 1.483 0.012 315.9 = 0.1472 kg/s.


m

9.22

b) pr > 0.5283 p0 . pe = 130 kPa,

e =

pe
= 0.65. M e = 0.81, Te = 0.884T0
p0

130
= 1.719 kg/m3 , Ve = 0.81 1.4 287 263.4 = 263.5 m/s.
0.287 263.4

 = 1.719 0.012 263.5 = 0.1423 kg/s.


m

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow

pe = 0.5283 400 = 211.3 kPa abs.


9.24

Te = 0.8333 303 = 252.5 K.

 =
Ve = 1.4 287 252.5 = 318.5 m/s. m

211.3
0.052 318.5 = 7.29 kg/s.
0.287 252.5

pe = 0.5283 p0 = 14.7 psia. p0 = 27.83 psia. Te = 0.8333 500 = 416.6D R.


Ve = 1.4 1716 416.6 = 1000 fps.

9.26

 = [14.7 144 / (1716 416.6)] (1.25 / 12) 2 1000 = 0.101 slug/sec.


m

p0 = 2 27.83.

pe = 0.5283 p0 = 29.4 psia,

Te = 416.6D R, Ve = 1000 fps.

 = [29.4 144 / (1716 416.6)] (1.25 / 12)2 1000 = 0.202 slug/sec.


m
1.667/0.667

5193 300 =

1.667 2077 Te
225
+ 5193 Te . Te = 225 K. pe = 200

2
300

= 97.45 kPa abs.


Next, Tt = 225 K, pt = 97.45 kPa; Vt = 1.667 2077 225 = 882.6 m/s.

t =
9.28

97.45
= 0.2085 kg/m3.
2.077 225

Ve2 1.667 pe
+
5193 300 =
.
2 0.667 e

0.2085 0 .032 882.6 = e 0.0752 Ve


1.667

pe = 200

200 / 2.077 300

= 1330 e1.667 kPa.

Ve2
+ 3324 103 9.54Ve0.667 .
2

or 3.116 106 = Ve2 + 63 420 103 Ve0.667 . Trial-and-error: Ve = 91.8 m/s.


e = 0.3203 kg/m3 and pe = 199.4 kPa abs.
We need to determine the Mach number at the exit. Since the M = 1 at the
throat, then A* = Athroat = 9.7 cm 2 . Hence, the area ratio at the exit is

9.30

Ae A* = 13 9.7 = 1.34 . Using the air tables, we find two possible solutions, one
for subsonic flow, and the other for supersonic flow in the diverging section of
the nozzle. At the exit:

Subsonic Flow: M e = 0.5, Te T0 = 0.9524, and pe p0 = 0.8430 .


Hence, Ve = M e ce = M e kRTe = 0.5 1.4 287 ( 0.9524 295 ) = 168 m/s

Supersonic Flow: M e = 1.76, Te T0 = 0.6175, and pe p0 = 0.1850 .

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow


Hence, Ve = M e ce = M e kRTe = 1.76 1.4 287 ( 0.6175 295 ) = 476 m/s

1 = p1 / RT1 = (45 + 14.7)144 / (1716 520) = 0.009634 slug/ft 3 .


1/1.4

50.7

59.7

2 = 0.009634
9.32

= 0.008573 slug/ft 3.

V1 0.009634 42 = V2 0.008573 22.

V2 = 4.495 V1.

V12 1.4 59.7 144 4.4952 V12 1.4 50.7 144


.
+

=
+

2 0.4 0.009634
2
0.4 0.008573

V1 = 121.9 fps.

 = 0.009634 (2/12) 2 121.9 = 0.1025 slug/sec.


m

Vt2 = kRTt . 1000 293 =


1.4/0.4

244
pt = 500

293
9.34

1.4 287 Tt
+ 1000 Tt . Tt = 244.0 K. Vt = 313.1 m/s.
2

= 263.5 kPa abs. t =

263.5
= 3.763 kg/m3 .
0.287 244

1000 293 =

Ve2 1.4 pe
pe
263 500
. 3.763 0.0252 313.1 = e 0.0752Ve . 1.4
+
=
2 0.4 e
3.7631.4
e

293 000=

Ve2
+ 1.014 106 Ve0.4 . Trial-and-error: Ve = 22.2 m/s, 659 m/s.
2

e = 5.897 , 0.1987 kg / m 3 .

p e = 494.2 kPa, 4.29 kPa abs.

M t = 1. pt = 0.5283 120 = 63.4 psia, Tt = 0.8333 520 = 433.3D R.


slug
.
ft 3
dt2

1.4 1716 433.3.
m = 1 = 0.01228
4

t = .01228

9.36

dt = 0.319 ft.

p
15
=
= 0.125. Me = 2.014, Te = 0.552 520 = 287D R, Ve = 2.014 1.4 1716 287
p0 120

= 684 fps.

A
A*

= 1.708.

de2
4

= 1.708

0.3192
4

. de = 0.417 ft.

