News Brief

The Story of LTE in Hong Kong Told at

Mobile World Congress in Barcelona
CSL and ZTE announces details of the first phase of commercial LTE trial in Hong Kong
on CSLs NextG network

The press conference held by CSL, Telstra and ZTE

February 16, 2010, Barcelona

CSL, Hong Kongs leading mobile
network operator, its parent company
Te l s t r a , a n d Z T E , u n v e i l e d t h e
milestones achieved since the launch
of NextG, Hong Kongs leading
mobile network.
In March 2009, CSL unveiled the
commercial launch of NextG, the
award-winning All-IP mobile broadband
network. NextG was the worlds first
SDR-based HSPA+ All-IP network. With
peak download speeds up to 21Mbps and
offering the widest coverage in Hong
Kong, the network provides unrivalled
mobility and performance.
NextGs SDR capability enables
CSL to rapidly evolve from 3G to
LTE through a software upgrade. This
combined with CSLs LTE spectrum
(awarded by auction in 2009) means
that CSL has set out a smooth and
readily accessible path to LTE.
In September 2009, CSL, Telstra and
ZTE announced the commencement of

a LTE commercial trial network and

demonstrated speeds up to 127Mbps
utilizing this technology, a first for
Asia and one of the first in the world.
Today, CSL, Telstra and ZTE
announced the progress of the LTE
trial which has seen 20 active and
fully operational LTE cell sites rolled
out in Hong Kong. These sites are
currently being trialed as CSL, Telstra
and ZTE examine the capabilities and
characteristics of the next generation
of mobile technologies.
C S L s C T O , M r . C h r i s t i a n
Daigneault said, A unique aspect of
this trial is that it has moved out of
the laboratory and into the streets.
We are now testing the cell sites with
a consumer ready LTE USB modem
and field trials of this are presently
being conducted throughout our LTE
network. We are very pleased with
the results of these trials and the USB
modem is performing extremely
well, showing peak download speeds

upwards of 100Mbps on the streets of

Hong Kong. This means that maybe
we have to revisit the time in which
LTE will be commercially available
and rolled out in networks across the
world.
The evolution of the LTE network
in Hong Kong has been a hot topic
in the industry over the last year as
CSL and ZTE pioneer new wireless
uses for consumers and enterprises
in the city and position themselves
at the forefront of the global mobile
telecommunications industry.
Tarek Robbiati, Group Managing
Director of Telstra International and
CEO of CSL, also pointed out the
stark changes in usage patterns since
the launch of NextG. Mr. Robbiati
said, Data traffic has increased by
20 times over that of the legacy 3G
network and has now eclipsed voice
traffic within our network. With the
constant evolution of the network to
higher speeds toward LTE and the
proliferation of Smartphones and other
devices, CSL expects the exponential
growth in data traffic in Hong Kong
to continue for many years. CSL
will continue the investment in LTE
technology to build one of the worlds
most advanced networks in Hong
Kong. This will deliver on our promise
to our customers of a true mobile
broadband service that helps them live
their lives in the way that they want;
in Hong Kong that means on the move
and always connected.

www.zte.com.cn

A Monthly Publication

Vol. 12 No. 3 Issue 122 March/2010

P3

Interview
Seize the Opportunity for Great Breakthroughs
An interview with Wang Xiyu, Vice President of ZTE
Wireless Product R&D Institute

Focus

P7

Towards Next Generation

Networks with Future Proof xPON
Solutions

P12

Mature OAM: A Powerful Boost

for 10G EPON

P14

The successful application of VDSL2

for UMTS backhaul has helped
Elisa achieve true fixed and mobile
convergence (FMC) in service
delivery and maintenance

ZTE is pioneering mature and

commercialized 10G EPON products,
and also takes a leading position in
the field of XG-PON1 and WDM
PON

P10

Thanks to the strong affinity

between 10G EPON and EPON,
the 10G EPON OAM solution
based on mature EPON OAM can
effectively guarantee the smooth
commercialization of 10G EPON

Elisa VDSL2 Leads Finlands

Broadband Market

Future-Oriented Green FTTx

Solution
Drawing on its rich experience in
broadband access, ZTE is capable of
delivering customized FTTx solution,
helping operators build futureoriented green broadband networks
with the lowest TCO

Third Eye

Editorial Board

ZTEs ZXA10 C300

ZXA10 C300 is one of only a handful of FTTP OLT
platforms supporting both standards based GPON and
EPON, not to mention point-to-point active Ethernet
FTTP and 10G EPON

ZTE Looks to Further Broaden International Reach

17

Editor-in-Chief: Gu Yongcheng
Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Huang Xinming
Editorial Director: Zhao Lili
Executive Editor: Yue Lihua
Editor: Paul Sleswick

20

ZTE has proven its ability to secure major tenders

in emerging markets as well as developed markets
through innovation, customization and an integrated
product suite

Circulation Manager: Wang Pingping

Subscription / Customer Services

Subscription to ZTE TECHNOLOGIES
is free of charge
Tel: +86-551-5533356

P17

Fax: +86-551-5850139
Email: wang.pingping@zte.com.cn

ZXA10 C300

P25

Website: www.zte.com.cn

Editorial Office
Address: NO. 55, Hi-tech Road South, ShenZhen,
P.R.China
Postcode: 518057
Tel: +86-755-26775211

Research Note
Realizing the Software Evolution of Existing BOSS
with ZTE SEEM

Fax: +86-755-26775217

22

The main advantage of SEEM is that it balances

maintenance and evolution, extends the life-cycle of
legacy BOSS component, and supports a heterogeneous
environment

Email: yue.lihua@zte.com.cn

ZTE Profile
ZTE is a leading global provider of
telecommunications equipment and network
solutions. It has the widest and most complete
product range in the worldcovering virtually

Solution
UEMS Boosts Network OAM Efficiency
The core of UEMS is unificationtransforming
network management from distributed management to
centralized management

every sector of the wireline, wireless, service

25

and terminals markets. The company delivers

innovative, custom-made products and
services to over 500 operators in more than
140 countries, helping them achieve continued
revenue growth and shape the future of the
worlds communications.

News Brief

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

27

Interview

Seize the Opportunity for

Great Breakthroughs
An interview with Wang Xiyu, Vice President of ZTE Wireless Product R&D Institute
By Fang Li

he year 2009 was the birth

year of 3G in China, and also
a year for ZTE to make great
achievements in wireless business.
The success ZTE has achieved
attributes to the market-driven
R&D concept it has been adhering
to. Since the 3G era, ZTE has been
ranked among global mainstream
mobile equipment suppliers, and has
made massive breakthroughs in the
wireless infrastructure equipment
sector by firmly seizing the market
opportunity to improve its R&D ability.
Recently, reporter Fang Li of ZTE
TECHNOLOGIES interviewed Wang
Xiyu, Vice President of ZTE Wireless
Product R&D Institute.

Wang Xiyu currently serves as Vice President of ZTE Wireless Product R&D
Institute. He joined ZTE in July 1998, and worked successively as Director
of CDMA Product Development Department and Vice General Manager
of ZTE CDMA Division. Drawing on years of experience, Wang Xiyu has
gained a deeper insight into the market and technology development of
wireless infrastructure equipment.

Journalist: At present, cloud computing

and Internet of Things (IOT) have
become hot topics of insiders and the
boundary between communications and
IT industry, or even between IT industry
and other industries is being broken.
How does ZTE view the development
of these hot technologies?
Wang Xiyu: Recently, cloud computing
becomes a hot topic among insiders.
ZTE has also paid great attention
to it. Being developed from the IT
field, cloud computing focuses on the
concept of network-based services and
completes storage and computing with
cloud services to save operational costs.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

Interview

Technology
innovation is a
driving force to
enhance product
competitiveness.
ZTE, as a latecomer
to the mobile
communications
market, must strive
to not only keep
up with but also
surpass its rivals
through technology
innovations.

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

Wi t h t h e d e e p e n i n g o f t h e
convergence of communications and
IT industry, cloud services and cloud
storage have been deployed. At the
wireless access side, the traditional base
station structure can not be replaced
by the current cloud computing
technology due to the high real-time
and high bandwidth requirements at
the baseband/RF interface, but the
distributed processing idea of cloud
computing can gradually be used in the
base stations.
IOT has been a focus of attention
in Europe and the United States now.
Chinese operators have also actively
participated in IOT workshops.
Compared with the previous
communications technology that
could solve interaction of billions of
people, IOT is introduced to solve
interaction of 50 to 100 trillions of
objects. IOT is a very important killer
service of the existing 3G and future
4G technologies. The application of
IOT puts higher requirements not only
on mobile bandwidth but also on realtime and reliable wireless transmission.
The features of wireless technologies
like broadband, IP-based and flat
structure are provided to meet these
requirements. The wireless signaling
system shall also take into account
some new scenarios brought about by
IOT.
Meanwhile, IOT itself is the
convergence of the wireless
transmission technology and sensor
technology, and also an important
expansion of the wireless application
technology. ZTE has established IOT
product line and related R&D institute
based on its RFID products. We hope to
rapidly develop advanced technologies
and products in the field of IOT by
leveraging our wealth of experience in
wireless communications.

