Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DECEMBER 2013
RIRDC Publication No. 13/014
December 2013
RIRDC Publication No. 13/014
RIRDC Project No. PRJ-006577
ISBN 978-1-74254-507-3
ISSN 1440-6845
Collation of health literature for tropical exotic fruits and extracts
Publication No. 13/014
Project No. PRJ-006577
The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and
discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information
contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances.
While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct,
the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication.
The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the
authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability
to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or
omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the
part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors.
The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.
This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are
reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and
rights should be addressed to RIRDC Communications on phone 02 6271 4100.
Researcher Contact Details
Kent Fanning
39 Kessels Road
COOPERS PLAINS QLD 4108
Email:
Kent.Fanning@daff.qld.gov.au
In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form.
RIRDC Contact Details
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
Level 2, 15 National Circuit
BARTON ACT 2600
PO Box 4776
KINGSTON ACT 2604
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Web:
02 6271 4100
02 6271 4199
rirdc@rirdc.gov.au.
http://www.rirdc.gov.au
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Foreword
In this report the nutrient and phytochemical composition of a range of tropical exotic plants has been
detailed, with literature summaries of the bioactivity and health properties of whole fruit consumption.
The bioactivity of non-edible fruit and plant part extracts has also been reviewed.
This data could be used to promote the consumption of tropical exotic plants.
There is very little data for Australian grown tropical exotic fruits compared with fruit grown
overseas. However, there are Australian research groups now undertaking work in the area of
phytochemical profiling and bioactivity testing of Australian grown fruits.
Achachairu appears to be the best opportunity for developing extracts for use in food and
nutraceutical applications.
This report is an addition to RIRDCs diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms
part of our New and Developing Plant Industries R&D Program, which aims to facilitate
projects/industries that advance import replacement and export creation/expansion, and identify
opportunities for, and facilitate the development of, new industries that are well placed to make a
substantial contribution to rural and regional development in the future.
Most of RIRDCs publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at
www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313.
Craig Burns
Managing Director
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
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Abbreviations
LDL low density lipoprotein
HDL high density lipoprotein
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Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii
About the Author.................................................................................................................................. iv
Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ iv
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... viii
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Results .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Abiu (Pouteria caimito) .................................................................................................................... 5
Background and growing situation in Australia ......................................................................... 5
Nutrient and phytochemical content .......................................................................................... 5
Achachairu (Garcinia humilis) ......................................................................................................... 6
Background and growing situation in Australia ......................................................................... 6
Potential as a food ingredient ..................................................................................................... 6
Nutrient and phytochemical content .......................................................................................... 6
Bioactivity and health properties ............................................................................................... 6
Black Sapote (Diospyros digyna) ..................................................................................................... 7
Background and growing situation in Australia ......................................................................... 7
Nutrient and phytochemical content .......................................................................................... 7
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) .......................................................................................................... 7
Background and growing situation in Australia ......................................................................... 7
Potential in other uses ................................................................................................................ 8
Nutrient and phytochemical content .......................................................................................... 8
Bioactivity and health properties ............................................................................................... 8
Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) .................................................................................................... 9
Background and growing situation in Australia ......................................................................... 9
Potential as a food ingredient ..................................................................................................... 9
Nutrient and phytochemical content .......................................................................................... 9
Bioactivity and health properties ............................................................................................... 9
DukuLangsat (Langsium domesticum) ......................................................................................... 10
Background and growing situation in Australia ....................................................................... 10
Nutrient and phytochemical content ........................................................................................ 10
Bioactivity and health properties ............................................................................................. 11
Durian (Durio zibethinus) ............................................................................................................... 11
Background and growing situation in Australia ....................................................................... 11
Nutrient and phytochemical content ........................................................................................ 11
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Executive Summary
What the report is about
In this project we have collated data on the nutrient and phytochemical content of tropical exotic
fruits, the evidence for health effects from consumption of these fruit and the use of extracts from
edible and non-edible parts of these plants. The knowledge of Australian fruit compared with that
grown overseas is presented together with opportunities for future work by Australian researchers.