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow

Using compressible flow tables for air, we determine the pressure ratio and
temperature ratio for M = 2.8 to be:
p
T
= 0.03685, and
= 0.3894 . p = 0.03685 p0 = 129 kPa abs
p0
T0

9.38

and T = 0.3894 T0 = 125 K


V = Mc = 2.8 kRT = 2.8 1.4 287 320 = 1004 m/s .
Let Mt = 1. Neglect viscous effects. M1 =
9.40

150
1.4 287 303

= 0.430.

A1
0.052 dt2
* = 1.5007. At =
=
=
. dt = 0.0816 m or 8.16 cm.
1.5007
1.5007
4
A
A

Isentropic flow. Since k = 1.4 for nitrogen,


the isentropic flow table may be used.
A

At M = 3,

A*

= 4.235.

M>1

Vi = 3 1.4 297 373 = 1181 m/s. i =


9.42
Ai =

Ve ~= 0
M<1

Mt = 1

100
= 0.9027 kg/m3 .
0.297 373


m
10
0.00938
=
= 0.00938 m 2 . At =
= 0.00221 m 2 .
i Vi 0.9027 1181
4.235

At M = 3, T = 0.3571 T0 , p = 0.02722 p0 .

T0 = Te =

373
100
= 1044 K or 772DC. p0 =
= pe = 3670 kPa abs.
0.3571
0.02722

Assume pe = 101 kPa. Then e =


9.44

 = AV 2 .
F = mV
M t = 1.

9.46

Ae
A*

101
= 0.4198 kg/m3 .
0.189 1273

80 000 9.81
= 0.4198 0.252 V 2 .
6

V = 1260 m/s.

= 4; M e = 2.94, pe = 0.02980 p0 .

Te = 0.3665 T0 = 0.3665 300 = 110.0 K,


pe = 100 = 0.0298 p0 . p0 = 3356 kPa abs.

F
p0A0

Ve = 2.94 1.4 287 109.95 = 618 m/s.

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Ve

Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow

FB =

100
0.052 6182 + 3 356 000 0.22 = 412 000 N.
0.287 109.95

Normal Shock

a) 0.9850 1000 = 2V2 . 80 000 p2 = 0.985 1000(V2 1000)

V22 10002 1.4 p2


80

+
287 283 = 0. 1 =
= 0.9850 kg/m3 .

2
0.4 2
0.287 283

V22 10002 1.4 V2

(985V2 + 1 065 000) 284 300 = 0


2
2
0.4 985

9.48

3V22 3784V2 + 784 300 = 0. V2 = 261 m/s. 2 = 3.774 kg/m 3 .

Substitute in and find p2 = 808 kPa abs.

M1 =

M2 =

1000
808
= 2.966. T2 =
= 746 K or 473DC.
0.287 3.774
1.4 287 283

261
= 0.477.
1.4 287 746

2 p2 T1 2 k M12 k + 1
=
=
1 p1 T2
k +1

( k + 1)2 M12
( k + 1)M12
=
.
2
k 1 2
2
2
+
(

1)M
k
1
1 + 2 M1 [4 k M1 2 k + 2]

M 21 =

9.50

k + 1 p2 k 1
+
. (This is Eq. 9.4.12). Substitute into above:
2k p1
2k

p
p
( k + 1)( k + 1) 2 + ( k 1)
( k + 1)( k + 1) 2 + k 1
p1
p1
2

.
=
p
1

p
2
2
4 k + ( k 1)( k + 1) 2 + ( k 1) ( k + 1) + ( k 1)( k + 1)
p1
p1

k 1 + ( k + 1)p 2 / p 1
.
k + 1 + ( k 1)p 2 / p 1

For a strong schock in which

9.52

p2

k+1
>> 1, 2 =
.
p1
1 k 1

If M 2 = 0.5, then M1 = 2.645. V1 = 2.645 1.4 287 293 = 908 m/s.

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow

2 =

p2 = 8.00 200 = 1600 kPa abs.


p1 = 0.2615 101 = 26.4 kPa.

9.54

1600
= 8.33 kg/m3 .
0.287 (2.285 293)

T1 = 223.3 K.

M1 = 1000 / 1.4 287 223.3 = 3.34.

M 2 = 0.4578. p2 = 12.85 26.4 = 339 kPa. T2 = 3.101 223.3 = 692.5 K.


For isentropic flow from 2 0: For M = 0.458, p = 0.866p0 and
T = 0.960 T0 .
A
*

T0 = 692.5 / 0.96 = 721 K or 448DC.

p0 = 339 / 0.866 = 391 kPa abs.

= 4. M e = 0.147. pe = 0.985 p0

p0 =

101
= 102.5 kPa abs.
0.985

M t = 1. pt = 0.5283 102.5 = 54.15 kPa. Tt = 0.8333 298 = 248.3 K.


9.56

t =

54.15
= 0.7599 kg/m3. Vt = 1.4 287 248.3 = 315.9 m/s.
0.287 248.3

 = 0.7599 0.0252 315.9 = 0.471 kg/s. If throat area is reduced, M t


m
 = 0.7599 0.022 315.9 = 0.302 kg/s.
remains at 1, t = 0.7599 kg/m3 and m

pe = 14.7 psia = p2 .

p1 =

A
A*

= 4. M1 = 2.94, and p2 / p1 = 9.918.

