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Design Of Column In Limit State Method

Posted by Ranadip Chakraborty


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The Design of R.C.C. Column is very important, as in the Framed Structured Building
that is in the modern day construction the Frames are formed by networks of Columns
and Beams. A Column is a Structural Member which is vertical and axially loaded and
subjected to Compressive forces, and having its Effective Length (Height) Three times
greater than the least cross-sectional dimension of it self. To Satisfactorily Complete
the Design of Column The Following Steps must followed.

STEP 1 :- Calculation of the Influence Area of the Column :


The first step is to find out the Influence Area of the Column to be Designed. The
Influence Area of a column is the area of which load is being transferred to the column
to be designed for. For this purpose in a framed structure small and medium building
the design of column is done for the column whose Influence Area is the largest hence
the load coming on the column will be so the greater of the any other column in that
building hence all the other column having lesser Influence Area hence lesser Loads if
provided with the same Designed parameters that required for the column having
largest Influence Area, then the whole Structure will automatically become safe against
the Loads.

DETERMINATION OF INFLUENCE AREAS FOR LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON COLUMNS

STEP 2:- Calculation of the Loads Coming on Column from the


Influence Area :
In this step the Load Calculation is being done. This is done by calculating all the loads
acting within the influence area.
The Loads acting are broadly classified as Dead Load (DL) and Live Load (LL). Dead
Loads are the load of objects which cannot be moved from on place to another like the
loads of Brick Work, Beams, Slabs etc. and the Live Loads are the loads coming from
movable objects such as Humans, Chair, Table etc.
Thus We Need to Calculate the Dead Loads as well as Live Loads within the Influence
Area, these are as follows in the general case of a Building :A)Dead Loads :
I.
Due to weight of Slab
[25000 N/m3 ]
II.
Due to weight of Floor Finish
[500 N/m2]
III.
Due to weight of Brick Masonry
[19200 N/m3]
IV.
Due to weight of Beam
[25000 N/m3]
V.
Due to weight of Self Weight of Column
[25000 N/m3]
B) Live Load :
It depends upon the Nature of the Structure, and it values for different structural nature
are given in the concerned Code of Practice, like in India these are given in I.S.: 875-Part
II.
For Residential Buildings it is generally considered @ 2KN/m2 = 2000 N/m2

COLUMN FORM WORK OF BUILDING

Now after correct calculation of above loads the Total Load is Calculated by,
Total Load on each floor = Dead Load + Live Load
Now this the actual load which will be acting on column for each floor, now if the
building say 5 storied, then just multiply the value with the nos. of floors, like for five
storied building multiply the Total Load on each story with 5.
Now thus the Total load acting on column at Column Base is Obtained and it is denoted
with P.
Hence P= Total Load on each Floor X Nos. of Stories = (Dead Load + Live Load) X Nos.
of Stories.
Now we shall move to the actual Designing to determine suitable Column sections and
its Reinforcements so that the above load is safely resisted by the column Designed.
It can be done by Three main Methods of Design : a) Working Stress Method b)
Ultimate Load Method and c) Limit State Method.
The Modern Practice is to use Limit State Method for all types of Designing, Hence Ill
discuss here the Limit State Method Of Design Of Column.

STEP 3 :- Finding The Gross Cross-Sectional Area Required For The


Column :
This is the one of the most important and main step of the Design of Column.
First in the Limit State Method of Design we must increase the load acting on the
column with a Load Factor so that if there will be any accidental increase of loads the
column will be still safe to resist the load without a failure. The Factor of Safety for Dead
Load + Live Load Combination is 1.5, hence we must multiply the load action on column
(P) with the 1.5 to obtain the Ultimate Load that is the Factored Load of the Column that
is Pu.
Hence Factored Load, Pu = 1.5 X P
For Design we will work with this value of load.
Now before going on Im here to say that I will design according to the Code Of Practice
of I.S.: 456-2000
The Ultimate Load of a Column is given by,
Pu = 0.4.fck.Ac + 0.67.fy.Asc [Equation I]
Where, Pu = Ultimate Load of the Column in N/mm2
fck= Yield Strength of Concrete in N/mm2
Ac = Area of Concrete (Cross-Sectional Area) of Column in mm 2
fy = Yield Strength Of Steel in N/mm2

