Terrestrial Trunked Radio

28/5/2016
Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Terrestrial Trunked Radio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Terrestrial Trunked Radio[1] (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio) is a

professional mobile radio[2] and two-way transceiver specification. TETRA was specifically designed for use by
government agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire departments, ambulance) for public safety
networks, rail transport staff for train radios, transport services and the military.
TETRA is a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard, first version published 1995; it
is mentioned by the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC).[3]
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
Description
Advantages
Disadvantages
TETRA usage
Technical details
5.1 Radio aspects
5.2 Radio frequencies
5.3 Air interface encryption
5.3.1 Additional information
5.4 Cell selection
5.4.1 Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images
5.4.2 Initial cell selection
5.4.3 Cell improvable
5.4.4 Cell usable
5.4.5 Cell relinquishable (abandonable)
5.4.6 Radio down-link failure
Man-machine interface (MMI)
6.1 Virtual MMI for TETRA radio terminals
6.2 TETRA MMI
6.3 TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)
See also
References
External links
Description
TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with four user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz
spacing between carriers. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used. Digital data
transmission is also included in the standard though at a low data rate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio
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TETRA Mobile Stations (MS) can communicate direct-mode operation (DMO) or using trunked-mode
operation (TMO) using switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) made of TETRA base stations (TBS).
As well as allowing direct communications in situations where network coverage is not available, DMO also
includes the possibility of using a sequence of one or more TETRA terminals as relays. This functionality is called
DMO gateway (from DMO to TMO) or DMO repeater (from DMO to DMO). In emergency situations this
feature allows direct communications underground or in areas of bad coverage.
In addition to voice and dispatch services, the TETRA system supports several types of data communication.
Status messages and short data services (SDS) are provided over the system's main control channel, while
packet-switched data or circuit-switched data communication uses specifically assigned channels.
TETRA provides for authentication of terminals towards infrastructure and vice versa. For protection against
eavesdropping, air interface encryption and end-to-end encryption is available.
The common mode of operation is in a group calling mode in which a single button push will connect the user to
the users in a selected call group and/or a dispatcher. It is also possible for the terminal to act as a one-to-one
walkie talkie but without the normal range limitation since the call still uses the network. TETRA terminals can
act as mobile phones (cell phones), with a full-duplex direct connection to other TETRA Users or the PSTN.
Emergency buttons, provided on the terminals, enable the users to transmit emergency signals, to the dispatcher,
overriding any other activity taking place at the same time.
Advantages
The main advantages of TETRA over other technologies (such as GSM) are:
The much lower frequency used gives longer range, which in turn permits very high levels of geographic
coverage with a smaller number of transmitters, thus cutting infrastructure costs.
During a voice call, the communications are not interrupted when moving to another network site. This is
a unique feature, which dPMR networks typically provide, that allows a number of fall-back modes such
as the ability for a base station to process local calls. So called 'mission critical' networks can be built with
TETRA where all aspects are fail-safe/multiple-redundant.
In the absence of a network, mobiles/portables can use 'direct mode' whereby they share channels
directly (walkie-talkie mode).
Gateway mode - where a single mobile with connection to the network can act as a relay for other
nearby mobiles that are out of range of the infrastructure.
TETRA also provides a point-to-point function that traditional analogue emergency services radio
systems did not provide. This enables users to have a one-to-one trunked 'radio' link between sets
without the need for the direct involvement of a control room operator/dispatcher.
Unlike cellular technologies, which connect one subscriber to one other subscriber (one-to-one), TETRA
is built to do one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many. These operational modes are directly relevant
to the public safety and professional users.
Security TETRA supports terminal registration, authentication, air-interface encryption and end-to-end
encryption.
Rapid deployment (transportable) network solutions are available for disaster relief and temporary
capacity provision.
Equipment is available from many suppliers around the world, thus providing the benefits of interoperable
competition.
Network solutions are available in both reliable circuit-switched (telephone like) architectures and flat, IP
architectures with soft (software) switches.
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Further information is available from the TETRA Association (http://www.tetra-association.com/) (formerly

TETRA MoU) and the standards can be downloaded for free from ETSI.
Disadvantages
Its main disadvantages are:
Requires a linear amplifier to meet the stringent RF specifications that allow it to exist alongside other
radio services.
Data transfer is efficient and long range (many km), but slow by modern standards.
Up to 7.2 kbit/s per timeslot, in the case of point-to-point connections, and 3.5 kbit/s per timeslot in case of IP
encapsulation. Both options permit the use of between one and four timeslots. Different implementations include
one of the previous connectivity capabilities, both, or none, and one timeslot or more. These rates are ostensibly
faster than the competing technologies DMR, dPMR, and P25 are capable of). Latest version of standard
supports 115.2 kbit/s in 25 kHz or up to 691.2 kbit/s in an expanded 150 kHz channel. To overcome the
limitations many software vendors have begun to consider hybrid solutions where TETRA is used for critical
signalling while large data synchronization and transfer of images and video is done over 3G / LTE.[4]
TETRA usage
At the end of 2009 there were 114 countries using TETRA systems in Western Europe, Eastern Europe,
Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, Caribbean and Latin America.[5]
The TETRA-system is in use by the public sector in the following countries. Only TETRA network infrastructure
installations are listed. TETRA being an open standard, each of these networks can use any mix of TETRA
mobile terminals from a wide range of suppliers.
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Continent
Asia
Country
China
mainland
Supplier
Name
Agency
In use: Line 1
Rolling out: Line
2[6]
EADS / Cassidian
Shenyang Metro
DAMM TetraFlex
Utility - GuangZhou
Guangzhou Electric Electric Power
Power
Emergency
Communication
In Use 2010
EADS / Cassidian
Shenzhen Metro
Transport
Ordered
5/2010[7]
EADS / Cassidian
Guangzhou
16th Asian Games in