14.7
1.482
= 1.482 psia. At M1 = 2.94, p / p0 = 0.0298. p0 =
= 49.7 psia.
9.918
0.0298

M t = 1, pt = 0.5283 49.7 = 26.3 psia. Tt = 0.8333 520 = 433.3D R.

9.58

Vt = 1.4 1716 433.3 = 1020 fps.


M1 = 2.94, p1 = 1.482 psia. T1 = 0.3665 520 = 190.6D R.

V1 = 2.94 1.4 1716 190.6 = 1989 fps.


M 2 = 0.4788, pe = 14.7 psia . Te = T2 = 2.609 190.6 = 497.3D R.

V2 = 0.4788 1.4 1716 497.3 = 523 fps.

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow


Vapor Flow

655
pt = 0.546 p0 = 0.546 1200 = 655 kPa. Tt = 673

1200

0.3/1.3

= 585 K.

655
= 2.42 kg/m3 . Vt = 1.3 462 585 = 593 m/s. (Mt = 1.)
0.462 585

t =

 = t At Vt . 4 = 2.42
m
9.60

101
Te = 673

1200

0.3/1.3

d t2
4

593. d t = 0.060 m or 6 cm.

= 380.2 K e =

101
= 0.575 kg/m3.
0.462 380.2

Ve2
+ 1872 380.2 = 1872 673. (Energy from 0 e.) (c p = 1872 J/kg K)
2
Ve = 1050 m/s. 4 = 0.575( de2 /4) 1050. de = 0.092 m or 9.2 cm.
81.9
M e = 1, pe = 0.546 150 = 81.9 psia. Te = 1160

150
9.62

e =

0.3/1.3

= 1009D R.

81.9 144
= 0.00423 slug/ft 3 . Ve = 1.3 2760 1009 = 1903 fps.
2762 1009

0.25 = 0.00423

de2
4

1903. de = 0.199 ft. or 2.39".

Oblique Shock Wave

M1 =

800
= 2.29.
1.4 287 303

V2
V1

From Fig. 9.15, = 46 D , 79 D .


a) = 46D. M1n = 2.29 sin 46D = 1.65.
9.64

M 2n = 0.654 = M 2 sin(46D 20D ). M 2 = 1.49.


p 2 = 3.01 40 = 120.4 kPa abs. T2 = 1.423 303 = 431 K.
V2 = 1.4 287 431 1.49 = 620 m/s.

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= 20o

Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow


a detached
shock

c)
V1

= 35o

M1n = 3.5sin 35D = 2.01. M 2n = 0.576. T2 = 1.696 303 = 514 K.


M 2 = 0.576/ sin(35D 20D ) = 2.26. 1 = 20D = 2 .
9.66

2 = 47D.

M 2n = 2.26sin 47D = 1.65. M3n = 0.654 = M3 sin(47D 20D ). M3 = 1.44.


T3 = 1.423 514 = 731 K.

V3 = M3 kRT3 = 1.44 1.4 287 731 = 780 m/s.

M1 = 3, = 10D. 1 = 28D. M1n = 3sin 28D = 1.41. M 2n = 0.736.

p2 = 2.153 40 = 86.1 kPa abs.


9.68

M2 =

0.736
sin(28D 10D )

= 2.38.

p3 = 6.442 86.1 = 555 kPa abs.

( p3 )normal = 10.33 40 = 413 kPa abs.


Expansion Waves

1 = 26.4 D .

For M = 4 , = 65.8 D . (See Fig. 9.18.)

= 65.8 26.4 = 39.4 D .


9.70

T2 = T1

T0 T2
1
= 273
0.2381 = 117 K.
T1 T0
0.5556

V2 = 4 1.4 287 117 = 867 m/s.

T2 = 156 D C.

a) 1 = 39.1D. 2 = 39.1 + 5 = 44.1D. M u = 2.72. p2u = (20/0.0585) 0.04165


= 14.24 kPa abs.
9.72

For = 5D and M = 2.5, = 27D. M1n = 2.5sin 27D = 1.13. M 2n = 0.889.

p2A = 1.32 20 = 26.4 kPa abs.

M A = M 2 = 0.889/ sin(27D 5D ) = 2.37.

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Chapter 9 / Compressible Flow


If = 5D with M1 = 4, then Fig. 9.15 = 18D .
M1n = 4sin18D = 1.24. M 2n = 0.818.

M1

p2A = 1.627 20 = 32.5 kPa.


M 2A =

0.818
sin(18D 5D )

shock

M2u

shock

M2l

= 3.64.

At M1 = 4, 1 = 65.8D. At 75.8D , M 2u = 4.88. p2u = p1

p0 p2
0.002177
= 20
p p0
0.006586
= 6.61 kPa.

CL =

CD =

Lift
1
V12 A
2
Drag
1
V12 A
2

32.5 A cos 5D 20 A /2 6.61 ( A /2) cos10D


= 0.0854.
1
2
1.4 4 20 A
2
32.5 A sin 5D 6.61 ( A /2) sin10D
= 0.010.
1
2
1.4 4 20 A
2

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