J: How do you understand technology

innovation? Could you tell us about
prominent technology innovations ZTE
has made in the wireless sector?
Wang: Technology innovation is
a driving force to enhance product
competitiveness. ZTE, as a latecomer
to the mobile communications market,
must strive to not only keep up with
but also surpass its rivals through
technology innovations. In this way,
we can break the long-term monopoly
by well-known overseas equipment
vendors in the telecom market. In
other words, whether to survive or die
depends on technology innovation.
On the other hand, we should
avoid blind pursuit of technology
innovations. All technology innovations
must be driven by market demands.
Those innovations capable of meeting
customers needs are what we need,
while those purely for technology are
not what we want.
Wireless technologies have evolved
at a tremendous rate since 2000. In
the past decade, three generations
of wireless communication systems
(2G/3G/4G) and more than 10 wireless
standards were developed. For a
long time, equipment vendors have
all adopted one wireless standard for
deployment of one type of base stations,
which may result in huge investments
and OAM difficulties. In China alone,
the investments in building mobile
base stations have reached hundreds of
billions yuan.
Due to the great difference in
baseband/RF features of the systems
of different wireless standards, the
Software Defined Radio (SDR)
technology has been found only in labs.
ZTE is the first in the industry to adopt
the combined soft baseband and hard
accelerator solution to enable baseband
sharing among different wireless

standards. We have also launched a

series of key broadband technologies:
wide bandwidth LDMOS and multiband broadband transceivers to greatly
increase the carrier density supported
by a single base station, and solve the
coexistence problem of multi-standard,
multi-band wireless systems.
Based on the SDR base station
platform, ZTE took the lead to launch
commercial dual-mode GSM/UMTS
base stations and multi-mode CDMA/
LT E a n d T D - S C D M A / LT E b a s e
stations. The base stations of multiple
modes can operate on the same physical
platform that allows for unified
management and thus reduces CAPEX
and OPEX. Moreover, ZTE has greatly
widened the application scope and
improved the performance of traditional
cellular networks with a great number
of innovative technologies regarding
air interfaces and radio networking.
The soft base stations launched by ZTE
have brought a great revolution to the
conventional base stations, helping
China move from a follower to a leader
in the field of mobile communications.
Based on the soft base stations, ZTE
has developed a series of technology
innovations: it took the lead to put
forward and realized the notions of
Super BTS with large-capacity
baseband pool and O&M Factory,
which have fundamentally changed
the construction mode of base stations;
it provided SON key functions such
as automatic upgrade and automatic
configuration for 4G LTE base stations
and took the lead to launch automatic
network planning and optimization
tools for 3G base station systems, which
have brought great OPEX savings for
operators; it succeeded in developing
GoTaChinas first digital trunking
system with independent IPR
based on the SDR base stations, and

succeeded in optimizing air interface

standards and redefining network
architecture to make the access time less
than one second and achieve perfect
convergence of traditional wireless
services with radio trunked services;
and it removed the impact of Doppler
frequency shift on CDMA to implement
Air-to-Ground (ATG) communications
across the America.
ZTE has also made innovations in
miniaturizing base stations. It launched
in succession UMTS/CDMA/TDSCDMA Remote RF Units (RRU) with
the smallest size and lightest weight in
the industry, which could be mounted
on the wall, fastened to the pole, or
placed on top of the tower to meet the
installation requirements for various
indoor/outdoor scenarios and thus save
a great deal of equipment room space.
Moreover, the adoption of advanced
rack-management technology in the
SDR base station has greatly enhanced
the systems fault locating capability
and laid a foundation for cost-effective
system expansion in the future.
Clock synchronization is quite
an important issue in the wireless
system. Currently, mobile systems
like CDMA2000, WiMAX, Chinas
home-grown TD-SCDMA and its
evolution standardLTE TDD, are
all relying on the synchronous clock
reference. Traditional clock reference
relied on America GPS. Considering
national security, China developed
the Beidou navigation positioning and
timing system on its own, and now
the complete industrial chain is being
formed. In addition to GPS, the SDR
base station system can also use the
home-made Beidou system solution.
When necessary, it can switch from
the GPS system to the Beidou timing
system.
Due to the high costs of equipment

and engineering of the satellite

receiving system, IEEE1588V2 is
adopted as an alternative to implement
precise clock synchronization through
the network. Thanks to its unremitting
R &D eff o r ts , ZTE s u cceed ed in
embedding the innovative IEEE1588V2
protocol into the SDR base stations.
ZTEs self-developed synchronization
algorithm can adapt to both new PTN
and conventional networks deployed
by operators. It supports frequency
and phase synchronization, meeting
the clock requirements of various
wireless systems on the base stations.
The synchronization system was
commercialized in the network of Hong
Kong CSL in 2009. In China Mobiles
TD-SCDMA testing, it reached the 8ns
timing accuracy.
J: The year 2009 was the birth year of
3G in China, and also a year for ZTE
to make great achievements in wireless
business. Would you tell us what
breakthroughs ZTE has made in its
R&D capabilities behind the continuous
expansion of its market share?
Wang: The year 2009 was a year for
ZTE to make great breakthroughs in
wireless business. Our achievements
were made out of years of accumulation.
Now we have reached a brand-new
height in understanding the whole
wireless network framework, core
technologies, networking and customer
needs. It is because the improvement
of our overall capabilities that we can
have a clear understanding of market
needs and launch industry-leading
SDR base station to obtain product
competitiveness.
In 2009, we made great efforts
to promote the High Performance
Product Development (HPPD),
which includes planning in advance,
systematic thinking, coordinated

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

Interview

development, and project management.

The implementation of HPPD
makes a favorable combination of
product planning and product R&D,
significantly improving both the speed
and quality of R&D. In 2009, the field
quality of our wireless products was
fundamentally enhanced.
We also made groundbreaking
improvements in our platform planning
and architecture capabilities. ZTE is
one of the few vendors in the industry
that can develop a full range of wireless
products. The unified platform it has
developed can not only save R&D
personnel resources but also boost our
overall competitiveness in the wireless
infrastructure segment.
J: Would you please tell us about ZTEs
patent strategy for the wireless sector?
Wang: There are numerous patents
in the telecom industry. Equipment
vendors all hold several related patents,
including basic patents, by participating
in standards drafting and product
development. It is unavoidable for
them to use each others patents. The
problem of patent infringement among
them can only be solved by signing
the patent cross-licensing agreement.
Without the equal position to cross
license with the other party, one has to
solve the problem by paying money
or even through legal actions. ZTE
attaches great importance to its patent
strategy for the wireless sector. To date,
it has applied more than 25,000 patents
globally, where over 1,700 patents are
used for the LTE/SAE field.
Our patent strategy for the wireless
field is divided into three stages:
from 1999 to 2003, we improved our
employees IPR awareness and the
number of patent applications provided
by each wireless product line; from
2003 to 2009, we focused on patent

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

quality and formed the basic IPR

defense framework; from 2010 to 2014,
we will significantly improve patent
quality and develop the patent strategy
for certain technical fields, for example,
increase the number of basic patents in
the 3G and LTE fields.
In general, due to its late start in
2G, ZTE has placed the focus of its
patent strategy on 3G/4G and future
evolution of wireless technologies.
And meanwhile, ZTE enjoys promising
prospects in the convergence of 2G/3G/
4G networks.
J: Finally, could you talk about
the development trend of wireless
technologies? What is the consideration
of ZTE in this regard?
Wang: The essence for developing
wireless technologies is to satisfy
the needs for information interaction
between people, between objects,
and between people and objects. The
emergence of new applications like
IOT has put new requirements on high
availability of wireless data, such as:
Higher bandwidth: LTE and LTE
Advanced will provide Gigabit
bandwidth. This puts higher
requirements on combination
efficiency of high-bandwidth
spectrum, intra-cell spectrum and
inter-cell spectrum. Therefore,
Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
transmission and carrier aggregation
are new focuses of research.
H i g h e r re a l - t i m e l i n e s s : T h e
current transmission delay is
difficult to meet the requirements
for electronic medical care and
real-time experience. In addition to
higher wireless transmission rates
and higher scheduling efficiency of
the base station, high real-timeliness
also requires the entire transmission
network to reduce transmission

delay. Therefore, flat network

architecture is a trend that can
reduce the number of intermediate
transmission and processing nodes
being used.
Higher reliability: In the future,
important data demanding high
s e c u r i t y, e . g . , a v a s t a m o u n t
of electronic payments will be
transmitted over the wireless
network. This needs to ensure
data security and reliability. In
addition to reliable wireless data
transmission, data encryption and
decryption are also important in
wireless technologies.
Furthermore, operators needs for
converging multiple networks at low
TCO have posed new challenges for
the form of base stations and their
management. The base stations will
be diverse in variety, from traditional
macro base stations to Pico/Femto
base stations. The development of
components will also have great
impact on the form of base stations.
Nevertheless, wireless base stations
will certainly evolve to be smaller,
broadband-based, flat-based and
collaborative.
To control the future, one has to
control the trend. ZTE has taken into
full consideration the development of
wireless technologies. The marketdriven R&D mechanism ensures us
to grasp customer needs and trends in
the industry. We have established the
Wireless Standards Department and the
Wireless Pre-R&D Center, and actively
joined the international wireless
standards organizations to track the
development trends of the industry.
And meanwhile, we will share with
industrial partners our views on wireless
development to jointly push forward the
technology evolution.