Opportunities for developing commercial extracts for use as food or nutraceutical uses are also
presented.
Who is the report targeted at?
To collate compositional and health literature for tropical and exotic fruits, with a focus on
information from Australian grown produce.
To highlight where cultivars, growing practices and supply chain handling may differentiate
Australian grown fruits from fruit from other countries.
To identify opportunities for extracts to be developed from fruit or non-edible parts of fruit
trees to be used in food and/or nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical products.
To recommend further research and development activity that would help support further
knowledge of the compositional and health benefits of Australian grown tropical fruit.
Methods used
Extensive literature searches together with detailed analysis of the tropical exotics industry in
Australia in comparison with the industry in other countries.
viii
Results/key findings
There is an accumulating body of literature detailing the nutrient and phytochemical content of
tropical exotics. However, there is very little data available for fruit grown in Australia. No specific
advantages were identified for Australian grown fruit on the basis of cultivar difference or
growing/handling practices. There is evidence from animal and/or human feeding trials for the health
benefits of fruit consumption of some of the studied fruits from the literature. The best opportunities
for developing extracts for use in food or in nutraceutical applications exist for achachairu, due to the
significant volume of fruit being grown in a single location with no apparent import competition. The
use of extracts in improving health and well being from several other fruits have ranging levels of
scientific evidence, with commercial products from other countries available internationally.
However, the economic viability for production of the extracts from Australian grown fruit is still
unclear from this study.
Implications for relevant stakeholders
The information in this report on the nutrient content and benefits of fruit consumption could
be developed into promotional and/or educational materials.
Waste fruit (including seeds, peels etc) may be able to be utilised in food or nutraceutical
applications. Achachairu has the most potential, of the fruits studied, due to the relatively high
production volume, single growing location and lack of international competition.
Recommendations
Undertake work to put the nutritional and health benefit information for these fruits into
suitable formats (web based etc) for promotional and/of educational purposes.
Develop and present a proposal to FSANZ to develop NUTTAB records for the fruits that do
not currently have one.
Develop a suitable forum to keep a connected and coordinated approach for tropical fruit
research in Australia, following on from the 2008 Tropical fruits in human nutrition and
health conference. It is anticipated that research will continue through relatively small student
projects.
ix
Introduction
The increasing epidemiological evidence for the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption is
attracting great interest. There is burgeoning research into unearthing the mechanisms behind these
observed benefits. However, knowledge on the health properties of tropical exotic fruit products
appears to lag behind that of temperate crops such as apples, pears, plums and berry fruit as well as
crops grown in warm dry climates such as citrus, olives and pomegranate. This is despite most
tropical exotics being recognised for health or medicinal properties by populations indigenous to the
areas where they are customarily grown. Some of this traditional knowledge has stimulated health
research. This combined with nutritional compositional analysis, is indicating which properties of
tropical exotics can contribute to the health and well-being of consumers.
More knowledge of the nutrient and phytochemical composition data and specific health effects of
Australian grown fruit may provide a useful tool for promoting consumption of this fruit. This
knowledge may also position Australian grown fruit favourably versus imported product.
Other non-edible parts of many fruit trees have been used in traditional practices. Often the non-edible
parts of plants have specific phytochemicals not found in the fruit itself or a higher content than in the
fruit.
In preparing for the Tropical fruits in human nutrition and health conference in 2008 (held at Couran
Cove, South Stradbroke Island) a review of the traditional uses, nutritional content, antioxidant
activity and health literature for 28 tropical fruits currently grown in Queensland was undertaken. This
was entitled The health benefits of tropical fruit grown in Queensland, Australia (Fanning, Murray et
al. 2009) and was published in the conference proceedings. This work did not focus on data
specifically for Australian grown fruit, or the phytochemical content of the edible, specific fruit
extracts or non-edible parts. A much smaller consumer-friendly booklet was also published and
released at the conference, Queensland tropical fruit The healthy flavours of North Queensland
(2008). This booklet was designed to accompany the previously published book Tropical Tastes
Fruit, foods and flavours of north Queensland. Tropical Tastes content has been used to educate and
promote tropical exotic fruits and also received wider publicity through the RACQs Road Ahead
magazine last year.