2010
Ordered 2010[7]
EADS /
Cassidian[8]
Hong Kong
International
Airport (HKIA)
2008 Beijing Olympics

Used from July
and Paralympic Games
2008 to October
(Hong Kong
2008
Equestrian Event)
EADS / Cassidian
Hong Kong Fire

Services
Department
Fire service and

ambulance
Motorola / Dimetra
Hong Kong Police

Police
Force
In use
Artevea
Mass Transit
Railway (MTR)[9]
Transport
In use
Transport
In use since Feb

2009[10]
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Motorola / Dimetra International
Airport (HKIA)
India
Artevea
Transport
Status
Military College of
Telecommunication
Indian Army
Engineering
(MCTE)
In use
In use since 2004

at Mhow, Indore,
Madhya Pradesh
Delhi Metro Rail

Motorola / Dimetra
Corporation Ltd.
Transport
The First TETRA

in India, in use
since 2002
Mumbai Mono
Rail, Mumbai
DAMM TetraFlex / Metropolitan
Consort Digital Pvt Region
Ltd
Development
Authority
(MMRDA)
Mass Transport Indias first Monorail

Project - Mumbai
Awarded
2010[11]
C-DAC
TETRA with
Automatic Dial 100 Kerala police
(AD100)
In use by police,
Trivandrum city,
since 2008
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DAMM TetraFlex /
Tamil Nadu police
Consort Digital Pvt
Ltd
HCL & Motorola
Secure
Communication
Network
DAMM TetraFlex / Gas Authority of

Consort Digital Pvt India Limited
Ltd
(GAIL)
Police and internal

security and safety
Awarded
2011[12]
Delhi government
Integrated
Communication
System used by
various
departments
under
government of
Delhi and Delhi
police since
2010.
Gas Pipeline - Safety, Awarded

Telemetry and Security 2011[13]
With PSTN call

BMRCL Bangalore
THALES Portugal integration designed
Metro Corporation
S A & Motorola
by Thales Group
Limited
for BMRCL
Sepura & Rohde

and Schwarz
Sepura & Rohde

and Schwarz
Indonesia
TETRA with
Automatic Dial 100 Gurgaon police
(AD100)
In use by police,
Gurgaon city[14]
Since 2009. In
Salem from
August 2011.
TETRA with
Automatic Dial 100
Faridabad police
(AD100)
In use by police,
Faridabad city,
since 2012
Motorola / Dimetra,
installed &
SCADA PT.
maintained by PT. Chevron Pacific
Mobilkom
Indonesia
Telekomindo
HOOU
In use since 2009

at Duri, Riau,
Indonesia.
Jakarta State
Rohde & Schwarz /
Government
Accessnet-T
Network
Jakarta Capital City

Jakarta
Operational,
Installed since
2007
Melco-Crown
Entertainment
Casino-Hotels: Altira
(formerly Crown
Macau),[15] and City
of Dreams
In use since 2007
Foras de
Segurana de
Macau
All emergency services In use
Segi Maju (SEGI)
Public operator
Macao
Artevea
Malaysia
Transport, in use
since March
2011
EADS
In use[16]
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Motorola / Dimetra
Pakistan
NITRS Nationwide
Integrated Trunk
Radio System
Project for Police
Motorola / Dimetra
Police
under Ministry of
Interior,
Government of
Pakistan
In use Since
2009
Motorola
Dimetra/GA
Technology and
Systems Inc.
Oil and Gas
In use October
2013, Phase 2
On Shore Gas
Plant for
Implementation
Telecommunications
Carrier
Implementation
on Going Project
Finish Dec 2013
Rohill (TetraNode)
SynTech Systems Meralco
Inc.
Electric Company
Implemented
Nov 2014
Rohill (TetraNode)
SynTech Systems LRT-2
Inc.
Transport (Manila
Light Rail Transit
System Line 2)
Implemented Oct
2015
Korea Electric
Power Corporation Electricity
(KEPCO)
In use[17]
[
], Taiwan
Railways
Administration,
Railway Police
Bureau
In use
Rohde & Schwarz Sonatrach
Oil & Gas company
In use since
2003.
Sepura
Power utility
In use.
Highway authority
Rolling out /
Almost
completed.
Oil & Gas
Since 2006
Philippines
Motorola
Dimetra/GA
Technology and
Systems Inc.
South
Korea
EADS
Taiwan
Africa
Maldives Police
Service (MPS)
Maldives
Algeria
Shell Exploration
Globe Telecom
Sonelgaz
Morocco
Rohill
ADM
Nigeria
Dizengoff/Motorola
Nigeria LNG
IL (Dimetra IP)
Police
In use
Cisan International
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Limited/Rohill
(TetraNode)
Namibia
Oil
Since 2014
Dizengoff/Motorola
IL (Compact-Tetra Shell Ng
IP)
Oil
Since 2010
Satcomm Integrated
[18]
Resources LLC
SatCom IRL/EADS
Nigerian Ports
Authority, Nigeria
(Rolling Out)
Rolling out
Rohill (TetraNode) Bayelsa State
Government
Since June 2012
Briscoe
Technologies[19] /
Artevea[20]
Lagos / Abuja /
Port Harcourt
Oil industry / Airports / In use Since

