Transmission Line Parameters PDF

TRANSMISSIONLINE
PARAMETERS
Ritesh Patel
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
G.H.PatelCollegeofEngineeringand
Technology VV Nagar(Gujarat)
Email:r2patel@yahoo.com
Necessity
Transfer bulk power for long distances
Due to limitation of site selection for
generating stations, it is required to transfer
power.
RiteshPatelEEDept.GCET
POWERSYSTEMCOMPONENTS
Generation
Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765kV) AC or HVDC
Dhuvaran
Karamsad
CB
Power Plant
Xmer
Sending end SS (11/220kV)

Commercial/
Industrial
Customer
CB
Bus-bar
220 kV
Steel Tower
(220/66 kV)
GCET
66 kV
Transmission
Distribution Transformer/
Pole mounted Xmer
(11/0.415 kV)
Urban
Customers
Bus-bar
Primary Tra. SS /
Primary Grid
Secondary Transmission(66/132kV)
Primary Distribution
V V Nagar
(66/11 kV)
Secondary Distribution
Distribution
Pole
Underground Cable
Secondary Tra. SS/

Secondary Grid
To Other
Residential
Customer
66kV
Residential
Customer
Substations
POWERSYSTEMCOMPONENTS
Generating station.
Transmission system
Step-up xmer
Receiving station.
Distribution system.
SinglelinediagramofPowerSystem
WhyHighVoltage?
Powerdeliveredtoacityis:
powerdelivered=current voltagedrop
voltage=resistance current
Powerwastedintransmissionwiresis:
powerwasted=resistance current2
Sowhat?
Wireswastepowerasheat
Doublingcurrentquadrupleswastedpower
Betternottransmithighcurrent!!!Whatisleft??
Better not transmit high current!!! What is left??
HV
Forefficientpowertransmission:
Uselowresistancewires
(thick,short,copper)
Uselowcurrentandhighvoltagedrop
Ritesh PatelEEDept.GCET
COMPONENTSOFPOWERSYSTEM
Generation
Transmission
SendingendSubstation(stepuptrans.SS)
Sending end Substation (step up trans. SS)
PrimaryTransmission
Primarytran.Substation(PrimaryGrid)
Secondarytransmission
Secondarytran.Substation)(SecondaryGrid)
Distribution
PrimaryDistribution
Secondarydistri.SS(PoleMountedXmer)
SecondaryDistribution
TransmissionVoltages:IndianStandards
765kV
400kV
220kV
132kV
66kV
DistributionVoltages:IndianStandards
11KV
415/240V
TRANSMISSIONTYPES
OverheadTransmission
UnderGroundTransmission
COMPONENTSOFTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM
StepupXmer
LineConductors
LineSupports
LineInsulators
Crossarms
Stepdowm Xmer
Protectivedevice
Regulator
Miscellaneous
Earthwires(L.A.)
Anti
Anticlimbing
climbingdevices
devices
Dangerplate
Phaseplate
Birdguard
Vibrationdamper
Maincomponentsofoverheadline
Conductors: Which carry electric power from the
sending end station to the receiving end station.
Supports:
S
t Which
Whi h may be
b poles
l or towers
t
and
d keep
k
the conductors at a suitable level above the ground.
Insulators: Which are attached to supports and
insulate the conductors from the ground.
Cross arms: Which provide support to the
insulators.
Miscellaneous items: Such as Phase Plates, Danger
Plates, Lightning arrestors, Anti Climbing wires, etc.
ComponentsofTrans.Line
Insulators
CoronaRing
CrossArm
Conductor
Earthing Wires
CrossArms
DangerPlate
GuardRing
VibrationDamper
Jumper
InsulatorString
VibrationDamper
BirdGuard
BirdGuard
GuardRing
PhasePlate
BirdGuard
SingleCircuitLine(HorizontalConfi.)
Spacers
10
Spacer
Spacer
11
DoubleCircuitLine(VerticalConfi.)
DoubleCircuitLine(VerticalConfi.)
12
LineSupports
LineSupports
13
TRANSMISSIONLINEPARAMETERS
series
Shunt
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Conductance
Introduction
All transmission lines in a power system exhibit the
electrical properties of resistance, inductance,
capacitance and conductance.
Inductance and capacitance are due to the effects of
magnetic and electric fields around the conductor.
These parameters are essential for the development
of the transmission line models used in power system
analysis.
The shunt conductance accounts for leakage currents
flowing across insulators and ionized pathways in the
air.
The leakage currents are negligible compared to the
current flowing in the transmission lines and may be
neglected.
14
ResistanceandInductance
Capacitance
15