Focus

Towards
Next Generation Networks with

Future Proof xPON

Solutions
By Song Shijie

PON and GPON, both of

which belong to the same
generation of technology, can
provide 1G/2G bandwidth. With hugestream broadband services like IPTV,

HDTV, 3DTV and online game play,

subscriber bandwidth requirements
are predicted to increase in magnitude
every five years, accelerating quickly.
The bandwidth requirement per

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

Focus

subscriber, for example, is estimated

to reach 50100Mbps when mid-term
and long-term development trends
are taken into account. However, in
current EPON and GPON interfaces,
bandwidth bottlenecks have begun to
appear. To address this problem, IEEE
and ITU-T have put forward NextGeneration Passive Optical Network
(NG-PON).

the GPON system, and is backwardly

compatible with existing fiber
installations. It can be further divided
into two generations: XG-PON1 and
XG-PON2, which are differentiated
by the uplink data rate. NG-PON2, on
the other hand, is a long-term solution
with an entirely new optical network
typesuch as WDM PON.

Progress of NG-PON Standards

Drawing on a wealth of experience

in access network installations, in
2008, ZTE launched its ZXA10
C300the worlds first unified NGPON platform supporting GPON,
EPON, P2P, as well as the emerging
next generation IEEE 10G EPON and
FSAN/ITU-T NG-PON in a single
shelf. ZTEs next generation FTTx
solution on the C300 platform offers
the following features:
Service provision: It can carry
CATV, IPTV, voice, data, and
mobile services, helping operators
transform themselves into fullservice providers.
Equipment support: It supports up
to 16,384 subscribers in a single
shelf with a maximum reach of
60km; allows mixed insertion
of a variety of PON boards like
GPON, EPON, P2P, 10G EPON,
10G GPON and WDM PON to
ensure smooth evolution to NGPON (while protecting operators
investments); and guarantees QoS,
security control, and Zero-Touch
management and maintenance.
Access mode: It supports all major
FTTx access modes including
FTTH, FTTB, FTTC and FTTO.
It also supports mobile backhaul
to meet operator requirements for
various application scenarios.

IEEE 10G EPON

10G EPON was formally
standardized and published in the
IEEE 802.3av in September 2009. The
IEEE 802.3av task force focused on
defining a new physical layer, keeping
the MAC, MAC control and all the
layers above unchanged to the greatest
possible extent. The 802.3av standard
has two core features: it expands the
uplink/downlink bandwidth of the
802.3ah standard to 10Gbps, and it has
good compatibility, allowing for the
coexistence of 10G EPON ONU and
1G EPON ONU on the same ONU.
This provides maximum protection
of the operator s investment. 10G
EPONan NG-PON technology
featuring high bandwidth and good
compatibilitywill be widely
employed in the next few years.
FSAN/ITU-T NG-PON
NG-PON is defined in the ITU-T
G.987 series. NG-PON standardization
is currently being accelerated and
all documentation on XG-PON1
standards are expected to be published
in 2011. The evolution of NG-PON
can be divided by FSAN/ITU-T into
two phases: NG-PON1 and NG-PON2.
NG-PON1 is a mid-term upgrade from

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

ZTE NG-PON Solution

ZTE 10G EPON

ZTE began pre-research into 10G
EPON as early as 2006. It ascertained
the requirements of major operators
at home and abroad, and cooperated
with PON chip manufactures, optical
module manufacturers, and analog
chip makers to jointly deliver an ideal
10G EPON solution (see Figure 1).
ZTE, one of the leading advocates
of 10G EPON, is actively involved
in drafting 10G EPON standards, and
serves as the editor for IEEE802.3av
10G EPON. So far, it has made over
20 technical contributions and given
100 technical comments in 10G EPON
standardization meetings.
ZTE launched a prototype of the
worlds first 10G EPON equipment
in October 2008. It launched a
commercial trial of asymmetrical 10G
EPON equipment in May 2009, and a
commercial trial of symmetrical 10G
EPON equipment in October 2009. At
present, ZTEs 10G EPON products
are being commercially used by China
Mobile and China Telecom. These
products have evolved smoothly from
existing xPON equipment, and are
helping the operators greatly enhance
access bandwidth and service access
capabilities of their networks.
ZTE NG-PON
ZTE is also deeply involved in
pre-research work on NG-PON. It
actively participates in drafting NGPON standards and serves as the
editor for ITU-T G.987 NG-PON. It
is leading the industry in the research
and development of 10G GPON and
WDM PON.
ZTE has developed prototype
equipment based on the XG-PON1
standard that can meet operator

demands for XG-PON1 tests

(including PMD verification in the
FTTH scenario). It plans to launch the
commercial trial of XG-PON1 cards
based on the ZXA10 C300 platform
in Q3, 2010. Figure 2 shows the
coexistence of GPON and XG-PON.
Furthermore, ZTE has a prototype
of RSOA-based pure WDM PON
equipment and a prototype of hybrid
WDM PON equipment, and plans to
launch the commercial trial of WDM
PON cards based on the ZXA10 C300
platform in Q2, 2010.
Additionally, ZTE has initiated
pre-research work on NG-PON2,
including OCDMA PON, OFDM
PON, and ECDMA PON.

Advantages of ZTE NG-PON Platform

ZTEs unified NG-PON platform,

ZXA10 C300, has the following
advantages:
Lower power consumption and
carbon footprint: ZXA10 C300
can reduce power consumption by
41% due to ASIC & PCB design
and innovative methods of setting
boards, ports and modules at idle
status.
Higher site savings: ZXA10 C300
offers a higher density of PON
modules, allowing 16,384 users
to share the same platform. It
also offers longer coverage with
a range up to 60km. Compared to
traditional OLT designs, ZXA10

10G EPON ONU

10G EPON

10G EPON ONU

10G EPON ONU

ZXA10 C300

10G EPON Card

C300 combines the benefits of

density and coverage to provide
higher OPEX savings (as fewer
sites are needed).
F u t u r e p r o o f n e s s : S m o o t h
evolution to 10G EPON and/or
NG-PON is possible with ZXA10
C300; only one new module is
needed for the upgrade to 10G
EPON or NG-PON. This enables
additional CAPEX savings
compared to a traditional design
which requires the change of heavy
hardware in the transition to 10G
EPON and/or NG-PON.
Industry recognition: Being an
xPON ONU, ZXDSL 9806H
received two prestigious industry
awards: the Convergence World
Award in the category of Best
Green Innovation (for its firstclass performance at the SOFNET
Forum in London, April 2008),
and the Infovision Award in the
category of Best Access Network
Technologies and Services (at the
Broadband World Forum Europe in
Berlin, October 2007).

Conclusion
Figure 1. ZTE 10G EPON solution.

GPON OLT

GPON OLT

TX

TX
RX

XG-PON OLT

TX

Filter1
WDM

RX

Filter2

CATV

Figure 2. Coexistence of GPON and XG-PON.

RX

XG-PON OLT
TX
RX

ZTE is committed to developing

innovative NG-PON products. It
is actively involved in NG-PON
standardization in both the IEEE
and ITU-T, and is the editor for
IEEE802.3av and ITU-T G.987.
ZTE is pioneering mature and
commercialized 10G EPON products,
and also takes a leading position in the
field of XG-PON1 and WDM PON.
Its ZXA10 C300 is the industrys first
NG-PON integrated platform that can
help operators smoothly evolve to
NG-PON networks while protecting
their investments.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

Focus

Mature OAM:

A Powerful Boost for 10G EPON

By Zhu Zhenghua

he maturing of EPON standards

and technologies has ushered in
large-scale commercialization
of EPON networks. Today, EPON
installations in China have exceeded 20
million lines. Being the leading EPON
supplier in China, ZTE can deliver
mature OAM solutions in light of the
new characteristics of EPON networks.
ZTE has been integrating the
research of FTTx OAM into its
development of PON products. Its
EPON OAM solution, drawing on
years of field research experience,
is highly recognized in China. It
is helping Chinese operators push
forward the construction of FTTx
optical broadband access networks.
ZTEs EPON OAM solution offers the
following advantages:
Equipment commissioning: It
supports Plug and Play (PnP)
functionality, fast and zero touch
deployment, easy management
address planning and configuration,

10

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

and needs little change in the case

of equipment failure.
Service provisioning: It supports
multi-service configuration, as
well as fast, centralized and batch
service provisioning.
Equipment management: It supports
unified equipment management.
The management system is easy to
operate and has high performance.
Service assurance: It provides
early fault warning, remote
fault diagnosis, and remote fault
handling.
Network monitoring: It provides
remote equipment monitoring and
operation environment monitoring.
Network security: It provides
equipment authentication, port
location, user binding and user
query.
The 10G EPON standards are
derived from EPON standards. The
IEEE 802.3av 10G EPON Task Force
has taken into full consideration
wavelength planning, control protocols,
and management mechanisms in
drafting the 10G EPON standards.
Except for the expanded EPON MPCP
protocol (IEEE802.3) and additional
10Gbps capability notification and
negotiation mechanism, 10G EPON

inherits almost all of the EPON

standards, so it makes full use of the
EPON OAM solution.
Since 10G EPON allows
compatibility with and migration from
legacy EPON networks, it is natural for
a 10G EPON OAM solution to emerge
from the basis of mature EPON OAM.
10G EPON and EPON have similar
service models
As 10G EPON is similar to EPON
in terms of equipment type, application
scenario, VLAN model, and service
identifier mapping, it is easy to learn
and accept the service model of 10G
EPON. Various types of ONU devices
including SFU, HGU, SBU, MDU, and
MTU, are recognized in the telecom
market as useful in different application
scenarios. These EPON ONU devices
can be used for 10G EPON when
their interface definitions are slightly
modified. The service model and user
model of EPON can also be used for
10G EPON.
10G EPON and EPON have similar
service data
The configuration, performance and
alarm data of 10G EPON and EPON
are defined in the same specification.
Their service models are simple, with
relevant data being added to 10G