Asc = Area of Steel (Cross-Sectional Area) in Column in mm2


Now the column consists of Concrete and as well as Steel in the form of Reinforcements
hence the Total Cross-Sectional Area of Column is made of Area of Concrete and Area of
Steel.
The Total Cross-Sectional area of Column can be also termed as Gross Cross-Sectional
Area of Column and its denoted by Ag.
Hence, Gross Cross-Sectional Area of Column = C/S Area of Concrete + C/S Area of
Steel
Therefore, Ag = Ac + Asc
And hence, Ac = Ag - Asc
Now putting the above obtained value in the original equation (Equation I) we get,
Pu = 0.4.fck.(Ag-Asc) + 0.67.fy.Asc [Equation II]
Now Assume the Percentage of Steel you want to use ranging anywhere from 0.8% to
6% with Respect to Gross Cross-Sectional Area of the Column (A g). Say Assuming Steel
as 1% of Ag it means Area of Steel Asc = 1% of Ag = 0.01Ag
The higher will be the percentage of steel used the lower will be Ag and thus lesser will be
the cross-sectional dimension of the column. But the as the Price of Steel is very high as
compared to the Concrete hence it is desirable to use as less as steel possible to make the
structure economical, again if the percentage of steel is lowered then the A g will increase
at higher rate, about 30% with decrease of just 1% of steel and so each lateral dimension
of the column will increase and will cause a gigantic section to be provided to resist the
load. Therefore both the factors are to be considered depending upon the amount of
loadings.
My suggestion is to use the following Percentage of steel for the Design, Which Ive
found to be effective and to produce economical and safe section of Column.

Loading (Pu) in N

Percentage Of Steel for Satisfactory Design

Below 250000 --------------------------------------------0.8%


250,000 to 500,000 --------------------------------------1.0%
500,000 to 750,000 --------------------------------------1.5%
750,000 to 1000,000 -------------------------------------2.0%
1000,000 to 1500,000 -----------------------------------2.5%
1500,000 to 2000,000 -----------------------------------3.0%

And so on, with increase of each 250,000 N increasing the Percentage of Steel as 0.5%.
Now input the value of the Asc in the form of Ag in the Equation I. For example suppose
1% Steel is used then the equation will be like the one below :Pu = 0.4.fck.(Ag-0.01Ag) + 0.67.fy.0.01Ag
Therefore, if we know the Grade of Concrete and Grade of Steel to be used and Factored
Load coming on the Column and Assuming the Percentage of steel required
appropriately then we can Very Easily Calculate the Gross-Sectional Area (A g) of the
Column required from the above form of the equation.
Now as the Ag is obtained thus the Lateral Dimensions of the Column that are the sides
of the column can be easily determined.
The Ag or Gross-Sectional Area of the Column means that it is the product of the two
lateral sides of a column [i.e. Breadth (b) X Depth (D)], hence reversely knowing the
Ag we can determine the Lateral Dimensions.
For making a Square Section just Determine the Root Value of the Ag. Like if the Value
of Ag is 62500 mm2 Then considering square section of a column we can get each side

Also Rectangular Column Sections Can be made by using different proportion say b : D
= 1 : 2 , Hence D=2b , Therefore, Ag = b X D = b X 2b = 2b2 or b=

Hence D can be also determined as D=2b after Calculating the b.


Most of the times after calculating the sides of a column it will give results such as
196.51mm or 323.62 etc. values, which practically cannot be provided at field, hence we
must increase those values to the nearest greater multiple of 25mm (i.e. 1 inch). For
examples a value of 196.51mm may be increased to 200mm or 225mm or 250 mm even,
and a value of 323.62mm may be increased to 350mm. more it will be increased the
more it will be safer, but it is uneconomical to increase by a very high amount, it should
not be increased more than by 75mm to consider the economical factor.

STEP 4Check For Long/Short Column:

Depending upon the ratio of Effective Length to the Least Lateral Dimension of a
column, a column may be classified as Long Column and Short Column. If the value of
this ratio is less than 12 then its called as a short column and if the value is more than 12
then its called as a Long Column. A short column mainly fails by direct compression
and has a lesser chance of failure by buckling. And in the case of a long column the
failure mainly occurs due to the buckling alone. Long column being slender, that is
being thin like stick as compared with its length it grows a tendency to get bended by
deviating from its verticality under the action of loads. Due to this tendency of long
column to get buckled (bended) a long column of all same properties and dimensions
that of a short column will be able to carry much lesser load safely than that of the short
column. Suppose a 400mmx400mm short column can take a load of 1000KN , then a
long column of 400mmx400mm having same grade of concrete, same amount of
reinforcement and same workmanship will be able to carry a lesser load like say about
800KN only, hence we get a loss of 200KN which is 20% loss of load carrying capacity.
So the above formula used in Step 3 holds good only for the Short Column. For using it
in long column a little modification is needed, which I will update it later when I will get
hands on this article again. For now let us concentrate on Short Column. First of all we
need to find out the effective length of a column, which can be obtained by multiplying a
factor with the actual unsupported length of the column. The factor depends upon the
end condition of the column. In most general cases we use a Both End Fixed Column for
which The Factor is 0.65.
Therefore, Effective Length = Effective Length Factor (0.65) x Unsupported Length (l).
suppose a column has a unsupported length of 2.7m = 2700mm, hence the effective
length will be lef = 0.65x2700 = 1755mm. Least lateral dimension means the shorter of
the two dimensions of column that is length and breadth. But in case of a circular
column as there is only diameter, hence we will use the diameter.
Suppose a column is of 400mmx200mm section and has an unsupported length of
2700mm, then the Ration of Effective length t the Least Lateral Dimension will be as
follows :(Effective Length/Least Lateral Dimension) = (lef/b) = (1755/200) = 8.775 which is less
than 12 and hence is a Short Column.