Resistance
Importance:Transmissionefficiency
evaluationandeconomicstudies.
l ti
d
i t di
Significanteffect
GenerationofI2R lossintransmissionline.
ProducesIRtypevoltagedropwhichaffect
g
g
voltageregulation.
Resistance
Thedcresistanceofasolidroundconductorata
specifiedtemperatureis
Rdc =
l
A
Where:
=conductorresistivity(m),
l=conductorlength(m);and
A=conductorcrosssectionalarea(m2)
16
FactoraffectionResistance
Conductorresistanceisaffected
y
bythreefactors:
Frequency(skineffect)
Spiraling
Temperature
EffectofTemperature
The conductor resistance increases as temperature
increases. This change can be considered linear over
the range of temperature normally encountered and
mayy be calculated from :
Where:
1 =
R2 = R1 1 + 1 ( t 2 t1)
0
[1 + 0t1]
R1 =conductorresistancesatt1 inC
R2 =conductorresistancesatt2inC
Insinglephase2wiresystem:
Totalresistance(loopresistance)=2*Resistanceofonecond.
In3phasesystem:
Resistance/phase=Resistanceofonecond.
17
SkinEffect
Direct currents distribute themselves uniformly over the cross
section of the conductor and therefore use the center of the
conductor just as effectively as they use the periphery.
Alternating currents, however, owing to inductance effects
within the conductor, crowd toward the outside of the
conductor.
This effectively limits the crosssectional conductor area
available to carry alternating electron flow, increasing the
resistance of that conductor above what it would normally be
f direct
for
di
current
Definition : The tendency of alternating current to concentrate
near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect.
SkinEffect
18
SkinEffect
Skineffectcorrectionfactor
aredefinedas
R
RO
Where
R=ACresistance;and
Ro=DCresistance. Ritesh PatelEEDept.GCET
FactoraffectingSkinEffect
(i)Natureofmaterial
(ii)Diameterofwireincreaseswiththediameterofwire.
(iii)Frequencyincreaseswiththeincreaseinfrequency.
XL = 2 fL
(iv)Shapeofwirelessforstrandedconductorthanthesolid
conductor.
Skineffectisnegligiblewhen:
supplyfrequencyislow(<50Hz)and
conductordiameterissmall(<1cm).
19
Spiraling
Forstrandedconductors,alternatelayersofstrands
arespiraledinoppositedirectionstoholdthestrands
together.
Spiralingmakesthestrands1 2%longerthanthe
actualconductorlength.
DCresistanceofastrandedconductoris1 2%
larger thanthecalculatedvalue.
FluxLinkages
Inductanceofacircuitisdefinedasthefluxlinkages
p
perunitcurrent.
Fluxlinkagesduetosinglecurrentcarryingconductor:
FluxlinkagesduetoInternalFlux
FluxlinkagesduetoExternalFlux
Amperes Law
m.m.f. ((ampereturns)
p
) around anyy closed p
path equals
q
the
current enclosed by the path.
dl = I x
H x i 2 x = I x
20
FluxLinkagesduetoInternalflux
FluxLinkagesduetoExternalflux
21
Inductanceof1Phasetwowireline
A single phase lines consist of a single current carrying
line with a return line which is in opposite direction. This
can be illustrated as:
Inductanceof1Phasetwowireline
TotalfluxlinkageswithconductorAis
A=exp.(i)+exp(ii)
A
(i)
(ii)
22
Fluxlinkagesofonecond.inanarray
I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + .... + I n = 0
1
Dip=Dpi
i
P
Dij=Dji
3
2
j
n
Thefluxlinkagesofith conductorperunitlengthdue
toI1 inconductor1uptopointpis
D1 p
Wb T / m
D i1
i1 = 2 10 I 1 ln
7
Similarlyi2 ,i3,i4........ in
Di1
D1p
23
InductanceofCompositeconductorlines
a
c
b'
Conductor N
ConductorN
Conductor M
ConductorM
Singlephaselinehavingcompositeconductors
a = 2 107
I 1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
ln
ln
ln
.
.
.
ln
m rx '
Dab
Dac
Dam
I
1
1
1
1
2 107 ln
+ ln
+ ln
+ . . . + ln
n Daa '
Dab '
Dac '
Dan
or
a = 2 10 I ln
7
La =
Ln =
a
I /n
n
I /n
Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan
rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam
= 2n 107 ln
= 2n 107 ln
Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan
m
n
rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam
Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnn
rx ' Dna Dnb ...Dnm
24
L x = 2 10 7 ln
GMD
H /m
GMR x
where
h
GMD =
GMR x =
mn
m2
( D aa ' D ab ' ...D an )...( D na ' D nb ' ...D mn )

( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )
where
D aa = Dbb ... = D mm = rx '
Inductanceof3phaseline
25
Inductanceof3phaselineSymmetricalspacing
Inductanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing
IA + IB + IC = 0
26
27
Since in a transposed line each

phase takes all three positions, the
inductance per phase can be
obtained by finding the average
value.
If we compare the formula of inductance of an
unsymmetrically spaced transposed line with
that of symmetrically spaced line,
line we find that
inductance of each line conductor in the two
cases will be equal if
d =
d 1d 2 d 3
The distance d is known as equivalent

equilateral
spacing
for
unsymmetrically
transposed line.
28
SelfGMD(GeometricalmeandistanceDs)
Self geometrical mean distance (selfGMD) and
mutual geometrical mean distance (mutualGMD)
simplifies the inductance calculations, particularly
relating to multiconductor arrangements.
selfGMD of a conductor depends upon the size and

shape of the conductor and is independent of the
spacing between the conductors.
MutualGMD(GeometricalmeandistanceDm)
MutualGMD simply represents the equivalent
geometrical spacing.
(a) The mutualGMD
mutual GMD between two conductors
(assuming that spacing between conductors is
large compared to the diameter of each
conductor) is equal to the distance between
their centres i.e.
Dm=spacing between conductors = d
(b) For a single circuit 3 line, the mutualGMD
is equal to the equivalent equilateral spacing
d =
d 1d 2 d 3
29
3Phasedoublecircuitlines.
The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each

conductor has the same radius.
Mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and

is substantially independent of the exact size,
shape and orientation of the conductor.
30
InductanceintermsofGMD
L x = 2 10 7 ln
GMD
H /m
GMR x
GMRofBundledConductors
Extra high voltage transmission lines are usually
constructed with bundled conductors.
Bundling
reduces
the
reactance, which
dli
d
h line
li
hi h
improves the line performance and increases the
power capability of the line.
31
GMRofBundledConductors
GMR x =
mm
( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )
for the two subconductor bundle

D sb =
( Ds d ) 2 =
Ds d
for the three subconductor bundle

D sb =
( Ds d d ) 3 =
Ds d 2
for the four subconductor bundle

D sb = 16 ( D s d d d 21/ 2 ) 4 = 1.09 4 D s d 3
ProximityEffect
If the current in both conductors flow in the same
direction, they will attract each other.
32
ProximityEffect
d
ca
b
ac
b
D
If current flowing in the same direction , the density