EPON. EPON has a well-defined

fault diagnosis function, which can
be used in 10G EPON after changing
the precision and scope of relevant
data. In the EPON specifications, three
bandwidth types are defined: fixed
bandwidth, assured bandwidth, and
best effort bandwidth. These bandwidth
types are also defined in 10G EPON
except a few modifications are made
to the data concerning bandwidth,
precision and step size for Dynamic
Bandwidth Allocation (DBA). The
configuration, performance, and alarm
data of EPON can also be used in 10G
EPON after a few modifications have
been made.
10G EPON and EPON have the same
authentication mode and the same
service fulfillment flow

As shown in Figure 1, EPON ONUs

are managed in three modes: extended
OAM, extended OAM and SNMP,
and extended OAM and TR069. These
management modes can be used
for 10G EPON only by adding the
extended OAM definition related to
10G EPON.
As the northbound interfaces of
10G EPON are fully compatible with
those of EPON, all EPON interface
parameters can be used for 10G EPON.
As a result, the whole OAM flow of
10G EPON remains unchanged without
the need to develop new interfaces or
alter its service support system.
10G EPON leverages the simplicity,

SNMP
EMS

ONU

SNMP

OAM
OLT

ITMS

MDU

ONU

TR069

Figure 1. Management modes for 10G EPON and EPON.

SFU

low cost, and mature industrial chain of

the EPON and Ethernet technologies,
and its large-scale commercialization
is just around the corner. Global
mainstream operators have predicted
that 10G EPON will see widespread
commercial installation within one
year, and its technologies and industrial
chain will experience booming growth.
C u r r e n t l y, m a j o r o p e r a t o r s
worldwide are paying increasing
attention to 10G EPON. Some of
themlike Japans NTT DoCoMo,
Koreas KT, France Telecom, Telecom
I t a l i a , a n d Ta i w a n s C h u n g h w a
Telecomare conducting 10G EPON
technology and equipment assessment,
and some of them have even run 10G
EPON field trials.
Thanks to the strong affinity between
10G EPON and EPON, the 10G EPON
OAM solution based on mature EPON
OAM can effectively guarantee the
smooth commercialization of 10G
EPON.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

11

Focus

Elisa VDSL2 Leads

Finlands Broadband Market

By Xue Qikang

ith more than 2.2 million

mobile subscribers and
1.3 million fixed line
subscribers, Elisa is Finlands second
largest operator of integrated services.
It also leads the Finnish broadband
market with over 513,000 broadband
subscribers.
Existing ADSL2+ networks,
however, cannot meet increasing
bandwidth demands, and the emerging
FTTH faces enormous investment
pressure. Governments and operators
in Finland are therefore seeking
better solutions for the accessibility
of feature-rich high-speed broadband
services in order to retain home users
and local enterprise users.
Faced with new market competition

12

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

during the global economic crisis, Elisa

chose to cooperate with ZTE in 2008
to deploy a new broadband access
platform.
With the rapid development of
carrier-class broadband technologies
and the explosive growth of their
subscriber base and network traffic,
Elisa hopes to deliver full, high quality
services to its customers. VDSL2 is
a new broadband access technology
that is compatible with ADSL2+ and
supports up to 100M uplink/downlink
bandwidth. As VDSL2 can be used
t o o ff e r u l t r a - h i g h b a n d w i d t h
while saving operators investment
in subscriber loopsit has become
an ideal choice for last mile access.
ZXDSL 9806H, ZTEs award-winning

VDSL2 DSLAM equipment, was

chosen by Elisa to deliver quality
broadband services for the following
reasons:
First, ZXDSL 9806H is capacity
and networking versatile. It provides
ADSL, ADSL2+, SHDSL, VDSL2,
and LAN ports at the user side, and GE
uplink ports at the network side. It also
supports uplink PON such as uplink
EPON, GPON, 10G EPON, and 10G
GPON ports. With the development
of video services, ZXDSL 9806H will
incorporate more functions. It can be
flexibly installed due to its compact size
and high density features, and is ideal
for small spaces, outdoor environments,
and residential or business buildings.
Second, ZXDSL 9806H has low

it can provide a QoS guarantee. This

minimizes Elisas operating expenditure
(OPEX). The successful application
of ZTEs VDSL2 for UMTS backhaul
has helped Elisa achieve true fixed and
mobile convergence (FMC) in service
delivery and maintenance.
Finally, as the recipient of many
prestigious awards, ZXDSL 9806H
is highly regarded by operators
around the world. It was awarded the
Infovision Award at the Broadband
World Forum Europe in Berlin, October
2007; the Convergence World Award
at the SOFNET Forum in London,
April 2008; and was awarded the top
ranking in Current Analysiss product
performance evaluation report in the

Global Remote DSLAMs category in

2009.
VDSL2 is a new generation DSL
technology, and has been widely
adopted by telecom operators and
internet providers in Finland and even
the whole of Europe. By cooperating
with ZTE, Elisa has deployed a new
VDSL2 platform that can deliver
high-quality broadband services
with lower OPEX and greatly boost
its competitiveness in the Finnish
broadband market. Elisa has signed a
five-year global procurement contract
with ZTE, and has been devoted to
building leading-edge broadband access
platforms for its customers around the
globe.

ZTE's Broadband Access Product Tops Current

Analysis Global DSLAM Category Evaluation Ranking
March 6, 2009, Source: EDN Asia

power consumption. The results of tests

performed by multiple operators show
that ZXDSL 9806H is environmentally
f r i e n d l y. A s a n e x t - g e n e r a t i o n
integrated broadband access device, it
has the lowest power consumption of
all products of its kind in the industry.
Its power consumption is far lower
than that set by the European Union,
and this can be attributed to ZTEs indepth research into system architecture,
cooling, and power management.
Third, ZXDSL 9806H supports
mobile backhaul. It can be used for
UMTS backhaul service transmission,
which allows fast deployment of mobile
broadband services between newly
established base stations. Although it
adopts economic packet transmission,

ZTEs broadband access productthe ZXDSL 9806Hwas given the

top ranking in Current Analysis recent product performance evaluation
report in the Global Remote DSLAMs category. The ZXDSL 9806H recorded
the highest ratings in five purchase pre-set criteria by Current Analysis, a
leading independent research firm.
For its excellent performance, ZTEs ZXDSL 9806H topped the
performance evaluation compared with other vendors similar products
in five major areas: Density, Network Uplinks/FTTN Capability, Video
support, POTS support and pricing. Its unique design significantly
helps protect operators existing investments and maximize revenues
associated to new broadband services, including video-on-demand, IPTV,
and Internet games.
ZTEs 9806H provides up to 96 ADSL2+ lines or 64 VDSL2 lines in
a 2U rack design, which can be easily deployed near the customers
location, hence seamlessly connecting it with multiple DSLs to a highspeed internet line using multiplexing techniques. This broadband
system is perfectly ideal for FTTx network architecture model and enables
operators to build next-generation broadband network while reusing
existing copper cables.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

13

Focus

Future-Oriented Green
FTTx Solution
By Chen Yi

ith the development of

information technologies
in recent years, user needs
have expanded from simple voice
to a multiplay of voice, video, data
and images. An increasing number
of users are paying attention to new
broadband services, such as IPTV,
VOD, online games, e-learning,
video conferencing and video phone,
and these place greater demands on
network bandwidth, QoS and security.
Value-added services have also become
an important means for operators to
attract users and increase their income.
The growth of these new services

14

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

has led to increasing bandwidth

demands at the access layer. With
the development and convergence of
core networks, broadband access and
sustainable evolution have become
crucial in network construction. Also,
with technological advancement,
improvement of manufacturing
processes, and rapid reduction in fiber
cost, extending optical fiber to the user
has become the development trend of
access layer.
Recent years have seen explosive
growth of fiber-based Passive Optical
Networks (PON). With features like
fiber saving, passive devices, easy

maintenance and transparent network

protocols, PON systems have aroused
widespread interest from industry and
are playing an increasingly important
role in building FTTx networks at the
access layer. ZTE has developed a series
of PON and ODN products capable of
delivering diversified FTTx solutions
that can be applied to various scenarios
like fiber to the home (FTTH), fiber to
the building (FTTB), fiber to the curb
(FTTC), fiber to the office (FTTO) and
fiber to the village (FTTV). Its total
FTTx solution is illustrated in Figure 1.
ZTE total FTTx solution has the
following attractions:

A vast array of product series

applicable to various scenarios
For residential districts and buildings
where copper cables are installed, and
rural areas with low user density, ZTE
provides a MDU/MTU product series
of different capacities and different

Core

ports (such as Ethernet, E1, DSL and

POTS) which allows users to access
broadband Internet, VoIP, IPTV,
traditional PBX, and mobile backhaul
services. For newly-built residential
districts and high-end users, ZTE
provides the most complete range of

Aggregation

Access
FTTC

CATV

GE

ONU

Fixed

FTTB

IPTV

Service Server
softswitch

GE/
10GE

40KM

Business

GGSN
MSC Server SGSN
HLR
MGW
Mobile

IPTV

GE/FE(P2P)

XPON(Mobile backhaul)

Large-capacity OLT adaptive to the

trend of flat network architecture
ZXA10 C300 is a large-capacity
OLT device developed by ZTE. It
supports 128 EPON/GPON ports,
16,384 FTTH users and more FTTB/
FTTC users in a single rack. It also
provides a maximum uplink capacity
of 80Gbps and a backplane capacity of
3.2Tbps. It is an OLT device with the
largest capacity and highest-density
cards in the industry.