The first aim of this project was to gather useful information on the nutrient and phytochemical
content and health attributes of tropical exotic fruits relevant to the Australian industry. Where there
was the data, this report makes a comparison of data for Australian grown versus fruit grown in other
countries, with the influence of cultivar differences also considered.
The second aim of this project was to review the literature and identify possible opportunities for
developing extracts from the edible fruit or other parts of the plant for use in food and/or nutraceutical
and/or pharmaceutical products.
Objectives
To collate compositional and health literature for tropical and exotic fruits, with a focus on
information from Australian grown produce.
To highlight where cultivars, growing practices and supply chain handling may differentiate
Australian grown fruits from fruit from other countries.
To identify opportunities for extracts to be developed from fruit or non-edible parts of fruit
trees to be used in food and/or nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical products.
To recommend further research and development activity that would help support further
knowledge of the compositional and health benefits of Australian grown tropical fruit.
Methodology
The fruit list for this project was based upon the RIRDC report by Yan Diczbalis titled Tropical exotic
fruit industry strategic direction setting 2010-2015 (Diczbalis 2010). Pertinent background
information was extracted from this publication for this report and formed part of the basis for
consideration of cultivar, agronomic and post harvest practices between Australia and fruit grown
overseas.
The content of two previously published documents examining the nutrient content and health
benefits of tropical fruit consumption (The health benefits of tropical fruit grown in Queensland,
Australia (Fanning, Murray et al. 2009), Queensland tropical fruit The healthy flavours of north
Queensland (2008)) were used as the starting basis for the collation of information.
In examining the recent literature for nutrient composition, phytochemical composition and
bioactivities of the various fruits the following literature databases were searched using the listed
terms.
Science Direct
Web of Knowledge
Scirus
Terms:
hog plum OR (Spondias cythera) OR fiji apple OR ambarella OR vi apple OR otaheite apple
The Unites States Department of Agriculture (USDA) online nutrient reference database
(http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/list) and the Australian equivalent, NUTTAB (administered by
Food Standards Australia New Zealand,
http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/nuttab2010/nuttab2010onlinesearchabledatab
ase/onlineversion.cfm) were searched for entries of nutritional information of each fruit. In regards to
the results reported, if there was suitable data indicating that the edible part of the fruit contained
vitamin content 10% of recommended dietary intake, or fibre content 10% of daily intake, per 100g
(as described in the Australian and New Zealand Food Standards (ANZFS 2008)), than this was
specifically included under the heading Nutrient and phytochemical composition.
Results
Nutrient composition data for breadfruit, carambola, durian, guava, jackfruit, longan, mamey sapote,
mangosteen, pummelo, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop and star apple were present in the USDA nutrient
database. There were only entries for three of the studied fruit, guava, jackfruit and rambutan, in the
NUTTAB nutrient database.
A recent review on the phytochemical contents and bioactivity of fruits including breadfruit,
mangosteen, guava, soursop and pummelo (Pierson, Dietzgen et al.), and the Food Research
International special issue on exotic fruits (Exotic Fruits: Their Composition, Nutraceutical and
Agroindustrial Potential, Volume 44, Issue 7, August 2011), are valuable background reading.
and stimulate glucose-induced section in hyperglycaemic rats (Cazarolli, Folador et al. 2009). The
mechanism for the activity is increased muscle glycogen synthesis (Cazarolli, Folador et al. 2009) and
not a result of hepatic gluconeogenesis and/or increased uptake of glucose by muscle tissue (Ferreira,
Fernandes et al. 2008).
Leaf extracts have also caused hypotension in normal rats (Soncini, Santiago et al. ; Vasconcelos,
Gondim et al. 2008).
