Mikroprosesor&Mikrokontroler

THE MICROPROCESSORBASED PC SYSTEM

Odd semester
2013/2014

Prima Dewi Purnamasari

What is Computer?
2

Basically, there are 3 components to build a

computer, and those three are interconnected
with wires. Could you name it?

Prima Dewi Purnamasari 2013

General Block Diagram of the PC

Most of picture and tables in this slide are taken from The Intel
Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV Architecture,
Programming, and Interfacing, Seventh Edition, Brey, Barry, B., PHI Inc,
USA, 2006

BUS

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Microprocessor

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The Microprocessor
6

The microprocessor is the controlling element in

a computer system and is sometimes referred to
as the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Memory and I/O are controlled through
instructions that are stored in the memory and
executed by the microprocessor

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The Microprocessor
7

The microprocessor performs three main tasks

for the computer system:
Data

transfer between itself and the memory or I/O

systems
simple arithmetic & logic operations (Table 1.3)
program flow via simple decisions (Table 1.4)

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Sample of arithmetic and logic operations

Common flags
Common flags that are tested before making program decision

The Microprocessor
10

Why the microprocessor is powerful?

Able

to execute millions of instructions per second

from a program or software (group of instructions)
stored in the memory system
Able to make simple decision, based upon numerical
facts (slide pg.9)

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11

Memory

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Memory
12

The memory system is divided into three main

parts:
TPA

(Transient Program Area)

system area,
XMS (Extended Memory System) (optional)

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Memory System
13

The first 1M byte of memory the

real/conventional memory system. Intel mP is
designed to function this area in real mode of
operation
80286 Pentium 4 contain not only real
memory, but also extended memory
The Pentium Pro-based computer system, for
example, can have up to 1M less than 4G or 1 M
less than 64G of extended memory

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Memory Address
14

In Hexadecimal format

1M Byte Real Memory:

= 220 x 1 Byte

= 1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 B x 1 Byte

Each block of memory holds 1 Byte (8 bits) data

1MByte memory address:

Starting address (#1) : 00000H
Ending address (#220) : FFFFFH
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Trivia
15

How if 2MByte Memory? What is the starting and

ending address?
Answer:

2MB = 221
= 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 (write 21 x 1)

= 1FFFFF H
Thus:
Starting address = 000000H
Ending address = 1FFFFFH
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Memory Illustration
16

FFFFFH

00002H

00001H

0111 0001 B

00000H

0AH

Each block of memory contains 1 Byte or 8 bits data

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Memory System
Division of the first 1MB (real) memory

Transient Program Area (TPA)

18

Holds the OS and other program that control the

computer system
Stores any currently active or inactive
application programs
The length of TPA is 640 KB

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Memory map of TPA

The memory
map (fig. 1.4,
in
hexadecimal
addr.) shows
how many
areas of the
TPA are used
for system
programs,
data, and
drivers

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TPA
20

The interrupt vectors access various features of

the DOS, BIOS (Basic I/O System), and
application
The BIOS and DOS communications areas contain
transient data used by program to access I/O
devices and internal features of the computer
system

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TPA
21

The IO.SYS is a program that loads into the TPA

from the disk whenever an MSDOS or PC DOS
system is started
The MSDOS (PCDOS) program occupies two areas
of memory
The size of the driver area and # of drivers
change from one computer to another

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TPA
22

The COMMAND.COM program controls the

operation of the computer from the keyboard
when operated in DOS mode
The free TPA area holds application programs as
they are executed

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System Area
23

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The system area

contains program on
either a read-only
memory or flash
memory and also
areas of read/write
(RAM) memory for
data storage

EMS
24

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The area at locations

C8000H-DFFFFH is
often open or free
Expanded Memory
System (EMS)
EMS allows a 64 KB
page frame of
memory to be used
by application
programs

25

I/O

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Input Output (I/O)

26

I/O space: port 0000H to port

FFFFH.
An I/O port is similar to a
memory address but addresses
an I/O device
The I/O area contains two
major sections
below I/O 0500H system devices
the remaining area for
expansion

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BUS

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Buses
28

A bus is a set of common connections (wires )

that interconnect components in a computer
system and carry the same type of information
Function:
select

an I/O or memory device

transfer data between an I/O device or memory and
the microprocessor
control the I/O and memory system

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BUSSES
Three buses exist for the transfer of information:
address,
data,
control

Buses
30

1.

Control bus
Select

the memory or I/O and cause them to

perform a read or write operation.
MRDC, MWTC, IORC, IOWC
2.

Address bus
Requests

3.

a memory location or an I/O location

Data bus
To

send data to or from microprocessor

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Example the micro-instructions for READ

31

1.

2.

3.

The p reads the contain of memory location

by sending the memory an address through
address bus
The p sends the memory read control signal
(MRDC) to cause memory to read data via
control bus

The data read from the memory are passed to

the microprocessor through the data bus

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Buses size
32

Data bus size defines the amount of data can be

transferred at a time (8, 16, 32, 64 bit)
Address bus size corresponds to (maximum)
memory size can be attached to the
microprocessor

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Prima Dewi Purnamasari 2013

33

34

Number systems

Self reading
Review from Fundamental of Digital Systems

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Reference/Text Book
35

The Intel Microprocessors, 8th Edition, Brey,

Barry, B., Prentice Hall, USA, 2009

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