Energy saving and environmental

friendliness
Nowadays, people have a
heightened awareness of energy
conservation and environmental
issues more generally. Leading global
operators are likewise demonstrating
increasing concern about environmental
protection and energy saving in the
application of their equipment. ZTE,

splitter

FTTH

WDM PON

20KM

RNC

Hybrid PON

Residential

WDM

IPTV

20KM

FTTH
WDM

WDM

Packet Transport
MSTP/SDH/DWDM

MDU VDSL/FE

GPON/EPON/XG
PON/10GEPON

STM-1/E1

Internet

xDSL

ONU devices (see Table 1) to meet

their diverse needs.

BBU+RRU

splitter

eNodeB

PICO/Femtocell

Figure 1. ZTE total FTTx solution.

Table 1. A list of ZTE ONU devices
Name

Module

GPON
Ports

10/10M
Base_T

ZXA10 F600

SFU

10/100/
100MBase_T

POTS

RF

WiFi E1/T1

USB

ADSL2+/
VDSL2

Dimensions
(HWD mm)
39170127

ZXA10 F601

SFU

ZXA10 F601c

SFU

ZXA10 F602

SFU

ZXA10 F612

SFU

ZXA10 F620

SFU

ZXA10 F625

SFU

ZXA10 F627

SFU

ZXA10 F628
ZXA10 F660
ZXA10 F668

3296125
1

35100140
35100140

35100140

50260185

SFU

SFU

SFU

ZXA10 F621

SFU

ZXA10 F702g

Outdoor SFU

ZXA10 F820

MDU/MTU

1/2

24

16/32

ZXA10 F822

MDU

8/16/24

8/16/24

ZXDSL 9812

MDU

ZXDSL 9806H

MDU

50260185
1

1
1

50260185

50260185

50260185

50260185

44290185

64

320350180

192

8/16

43.6440253.6
43.6482.6240
0/12

44380240

96/64

88482.6240

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

15

Focus

1pps+TOD

1588
Boundary Clock

ONU

BTS/NodeB

E1

E1/STM-1/GE

ONU

MSTP/MPLS

Splitter

1588
Slave Clock

OLT

FE/GE

BSC/RNC

IP Network
FE

1pps+TOD
ONU

BTS/NodeB

FE

1pps+TOD

ONU

PRC or GPS Receiver

12
11
1
10
2
9
3
8
4
7 6 5

1588 Node

1588 Master

Figure 2. ZTE FTTx time and clock solution for mobile backhaul.

the first vendor to put forward a green

broadband solution in the industry,
has incorporated the green concept
into its FTTx solutions. Its OLT and
ONU devices including every PCB
board and ASCI chip have passed strict
power consumption tests, and consume
40% less power than comparable
industry products. Moreover, their
power consumption has been further
reduced by 20% using the innovative
power control technique. Due to its
excellent performance in controlling
power consumption, ZTE has won
prestigious international awards, such
as the InfoVision Award at BBWF
Europe 2007 (for its GPON + VDSL2
solution), the Best Green Innovation
Award at Convergence World 2008
(for its ZXDSL 9806H (ONU), and the
Top Ranking in 2009 Current Analysis
Global DSLAM Equipment Selection.
Rich experience in ODN design
ODN construction has become a
major concern for operators because
it accounts for over 60% of the total
cost in an FTTx project. ZTE has
launched a full range of ODN products,
offering operators a total PON solution
that covers system design and service

16

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

delivery.
Powerful support platform for
smooth evolution
ZTE FTTx solution supports not
only EPON and GPON but also the
smooth evolution to NG PON without
any alteration to the main boards,
power boards, or uplink boards. In
order to support NG PON technology
while allowing coexistence with
existing GPON/EPON users in the
same ODN network, it only requires the
insertion of XG PON, 10GEPON, or
WDM PON line cards into the GPON
or EPON rack without changing the
original GPON/EPON ONT. This can
protect operators initial investment.

Rich TDM uplink ports supporting

time and clock synchronization
ZTE FTTx solution offers a variety
of high density TDM uplink ports such
as E1/T1/STM-1/STM-4 to meet the
access demand of all TDM services
including PBX and DDN private lines.
It also supports the IEEE 1588v2
Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and
provides FE/GE and 1PPS+TOD ports,
which can implement time and clock
synchronization for 2G/3G mobile

backhaul.
As illustrated in Figure 2, the OLT
connects to MSTP/MPLS transport
network and BSC/RNC through the
E1/STM-1/GE port. It obtains 1588v2
time synchronization data from the
IP network through the FE/GE port,
or clock synchronization data from
the GPS receiver or the 1588 master
through the 1PPS+TOD port. All time
and clock data are transmitted to the
ONU through the PON system. Then
the ONU transmits time and clock
synchronization data to the BTS/NodeB
through the 1PPS+TOD port or the FE
port. In this way, the clock and time
synchronization of the whole network
can be achieved.
With the widespread application of
IP-based base stations and the rapid
growth of IP-based 3G and even 4G
mobile networks, the key problem for
operators is the transfer of time and
clock synchronization data between
IP-based base stations and IP-based
networks. ZTE FTTx time and clock
solution is an ideal solution to the
problem.
In addition, ZTE FTTx provides
DiffServ QoS guarantee through
security controls like flexible VLAN
QinQ support, perfect QoS solution,
and port location information.
ZTEs FTTx solution has been
commercially deployed around
the world. By June 2009, ZTE had
snatched a 19% market share in the
FTTx application segment, ranking first
place in the world according to a report
by consulting firm iDATA. Drawing
on its rich experience in broadband
access, ZTE is capable of delivering
customized FTTx solution, helping
operators build future-oriented green
broadband networks with the lowest
TCO.

Third Eye

ZTEs ZXA10 C300

December 31, 2009
By Erik M. Keith, Principal Analyst for Broadband Infrastructure at Current Analysis

Current Perspective

TEs ZXA10 C300 solution is

very threatening to competitors
in the global FTTP market. The
new ZXA10 C300 platform is one of
only a handful of FTTP OLT solutions
that supports both standards-based
GPON and EPON, not to mention
point-to-point active Ethernet (AE)
FTTP and 10G EPON. This gives ZTE
a solid competitive advantage in terms
of deployment flexibility vis--vis
rival vendor OLTs, most of which will
support only one or two of the various
FTTP connectivity options.
ZTE asserts that its xPON solutions

(specifically EPON and GPON) have

been widely deployed in operators
networks worldwide since 2004. These
deployments include FTTH, FTTC,
F T TO , F T T B , F T T B + L A N , a n d
FTTB+DSL configurations; customers
i n c l u d e C h i n a Te l e c o m , C h i n a
Netcom, China Mobile, Shanghai
Broadband, Telecom Malaysia, PCCW,
Telecom Italia, and other operators.
In terms of key metrics, ZTEs
ZXA10 in the C300 configuration
supports 400/800Gbps and 20/40Gbps
of bandwidth per subscriber slot.
400Gbps of redundant throughput
places the C300 at the sharp end of
the FTTP OLT spectrum, with only a

small group of vendors able to assert

backplane/switching capacities that
are equal or higher; likewise, 20Gbps
of per-slot throughput is the current
high-tide mark for OLTs.

ZXA10 C300

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

17

Third Eye

The ZXA10 C300 is one of a small handful of

FTTP OLT platforms supporting both GPON and EPON;
the fact that it also supports active Ethernet and 10G
EPON gives ZTE additional differentiation.
ZTEs ZXA10 C300 platform,
which first debuted in Q4 2008 at
an Italian telecom trade show, has
been generally available since June
2009. However, for such a powerful
platform (again from the speeds/feeds
standpoint), ZTE has engaged in a
rather limited marketing campaign,
which can even be construed as a
soft launch, compared to other
vendors offering similar solutions.
Whether this is a function of ZTEs
still-low-profile marketing strategy or
due to limited availability of the C300
(or both) remains an open question.

Buying/Selecting Criteria

multiple FTTx variations, there is

limited insight into how robust the
system is in support of full fiber
(FTTP) configurations. Again,
based on the datasheet specs, the
ZXA10 C300 appears to have
the switch matrix and throughput
capabilities to deliver massmarket, high-end services, but
without specific customer proof
points of these speeds/feeds, it is
difficult to ascertain the full range
of capabilities of the ZXA10 in
production networks.
ZTE cites the following support
capabilities for multicast/IPTV
on the new C300 platform: 2K

Rating

Buying Criteria Ratings

5
4
3
2
1

5=Outstanding
4=Strong
3=Competitive
2=Concerns
1=Noncompetitive
Backplane
ONT Range
Application
Flexibility
Scalability
ZTE-ZXA10 C300

Product Class Average

Generated: 1/12/2010

Application support/system
robustness
Since the majority of ZTEs xPON
customers, which include Tier 1
operators such as China Telecom,
China Netcom, and China Mobile,
have deployed the ZXA10 in

18

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

multicast groups via IGMP

v1/2/3 (i.e., snooping and proxy);
multicast VLAN (MVLAN);
channel access control (CAC);
preview (PRV) and call detail
record (CDR) for IPTV; and less
than 50ms channel zapping delay.