of current flowing through section aa (Inner edge) is
highest and is least at the section cc(outer edge)
ProximityEffect
The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused
by the current flowing in a neighborhood conductor
gives rise to circulating currents which cause an
apparent increase in the resistance of a conductor.
This phenomenon is called proximity effect.
Like skin effect, proximity effect also results in non
uniformity of current in a conductor cross section.
For
For normal spacing of overhead lines, this effect is
always of negligible order. However, for underground
cables, where conductors are located close to each
other, proximity effect causes an appreciable increase
in effective conductor resistance.
33
FactoraffectingProximityEffect
(i)Sizeoftheconductor(diameter)
(ii)Distancebetweentheconductorsdecreaseswithincrease
inthedistance.
(iii)Frequencyincreaseswiththeincreaseinfrequency.
XL = 2 fL
(iv)Permeabilityofthematerial(r).
(v)Resistivityofthematerial().
Forcircularconductors:
Effective Resistance
d 2 f r
For small conductors and at power frequencies the

effect is negligible but these effects may be quite
important for large conductors and high frequencies.
Numericals (Inductance)
Symmetrical 3 line
Unsymmetrical 3 line
Double ckt line. Symmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. umymmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. Hexagonal arrangement
Bundled conductor lines
Single phase line
34
Capacitance
Electric potential at a point due to a charge is the work
done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to
that point.
Capacitance:Thechargeperunitpotential
Capacitance
The electric intensity E at a
distance x from the centre of
the conductor in air is given by:
Ass x app
approaches
oac es infinity,
y, thee value
a ue o
of E app
approaches
oac es zero.
eo
Therefore, the potential difference between conductor
A and infinity distant neutral plane is given by :
35
Capacitanceof1Phasetwowireline
The total p.d. between
conductor A and neutral
infinite plane is
infinite
Similarly
l l for
f Conductor
d
B
Capacitanceof1Phasetwowireline
Both these potentials are w.r.t. the same neutral
plane. Since the unlike charges attract each other, the
potential difference between the conductors is
36
Capacitancetoneutral
Since potential of the midpoint between the conductors is
zero, the potential difference between each conductor and
the ground or neutral is half the potential difference between
the conductors.
Thus the capacitance to ground or
capacitance to neutral for the twowire line is twice the line
toline capacitance
Capacitanceof3phaselineSymmetricalspacing
Overall potential difference
between conductor A and
infinite neutral plane is given by
37
Capacitanceof3phaselineSymmetricalspacing
This equation is identical to capacitance to

neutral for twowire line. Derived in a similar
manner, the expressions for capacitance are the
same for conductors B and C.
Capacitanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing
38
Capacitanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing
Capacitance from conductor to

neutral is
PotentialDifferenceinaMulticonductor
configuration
Considernparallellongconductorswithcharges
q1,q2,,qn coulombs/meterasshownbelow.
Potentialdifferencebetweenconductori andj
duetothepresenceofallchargesis
Vij =
1
2 0
q
k =1
ln
q2
D kj
q3
Dik
q1
qn
qi
qj
39
Effectofbundling
C=
2 0
GMD
ln
rb
F /m
The effect of bundling is introduce an equivalent

radius rb. The radius rb is similar to GMR calculate
earlier for the inductance with the exception that
radius
di r off each
h subconductor
b
d t is
i used
d instead
i t d off Ds.
Effectofbundling
If d is the bundle spacing, we obtain for
the two-subconductor bundle
rb =
rd
For the three-subconductor bundle
rb =
rd2
For the four-subconductor bundle
r b = 1 .09 4 r d 3
40
Capacitanceof3phaseDoubleCircuitLines
The per-phase equivalent capacitance
to neutral is obtained to
C=
2 0
GMD
ln
GMRc
F /m
GMD is the same as was found for inductance

calculation
D AB =
D ab D ab ' D a ' b D a ' b '
D BC =
Dbc Dbc ' Db ' c Db ' c '
D AC =
D ac D ac ' D a ' c D a ' c '
Capacitanceof3phaseDoubleCircuitLines
The equivalent GMD per phase is then
GMD =
D AB D BC D AC
The GMRC of each phase is similar to the GMRL