security companies
2006
Artevea
Namibian Police
Force[21]
Police
South Africa
Rohill (TetraNode)
Mobil Ng
Police, traffic police SAPS Gauteng
Gauteng province
Municipality, fire,
and ambulance.
City of Cape Town
Cape Peninsula
Mbombela Local
Municipality
Nelspruit,
Mpumalanga
Complete
Johannesburg,
Gauteng
Complete
Rohill (TetraNode) City Power
Sudan
Artevea
Rohill (TetraNode)
City of Tshwane
Municipality
Pretoria, Gauteng
Complete
Rohill (TetraNode)
Rustenburg
Platinum Mine
Potgietersrus,
Limpopo
Complete
Ministry of Interior Police
In use, nationwide
Europe
Austria
In use,
nationwide
In use, in all
states except
Tyrol and
Vorarlberg (still
rolling out).
Motorola / Dimetra TETRON
Police, fire,
ambulance, and local
train company.
EADS/Since 1998
Police, fire,
ambulance, customs,
coast guard, hospitals,
Red Cross,
Nationwide
department of Justice,
network
utility companies,
airports, ports,
lifeguard service,
military.
Belgium
Motorola 2010/
A.S.T.R.I.D.
ENTROPIA
Antwerp,
Commercial & Private Belgium /
Roaming with
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DIMETRA
DIGITAL
Security users.[22]
Entropia Digital in
The Netherlands
Rohde & Schwarz

ENTROPIA
since 2011/
DIGITAL
ACCESSNET-T
Flanders &
Commercial & Private Brussels/Roaming
with Nationwide
Security users.[22]
The Netherlands
Motorola / Dimetra MUPNet
Police, Fire Brigades,

Ambulance Service
Nationwide
coverage
(99,5%) in use
DAMM TetraFlex
DONG Energy
Power Plants - 11
Power Plants
across Denmark
Utilities - Safety,
Security, Telemetry
Awarded
2009[23]
Motorola / Dimetra
SINE[24]
All emergency
Nationwide
authorities, incl. police, coverage
fire, and ambulance.
(99,5%) in use
Croatia
Denmark
Estonia
Russia
Police, fire,
ambulance, and
customs
Rolling out
Transport - Rail Telemetry, Safety,

Security, Police,
Ambulance, Fire
Awarded
2011[25]
DAMM TetraFlex
Moscow Metro
(second most
heavily used rapid
transport system in
the world)
Sepura
Unified system of
operational trunking
radio (
Fire, ambulance and
partially, police
Launched in
2008
DAMM TetraFlex
Utility Power Plant Russias Kaliningrad Safety and Security Power Plant.
Telemetry and
Commercial agents
Awarded
2009[26]
DAMM TetraFlex
Government Ambulance and

Emergency services,
Police, Healthcare
Awarded
St Petersburg and
facilities, Utility
North West Russia.
2011[27]
services, St.
Petersburg Authorities
and the regional Civil
Defence
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Finland
Nokia; now EADS VIRVE
Hungary
Nationwide
network
HelenNet
Energy company
Helsingin Energia, tram
operator HKLRaitioliikenne, and
several bus operators
on HRTA's lines. Also In use, covers
used by some security greater Helsinki
guard companies,
region
mostly securing
HRTA's transport.
Available for lease for
various short-term
uses.
EADS
BOSNET
Police, fire,
ambulance, customs,
and coast guard.
Nationwide
DAMM TetraFlex
Global Tech 1
Offshore Wind
GmbH.
Utility Windfarm Telemetry, Security

and Safety Critical
communications
Awarded
2012[28]
Business Critical and

PPDR
communications,
public utility and oilgas companies,
seaports, airports,
public and private
transportation
companies, public and
private sector security
personnel, other. Data
applications
nationwide including
SCADA, AVL, M2M.
Extensive
nationwide
footprint,
70% population
coverage in
2014, in use
since 2002
Germany
Greece
Police, fire,
ambulance, customs,
defence forces, and
border guard
OTE TETRA
Services
Motorola / Dimetra
Formerly branded
OTElink (2009).
Pro-M Ltd.
Ambulance, army,
Central Office for
Administrative and
Electronic Public
Services, Civil
Defence, Hungarian
EDR (acronym for
Prison Service,
Unified Digital
Hungarian Customs
Radiosystem)
In-use
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and Finance Guard,

Disaster Management,
fire, Hungarian Secret
Services, Ministry of
Environment and
Water, and police
Iceland
TETRA Iceland
All emergency
services, most utility
In-use
companies, and private
users
Ireland
Motorola / Dimetra TETRA Ireland
An Garda Siochana,
HSE National
Ambulance Service,
Irish Prison Service,
Irish Naval Service,
Customs & Excise,
Civil Defence (Only A
Few Units), Irish
Coast Guard,
Mountain Rescue
(Only A Few Units),
Order of Malta
Ambulance Corps
(Major Events),
National Emergency
Office, Port of Cork,
Revenue
Commissioners and
Office of Public
Works.
Malta
Marconi
Civil Protection
Force[29]
Italy
DAMM TetraFlex
SELEX ELSAG
Nationwide rollout network

complete. The
fire services are
planning to
implement in the
coming years. As
of July 2011,
TETRA Ireland
now operates the
national Paging
System.
July 2001
Lombardi
Ambulance
Emergency
Services
Ambulance - Security, Awarded

Safety, Communication 2010[30]
Rete Interpolizie
Polizia di Stato (Italian

state police),
Carabinieri (military
police), Guardia di
Finanza (financial
Rolling out
police), Polizia
Penitenziaria (prison
police), and Corpo
Forestale Italiano
(Italian forest brigades)
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DAMM TetraFlex
Latvia
Artevea
Rome International Airport - Security,

