Standard Methods of

Estimating Reserves
Volumetric Estimates
Material Balance
Extrapolation of Oil Production Trends
Extrapolation of (Log) Oil Cut Trends (Water
Drive fields)
Extrapolation of Observed Reservoir Trends
1

Contour Map & Cross Section

10,000
9,500
9,000
8,500
8,000

WELL

GAS

7,500

OIL

WELL

GOC
WATER

WATER

OWC

Structural Contour Map

Structural Cross Section

Determination of HC Volumes - 1
A
Pores =

h
Interstitial Water
(Connate Water Saturation)
Shale

Reservoir Core

Sand Grains

Flow Path

HCPV = A x h x F x x (1 - Swc)

Determination of HC Volumes -3
Procedure -1

Obtain a contour (or NOS/NGS) map

Calibrate the planimeter
Planimeter the highest contour nearest the
crest
Repeat for every contour till say 2 contours
below the OWC
Convert planimeter readings in cm2 to acres
Plot depth against planimeter readings
Plot well trajectories

Determination of HC Volumes -3
Procedure -2

Indicate top & base of sand on well plot

Trace out sand base on Area vs Depth graph
Draw in fluid contacts or HC limits depths
Planimeter the Area/Depth graph cumulatively,
always starting every depth run from the crest
Plot each value against its corresponding depth
Read off the volumes of gas (at GOC) and of oil
(volume OWC - GOC) & convert to bbls or ft3
Obtain petrophysical and PVT parameters

Determination of HC Volumes -3
Planimetering - Calibration

Planimeter (say 3
ce) a 10cm x 10cm
figure on a graph sheet.
Better still, perform above step on the coordinate markings on the contour map.
Suppose average reading is 99.8, that
means 1 planimeter unit = 100/99.8 cm2,
or 1.0020 cm2.
This correction must be applied to every
reading made with that planimeter.

Determination of HC Volumes -3

Planimetering: Conversion of Readings -1

For a map scale of 1:25,000:
1cm on map = 25,000cm in the reservoir.
1cm2 map = (25,000)2 cm2 reservoir
= 625 x 106 cm2 reservoir
1 acre = 4840 x 9 x 144 x (2.54)2 cm2
625 x 106 cm2 =

625 x 106
ac
4840x9x144x(2.54)2
i.e. 1 cm2 on map = 15.4441 acres in reservoir

Determination of HC Volumes -3

Planimetering: Conversion of Readings -2

1 Acre-ft = 4840 x 9 x 1 ft3
= 43560 ft3
1 barrel

= 5.61458 ft3

1 Acre-ft (= 43560 ft3) = 7758.37 bbls

DEPTH (ft ss)

Determination of HC Volumes -2
GOC

OWC

AREA (acres)
CUMULATIVE BULK VOL (Ac-ft)
9

Volumetric Calculations - 1
HCPV = A x h x F x x (1 - Swc)
STOIIP (N) = A x h x F x x (1 - Swc) x Cbf
FGIIP (G) = A x h x F x x (1 - Swc) x Ei
A = Area (from geological map)
h = thickness (from well observation)
= Porosity (from petrophysics)
Swc = connate water saturation (petrophysics)
Cbf = Shrinkage Factor (std vol/res vol)
Ei = Gas expansion factor (std vol/res vol)

10

Volumetric Calculations -2
(in Oil Field Units)

STOIIP (N) = A x h x F x x (1 - Swc) x Cbf

= 7758.4 x V x F x x (1 - Swc) / Boi (stb)
FGIIP (G) = A x h x F x x (1 - Swc) x Ei
= 43560 x V x F x x (1 - Swc) x Ei (scf)

11

Exercise: Estimate of HCPV

Result of planimetering:
4 km2 area corresponds to 183 planimeter units.
Highest Structural point: Top = 8300 ft ss;
Base = 8800 ft ss; OWC is at 8900 ft ss.
Contour Areas:
Top Pay
Base Pay
Depth Planim. Acres
Planim. Acres
-8500
126
-9000
311
146
-9500
470
343
-10000
652
546
-10500
882
785

12

Exercise: Estimate of HCPV

Question:
1. Prepare a graph of Cum Bulk Vol vs depth.
(For lack of planimeter, use a numerical
approximation method to determine areas.
Express volumes in acre-feet.)
2) What is the Cumulative Bulk Volume (CBV)
down to the OWC?
3) What is the centroid depth?