Extracts of the fruit have shown the ability to restore hepatic disturbances induced by carbon
tetrachloride in mice (Azeem, Mathew et al.) and rats (Padhy, Yedukondalu et al. 2008). A range of
effects have been seen with reduction of liver function enzymes, increased reduced glutathione levels,
improvement of other biochemical indices and corresponding improvements in hepatic structure
(Azeem, Mathew et al. ; Padhy, Yedukondalu et al. 2008).
Carambola pomace, when included in hamsters diets as a source of dietary fibre, has shown potential
benefits to gut health (Chau, Chien et al. 2005; Chau and Chen 2006). However consumption of
carambola and carambola juice has resulted in neural and renal damage in people with kidney
problems (Neto, Robl et al. 1998; Chang, Hwang et al. 2000; Chen, Fang et al. 2001; Fang, Chen et
al. 2001; Chang, Chen et al. 2002; Chen, Chou et al. 2002; Neto, da Costa et al. 2003; Tse, Yip et al.
2003; Andersson and Sundh 2004; Chang and Yeh 2004; Chen, Fang et al. 2005; Tsai, Chang et al.
2005; Niticharoenpong, Chalermsanyakorn et al. 2006; Wang, Liu et al. 2006; Fang, Chen et al. 2007;
Cassinotto, Mejdoubi et al. 2008; Fang, Lee et al. 2008; Marin-Restrepo and Rosselli 2008). Both the
fruit and juice also inhibit liver enzyme activity, which can alter prescription drug pharmacokinetics
(Hidaka, Fujita et al. 2004; Hosoi, Shimizu et al. 2008).
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Polysaccahride gels from shell/husk have shown immune stimulating effects in shrimp (Pholdaeng
and Pongsamart) and chickens (Chua, Nurhaslina et al. 2008), wound healing ability when used as a
film dressing in dogs (Chansiripornchai and Pongsamart 2008), and have been tested for use in
cosmetic applications showing positive in vitro effects on facial skin capacitance and firmness
(Futrakul, Kanlayavattanakul et al.).
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2008), reduced serum triglyceride (Chuang, Shen et al. 2008), reduced LDL (Chuang, Shen et al.
2008), reduced lipid per oxidation (Soman, Rauf et al.) and reduced glycated haemoglobin (Soman,
Rauf et al.) (Soman, Rajamanickam et al.). Various flavonoids from the leaf (quercetic, kaempferol,
apigenin) have shown high inhibitory activities of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase in vitro
(Wang, Du et al.), with quercetin shown to be the major compound, in guava leaf tea, that enhances
glucose uptake in rat hepatocytes (Cheng, Shen et al. 2009).
Extracts from fruit peel have shown similar effects in diabetic rodents with reduced blood glucose
levels (Rai, Mehta et al. ; Rai, Jaiswal et al. 2009), reduced urine glucose levels (Rai, Jaiswal et al.
2009), increased haemoglobin levels (Rai, Jaiswal et al. 2009), increased body weight (Rai, Jaiswal et
al. 2009), decreased triglyceride (Rai, Mehta et al.)., decreased total cholesterol (Rai, Mehta et al.).,
decreased LDL (Rai, Mehta et al.), as well as reversal of smooth muscle response impairment (Liu,
Peng et al.).
Bark extracts have also lowered blood glucose levels in mice with induced hyperglycaemia (Prasad,
Qureshi et al. 2008).
In rats injected with streptozotocin, a compound that induces diabetes by damaging pancreatic betacells, fruit extracts have also shown the ability to reduce loss of islet beta-cells (Huang, Yin et al.).
Intake of guava bud in PNG residents may help to ameliorate the diabetic effect of chewing betel quid
(Owen, Martineau et al. 2008).
Anti-cancer
The relative in vitro activity and different mechanisms of pulp, peel and seed fractions in mediating
observed anticancer effects has recently been described (Bontempo, Doto et al.).
Guava leaf extracts have shown cytotoxicity to a range of human cancer cells including prostate (Ryu,
Park et al.), ovarian and leukaemia (Levy and Carley). Leaf extracts have also shown the ability to
reduce tumour size in a xenograft mouse tumour model (Chen, Peng et al.). Guava branch extract has
shown cytotoxic effect on colon carcinoma cells (Lee and Park).