Awarded
Airport
Safety, Commercial,
2009[31]
Fire, Customs, Police
Ventamonjaks
Serviss Ltd,
Ventspils[32]
Oil and gas
In use since 2007
Motorola / Dimetra Renita[33]
Government; Police,
Fire Brigade,
Ambulance services
and others
Start building
2014,
Operational 2015
(planned)
Motorola / Dimetra ConnectCom[34]
Commercial network
Operational
Public Transport, city

of Luxembourg
Operational
European Union
Operational
Luxembourg
Police, Military,
Wireless
Montenegro Motorola / Dimetra
Firebrigade,
Montenegro d.o.o.
Ambulance
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Poland
In use since
November 2012
Podgorica area
only. Rolling out
elsewhere.
Motorola / Dimetra C2000[35]
Police, fire, and

ambulance
Motorola since
2007/ Dimetra
ENTROPIA
DIGITAL
Nationwide
network
[22]
/Roaming with
Commercial users.
Entropia Digital in
Belgium
Rohde & Schwarz

ENTROPIA
since 2010/
DIGITAL
ACCESSNET-T
Cityguards and
commercial use[22]
Rotterdam area
network /
Roaming with
Entropia Digital in
Belgium
Motorola/ Dimetra HTM[36]
Public transport The

Hague
Regional network
Norwegian Public
Motorola / Dimetra
Safety Radio
Police, fire,
ambulance, civil
defense and search
and rescue
Roll-out to be
completed by
end of 2015
Motorola
Police, fire, and

ambulance
Nationwide rollout, in use since

2007
Motorola
SIRESP
Nationwide
network
Local TETRA
Networks in use
Ministry of Interior, Police, fire, public
transport, airports, and since 2000;
Polish army, and
national roll-out
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Warsaw police
army.[37]
Szczecin, Warsaw
Rohill (TetraNode)
Roll-out ongoing.
and Krakw police
Romania
expected to start
in 2011.
Modern IP based
TETRA solution
for 3 cities
Special
Police, fire, and search
Motorola / Dimetra Telecommunications
Nationwide
and rescue
Service (STS)
Motorola
Cassidian
Dimetra
TETRA EADS
Ministry of
Administration and
Interior (MAI) /
Romanian Border
Police (RBP)
In use since 2008

for police,
emergency and
search and
rescue agencies
from Romanian
border countieswide
Ministry of
Administration and
Interior (MAI) /
Romanian Border
Police (RBP)
In use since 2010

for police,
emergency and
search and
rescue agencies
from Romanian
border countieswide
Police, Fire Brigades,

Ambulance
Fully rolled out as

of 2009
Serbia
Motorola / Dimetra Ministry of Interior
Slovenia
Selex/OTE/Marconi Ministry of Interior Police
In central
Slovenia
Spain
Motorola
Basque Country
Mainly police
In use since 2006
Teltronic
Basque Country
Mainly municipalities
and public services
In use since 2009
EADS
Catalonia
Mainly police
In use since 2006
RAKEL
Managed by the Civil

Contingencies Agency
for use by the
emergency services
and others in the fields
of civil protection,
public safety and
security, emergency
medical services and
healthcare.
In operation,
covering 99.8%
of Sweden's
population and
95% of its
territory
Sweden
SAAB, Cassidian,
Eltel Networks
Stockholm Public
Transport: Used by
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Motorola
Swedish Radio
Supply
Tetra
Got1
United
Kingdom
Middle
East
Israel
Transport Security
Officers for dispatch
internal
communications,
In operation /
Transport Police
("Tunnelbanepolisen") roll-out
and other police forces
for liaison with
transport officials.
Roll-out stage for train
operations on
underground.
Got1 is a modern IP
based Tetra network In operation /
used in the west parts roll-out
of Sweden.
Motorola / Dimetra
Airwave
/ Sepura
Police, fire, NHS

ambulance services,
Border Force,
Immigration
Enforcement, some
armed forces,
Full emergency
Highways Agency
service roll out
Traffic Officers, Civil
complete
Contingency Services,
HM Coastguard,
British Red Cross,
Highland Council, and
misc. emergency
services.
Motorola / Dimetra CONNECT
Used by all Tube

Transport for London staff and relaying
(London
Airwave for BTP
Underground)
when
underground
AirRadio AR-en
Use by some
services at some
major airports
(Heathrow,
Birmingham,
Manchester, Glasgow,
Aberdeen)
Motorola[38]
Mountain Rose
Israel Defense Forces In use by IDF,

(IDF)
country-wide
United Arab
Emirates
EADS/Cassidian
Nedaa
Police, emergency
services, and
professional
communications
Dubai, Sharjah,
Ajman, Umm AlQaiwain, Ras AlKhaimah, and
Fujairah
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operational
EADS/Cassidian
Turkey
Latin
America
South
America
DAMM TetraFlex
Abu Dhabi
Alacer Gold Mine
Mining - Safety and

Security Critical
Communications
Awarded
2012[39]
Initial use for the
15th Asian
Games all games
venues inclusive
of transportation
routes for "blue
light" services,
later extended to
cover the State of
Qatar, in use
since 2006,
national roll out
complete by
2008. Known as
Qatar Secure
TETRA Radio
System
(QSTRS).
Qatar
EADS/Cassidian
Ministry of Interior,
Army, Police, Air
Force Search and
Rescue, EMS
(Medical).
Mexico
Mazatln, Sinaloa
Rohde & Schwarz / Police &
Sepura
Emergency
Services
Police, Emergency
Services operational
Operational
Railroad,
communication and
licensing.
Operational
Zenitel
Police, emergency
services, oil and
professional
communications
Aruba, Bonaire,
Curaao, Sint
Maarten, Saint
Martin, Saba,
Sint Eustatius,
and Anguilla
operational
DAMM TetraFlex
BHP Billiton
Temco Smeltering
Tasmania - Mining,
Commercial, Safety,
Security
Awarded 2011
DAMM TetraFlex
Rio Tinting Mining