ZTE also highlights the following

QoS capabilities: eight queues
per port, queue scheduling (SP,
WRR, or SP+WRR); IPv4 DSCP
Diffserv; stream classification,
rate limiting, shaping and priority
setting; traffic statistics; WRED;
and triple color support.

Backplane/system throughput
capacity
ZTEs ZXA10 platform features
a fully redundant 400Gbps
backplane, which supports 20Gbps
per slot (double these numbers in
non-redundant math). This places
ZTE at the front of the FTTP OLT
pack of contenders, tied with
Zhones new MXK platform on
both counts, but behind AlcatelLucents market-leading 500Gbps
of backplane capacity.
ZTEs total throughput claims for
the new C300 chassisi.e., 2.8 to
3.2 Terabit backplane capacity (for
the 48.3-cm/19-inch wide, 21-slot
and 528-cm/21-inch wide, 23-slot
versions, respectively)are
exceptional; in fact, only Huawei
and ZTE have engaged in this
particular marketing tactic, which
is to tout the aggregate capacity
of a all-line card in a fully-loaded
chassis (see Table 1).
Density/scalability
The ZXA10 C300 supports four

Table 1. 3.2 Terabit backplane capacity

Unit
(Gbps)

Number of
Cards

Capacity
(Gbps)

8-port EPON card capacity

10

16

160

8-port GPON card capacity

20

16

320

2x10 GigE card capacity

10

16

160

4x10 GigE card capacity

40

16

640

EPON configuration maximum uplink capacity

20

40

GPON configuration maximum uplink capacity

40

80

2x10 GigE configuration maximum uplink capacity

40

80

4x10 GigE configuration maximum uplink capacity

80

160

Card
21-inch chassis

EPON switch and matrix capacity

400

GPON switch and matrix capacity

800

2x10G EPON switch and matrix capacity

800

Backplane capacity

3200

and eight-port GPON subscriber

cards, which when deployed in the
14 or 16-subscriber port chassis,
supports 56/112 and 64/128 GPON
ports per OLT. With a 1:32 split
ratio (the benchmark for this
product comparison), this supports
1,792/3,584 and 2,048/4,096 ONTs
per chassis. The maximum split
ratio for GPON deployments is
1:128, on par with rival GPON
OLTs.
The ZXA10 C300 supports four
and eight-port EPON subscriber
cards, which when deployed
in the 14-port or 6-subscriberport chassis, supports 56/112
and 64/128 EPON ports per
OLT; with a 1:32 split ratio (the
benchmark for this FTTP product
class comparison), this supports
1,792/3,584 and 2,048/4,096
ONTs per chassis. Since the IEEE
standard restricts EPON split ratios
to 1:32, these are maximums.

The ZXA10 C300 supports 16,

32, and 64-subscriber port pointto-point (P2P) active Ethernet
line cards, which deployed in the
14-port or 16-port chassis, scales
to 224/448/896 and 256/512/1,024
active Ethernet subscribers per
chassis.
The ZXA10 C300 also supports
two and four-port 10G EPON;
when deployed in the 14-port
or 16-port chassis, which with
a 1:32 split ratio (assuming the
current IEEE standard), this equals
896/1,792 and 2,048/4,096 ONUs/
ONTs/subscribers per chassis.
In terms of WAN uplinks, the
ZXA10 C300 supports the
following cards: 410GigE,
4/8/16GigE, 1STM-4/OC-12,
2STM-1/OC-3, and 32E1/T1
(balanced and unbalanced).
Deployment flexibility
The ZXA10 C300 is one of a small

handful of FTTP OLT platforms

supporting both GPON and EPON;
the fact that it also supports active
Ethernet and 10G EPON gives ZTE
additional differentiation, at least
from a data sheet perspective. For
reference, Enablences TRIDENT7
was one of the first OLTs to supports
both GPON and EPON, and ZTE
still needs a commercial, operator
deployment of the 10G EPON
solution for customer/market
validation.
In addition to the EPON/GPON/
AE/1 0G EPON capabilities of the
ZXA10 solution set, the fact that
ZTEs customers have deployed
the platform in a broad array of
FTTx configurationsFTTH,
FTTC, FTTO, FTTB, FTTB+LAN,
and FTTB+DSLhighlights
the deployment flexibility of the
ZXA10 series.
The ZXA10 solution set also
supports long-reach PON (i.e.,
up to 60-km/37-mile links from
t h e O LT t o t h e O N U / O N T ) ,
giving operators the ability to
deliver FTTP services within a
much larger serving area than the
standard 20km link. However,
ZTE is certainly not unique in this
respect, and there is a bandwidth
tradeoff with long-reach PON (e.g.,
a 20Mbps connection at 20km will
likely be 10Mbps at 40km).
ONT range
ZTE asserts support for a full
range of ONT form factors
for both indoor and outdoor
deployments, but other than
o ff e r i n g F T T B + E t h e r n e t a n d
FTTB+DSL systems with optical
WAN interfaces, it is not highly
differentiated from rival vendors in
this respect.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

19

Third Eye

ZTE Looks to Further Broaden

International Reach
January 29, 2010
By Jeff Mucci, Publisher of RCR Wireless News

TE Corp. went to great

lengths to provide access
to key executives including
Xu Ming, global GM for the ZTEs
Wireless Business Unit. We basically
spent the day together in Shenzhen
touring ZTEs local manufacturing

20

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

facility and exhibition hall, meeting

with key executives and sampling
local cuisine over lunch. Additionally,
ZTE arranged for me to meet with the
CEO and CTO of Hong Kong-based
telecommunications provider CSL Ltd.,
whose primary owner is Australian
telecom provider
Telstra Corp. Ltd.,
and view a live
LTE demo at CSLs
lab in Kowloon.
ZTE is a
publicly traded,
s t a b l e a n d
rapidly growing
powerhouse
with more than
60,000 employees
including over
20,000 research
and development
professionals.

ZTE says it invests up to 10% of

gross revenues in R&D each year and
experienced 40% growth between
Q208 and Q209. Along the way, it
secured the No.1 equipment provider
position in the Chinese marketplace, in
terms of incremental units shipped in
2009.
CSL selected ZTE as its strategic
partner and turnkey provider of a
recently implemented HSPA+ Software
Defined Radio (SDR) network to
address several specific challenges
including slow data rates and no
clear path to LTE. The transition
was further complicated by the fact
that CSL was operating a network
with a pair of technology standards
(GSM/WCDMA), and three different
spectrum bands (900/1800/2100MHz).
Keep in mind that CSL had over 2,000
cell sites in Hong Kong and more than
2.5 million existing customers. In

addition to handsets and the HSPA+

network, ZTE is providing CSL with
microwave Ethernet backhaul (70100
megabits per second) and all-IP packet
core network equipment. In short, ZTE
provided a turnkey network in arguably
one of the most RF challenging markets
in the world.
ZTE has proven its ability to
secure major tenders in emerging
markets as well as developed markets
through innovation, customization and
an integrated product suite including
core networks, SDR access network
equipment capable of operating on all
technologies and handsets. The big
question for 2010 will be whether it
can secure a tier-one mobile operator
contract. Based upon the companys
successes during the past 24 months, it
is hard to imagine a scenario where it
does not secure a seat at the LTE table
in the U.S. marketplace. Competition

will be fierce.
ZTE also continues to focus
heavily on the CDMA market, having
recently won a contract to build out
a C D M A 2 0 0 0 1 x E V- D O R e v . B
network for Indonesias Smart Telecom
and continues to supply equipment
to CDMA-based carriers in North
America.
ZTE stats:
ZTE owns a complete wireless
product series, including W-CDMA/
GSM, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA,
WiMAX, and a 3G/LTE migration
strategy based upon a software
defined radio platform.
Z T E h a s m o r e t h a n 6 0 , 0 0 0
employees including over 20,000
R&D professionals working in nine
facilities in China and six overseas
R&D facilities. (See RCR Wireless
Web site for pictures of ZTE

facilities and a video clip of their

manufacturing floor in Shenzhen.)
More than 50% of ZTEs revenues
are generated outside of China
and over 50% of ZTEs overseas
staff is made up of local personnel.
Over the past two years, ZTE has
transformed and reorganized its
staff in an attempt to better serve
clients locally and in a converged
mannerspecifically, integrating
the wireless, wireline/core and
handset business units to improve
customer service.
I n 2 0 0 9 , Z T E s h i p p e d m o r e
CDMA and GSM products than
its competitors and its handset
shipments ranked No. 6 in
worldwide shipments and sales
volumes. Handset sales made up
nearly 22% of ZTEs revenues in
2008.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