Anti-hypertensive
Guava puree fed to spontaneously hypertensive rats has lowered body weight and systolic blood
pressure (Ayub, Norazmir et al.). When guava was included as a dietary intervention for selected
hypertensive patients, vitamin C intake was massively increased and a significant lowering of total
cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure was observed and an increased HDL cholesterol, was
observed over those patients not receiving guava (Singh, Rastogi et al. 1992; Singh, Rastogi et al.
1993; Singh and Rastogi 1997). A recent study in young men has shown increases in serum
antioxidant status and HDL-cholesterol from guava consumption over a 4 week period (Rahmat, AbuBakar et al. 2006).
Cytoprotective
Leaf extracts have shown liver protective effects against erythromycin (Sambo, Garba et al. 2009),
paracetamol (Priscilla and Milan ; Roy and Das ; Taju, Jayanthi et al.) and carbon tetrachloride (Roy
and Das) induced liver damage. The extracts have reduced elevated serum levels of aspartate
aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, whilst also protecting
tissue structure. Similarly leaf extracts have shown protective effects against kidney damage induced
by arsenic (Manju and Sushovan). Administration of leaf extracts have led to significant reduction in
aortic atherogenic lesion area in apoE-knock out mice (Kawakami, Hosokawa et al.), with ethyl
gallate and quercetin were seen to be the main compounds inhibiting leucocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase
and LDL oxidation in vitro.
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improvements to blood glucose and blood lipid profiles in diabetic rats (Sanjay, Rajani et al.). Both
plant seed powder and bark extract have also significantly lowered blood glucose in diabetic rats
(Osmani, Sekar et al. 2009), with the bark extract also seen to reduce serum cholesterol and restore
body weight (Priya, Gothandam et al.).
Various parts of the plant have shown promise as sources of anti-cancer compounds with a range of
compounds showing in vitro antitumor activity, including dihydromorin, steppogenin, norartocarpetin,
artocarpanone, artocarpesin albanin A and 3-prenyl luteolin, being extracted from twigs, wood and
tegmen (Zheng, Chen et al. 2009) (Arung, Shimizu et al. ; Arung, Shimizu et al. ; Arung, Yoshikawa
et al.). Jacalin, a lectin from latex, has been shown to inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation (Ajayi).
Jacalin and ArtinM (another lectin) have shown adjuvant and immune stimulating activities against
several parasites (Cardoso, Mota et al.).
Glycoproteins isolated from latex have shown in vitro anti-thrombotic activity (Siritapetawee and
Thammasirirak ; Siritapetawee, Thumanu et al.).
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weight loss (Jo, Eun et al.). Both seed and fruit extracts have shown memory enhancing effects in
mice (Park, Park et al. ; Losuwannarak, Pasadhika et al. 2009).
Polyphenol-rich longan seed extract, polysaccarhides from pulp, and twig extract have all showed in
vitro anticancer activity against cancer cell lines (Chung, Lin et al. ; Wang, Tang et al. ; Yang, Jiang
et al. 2011).
Polysaccarhides have also shown in vitro anti-glycation activity, which may indicate potential benefits
for diabetics (Yang et al, FRI 2011).
In hypercaloric rat models longan flower water extracts have shown the ability to decrease body
weight, size of epididymal fat, serum triglyceride level, atherogenic index, hepatic lipids, insulin
resistance, systolic blood pressure, and improved liver function and tissue structure (Deng-Jye, YuanYen et al. ; Liu, Yang et al. ; Tsai, Wu et al. 2008).
Seed extracts have shown anti-fatigue properties in mice with extended swimming time, increased
hepatic glycogen, reduced blood urea nitrogen and decreased lactic acid observed (Zheng, Jiang et
al.).