STEP 5Check For Eccentricity :


Eccentricity means deviating from the true axis. Thus an Eccentric Load refers to a load
which is not acting through the line of the axis of the column in case of column design.
The eccentric load cause the column to bend towards the eccentricity of the loading and
hence generates a bending moment in the column. In case of eccentric loading we have
to design the column for both the Direct Compression and also for the bending moment

also. Practically all columns are eccentric to some extent which may vary from few
millimetres to few centimetres. In practical field it is almost impossible to make a
perfectly axially loaded column, as a reason we have to consider a certain value of
eccentricity for safety even though if we are designing for a axially loaded column. The
conditions of considering eccentricity and its value may differ from code to code
according to the country. Here I will tell you what I.S. : 46-2000 says. According to it
the eccentricity which we have to consider for design must be taken as the greater of the
followings :i) 20mm.
ii) (lef/500) + (b/30)
Where,
lef = Effective Length of the Column
b = Lateral Dimension of the Column (We have to calculate two separate values for two
sides in case of rectangular column)
Permissible Eccentricity :- 0.05b where b is the dimension of a side of a column, we
have to check for two sides separately in case of rectangular column.
The Permissible eccentricity must be greater than or equal to the actual eccentricity
of the column. Or else we have to design it for bending also.

STEP 6 :- Calculating The Area Of Steel Required :


Now the Area of Steel Required Asc is to be calculated from the Ag as the predetermined
percentage of Ag. For example if the Gross-Sectional Area of the Column is 78600
mm2 and at the starting of calculation of Ag it was assumed that 1% Steel is used then we
get,
Asc = 1% of Ag = 0.01Ag = 0.01 X 78600 = 786 mm2
Now we shall provide such amount of Reinforcements that the Cross-Sectional Area of
the Reinforcement provided is Equal to or Greater than the Cross-Sectional Area of Steel
required above.
Hence in the above case we shall Provide 4 Nos. of 16mm Diameter Bars
Hence, The Actual Area of Steel Provided,
Hence the Area of Steel Provided is Greater than Area Of Steel Required, Hence the
Structure will be Safe.
NOTE : The minimum of 4 Nos. of Bars to be provided at the four corners of
a rectangular or Square Column and minimum diameter of Bars that to be
used is 12mm Diameter. Hence 4 Nos. of 12mm Diameter Bars are must in
any Column irrespective of their necessities.

STEP 7 :- Determining The Diameter and Spacing Of The Lateral


Ties:
In this step we will Determine the Diameter and the Spacing of the Lateral Ties or
Transverse Links or Binders.
The Diameter of the Ties shall not be lesser than the Greatest of the following two
values
1.
5mm
2.

1/4th of the Diameter of the Largest Diameter Bar

For an example if a Column has 16mm and 20mm both types of bar as Longitudinal
Bars or main Reinforcement then 1/4th of 20mm = 5mm Hence we shall provide 5mm
diameter Ties.
The Spacing of Ties shall not exceed the least of the followings three values
1.
Least Lateral Dimension

2.

16 Times of the Diameter of the Smallest Diameter Longitudinal Bar

3.

48 Times of the Diameter of Ties

For an example A Column of 250mm X 350mm Dimension having 20mm and 16mm
Diameter Longitudinal Bars and 5mm Diameter Ties we get,
Least Lateral Dimension = 250mm
16 Times of the Diameter of the Smallest Diameter Longitudinal Bar = 16 X 16 =
256mm
48 Times of the Diameter of Ties = 48 X 5 = 220mm
Hence Provide 5mm Diameter Ties @ 200mm
C/C
[In this case our objective is to minimize the value to reduce the spacing and to make the
structure more stable, hence we shall take least value and suitably in a multiple of
25mm]

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