group
Western Australia
Mining
Awarded
2009[40]
Brazil
Motorola
Caribbean Windward
Islands and
Leeward
Islands
Rohill
Oceania
Polikom
Police, emergency
services, and
professional
communications
Amrica Latina
Logstica
Australia
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Damm TetraFlex
Origin Energy
(APLNG)[41]
Kordia Solutions
Australian Pacific
Project
DAMM TetraFlex
Fortescue Metals
group
Open Cut Mining
Awarded
2011[42]
DAMM TetraFlex
Gorgon LNG
Project, Chevron,
Australia
Gas and Pipelines
Awarded
2011[43]
Motorola
Zeon
Local government
Operational
across Brisbane
City Council,
including the
Brisbane State
Emergency
Service Unit
DAMM TetraFlex
Australian
Submarine Co
Military, Defence,
Comms, Safety,
Security
Awarded 2012
Tertiary education
Used by
Queensland
University of
Technology
security staff.
Motorola
Zeon
Being used by
several Mining
Operations
throughout
Western Australia
and Queensland Terminals only No
Infrastructure.
Sepura
New
Zealand
DAMM TetraFlex
Kordia
Kordia
BHP One Steel
KorKor
KorKor
Aluminium Smelter Ore production Safety, Security,

Operations
Awarded 2012
Airports
Used by
Wellington
International
Airport, Air New
Zealand
Councils
Used by Hutt
City, Auckland
Transport
Used by
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Teltronic
Widarcom
Commercial Network University of

launched 2008
Auckland,
Westpac
Technical details
Radio aspects
For its modulation TETRA, uses 4 differential quadrature phase-shift keying. The symbol (baud) rate is 18,000
symbols per second, and each symbol maps to 2 bits, thus resulting in 36,000 bit/s gross.
As a form of phase shift keying is used to transmit data during each burst, it would seem reasonable to expect
the transmit power to be constant. However it is not. This is because the sidebands, which are essentially a
repetition of the data in the main carrier's modulation, are filtered off with a sharp filter so that unnecessary
spectrum is not used up. This results in an amplitude modulation and is why TETRA requires linear amplifiers.
The resulting ratio of peak to mean (RMS) power is 3.65 dB. If non-linear (or not-linear enough) amplifiers are
used, the sidebands re-appear and cause interference on adjacent channels. Commonly used techniques for
achieving the necessary linearity include Cartesian loops, and adaptive predistortion.
The base stations normally transmit continuously and (simultaneously) receive continuously from various mobiles
on different carrier frequencies; hence the TETRA system is a frequency-division duplex (FDD) system. TETRA
also uses FDMA/TDMA (see above) like GSM. The mobiles normally only transmit on 1 slot/4 and receive on
1 slot/4 (instead of 1 slot/8 for GSM).
Speech signals in TETRA are sampled at 8 kHz and then compressed with a vocoder using algebraic codeexcited linear prediction (ACELP). This creates a data stream of 4.567 kbit/s. This data stream is errorprotection encoded before transmission to allow correct decoding even in noisy (erroneous) channels. The data
rate after coding is 7.2 kbit/s. The capacity of a single traffic slot when used 17/18 frames.
A single slot consists of 255 usable symbols, the remaining time is used up with synchronisation sequences and
turning on/off, etc. A single frame consists of 4 slots, and a multiframe (whose duration is 1.02 seconds)
consists of 18 frames. Hyperframes also exist, but are mostly used for providing synchronisation to encryption
algorithms.
The downlink (i.e., the output of the base station) is normally a continuous transmission consisting of either
specific communications with mobile(s), synchronisation or other general broadcasts. All slots are usually filled
with a burst even if idle (continuous mode). Although the system uses 18 frames per second only 17 of these are
used for traffic channels, with the 18th frame reserved for signalling, Short Data Service messages (like SMS in
GSM) or synchronisation. The frame structure in TETRA (17.65 frames per second), consists of 18,000
symbols/s; 255 symbols/slot; 4 slots/frame, and is the cause of the perceived "amplitude modulation" at 17 Hz
and is especially apparent in mobiles/portables which only transmit on one slot/4. They use the remaining three
slots to switch frequency to receive a burst from the base station two slots later and then return to their transmit
frequency (TDMA).
Radio frequencies
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TETRA frequencies in South

America
Frequency pair (MHz)
Number
Band 1
Band 2
Emergency systems
1
380383 390393
383385 393395
Civil systems
410420 420430
870876 915921
450460 460470
385390 395399.9
TETRA frequencies in other countries
Allocation
Frequency pairs (MHz)
Country
France
Civilian/private
410430
Emergency services
380400
Germany
Emergency services
380385, 390395
Ireland[44]
Civilian/private
385389.9, 395399.9
Emergency services
380385, 390395
Emergency services / armed

forces
380390
Civilian/private
462
Italy
Norway[45] Emergency services
380385, 390395, 406.1426, 870876
South
Africa
TBD
TBD
UK
Airwave
390.0125394.9875, 380.0125384.9875
AirRadio
454, 464 or 460
Saudi
Arabia
350370, 380395, 385399.99, 410430, 450470, 870

