DATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM

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DatabaseExamples

DatabaseDesign

StudentDatabase

CreateDatabase

NormalizationofDatabase

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DatabaseNormalisationisatechniqueoforganizingthedatainthedatabase.Normalizationisasystematic
DatabaseConcept

approachofdecomposingtablestoeliminatedataredundancyandundesirablecharacteristicslikeInsertion,

OverviewofDBMS

UpdateandDeletionAnamolies.Itisamultistepprocessthatputsdataintotabularformbyremoving

(overviewofdbms)

duplicateddatafromtherelationtables.

DatabaseArchitecture

Normalizationisusedformainlytwopurpose,

(architectureofdatabase)
DatabaseModel(database

Eliminatingreduntant(useless)data.

model)

Ensuringdatadependenciesmakesensei.edataislogicallystored.

Codd'srule(coddrule)
RDBMSConcept(rdbms
concept)

ProblemWithoutNormalization

Databasekey(database
WithoutNormalization,itbecomesdifficulttohandleandupdatethedatabase,withoutfacingdataloss.

key)
Normalization(database

Insertion,UpdationandDeletionAnamoliesareveryfrequentifDatabaseisnotNormalized.Tounderstand
theseanomaliesletustakeanexampleofStudenttable.

normalization)
ERDiagrams(erdiagram)
Generalizationand
Specialization
(generalizationand
specialization)
SQLConcept
SQLIntroduction

S_id

S_Name

S_Address

Subject_opted

401

Adam

Noida

Bio

402

Alex

Panipat

Maths

403

Stuart

Jammu

Maths

404

Adam

Noida

Physics

(introductiontosql)
DDLCommand
Createquery(createquery)
Alterquery(alterquery)
Truncate,Dropand

UpdationAnamoly:Toupdateaddressofastudentwhooccurstwiceormorethantwiceinatable,we
willhavetoupdateS_Addresscolumninalltherows,elsedatawillbecomeinconsistent.

Renamequery(truncate

InsertionAnamoly:Supposeforanewadmission,wehaveaStudentid(S_id),nameandaddressofa

droprenamequery)

studentbutifstudenthasnotoptedforanysubjectsyetthenwehavetoinsertNULLthere,leadingto

DMLCommand

InsertionAnamoly.

AllDMLcommand(dml
command)

DeletionAnamoly:If(S_id)401hasonlyonesubjectandtemporarilyhedropsit,whenwedeletethat
row,entirestudentrecordwillbedeletedalongwithit.

TCLCommand
AllTCLCommand(tcl
command)

NormalizationRule

DCLCommand
Normalizationrulearedividedintofollowingnormalform.
AllDCLCommand(dcl
(http://www.studytonight.com/)
command)

1. FirstNormalForm

WHEREclause(where
ONLINECOURSES(http://studytonight.com/onlinecourses/)
clause)

2. SecondNormalForm
3. ThirdNormalForm

SELECTquery(select
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query)

4. BCNF

LIKEclause(likeclause)
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ORDERBYclause(orderby

FirstNormalForm(1NF)

clause)
GroupBYclause(groupby
clause)

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WRITE
FORUS&
GETPAID!
(/collaborate)

Search

Havingclause(having

AsperFirstNormalForm,notwoRowsofdatamustcontainrepeatinggroupofinformationi.eeachsetof

clause)

columnmusthaveauniquevalue,suchthatmultiplecolumnscannotbeusedtofetchthesamerow.Each

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DISTINCTkeyword(distinct
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keyword)
AND&ORoperator(sql
andoroperator)
AdvanceSQL
SQLConstraints(sql

tableshouldbeorganizedintorows,andeachrowshouldhaveaprimarykeythatdistinguishesitasunique.
ThePrimarykeyisusuallyasinglecolumn,butsometimesmorethanonecolumncanbecombinedtocreate
asingleprimarykey.ForexampleconsideratablewhichisnotinFirstnormalform
StudentTable:
Student

Age

Subject

Adam

15

Biology,Maths

Alex

14

Maths

Stuart

17

Maths

constraints)
SQLfunction(sqlfunction)
SQLJoin(joininginsql)
SQLAlias(sqlalias)
SQLSEToperation(set
operationinsql)
SQLSequences(sql

InFirstNormalForm,anyrowmustnothaveacolumninwhichmorethanonevalueissaved,likeseparated

sequences)

withcommas.Ratherthanthat,wemustseparatesuchdataintomultiplerows.