This will results in the following equation
D s1 =
D aa D aa ' D a ' a D a ' a '
Ds 2 =
Dbb Dbb ' Db ' b Db ' b ' GMRC =
Ds 3 =
Dcc Dcc ' Dc ' c Dc ' c '
D s1 D s 2 D s 3
41
EffectofEarthonCapacitanceofTr.Line
The presence of ground alters the electric field of
a line and hence the line capacitance.
Ground can assumed to be a perfect conductor
in the form of a horizontal plane of infinite
extent.
The effect of ground can be modeled by the
method of images.
Although
lh
h not exact, experience
i
h shown
has
h
that
h
this method is based on realistic and practical
approximations.
This well known method makes
use of the fact that the effect
of ground and the charges and
potentials
i l off the
h conductors
d
can be replaced by the effects
of images of conductor below
the surface of the ground.
The electric field of two long
parallel conductors charged +q
and q per unit is such that it
has zero potential plane
midway
between
the
conductors as shown in fig.
42
Any one conductor and its image conductor are
located at equal distance, but in opposite direction
from the ground surface. Their charges and
potentials
i l are equall but
b off opposite
i sign.
i
The electric flux above the plane is same as it is when
the ground is present instead of the image
conductors.
we may equivalently replace the presence of ground
as a charged conductor by a fictitious conductor
having equal and opposite charge and located as far
below the surface of ground as the overhead
conductor above it. It is mirror image of the
overhead conductor.(originally suggested by Lord
Kelvin)
Effect on Single Phase Transmission line :
43
Effect on Three Phase Transmission line :
FerrantiEffect
A long transmission line draws a substantial
quantity of charging current. If such a line is Open

circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving
end, the voltage at receiving end may become
greater than voltage at sending end. This is known
as Ferranti Effect
The capacitance (and charging current) is
negligible
li ibl in
i short
h
li but
line
b significant
i ifi
i medium
in
di
line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this
phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines.
44
VectorpresentationofFerrantiEffect
ICXL
ICR
FerrantiEffect
The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the
longer the line and the higher the voltage applied.

The relative voltage rise is proportional to the
square of the line length.
Due to high capacitance, the Ferranti Effect is
much more pronounced in underground cables,
even in short lengths.
Allll electrical
l
i l loads
l d are inductive
i d i in
i nature and
d
hence they consume lot of reactive power from
the transmission lines. Hence there is voltage drop
in the lines.
45
FerrantiEffect
Capacitors which supply reactive power are

connected parallel to the transmission lines so as to
compensate the reactive power consumed by the
inductive loads.
Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is
supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the
consumption of reactive power from trans line.
However when the inductive loads are switched off
the capacitors may still be there. The reactive power
supplied by the capacitors add on to the transmission
lines due to the absence of inductance.
As a result voltage at the receiving end or consumer
end increases and is more than the voltage at the
supply end.
Numericals (capacitance)
1phase line
Symmetrical 3 line
Unsymmetrical 3 line
Double ckt line. Symmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. umymmetrical spacing between phases
Double ckt line. Hexagonal arrangement
Bundled conductor lines
46
QUESTIONS ???
47

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TRANSMISSIONLINE

Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765kV) AC or HVDC

Sending end SS (11/220kV)

Secondary Tra. SS/

Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan

rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam

Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan

rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam

Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnn

rx ' Dna Dnb ...Dnm

( D aa ' D ab ' ...D an )...( D na ' D nb ' ...D mn )

Since in a transposed line each

The distance d is known as equivalent

selfGMD of a conductor depends upon the size and

The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each

Mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and

( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )

for the two subconductor bundle

for the three subconductor bundle

for the four subconductor bundle

If current flowing in the same direction , the density

For small conductors and at power frequencies the

This equation is identical to capacitance to

Capacitance from conductor to

The effect of bundling is introduce an equivalent

For the three-subconductor bundle

For the four-subconductor bundle

GMD is the same as was found for inductance

D ab D ab ' D a ' b D a ' b '

Dbc Dbc ' Db ' c Db ' c '

D ac D ac ' D a ' c D a ' c '

The GMRC of each phase is similar to the GMRL

D aa D aa ' D a ' a D a ' a '

Dbb Dbb ' Db ' b Db ' b ' GMRC =

Dcc Dcc ' Dc ' c Dc ' c '

quantity of charging current. If such a line is Open

longer the line and the higher the voltage applied.

Capacitors which supply reactive power are

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