21

Research Note

Realizing the Software Evolution

of Existing BOSS with

ZTE SEEM
By Zhan Zhang

Background

ew market demands have

impacted telecom carriers
in multiple ways; they have
enhanced customer experience, reduced
OPEX & CAPEX, shortened the time
to market, created new business models,
and digested and applied cutting edge
technologies. Every telecom carrier must
have an evolvable Business and Operation
Support System (BOSS) to satisfy these
demands.
BOSS is primarily a complicated and
sophisticated software system, containing
multiple components according to
standardized specifications (e.g. eTOM
and NGOSS). All these components
cannot usually be implemented
simultaneously due to budget constraints
or manpower constraints. Since it takes
a long time to construct the whole BOSS
and it is impossible to foresee all changes
in the initial stage of BOSS construction,
each CIO/CTO faces the challenge of how
to evolve or replace these legacy systems
to support changing market requests. This
is a frustrating thing.
Owing to ROI constraints, the decision
to renovate a legacy BOSS component or
replace it with new one poses a dilemma.
However, regardless of which solution
is chosen, the following difficulties are
inevitable in the process of upgrading

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ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

BOSS.
Communication with multiple
software vendors
Integration with heterogeneous
architectures
Satisfying continuous market
demands
Expending the life-cycle of existing
BOSS components

Addressed Issues and Solution Space

The background of these issues has, so

far, been clearly understood. The purpose
of this article, however, is to find a
practical methodology by which a legacy
BOSS component can evolve to fit new
requests with minimal pain and cost. The
main topics discussed in this article are:
What is a suitable methodology to
realize BOSS component upgrading?
How can this methodology be applied
to upgrade BOSS components in a
reasonably short time?
What are the necessary tools to
support this methodology?
According to our study, there are
two theoretical foundations in software
engineering that can be applied: software
maintenance and software evolution. Each
of these can support software upgrade,
but their purposes are slightly different.
The following section will briefly review
the two methodologies theoretically.

Literature Review

This section introduces the concepts

of software maintenance and evolution,
especially the latter, since our approach
adopts several methodologies of software
evolution.
Software maintenance
Software maintenance is a set of
activities which changes the system after
it has been delivered. They involve:
Corrective maintenance: repair of
software faults
Adaptive maintenance: modification
of software due to changes in the
operating environment (hardware,
supporting software)
Perfective maintenance: additions
to or modifications of system
functionality due to organizational or
business changes
Preventive maintenance: activities
which attempt to prevent unnecessary
changes in the future
Software maintenance is very
important in the lifecycle of software.
In fact, costs associated with software
maintenance often equal those of
software development. The main focus
of maintenance is the addition and
modification of functionality, whereas
fault repair and software adaptation

receive much less attention, as shown in

Figure 1.
Fultrepair
Software adaptatior
Functionality additic modification
17%
18%
65%

Figure 1. Distribution of maintenance

efforts.

As time progresses, maintenance

becomes much more difficult due to:
Staff turnover and the discontinuation
of knowledge
Changes in staff skills as main-trend
technologies change
The age of original software and
the increased cost of maintaining its
structure
Contractual responsibilities on a
maintenance team, which may limit
the softwares capability and the
allocation of money for maintenance
tasks
Software evolution
Prof. Meir M. Lehman et al. have
identified a set of behaviors in the
evolution of proprietary software. These
behaviors (or observations) are known as
Lehmans laws, and they include:
Continuing change: Programs used
in a real-world environment must
necessarily change or become
progressively less useful in that
environment.
Increasing complexity: As a program
evolves, its structure tends to become
more complex. Extra resources
must be devoted to preserving and
simplifying the structure.
Self regulation: Program evolution
is a self-regulating process. System
attributes such as size, time between
releases, and the number of reported

errors is almost invariable for each

system release.
Organizational stability: Over
a programs lifetime, its rate of
development is approximately
constant and independent of the
resources devoted to system
development.
C o n s e r v a t i o n o f f a m i l i a r i t y :
Over the lifetime of a system, the
incremental change in each release is
approximately constant.
Continuing growth: The functionality
offered by systems must continually
increase to maintain user satisfaction.
Declining quality: The quality of
systems will appear to be declining
unless they are adapted to changes in
their operational environment.
Feedback system: Evolutionary
processes incorporate multi-agent,
multi-loop feedback systems and
must be treated as feedback systems
in order to achieve significant product
improvement.
According to research themes
identified by Bennett and Rajlich,
aspects of software evolution currently
being investigated include requirements,
architecture, data, runtime management,
service-orientation, and language.
Solutions being offered involve reverse

and re-engineering, incremental change

techniques, managerial issues, software
processes, and model evolution. There
emerge two prevalent views:
W h a t a n d w h y : T h i s l i n e o f
questioning focuses on software
evolution as a scientific discipline.
It studies the nature of software
evolution phenomena, and seeks to
understand the driving factors and
impacts.
How: This line of questioning
focuses on software evolution as an
engineering discipline. It studies the
more pragmatic aspects that aid the
software developer or project manager
in their day-to-day tasks.
Foundations of approach
The approach proposed here draws
on several methodologies of software
evolution (see Figure 2). The horseshoe
re-engineering model is very popular in
realizing software evolution. As shown
in Figure 2, a legacy software system
can be built into a high-level architecture
model, which can then be improved
to a restructured model. Finally a new
software system can be developed from
the restructured model. The agentbased wrapping model is another way of
renovating a legacy software system.

Figure 2. Foundation of SEEM: re-engineering and wrapping.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

23

Proposal

Our approach is called Software

Evolution Enhanced Methodology
(SEEM), and it addresses the BOSS
domain. It defines the basic practice,
process flow, and infrastructure, as shown
in Figure 3.
In order to achieve its goal, SEEM
defines a process as shown at the bottom
of Figure 3. This process comprises a
series of internal activities:
Stage A: This is the first stage of the
SEEM flow. It involves collecting and
extracting information from a legacy
BOSS component by observing
external standards, new technology,
and business requests.
Stage B: Upon collecting this
information, SEEM performs
an impact analysis according to
evaluation criteriaincluding priority,
cost/expense, and market trends.
Stage C: This stage is called
Roadmap Generation. It determines
a suitable approach, such as reengineering, wrapping, or refactoring,
according to the previous analysis.
Stage D: This stage involves
rebuilding the meta-model of the
BOSS component. It primarily
impacts architecture, interface,
interaction, and data structure.

Therefore, the legacy BOSS

component can be encapsulated (e.g.
transformation, synchronization, and
replication) and upgraded.
As these internal activities are ongoing,
changes to the BOSS components are
ongoing as well. The relationships are
described in Figure 3. These changes can
be broken down into multiple phases, as
described below:
P r o b i n g : D a t a c o l l e c t i o n ,
configuration, meta-model extraction,
and log analysis is performed.
Implementation: Strategies such as
refactoring, wrapping, re-modeling,
replacement, and tailing, are employed
to realize implementation according
to detailed requests.
Simulation & Validation: All
implementation results are simulated
and validated before commercial
launch. Key activities in this stage
include preparing a test-case,
performing a dry-run, deploying
environment, and organizing a team.
Migration & Monitoring: All validated
results are migrated to the commercial
environment. Data, business logic,
interface, and interaction models will
be changed.
To support these activities and
processes, SEEM is built on a standard

infrastructure which includes:

A U M L t o o l : U n i f i e d M o d e l
Language (UML) is used to model
and describe the request, architecture,
and process flow.
CVS: Control Version System (CVS)
is used for version and release control.
A ZSmart framework: ZSmart is
a collection of BOSS components
provided by ZTE. It is organized as
multi-level architecture. The bottom
level is called ZSmart framework
an open-structure framework used
to implement all non-business
requests (e.g. logging, reporting, and
messaging).
A visualization tool: Since BOSS is
too large to image, the visualization
tool can help designers, developers,
and testers easily identify changes and
issues.
A refactoring tool: This is always
included as a popular development
tool (e.g. Eclipse and NetBeans).
A monitoring tool: This aids in
quickly understanding changes which
are occurring in the whole process.
This approach features end-to-end
capability, multiple tactics, wrapper
support, extreme programming tolerance,
a staged process, UML standardization,
simulation embedding, separate internal/
external activities, legacy technology
compatibility, eTOM addressed, unified
processes, and it is meta-model driven.

Summary

Using SEEM based software evolution,

software maintenance, and a Zsmart
framework, a legacy BOSS component
can be upgraded with less cost and effort.
The main advantage of SEEM is that
it balances maintenance and evolution,
extends the life-cycle of legacy BOSS
component, and supports a heterogeneous
environment.
Figure 3. SEEM practice, infrastructure and flow.

24

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

Solution

UEMS Boosts Network

OAM Efficiency
By Xue Qinghua, Zhou Yongkang

elecom operators are continuing

to feel the pressure as end
users demand more flexibility
and lower prices for telecom services.
Fierce competition gives impetus to
technological innovation, and while
flat network structure has been the
trend, it is moving forward quickly.
Consequently, an increasing number
of telecom operators are evolving to
become full-service providers that can
operate multiple types of networks.
These include access networks, core
networks (CN), transmission networks,
data networks and service networks,
with a large number of network devices.
Changing network structure,
however, poses a big challenge for
operators. Handling new complex
networks with legacy management
architecture is costly. Therefore, it has
become necessary to solve new network
OAM problems while keeping costs to a
minimum. Proactive trials are underway
in the industry, and ZTEs Unified
Element Management System (UEMS)
has been accepted by most operators as

an effective answer to these problems.

ZTE has rolled out a unified network
management solution that can help
operators manage multiple private
networks and improve their network
OAM efficiency.