921
Air interface encryption

To provide confidentiality the TETRA air interface is encrypted using one of the TETRA Encryption Algorithm
(TEA) ciphers. The encryption provides confidentiality (protect against eavesdropping) as well as protection of
signalling.
Currently 4 different ciphers are defined. These TEA ciphers should not be confused with the block cipher Tiny
Encryption Algorithm. The TEA ciphers have different availability due to export and use restrictions. Few details
are published concerning these proprietary ciphers. Riess[46] mentions in early TETRA design documents that
encryption should be done with a stream cipher, due to the property of not propagating transmission errors.
17/24
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Parkinson[47] later confirms this and explains that TEA is a stream cipher with 80-bit keys. TEA1 and TEA4
provide basic level security, and are meant for commercial use.[48] The TEA2 cipher is restricted to European
public safety organisations. The TEA3 cipher is for situations where TEA2 is suitable but not available.[49]
Additional information
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA); Voice plus Data (V+D); Part 7: Security[50]
Cell selection
Cell re-selection (or hand-over) in images
This first representation demonstrates where the slow reselect
threshold (SRT), the fast reselect threshold (FRT), and propagation
delay exceed parameters are most likely to be. These are represented
in association with the decaying radio carrier as the distance increases
from the TETRA Base Station.
From this illustration, these SRT and FRT triggering points are
associated to the decaying radio signal strength of the respective cell
carriers. The thresholds are situated so that the cell reselection
procedures occur on time and assure communication continuity for
on-going communication calls.
RSSI SRT FRT Cell Limit

(Propagation Delay Exceed)
Initial cell selection

The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell initial
selection. The initial cell selection is performed by procedures located
in the MLE and in the MAC. When the cell selection is made, and
possible registration is performed, the mobile station (MS) is said to
be attached to the cell. The mobile is allowed to initially select any
suitable cell that has a positive C1 value; i.e., the received signal level
is greater than the minimum receive level for access parameter.
The initial cell selection procedure shall ensure that the MS selects a
Cell initial selection
cell in which it can reliably decode downlink data (i.e., on a main
control channel/MCCH), and which has a high probability of uplink
communication. The minimum conditions that shall have to be met are that C1 > 0. Access to the network shall
be conditional on the successful selection of a cell.
At mobile switch on, the mobile makes its initial cell selection of one of the base stations, which indicates the
initial exchanges at activation.
Refer to EN 300 392 2 16.3.1 Activation and control of underlying MLE Service
Note 18.5.12 Minimum RX access level
The minimum receive access level information element shall indicate the minimum received signal level required
at the SwMI in a cell, either the serving cell or a neighbour cell as defined in table 18.24.
Cell improvable
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The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes improvable. The serving cell becomes
improvable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is
below the value defined in the radio network parameter cell
reselection parameters, slow reselect threshold for a period of 5
seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the
serving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cell
reselection parameters, slow reselect hysteresis for a period of 5
seconds.
Cell improvable
Cell usable
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes
usable. A neighbour cell becomes radio usable when the cell has a
downlink radio connection of sufficient quality.
The following conditions must be met in order to declare a neighbour
cell radio usable: The neighbour cell has a path loss parameter C1 or
C2 that is, for a period of 5 seconds, greater than the fast reselect
threshold plus the fast reselect threshold, and the service level
provided by the neighbour cell is higher than that of the serving cell.
Cell Usable
No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the
previous 15 seconds unless MM requests a cell reselection. The MSMLE shall check the criterion for serving cell relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or
monitored.
The following conditions will cause the MS to rate the neighbour cell to have higher service level than the current
serving cell:
The MS subscriber class is supported on the neighbour cell but not on the serving cell.
The neighbour cell is a priority cell and the serving cell is not.
The neighbour cell supports a service (that is, TETRA standard speech, packet data, or encryption) that
is not supported by the serving cell and the MS requires that service to be available.
The cell service level indicates that the neighbour cell is less loaded than the serving cell.
Cell relinquishable (abandonable)
The next diagram illustrates where a given TETRA radio cell becomes
relinquishable (abandonable). The serving cell becomes
relinquishable when the following occurs: the C1 of the serving cell is
below the value defined in the radio network parameter cell
reselection parameters, fast reselect threshold, for a period of 5
seconds, and the C1 or C2 of a neighbour cell exceeds the C1 of the
serving cell by the value defined in the radio network parameter cell
reselection parameters, fast reselect hysteresis, for a period of 5
seconds.
Cell relinquishable
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No successful cell reselection shall have taken place within the previous 15 seconds unless Mobility
Management (MM) requests a cell reselection. The MS-MLE shall check the criterion for serving cell
relinquishment as often as one neighbour cell is scanned or monitored.
Radio down-link failure
When the FRT threshold is breached, the MS is in a situation where it
is essential to relinquish (or abandon) the serving cell and obtain
another of at least usable quality. That is to say, the mobile station is
aware that the radio signal is decaying rapidly, and must cell reselect
rapidly, before communications are terminated because of radio link
failure. When the mobile station radio-signal breaches the minimum
receive level, the radio is no longer in a position to maintain
acceptable communications for the user, and the radio link is broken.
Radio down-link failure
Radio link failure: (C1 < 0). Using the suggested values, this would be
satisfied with the serving cell level below 105 dBm. Cell
reselection procedures are then activated in order to find a suitable radio base station.
Infrastructure TETRA parameters guide [a]
Coverage Parameter Distance (km) Type of communication
City
<4
<8
Pedestrian/metro
Sub-urban
1018
2036
Bus/train
Countryside
1831
3662
Inter-regional train
In Air
> 32
> 64
In flight
a. Data to be verified
Man-machine interface (MMI)

