1.

Describe the formation of interstitial fluid

a. At arterial end, blood flow under high pressure forces small and dissolved
molecules of substances out into the spaces between the cells and form
interstitial fluid
b. Larger molecules such as red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins
remains in the blood capillaries
c. Leucocyte able to ooze through opening between capillary cells
2. Describe the similarities and the differences between the blood circulatory
system in human, fish and amphibian
a. Similarities
i. All these types of circulatory system are closed circulatory system
ii. Circulatory system involved pumping of heart
iii. Oxygen transported to body cells for cellular respiration
b. Difference
Aspect
Human
Fish
Amphibians
Type of circulatory Closed double
Closed single
Closed double
completed
circulatory system incomplete
circulatory system
circulatory system
Number of
Four chambers in
Two chambers in
Three chambers in
chambers in the
heart
heart
heart
heart
Place where
In lungs
In gills
In skin and lungs
gaseous exchange
occurs
Separation of
Separate no
Separate no
Not separate no
oxygenated blood
mixing of blood
mixing of blood
mixing of blood in
and deoxygenated
ventricles
blood in heart
Type of blood flow
Both oxygenated
Only oxygenated
Both oxygenated
into heart
and deoxygenated blood flow to heart and deoxygenated
blood flow to heart
blood flow to heart
Number of atrium
Two Atria
One Atrium
Two Atria
and ventricle in
Two Ventricles
One Ventricle
One Ventricle
heart
Efficiency of blood Circulation is
Circulation less
Circulation less
flow
efficient
efficient
efficient
3. Why multicellular organisms have more complex transport system?
a. Body cells located far away from the environment
b. The total surface area to volume ratio is smaller
4. Why the blood cell is red color?
a. Because it contain haemoglobin
5. Why we have to maintain our body in pH7.4?
a. It will change in active side of the enzyme. No enzyme substrate complex will
be form
6. Plasma Proteins
a. albumin
maintain the osmotic balance between the blood and
the interstitial fluid
puffers against pH change (normal pH value in our
body is pH7.4)
b. fibrinogen
Clotting of blood

c. immunoglobulins

antibodies help in the body defense

1. State the function of human heart.

a. It pumps blood throughout the body.
2. Everything in heart seems to come in fours:
There are four main blood vessels in the heart. Name the blood vessels labelled
A, B, C and D in the diagram, and state their functions.

a. Aorta - transports oxygenated blood to all parts of the body from the left
ventricle of the heart.
b. Pulmonary artery - transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the
right ventricle of the heart.
c. Pulmonary vein - transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left
atrium of the heart.
d. Vena cava - brings in deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to
the right atrium of the heart.
3. There are four chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right
ventricle. Explain why the left ventricle has the thickest muscle wall. (Tip: Where
does it pump its blood to? Does it undergo high pressure?)
a. It must be able to withstand very high pressure because it pumps blood to
all parts of the body.
4. There are four main valves: bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and two semi-lunar
valves. State their function.
(Tip: All valves ensure a one-way flow of blood)
a. Bicuspid valve - prevents the backflow of blood between the left
ventricle and the left atrium.
b. Tricuspid valve - prevents the backflow of blood between the right
ventricle and the right atrium.
c. Semi-lunar valves - while one of them prevents the backflow of blood
between the left ventricle and aorta, the other prevents it between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
5. There are four structures involved in the beating of the heart: sinoatrial node
(SAN), atria-ventricular node (AVN), bundle of His and Purkinje fibres. State the
functions of the SAN and AVN.
(Tip: The two nodes act like batteries and generate electrical impulses that
cause the cardiac muscles to contract)
a. The two nodes act like batteries to produces electrical impulses that cause
the cardiac muscles to contract.
6. The pacemaker of a patient's heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is
used to replace the original pacemaker. Explain how this works.
(Tip: Think about the function of the SAN - the electronic pacemaker has the
same function)
a. The electronic pacemaker generates electrical impulses that make the
cardiac muscles contract and the heartbeat.

7. Compare the rate of blood flow in blood vessels A and D.

(Tip: Which of the blood vessels is an artery or a vein? Which undergoes more
pressure? So, in which of them will blood flow more and at a greater speed?)
a. A, the aorta, is the largest artery and undergoes very high pressure. So,
in it, blood flows at a greater speed.
b. D, the vena cava, the largest vein, does not undergo as much pressure.
Thus, in it, blood flow is slower.
8. How Blood pressure Regulated
a. Shock condition cause blood pressure decrease
i. Heart cardiac muscles contract slower
ii. Blood vessel
1. Smooth muscle undergo vasodilation (blood vessel dilate)
2. Lumen increases it size
3. Blood flow slower
4. Resistance of blood flow decrease
5. Blood pressure decrease
b. Exercise, excited, scare, nervous cause blood pressure increase
i. Heart cardiac muscles contract faster
ii. Blood vessel
1. Smooth muscle undergo vasoconstriction (blood vessel
contracts)
2. Lumen decreases it size
3. Blood flow faster
4. Resistance of blood flow increase
5. Blood pressure increase
9. Phagocytosis process
a. The phagocytosis process is attracted by the chemical produced by the
bacterium. The phagocyte extends its pseudopodium towards the
bacterium engulf it
b. Ingestion of the bacterium form phagosome
c. The phagosome combine with a lysosome which release enzyme into the
phagosome
d. The bacterium inside the phagosome is destroyed by lysozyme
e. The phagocyte release the digested products from cell