Permission-Based Management

The core of UEMS is unification

transforming network management from
distributed management to centralized
management. This is achieved through
the convergence of multiple EMSs into
one. The UEMS network topology is
shown in Figure 1.
Traditionally, each type of network

NMS

Other EMSs
UEMS
Client

UEMS Server
(Distributed)

TD-SCDMA
CN

Third-party
Vendor NEs

CDMA
Transmission
LTE
UMTS

NGN&MSAN

GSM

Figure 1. UEMS network topology.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

25

Solution

CN

BSS
UEMS Server

Uniform
Maintenance

Figure 2. Rights-based management.

has had its own EMS. Besides

higher power consumption, multiple
EMSs require larger space and more
maintenance teams. However, UEMS
demands only one maintenance team to
implement centralized management of
all network devices in the system. This
reduces maintenance staff workload and
increases network OAM efficiency.
UEMS incorporates an efficient
rights-based management system,
assigning permissions to users
according to their roles and domains.
Users are concerned only with their
assigned NEs. They can only see their
authorized NEs at the user interface,
and their maintenance habits can be
recorded. If any user has authority to
manage all NEs, he can see all these
NEs at the user interface. Rights-based
management is illustrated in Figure 2.
In Figure 2, different users share one
UEMS server with different authority
rights and permissions according to
their user experience.

Flexible Networking

Considering variance in network size,

UEMS provides diverse networking

26

March 2010

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 3. Customized view in the uniform portal.

modessuch as layered or centered

networking topologiesaccording to
operators administrative organizations.
A common scenario is a small but
complicated network containing a small
number of different NEs. With legacy
management architecture, operators
need to install many EMSs for
management of different NEs, which
raises high OPEX. However, with
UEMS, the different NEs are managed
through related management modules
that are deployed as a single server.
This leads to low-cost co-management.
Another scenario is a large-sized
and complicated network containing a
large number of multiple types of NEs.
To implement load sharing, UEMS
can deploy different NE management
modules in different servers. However,
the user need manage all NEs through
one client only.
Flexible networking solutions not
only satisfy operators customization
demands, but also cut their OPEX with
reasonable OAM flows.

Uniform Portal

UEMS provides all the common

network management functions:

topology management, security
management, log management,
performance management and fault
management. The functional modules
have a perfectly uniform operational
interface. So whatever types of NEs
are being operated, their user interfaces
are homogeneous. For the special
functions of each private network, its
user interfaces retain the same style; the
uniform GUI style helps users quickly
learn the UEMS operations, acquire
different NE management skills,
and develop strong network OAM
capabilities.
In addition to uniform GUI style,
UEMS employs a uniform portal that
can customize functions to the users
preference. UEMS users may operate
one or more types of NEs, and can
customize system functions or place job
related content together according to
their personal habits or job requirements.
In this way, users complete their
maintenance work more effectively.
Figure 3 is a customized view of the
user interface.

News Brief

ZTE Introduces Worlds First Ultra-Slim BigScreen BMP 3G Smartphone

Company to offer complete family of smartphones to European
Market in 2010
15 February 2010, Barcelona ZTE
introduced at the 2010 GSMA Mobile
World Congress, together with Qualcomm,
the worlds first ultra-slim big-screen
BMP 3G smartphoneZTE Bingo. In
addition, ZTE is showcasing its 5 Android
smartphone models for the first time. With
the availability of Linux, Windows Mobile
and OMS-platform mobile phones, ZTE is
one of the few mobile phone manufacturers
to offer smartphones for a variety of mobile
operating systems.
ZTE Bingo adopts Qualcomms Brew
Mobile Platform (BMP), which is the
Mobile Operation System that provides
high-end functionality to mobile terminals.
In addition to full support for Adobe Flash,
the platform also provides such advanced
term i n a l f u n c t i o n s a s t o u c h s c r e e n ,
multimedia, window management, open
platform scalability and extended support
for local application development. The Brew

Mobile Platforms open operating system

has attracted wide attention from software
developers and the global communication
industry since its industry launch.
Equipped with an accelerator, the
slim and stylish ZTE Bingo supports an
incredible HSDPA 7.2Mbps download speed
to provide unobstructed
mobile Internet
surfing.

17 February 2010, Barcelona

Telefnica and ZTE announced that a full
range of movistar branded handsets will be
launched in 12 Latin American countries
during 2010, starting in Q2. Telefnica
and ZTE signed an agreement for the
development of a complete range of mobile
devices. ZTE will manufacture movistar
branded handsets exclusively available for
Telefnica in Latin America.
Te l e f n i c a i s o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t
telecommunications operators in Latin
America. The customised ZTE handsets

will be available throughout the year in

the following markets: Mexico, Colombia,
Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina,
Uruguay, Chile, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Panama and Nicaragua.
ZTE is the worlds sixth largest mobile
phone manufacturer and the worlds second
largest supplier of data cards, according to
shipment volumes. By the end of 2009, ZTE
has cooperated with eight of the worlds top
10 operators in the handsets space. With this
partnership, ZTE will expand its business in
the Latin America market.

ZTE Debuts
160Gbps Packet
Gateway Product
Max capacity product
meets growing needs of
mobile market
18 February 2010, Barcelona
ZTE announced the debut of its new
generation packet gateway
product with the worlds
largest capacity of
160Gbps. The
ZXUN xGW
is designed to
provide the
highest capacity,
and the highest
intelligence
green solution
for operators.
With the
i n c r e a s i n g
development of
mobile subscriber access
rates, mobile data services,
and operator requirements for
precise control of services, abilities
like packet processing and service
based policy control for mobile core
network products have become key
to preventing bottlenecks. The ZXUN
xGW provides maximum packet
service processing ability of 160Gbps
for single-cabinet, and is enhanced
with mobile broadband access for EVDO, WiMAX, HSPA (+) and LTE,
as well as a hardware-based QoS
guarantee for service over mobile
network. The ZXUN xGW is also
capable of expanding to WiFi and
xDSL/xPON fixed broadband access.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

27

News Brief

ZTE Chosen as Commercial LTE

Trial Vendor by Pannon
11 February 2010, Shenzhen,
China ZTE has been selected
by Pannon, part of the Telenor
Group, as their LTE live network
trial vendor.
Under this agreement ZTE
will provide an end-to-end
solution, including radio and
core infrastructure as well as end user terminals. The trial agreement
will allow Pannon to test peak rate. LTE will enable mobile users to
experience high-speed mobile broadband and exciting new services.
With this commercial trial, ZTE aims to demonstrate the superior
performance of our LTE solutions to Pannon and the Telenor Group,
said Kenneth Fredriksen, GM for ZTEs Telenor Global Business
Unit.

ZTE Leading in LTE Innovation;

1700 Patents for LTE/SAE Filed
ZTEs total patent applications top 6,000 in
2009
12 February 2010, Shenzhen, China ZTE announced
that by late 2009 it had applied for more than 1,700 LTE/SAE
patents. ZTE is focused on advancing the LTE market with
strong innovation that will benefit both consumers and operators
with 4G experience and functionality.
ZTE has recently increased its strategic funding in LTE
research and development. While stepping up its investments in
standards and patent research, the company has also strengthened
its LTE commercial and experimental network building. ZTE
has begun cooperation and tests with a dozen of world-class
operators in Western Europe, North America, Asia/Pacific and
the Middle East, including Telstras CSL, Telefonica, SingTel,
Telenor, Commnet and China Mobile.
ZTE is poised to become one of the leading owners of basic
patents of the LTE/SAE Standard. Statistics show that ZTE now
has over 25,000 patent applications. In 2009, it applied for over
6,000 patents.

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ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

ZTE to Supply Bearer Network

Solution to Finnet Group
18 February 2010, Shenzhen, China ZTE
announced an agreement with Westlink, part of the Finish
telecommunications group Finnet, to supply a unified
multi-service metro bearer solution.
ZTEs IPTN bearer network solution will enable
Westlink to offer traditional voice services and
interconnection over Finnets All-IP networks.
The network will be based on ZTEs ZXCTN 6100
PTN solution, which consolidates Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) and Metro Ethernet transport into a
multi-service solution, enabling the unified transport of
traditional TDM and Ethernet services, as well as replacing
the existing SDH network.

ZTE to Build SDR Network for

Portugals Optimus
Network will replace current 2G/3G
infrastructure and provide a smooth evolution
path to LTE
24 February 2010, Shenzhen, China ZTE announced that
Optimus will be deploying its SDR multi-mode solution, enabling
the operator to upgrade its GSM/UMTS network in Portugal and
providing a smooth evolution path to LTE. ZTEs SDR network will
include SDR RAN, Network Management System and Operation
Systems and Software (NMS/OSS), enabling Optimus to optimize
current 2G/3G services and smoothly upgrade to LTE. The network
roll-out will cover 4 regions in central Portugal.
This is the first contract win for ZTEs SDR technology in
Western Europe and follows a series
of key contract wins in the region.
ZTE currently has wireless network
agreements with seven of the top 10
European operators. This includes
GSM/UMTS networks for TeliaSonera,
Telenor, and KPN as well as LTE trials
with Telefonica. ZTE is conducting
LTE trials with more than 10 operators,
including Singapore Telecom, China
Mobile and CSL.

ZTE TECHNOLOGIES

March 2010

29

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ZTE TECHNOLOGIES