13

Exercise: Estimate of HCPV

4) Calculate the HCPV in MMbbls down to the
OWC for the following three sets of
petrophysical data:
a) all sand with porosity 25% and Swc =15%;
b) 2/3rds productive limestone with porosity
10% and Swc = 30%, 1/3rd non productive;
c) 2/5ths sand as above, 2/5ths limestone as
above, 1/5th non productive.
Conversion factor: 1 acft = 7758 bbls

14

Exercise: Estimate of HCPV

Result of planimetering:
4km2 corresponds to 183 planimeter units.
183 plan units

= 4 km2 = 4 x 247.1 ac
= 988.4 acres

1 plan unit

= 988.4 / 183 = 5.40 ac

15

Exercise: Estimate of HCPV

Depth Top AreaBase AreaArea Diff Bulk Vol CBV
-8300
0
0
0
0
-8500
12
12
1.2
1.2
-8800
23.6
0
23.6
5.34
6.54
-8900
25.5
3
22.5
2.305
8.845
-9000
27.8
6
21.8
2.215
11.06
-9200
33.3
10
23.3
4.51
15.57
-9500
39.2
14.8
24.4
7.155 22.725
-9900
47.3
21.6
25.7
10.02 32.745
-10000
50.4
23.6
26.8
2.625
35.37
-10500
63
33.9
29.1 13.975 49.345 16

Exercise
AREA vs DEPTH GRAPH
-8000
Crest of reservoir 8300 ftss

-8500
-9000

To p A r e a

-9500

B a se A r e a

OWC

- 10 0 0 0

A r e a D if f

- 10 5 0 0
- 110 0 0
0

5 0 0 10 0 0 15 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 0
Are a ( a c re s)
17

Exercise: Estimate of HCPV

Depth Interval Bulk vol. contained within
Cum Bulk
depth interval (M acft)
Vol (M acft)
8300 - 8500 200 x 0.5 x (0 + 680)
= 68
68
8500 - 8800 300 x 0.5 x (680 +1340) = 303
371
8800 - 8900 100 x 0.5 x (1340 + 1050) = 120
491
8900 - 9000 100 x 0.5 x (1050 +890) = 97
588
9000 - 9200 200 x 0.5 x (890 +770)
= 166
754
9200 - 9500 300 x 0.5 x (770 + 690)
= 219
973
9500 - 10000 500 x 0.5 x (690 +580)
=318
1291
10000 - 10500 500 x 0.5 x (580 + 520)
= 275
1566

18

Exercise (cont
d)
Cumula tiv e B u lk Vo lume P lo t
-8000
-8500
-9000

Centroid of reservoir 9030 ftss

-9030

-9500

C u m B u lk Vo l

-9900

OWC

- 10 0 0 0
- 10 5 0 0

- 110 0 0

615

500

1230

10 0 0

15 0 0

2000

C u m B u lk V o l (M a c -ft)
19

Exercise (cont
d)
From CBV graph, CBV to OWC = 1.23 Macft
Centroid Depth = Depth of
= 9030 ft ss

1
2x

Cum Bulk Vol

HCPV down to OWC = 7758 x V x F x x (1 - Swc)

a) 7758 x 1.23 E06 x 1 x 0.25 x (1 - 0.15)
= 2028 MMbbl
b) 7758 x 1.23 E06 x 0.667 x 0.1 x (1 - 0.3)
= 445 MMbbl
c) 7758 x 1.23 E06 x 0.4x[0.25x0.85 + 0.1x0.7]
20
= 1078 MMbbl