SQLViews(sqlviews)

TestYourself!
Ifyouhavestudiedallthelessons
ofDBMS,thenevaluateyourselfby
takingthesetests.

StudentTablefollowing1NFwillbe:
Student

Age

Subject

Adam

15

Biology

Adam

15

Maths

Alex

14

Maths

17

Maths

DBMSTopicalTest(http://www.studytonight.com/dbms/tests/)
Stuart

UsingtheFirstNormalForm,dataredundancyincreases,astherewillbemanycolumnswithsamedatain
multiplerowsbuteachrowasawholewillbeunique.

SecondNormalForm(2NF)
AspertheSecondNormalFormtheremustnotbeanypartialdependencyofanycolumnonprimarykey.It
meansthatforatablethathasconcatenatedprimarykey,eachcolumninthetablethatisnotpartofthe
primarykeymustdependupontheentireconcatenatedkeyforitsexistence.Ifanycolumndependsonlyon
onepartoftheconcatenatedkey,thenthetablefailsSecondnormalform.
InexampleofFirstNormalFormtherearetworowsforAdam,toincludemultiplesubjectsthathehasopted
for.Whilethisissearchable,andfollowsFirstnormalform,itisaninefficientuseofspace.Alsointheabove
TableinFirstNormalForm,whilethecandidatekeyis{Student,Subject},AgeofStudentonlydependson
Studentcolumn,whichisincorrectasperSecondNormalForm.Toachievesecondnormalform,itwouldbe
helpfultosplitoutthesubjectsintoanindependenttable,andmatchthemupusingthestudentnamesas
foreignkeys.
NewStudentTablefollowing2NFwillbe:
Student

Age

Adam

15

Alex

14

Stuart

17

InStudentTablethecandidatekeywillbeStudentcolumn,becauseallothercolumni.eAgeisdependenton
it.
NewSubjectTableintroducedfor2NFwillbe:
Student

Subject

Adam

Biology

Adam

Maths

Alex

Maths

Stuart

Maths

InSubjectTablethecandidatekeywillbe{Student,Subject}column.Now,boththeabovetablesqualifiesfor
SecondNormalFormandwillneversufferfromUpdateAnomalies.Althoughthereareafewcomplexcasesin
whichtableinSecondNormalFormsuffersUpdateAnomalies,andtohandlethosescenariosThirdNormal
Formisthere.

ThirdNormalForm(3NF)
ThirdNormalformappliesthateverynonprimeattributeoftablemustbedependentonprimarykey.The
transitivefunctionaldependencyshouldberemovedfromthetable.ThetablemustbeinSecondNormal
form.Forexample,consideratablewithfollowingfields.
Student_DetailTable:
Student_id

Student_name

DOB

Street

city

State

Zip

InthistableStudent_idisPrimarykey,butstreet,cityandstatedependsuponZip.Thedependencybetween
zipandotherfieldsiscalledtransitivedependency.Hencetoapply3NF,weneedtomovethestreet,city
andstatetonewtable,withZipasprimarykey.
NewStudent_DetailTable:
Student_id

Student_name

DOB

Zip

AddressTable:
Zip

Street

city

state

Theadvantageofremovingtranstivedependencyis,
Amountofdataduplicationisreduced.
Dataintegrityachieved.

BoyceandCoddNormalForm(BCNF)
BoyceandCoddNormalFormisahigherversionoftheThirdNormalform.Thisformdealswithcertaintype
ofanamolythatisnothandledby3NF.A3NFtablewhichdoesnothavemultipleoverlappingcandidatekeys
issaidtobeinBCNF.

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