Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Observation
Broad area of
research interest
identified
Problem
Definition
Theoretical
Framework
Research
Problem
delineated
Variables
clearly
identified
and labeled
Preliminary
Data Gathering
Interviewing
Literature
Review
Generation
of
Hypotheses
Scientific
Research
Design
Data
Collection,
analysis,
and
Interpretation
Deduction
Hypotheses
substantiated?
Research
question
answered?
Topic Identification
Topic Identification
Conduct mini-researches and note the
obtained findings closely
Compile research with special emphasis on
content and methodology
Visit various libraries for possible discovery of
researchable topics
Topic Identification
Subscribe to journals in your field and in
research
Build up a library of materials in your field.
Materials could be concept-centric or authorcentric
Sources include journals, books, conference
and organizations
Topic Selection
Research is an original investigation
undertaken to gain knowledge and
understanding
Choose a phenomena which you wish to
explain or predict
Topic is of great interest to you.
Topic Selection
Topic is useful for the concerned people in a
particular field
Topic is novel
Topic Selection
Topic Selection
Topic Selection
Researchable Problems
Addressing a gap in knowledge
Testing the effectiveness of possible
solutions
Looking for possible and plausible
explanations
A PROBLEM is an undesirable
factor that must be dealt with
if the desired organizational results
are to be achieved
Problem Justification
Timeliness
Pervasiveness
Effect on particular groups
Relationship with ongoing programs
Relationship with broad social, economic
and health issues
A concern for other people as well
Has direct, indirect, short-term and long-range
impact on the welfare of a group of people or the
society as a whole
OBJECTIVES
Statements of purpose for which the
investigation is to be conducted
Stipulate the aims or goals which are
expected at the end of the research
Process
Research Objective
1. To identify organisations
objectives for team
briefing schemes
2. To establish suitable
effectiveness criteria for
team briefing schemes
3. To describe the extent to
which the effectiveness criteria
for team briefing have been
met
CATEGORIES OF OBJECTIVES
GENERAL : broad statement of
purpose which uses abstract and
non-measurable concepts
- usually a rephrase of the research
title
CATEGORIES OF OBJECTIVES
EXAMPLE
Illustrative Example
General: To determine the relationship of accounting
conservatism and quality of earnings with regard to the food,
beverage and tobacco sector for the five-year period of 1998
to 2002
Specific:
1. To analyze the extent to which the principle of conservatism
is applied in the food, beverage and tobacco sector
2. To determine how accounting conservatism affects quality of
earnings for each firm in the food, beverage and tobacco
sector
EXAMPLE
Literature
Collection of books and papers
that deal with the same issues
and that respond to each other in
the developing debates about a
topic
Literature Review
A review can involve a narrative or description of an
article or other piece of work
A critical review poses questions such as:
- What is the purpose of the study?
- What is the focus of the study?
- What types of data were collected?
- How were the data managed?
- What analytical approach is used?
Literature Review
Identify the key works and materials in the
literature
One should be aware of the breadth of
literature related to your topic or research
questions
Literature Review
Requires the skill of condensing large volumes
of literature so that the essential views or
arguments they contain can be presented in a
few words
Literature Review
Schools of Thought
Evaluate strengths
and
weaknesses
Literature Review
Removes the need to rediscover knowledge
that has already been reported
-assesses the existing knowledge in the field
and point out which areas dominate the
discussion to date
Literature Review
Helps one to build upon the work that has
already been done in the field being
researched
- reveals blank spots in the existing research,
thus offering a platform and directions for
future research