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Anti-bacterial
Pericarp extracts have shown in vitro activity against bacteria that cause acne (Propionibacterium
acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis), with alpha-mangostin a major active component (Pothitirat,
Chomnawang et al.). When formulated into a gel system the extract had better activity than
commercial clindamycin phosphate gel (Bhaskar, Arshia et al. 2009). A gel formulation containing
pericarp extract has also shown promise as a topical anti-bacterial assisting in periodontal treatment
(Rassameemasmaung, Sirikulsathean et al. 2008).
Pericarp extracts and isolated alpha and gamma-mangostin have shown in vitro ability to reduce
inflammation including insulin resistance in adipocytes (Bumrungpert, Kalpravidh et al. 2009),
allergic responses in mast cells (Hee-Sung, Sei-Ryang et al.) and basophils (Itoh, Ohguchi et al.
2008), and nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2 release from macrophages (Tewtrakul,
Wattanapiromsakul et al. 2009). Furthermore, in animal studies, extracts as well as the individual
compounds have exhibited pain relieving effects (Cui, Hu et al.) and inhibited carrageenan-induced
paw edema (Chen, Yang et al. 2008). In obese patients mangosteen juice has shown the ability to
reduced elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (Udani, Singh et al. 2009). However there
was no change in other markers of inflammation or lipid peroxidation. Similarly in a study in healthy
adults, participants receiving mangosteen juice had decreased serum C-reactice protein levels (Tang,
Li et al. 2009). This was accompanied by increased concentrations of various markers of immune
function.
Leaf extract has shown in vitro ability to enhance tyrosinase activity, which indicates a potential use is
self-tanning cosmetic products (Hamid, Sarmidi et al.).
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Flavanone extracts have shown in vitro inhibitory effects on the activity of intestinal alphaglucosidase and pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibition, which may indicate a role for these compounds
in controlling blood glucose level in diabetics (Gyo-Nam, Jung-Geun et al. 2009).
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Discussion
In general the nutrient compositional data of tropical exotic fruits still lacks the scope of that of
temperate fruits. Vitamin C content is consistently high across the fruits. Some of the fruits also have
notable amounts of vitamin A, B-vitamins and fibre.
There is a rich diversity of phytochemicals present in the fruit flesh, seeds, skins, bark and wood of
the tropical exotics studied. Specific fruit consumption benefits have been shown for durian, guava,
mangosteen and pitaya in animal and/or human feeding trials. Further research is required to more
fully investigate the benefits of consumption.
There was no recent nutrient data found for Australian grown fruit, which was reflected by the fact
that only three fruits were present in the NUTTAB database. There is scope to develop proposals for
discussion with FSANZ to investigate how data can be generated and/or compiled to enable for more
fruits to be in the database. This information may be valuable to consumers interested in these fruits.
Despite this there is a developing interest by local research groups in investigating the compositional
and bioactivity of tropical exotic fruits in Australia. To date this has focussed on more main stream
tropical fruits with work being undertaken by PhD students on the phytochemicals and bioactivity
from different varieties of Australian grown mango flesh and peel (Daud, Aung et al. ; Wilkinson,
Monteith et al. 2008; Monteith, Wilkinson et al. 2009), and more recently papaya. The University of
Queensland research group who have undertaken this work on mangos have recently published a
review on the compounds and bioactivities in tropical fruits (Pierson, Dietzgen et al.). These positive
outputs, following on from the 2008 Tropical fruits in human nutrition and health conference, need to
be maintained by keeping the relevant researchers connected to coordinate and stimulate further
research. It is anticipated that research will continue through relatively small student projects and
approaches for recruiting good students are needed.
As Australian varieties/cultivars are based on imported seed stock, and Australian breeding programs
have been very limited, there were no specific advantages identified between the varieties/cultivars
grown in Australia and those grown overseas. In fact it appears that there are more nutrient and
phytochemical rich cultivars existing in overseas countries due to much larger germplasm resources,
analytical work identifying cultivar differences (for example (Ashraf, Maah et al. ; Englberger, Alfred
et al. 2007)), and in some cases specific breeding programs targeting elevation of nutrient and
phytochemical contents (Zheng, Jiang et al. 2008).