Virtual MMI for TETRA radio terminals
Any given TETRA radio terminal using Java (Java ME/CLDC) based technology, provides the end user with the
communication rights necessary to fulfil his or her work role on any short duration assignment.
For dexterity, flexibility, and evolution ability, the public transportation radio engineering department, have
chosen to use the open sources, Java language specification administered by Sun and the associated work
groups in order to produce a transport application tool kit.
TETRA MMI
Service acquisition admits different authorised agents to establish communication channels between different
services by calling the service identity, and without possessing the complete knowledge of the ISSI, GSSI, or
any other TETRA related communication establishment numbering plan. Service acquisition is administered
through a communication rights centralised service or roll allocation server, interfaced into the TETRA
core network.
In summary, the TETRA MMI aims are to:
20/24
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Allow any given agent while in exercise, to exploit any given radio terminal without materiel constraint.
Provide specific transportation application software to the end-user agents (service acquisition, fraud, and
aggression control).
This transport application tool-kit has been produced successfully and with TETRA communication
technology and assures for the public transport application requirements for the future mentioned hereafter.
The home (main) menu presents the end user with three possibilities:
1. Service acquisition,
2. Status SDS,
3. End-user parameters.
Service acquisition provides a means of virtually personalising the end user to any given radio terminal and onto
TETRA network for the duration the end user conserves the terminal under his possession.
Status SDS provides the end user with a mechanism for generating a 440 Hz repeating tone that signals a fraud
occurrence to members within the same (dynamic or static) Group Short Subscriber Identity (GSSI) or to a
specific Individual Short Subscriber Identity (ISSI) for the duration of the assignment (an hour, a morning patrol
or a given short period allocated to the assignment). The advantage being that each of the end users may attach
themselves to any given terminal, and group for short durations without requiring any major reconfiguration by
means of radio software programming tools. Similarly, the aggression feature functions, but with a higher tone
frequency (880 Hz), and with a quicker repetitious nature, so to highlight the urgency of the alert.
The parameters tab provides an essential means to the terminal end-user allowing them to pre-configure the
target (preprogrammed ISSI or GSSI ) destination communication number. With this pre-programmed
destination number, the end-user shall liaise with the destination radio terminal or roll allocation server, and
may communicate, in the group, or into a dedicated server to which the service acquisition requests are
received, preprocessed, and ultimately dispatched though the TETRA core network. This simplifies the
reconfiguration or recycling configuration process allowing flexibility on short assignments.
The parameters tab also provides a means of choosing between preselected tones to match the work group
requirements for the purposes of fraud and aggression alerts. A possibility of selecting any given key available
from the keypad to serve as an aggression or fraud quick key is also made possible though the transport
application software tool kit. It is recommend to use the asterisk and the hash keys for the fraud and aggression
quick keys respectively. For the fraud and aggression tones, it is also recommend to use 440 Hz slow repeating
tone (blank space 500 milli-seconds) and 880 Hz fast repeating tone (blank space 250 milliseconds)
respectively. The tone options are as follows: 440 Hz, 620 Hz, 880 Hz, and 1060 Hz.
The parameters page provides an aid or help menu and the last tab within parameters describes briefly the tool
kit the version and the history of the transport application tool kit to date.
TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS)

The TETRA Association, working with ETSI, developed the TEDS standard, a wideband data solution, which
enhances TETRA with a much higher capacity and throughput for data. In addition to those provided by
TETRA, TEDS uses a range of adaptive modulation schemes and a number of different carrier sizes from
25 kHz to 150 kHz. Initial implementations of TEDS will be in the existing TETRA radio spectrum, and will
likely employ 50 kHz channel bandwidths as this enables an equivalent coverage footprint for voice and TEDS
services. TEDS performance is optimised for wideband data rates, wide area coverage and spectrum
efficiency.[51]
21/24
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Advances in DSP technology have led to the introduction of multi-carrier transmission standards employing
QAM modulation. WiMAX, Wi-Fi and TEDS standards are part of this family.
Refer also to:
JSR-118;
Mobile Information Device Profile, JSR-37;
Wireless Messaging API, JSR120;
Connected Limited Device Configuration, JSR-139; and
Technology for the Wireless Industry, JTWI-185.
See also
Digital mobile radio, an TDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
Digital private mobile radio, an FDMA digital radio standard from ETSI
NXDN, a two-way FDMA digital radio protocol from Icom and JVC Kenwood
P25, a TIA APCO standard
TETRAPOL, (previously MATRA)
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"Guide to the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (April 20, 2009)". pp. 910.
Smartphone app/apps over TETRA - Crystal Code AB (http://www.crystalcode.co.uk/TETRA).
Crystalcode.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
"TETRA Industry Group - TETRA around the world - Countries". Tetrahealth.info. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
"Shenyang Metro". Railway Technology. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
http://classic.eads.net/1024/de/investor/News_and_Events/news_ir/2010/2010/20100528_eads_defence_tetra_shenzhe
"HOME". Cassidian.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
"TETRA : Artevea Digital Limited : Digital Radio Communication". Artevea.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
"Motorola Media Center - Press Releases - Motorola Completes Upgrade to TETRA Digital Radio System for
Hong Kong International Airport". Mediacenter.motorola.com. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
1'st Monorail Project in India awarded to DAMM (http://www.damm.dk/news/1'st-monorail-project-in-india-a
warded-to-damm.aspx). Damm.dk (2010-08-11). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
Tamil Nadu Police (http://www.damm.dk/news/tamil-nadu-police-chooses-damm-for-modern-control-rooms.as
px). Damm.dk (2011-01-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
DAMM chosen to provide communication for GAIL pipeline in India (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-chose
n-to-provide-communication-for-gail-pipeline-in-india.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-07-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
"Gurgaon Police goes Hi-Tech". Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Launch of digital trunked radio service in Malaysia (http://mis-asia.com/resource/networking/launch-of-digital-tr
unked-radio-service-in-malaysia/)
TETRA Association (http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20101130172334/http://www.tetramou.com/tetramou.aspx?ID=6716) November 30, 2010, at the Wayback
Machine.
http://www.satcomng.com/index.php#.UYo6j8omzdI
briscoetechnologies.com (http://www.briscoetechnologies.com)
arteva.com (http://www.artevea.com)
entropia.eu (http://www.entropia.eu)
DAMM supplies safe TETRA communication for DONG Energy Power Plants (http://www.damm.dk/news/da
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28/5/2016
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mm-supplies-safe-tetra-communication-for-dong-energy-power-plants.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-09-02).

Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
http://www.sikkerhedsnet.dk/about+sine
Moscow Metro (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-provides-enhanced-safety-for-moscow-metro.aspx).
Damm.dk (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
Kaliningrad biggest Power Plant chooses DAMMs TetraFlex system for safety reasons (http://www.damm.dk/
news/kaliningrad-biggest-power-plant-chooses-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE-system-for-safety-reas
ons-.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
DAMM deployed for regional network in North West Russia (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm-deployed-for-r
egional-network-in-north-west-russia.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-08-22). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
Global Tech 1 Offshore Wind farm relies on DAMM Infrastructure (http://www.damm.dk/news/global-tech-1offshore-wind-farm-relies-on-damm-infrastructure.aspx). Damm.dk (2012-08-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?
archive_id=0&page_id=95989222&page_url=//www.marconi.net/html/news/maltachoosesmarconitetra.htm&page_las
08-05T01:38:07&firstName=Peter&lastName=Cordina
TetraFlex for Public Safety in Lodi, Italy (http://www.damm.dk/news/public-safety-in-lodi,-italy.aspx).
Rome International Airport chooses DAMM as supplier for Mission Critical Communication (http://www.dam
m.dk/news/rome-international-airport-chooses-damm-as-supplier-for-mission-critical-communication.aspx).
renita.lu (http://www.renita.lu)
connectcom.lu (http://www.connectcom.lu)
c2000.nl (http://www.c2000.nl)
htm.nl (http://www.htm.nl)
"TETRA Forum Poland". Tetraforum.pl. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
"Wide Area Military Voice & Data Infrastructure Solutions based on COTS technology" (PDF). Retrieved
2012-03-28.
DAMM's TetraFlex chosen for Alacer Gold Mining operation (http://www.damm.dk/news/damm's-tetraflex
(r)-chosen-for-alacer-gold-mining-operation.aspx). Damm.dk (2012-11-05). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
Rio Tinto Mining Group continues to deploy DAMMs TetraFlex (http://www.damm.dk/news/rio-tinto-mining-g
roup-continues-to-deploy-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE.aspx). Damm.dk (2009-08-03). Retrieved
on 2013-07-16.
http://www.kordia.com.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=130443
Fortescue Metals Group Ltd deploy DAMM (http://www.damm.dk/news/fortescue-metals-group-ltd-deploy-da
mm.aspx). Damm.dk (2011-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
Worlds largest LNG project to roll-out DAMMs TetraFlex (http://www.damm.dk/news/world%E2%80%99s
-largest-lng-project-to-roll-out-damm%E2%80%99s-tetraflex%C2%AE.aspx). Damm.dk (2010-04-26).
Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.comreg.ie/radio_spectrum/table_of_frequency_allocation
s.496.410.html), Ireland.
National Table of Frequency Allocations (http://www.npt.no/pt_internet/ressursforvaltning/frekvenser/frekvens
plan/uhf_frames.html), Norway.
Riess, H.P. (1994). "Cryptographic security for the new trans-European trunked radio (TETRA) standard".
Security and Cryptography Applications to Radio Systems, IEE Colloquium on. pp. 3/13/5. Retrieved
2010-03-25. (subscription required)
DW Parkinson (2001-07-01). "TETRA Security". BT Technology Journal, Volume 19. pp. 8188.
doi:10.1023/A:1011942300054. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
Doug Gray, An Overview of TETRA (http://portal.etsi.org/workshopps/Presentations/0103TETRA.pdf),
etsi.org (http://portal.etsi.org).
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External links
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28/5/2016
Report on the health effects of TETRA (http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/11949473

36937) by NRPB
TETRA in use by radio amateurs (https://sites.google.com/site/digitalradiohacker/home)
TETRA and Critical Communications Association (TCCA) (http://www.tandcca.com/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio&oldid=719524969"
Categories: Trunked radio systems Mobile telecommunications standards Emergency communication
Rail transport mobile telecommunications standards
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Terrestrial Trunked Radio[1] (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio) is a

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Further information is available from the TETRA Association (http://www.tetra-association.com/) (formerly

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

16th Asian Games in

2008 Beijing Olympics

Hong Kong Fire

Fire service and

Hong Kong Police

In use since Feb

In use since 2004

Delhi Metro Rail

The First TETRA

Mass Transport Indias first Monorail

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

HCL & Motorola

DAMM TetraFlex / Gas Authority of

Police and internal

Gas Pipeline - Safety, Awarded

With PSTN call

Sepura & Rohde

Sepura & Rohde

In use since 2009

Jakarta Capital City

In use since 2007

All emergency services In use

Segi Maju (SEGI)

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oil and Gas

Rohde & Schwarz Sonatrach

Oil & Gas company

Oil & Gas

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rohill (TetraNode) Bayelsa State

Since June 2012

Oil industry / Airports / In use Since

Police, traffic police SAPS Gauteng

City of Cape Town

Rohill (TetraNode) City Power

Ministry of Interior Police

Motorola / Dimetra TETRON

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rohde & Schwarz

Motorola / Dimetra MUPNet

Police, Fire Brigades,

Transport - Rail Telemetry, Safety,

Government Ambulance and

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nokia; now EADS VIRVE

Utility Windfarm Telemetry, Security

Business Critical and

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

and Finance Guard,

Motorola / Dimetra TETRA Ireland

Nationwide rollout network

Ambulance - Security, Awarded

Polizia di Stato (Italian

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rome International Airport - Security,

Oil and gas