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Excel
What is a spreadsheet?
Entering Data
There are two ways to enter data into Excel
A simple numerical value called a number constant.
A string, called a text constant.
When you are finished entering a number in a cell hit
ENTER or click the checkmark.
Using Formulas
In Excel, a formula MUST always begin with an
equal sign (=), followed by an expression
involving:
Consider: =(C3+B2+5)
Constants
C3 & B2 are cell addresses
Operators
5 is the numerical constant
Cell Addresses The (+) sign is the operator
This formula could be entered in D7 where the formula
would be applied. Note: Any change in C3 or B2 will
automatically change D7!
Arithmetic Operators
Operator
Purpose
Example
Addition
A1+B1
Subtraction
A1-B1
Multiplication
A1*B1
Division
A1/B1
Exponentiation
A1^3
Percentage
A1%
Operator Preference
Since some formulas include
more than one operator, the
question arises as to which
one is carried out first. The
order is outlined to the right.
If any formula has two
operators from the same
group, the order is carried
out from left to right.
Operator
Preference
1
Operator
* and /
+ and -
Quantity
6500
9000
5400
Using Functions
Excel includes many different functions which
can carry out a wide variety of operations.
They include:
Mathematical and statistical operations
Process financial data
Process AND return text information
Each function has a specific name followed by
an ARGUMENT enclosed in parenthesis.
Function Examples
Davis
Graham
Jones
Meyers
Richards
Thomas
Williams
Exam 1
82
66
95
47
80
74
57
Exam 2
77
80
100
62
58
81
62
Final Exam
94
75
97
78
73
85
67
Overall Score
Creating Graphs
The easiest way to create a graph in Excel is to use the
Chart Wizard!
Follow these steps:
Select the block of cells containing the data to be
plotted. You may include headings!
Click on the CHART WIZARD icon
Choose the graph type
Type in a title
And select Chart on this worksheet or As object in
More on Graphs
V = 10 e
0 .5 t
Prepare an Excel
worksheet and line
graph (scatter) with
the data to the right
Seconds
Volts
10
6.07
3.68
2.23
1.35
0.82
0.50
0.30
0.18
0.11
10
0.07
Analyzing Data
Engineering analysis usually begins with the
analysis of data! Engineers gather data to
measure VARIABILITY or CONSISTENCY.
Measured Data can tell you a great deal if you
know how to interpret the results. Let Excel
do the tedious work for you so that you can
focus on the interpretation of results.
Data Characteristics
There are several commonly used parameters that allow us to draw
conclusions about the characteristics of a data set. They are:
Mean
Median
Mode
Min
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Max
Variance
The variance provides an
indication of the degree of
SPREAD in the data. The
greater the variance, the
greater the spread. It is
determined by the following
formula:
Excel uses the VAR( ) function
n
1
2
s2 =
(
x
x
)
i
n 1 i =1
s 2 = variance
n = # of data values
x i = individual data value
x = mean
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is simply the square root of
the variance.
s =
= standard
deviation
Histograms
Thought the previous statistical characteristics
can prove useful in interpreting data, it is
often more desirable to the plot the data in a
manner that illustrates how the values are
distributed within their range. This is called a
HISTOGRAM or RELATIVE FREQUENCY
plot.
More on Histograms
To create a histogram, you must first subdivide
the range of the data into a series of
adjacent, equally spaced intervals. The first
interval must begin at or below the smallest
value (the min) and the last interval must
extend to or beyond the largest data value
(the max). These intervals are called CLASS
INTERVALS. Then you determine HOW
MANY values fall within each interval
Relative Frequency
Now we can go back and LOOK AT the percentage of
values that fell into each interval. These values were
found using the following equation:
ni
fi =
n
f = relative frequency in the interval
ni = number of values in that interval
n = total number of values in data set
Cumulative Distribution
A histogram can provide a great graphical illustration of
how a data set is distributed. A CUMULATIVE
DISTRIBUTION is equally important. It provides us
ANOTHER graphical way to view the
data.BUT.it allows us to determine the
LIKELIHOOD of a RANDOM VALUE being less than
or greater than a specified value. It is almost like a
percent chance and is the graphical representation
of the calculated relative frequency.
F1 = f1
F2 = f1 + f 2
F3 = f1 + f 2 + f 3....
Drawing inferences
A engineer can now look at the cumulative
distribution and randomly pull a part off of the
manufacturing line. The plot will tell him the
% likelihood that an arbitrary cylinder
diameter within a randomly selected engine
block WILL NOT exceed a certain length. For
example, what is the likelihood that a cylinder
will NOT exceed 3.503 inches?
Distance (cm)
Force (N)
2.0
3.5
4.5
11
8.0
17
9.5
Making a Trendline
Regression Statistics
Excel can also provide a great deal of built in
statistics. But they may prove MORE than
what you need.
Choose TOOLS then DATA ANALYSIS
Choose Regression
Highlight the appropriate cells and where to
place the stats.
Exponential
Logarithmic
Power Function
Polynomial ( NOTE: By INCREASING the
order, you can increase your r2 value)