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Now after correct calculation of above loads the Total Load is Calculated by,
Total Load on each floor = Dead Load + Live Load
Now this the actual load which will be acting on column for each floor, now if the
building say 5 storied, then just multiply the value with the nos. of floors, like for five
storied building multiply the Total Load on each story with 5.
Now thus the Total load acting on column at Column Base is Obtained and it is denoted
with P.
Hence P= Total Load on each Floor X Nos. of Stories = (Dead Load + Live Load) X Nos.
of Stories.
Now we shall move to the actual Designing to determine suitable Column sections and
its Reinforcements so that the above load is safely resisted by the column Designed.
It can be done by Three main Methods of Design : a) Working Stress Method b)
Ultimate Load Method and c) Limit State Method.
The Modern Practice is to use Limit State Method for all types of Designing, Hence Ill
discuss here the Limit State Method Of Design Of Column.
Loading (Pu) in N
And so on, with increase of each 250,000 N increasing the Percentage of Steel as 0.5%.
Now input the value of the Asc in the form of Ag in the Equation I. For example suppose
1% Steel is used then the equation will be like the one below :Pu = 0.4.fck.(Ag-0.01Ag) + 0.67.fy.0.01Ag
Therefore, if we know the Grade of Concrete and Grade of Steel to be used and Factored
Load coming on the Column and Assuming the Percentage of steel required
appropriately then we can Very Easily Calculate the Gross-Sectional Area (A g) of the
Column required from the above form of the equation.
Now as the Ag is obtained thus the Lateral Dimensions of the Column that are the sides
of the column can be easily determined.
The Ag or Gross-Sectional Area of the Column means that it is the product of the two
lateral sides of a column [i.e. Breadth (b) X Depth (D)], hence reversely knowing the
Ag we can determine the Lateral Dimensions.
For making a Square Section just Determine the Root Value of the Ag. Like if the Value
of Ag is 62500 mm2 Then considering square section of a column we can get each side
Also Rectangular Column Sections Can be made by using different proportion say b : D
= 1 : 2 , Hence D=2b , Therefore, Ag = b X D = b X 2b = 2b2 or b=
Depending upon the ratio of Effective Length to the Least Lateral Dimension of a
column, a column may be classified as Long Column and Short Column. If the value of
this ratio is less than 12 then its called as a short column and if the value is more than 12
then its called as a Long Column. A short column mainly fails by direct compression
and has a lesser chance of failure by buckling. And in the case of a long column the
failure mainly occurs due to the buckling alone. Long column being slender, that is
being thin like stick as compared with its length it grows a tendency to get bended by
deviating from its verticality under the action of loads. Due to this tendency of long
column to get buckled (bended) a long column of all same properties and dimensions
that of a short column will be able to carry much lesser load safely than that of the short
column. Suppose a 400mmx400mm short column can take a load of 1000KN , then a
long column of 400mmx400mm having same grade of concrete, same amount of
reinforcement and same workmanship will be able to carry a lesser load like say about
800KN only, hence we get a loss of 200KN which is 20% loss of load carrying capacity.
So the above formula used in Step 3 holds good only for the Short Column. For using it
in long column a little modification is needed, which I will update it later when I will get
hands on this article again. For now let us concentrate on Short Column. First of all we
need to find out the effective length of a column, which can be obtained by multiplying a
factor with the actual unsupported length of the column. The factor depends upon the
end condition of the column. In most general cases we use a Both End Fixed Column for
which The Factor is 0.65.
Therefore, Effective Length = Effective Length Factor (0.65) x Unsupported Length (l).
suppose a column has a unsupported length of 2.7m = 2700mm, hence the effective
length will be lef = 0.65x2700 = 1755mm. Least lateral dimension means the shorter of
the two dimensions of column that is length and breadth. But in case of a circular
column as there is only diameter, hence we will use the diameter.
Suppose a column is of 400mmx200mm section and has an unsupported length of
2700mm, then the Ration of Effective length t the Least Lateral Dimension will be as
follows :(Effective Length/Least Lateral Dimension) = (lef/b) = (1755/200) = 8.775 which is less
than 12 and hence is a Short Column.
also. Practically all columns are eccentric to some extent which may vary from few
millimetres to few centimetres. In practical field it is almost impossible to make a
perfectly axially loaded column, as a reason we have to consider a certain value of
eccentricity for safety even though if we are designing for a axially loaded column. The
conditions of considering eccentricity and its value may differ from code to code
according to the country. Here I will tell you what I.S. : 46-2000 says. According to it
the eccentricity which we have to consider for design must be taken as the greater of the
followings :i) 20mm.
ii) (lef/500) + (b/30)
Where,
lef = Effective Length of the Column
b = Lateral Dimension of the Column (We have to calculate two separate values for two
sides in case of rectangular column)
Permissible Eccentricity :- 0.05b where b is the dimension of a side of a column, we
have to check for two sides separately in case of rectangular column.
The Permissible eccentricity must be greater than or equal to the actual eccentricity
of the column. Or else we have to design it for bending also.
For an example if a Column has 16mm and 20mm both types of bar as Longitudinal
Bars or main Reinforcement then 1/4th of 20mm = 5mm Hence we shall provide 5mm
diameter Ties.
The Spacing of Ties shall not exceed the least of the followings three values
1.
Least Lateral Dimension
2.
3.
For an example A Column of 250mm X 350mm Dimension having 20mm and 16mm
Diameter Longitudinal Bars and 5mm Diameter Ties we get,
Least Lateral Dimension = 250mm
16 Times of the Diameter of the Smallest Diameter Longitudinal Bar = 16 X 16 =
256mm
48 Times of the Diameter of Ties = 48 X 5 = 220mm
Hence Provide 5mm Diameter Ties @ 200mm
C/C
[In this case our objective is to minimize the value to reduce the spacing and to make the
structure more stable, hence we shall take least value and suitably in a multiple of
25mm]