In general, due to the large differences in practices employed across the Australian industry and little
comparative information on horticultural practices, there is no evidence suggesting that growing
practices and/or supply chain handling are markedly different for Australia and fruit grown overseas.
There is no evidence suggesting that Australian approaches improve nutrient or phytochemical
content.
Opportunities for use of extracts of these fruits for food use is highly limited in Australia due to the
relatively small amount of fruit, geographical dispersion of production, lack of processing waste
stream, and much higher production costs than countries from which products are (or could be)
imported. The use of certain fibres (for example carambola) to carry nutrients/phytochemicals in food
systems may be worth evaluating if there are marketable differences from other fibre sources, which
can be protected by process or technology IP, and if Australian fruit production is large enough to
support production. The most promising opportunity is for the use of achachairu in processed food
applications. This fruit is grown in significant amounts in a single location and there is no current
threat of imported product. Identification of functional and marketable characteristics of processed
products should be undertaken to evaluate potential.
28
There is evidence that the use of certain fruit/plant extracts can be utilised in a nutraceutical or
pharmaceutical fashion to mediate a variety of health benefits. The best opportunities for utilisation of
Australian grown fruit are listed below.
Achachairu: As mentioned previously the significant amount of fruit grown in a single location
and lack of large commercial plantings overseas are key factors for potential commercial viability
of extracts. The recent reports highlighting the potential of seed extracts and/or purified
compound guttiferone to mediate pain relieving and cholesterol lowering effects should be
investigated using Australian material.
Durian: polysaccharide extracts from husk may have applications in cosmetic formulations.
However consideration of local fruit production volumes, geographical dispersion of production
and competition with overseas production must be firstly considered to determine if there is any
economic validity for such a proposal.
Guava: there is a large evidence base for the use of leaf extracts, particularly in controlling
diabetes and metabolic syndrome. There are commercial products available internationally and
consideration must firstly be given to whether Australian grown and made product could compete
with imported product. Consideration to minimum production volume requirements, possible
processing locations and import competition must be made to determine preliminary viability.
Jackfruit: the potential for leaf extracts that help control diabetes and metabolic syndrome could
be explored. However consideration of local fruit production volumes, geographical dispersion of
production and competition with overseas production must be firstly considered to determine if
there is any economic validity for such a proposal.
Longan: the potential for polysaccharide extracts could be explored. There is intense Chinese
research into sourcing starting material with elevated levels of the phytochemical(s) of interest,
developing optimised extraction procedures and technologies and the health properties of the
extracts. There are commercial products available internationally and consideration must firstly be
given to whether Australian grown and made product could compete with imported product.
Mangosteen: there is a reasonably large evidence base for the use of pericarp extracts, particularly
in animal models of cancer. However there is potential to explore the suitability of pericarp
extracts in acne treatments. There are a range of mangosteen products available internationally
and consideration must firstly be given to whether Australian grown and made product could
compete with imported product.
Soursop: there is some evidence supporting the use of leaves for their anti-cancer properties
however much more work is required to validate effectiveness and safety of such products. There
are commercial products available internationally and consideration must firstly be given to
whether Australian grown and made product could compete with imported product.
29
Implications
The information in this report detailing the nutrient and health benefits of tropical exotic fruit
consumption could be developed into promotional and/or educational materials.
Waste fruit (including seeds, peel etc) may be able to be utilised in food and nutraceutical
extracts. Achachairu has the most potential due to its relatively high fruit volume, single growing
location and lack of international competition.
30
Recommendations
Undertake work to put the nutritional and health benefit information for these fruits into
suitable formats (web based etc) for promotional and/of educational purposes.
Develop and present a proposal to FSANZ to develop NUTTAB records for the fruits that do
not currently have one.
Develop a suitable forum to keep a connected and coordinated approach for further research
in Australia, and stimulate student interest in research projects, following on from the 2008
Tropical fruits in human nutrition and health conference.
31
References
(2008). Queensland tropical fruit - The healthy flavours of North Queensland, Queensland
Government.
Abe, L. T., F. M. Lajolo, et al. "Potential dietary sources of ellagic acid and other antioxidants among
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