''Lathe & Details

L3 MA 214
LATHE/TURNING
Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu
Assistant Professor,
Div. Of MPAE, NSIT
Sec-3, Dwarka, New Delhi-110078
Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT
MACHINE TOOLS
INTORDUCTION
The process of metal cutting in which chip is formed is effected by a
relative moment b/w the work piece and the hard edge of the cutting
tool. The relative motion is produced by a combination of rotary and
translatory moments of either work piece (or) tool (or) both.
Ex.
Machine Tool
Relative Motion
Lathe
Shaper, planer
R
T
T
T
Drilling
Milling
Fixed
T
R&T
R
Surface Grinding
Cylindrical Grinding
T
R&T
R
R
Lathe
Video 1
Lathe Machine Parts

Bed
Headstock
Tailstock
Carriage
Feed mechanism
Legs
Bed
It must be rigid and robust construction
Usually made by single piece casting of semi steel
(i.e. toughened cast iron)
Distortion takes place-Natural seasoning called Ageing
Head Stock
Cone pulley
Backgears and backgear lever
Main spindle or head stock spindle
Live centre
Feed reverse lever
Use of Backgears
A Lathe Spindle
Cone pulley
Feed Mechanism and change gears
A Geared Head Stock
Tail Stock
Carriage
Saddle
Cross slide
Compound rest
Tool post
Apron
10
Specifications of Lathe
1)Height of centers over bed --U.K. spec.
2)Maximum swing over bed -- USA spec.
3)Maximum swing over carriage
4)Maximum swing over Gap
5)Maximum distance b/w centers
6)Length of bed
7) No. of speeds and feeds etc.
11
12
EARLY LATHES
13
EARLY LATHES
14
TYPES OF LATHES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Bench Lathe
Speed Lathe
Engine Lathe
Tool Room Lathe
Capstan and Turret Lathe
Automatic Lathes
Special Purpose Lathes
15
Classification of Lathes
According to the Height of Centers
a) Small Lathes: having height of centers up to 150 mm
b) Medium Lathes: Having height of centers from 150 to 300 mm
c) Heavy duty lathes: having height of centers above 300 mm
According to the type of drive

a) Having step-cone pulley drive and the back gears with single motor drive
b) Having step-cone pulley drive and the back gears with individual motor
drive
16
Bench Lathe
It is a very small lathe mounted
on separately prepared bench or
cabinet and used for small,
precision work since its is very
accurate.
It is usually provided with all
attachments, which a larger lathe
carries, and is capable of
performing almost all the
operations.
17
Speed Lathes
They do not have provision for
power feed and have no gear
box, carriage, lead screw etc.
Two or three spindle speeds are
available by cone pulley
arrangement.
They are used for wood turning,
polishing, metal spinning etc
18
Engine Lathe
In olden days lathe was
driven by a steam engine.
Hence the name is still in
existence even after
modern lathes are
provided with motor
drive.
19
Tool Room Lathe

It is nothing but the engine
lathe equipped with some
extra attachments for
accurate and precision work
like taper turning
attachment, follower rest,
collets, chucks etc.
The bed is relatively small.
It carries a much wider range
of speeds and feeds.
20
Capstan & Turret lathes

These are semi automatic type machines very useful for mass
production (small lot sizes).
Less skill is required for operator and wide range of operations can be
performed. They carry special mechanisms for indexing their tool
heads. They are provided with a front tool post which can hold 4
turning related tools and rear tool post which can hold 2 to 4 turning
related tools.
The turrets can hold only drilling related tools. The turning tools used
in the rear tool post are reverse tools with reverse geometry.
21
Video 3,4
22
23
Turret Indexing in Capstan and Turret Lathes

Just before indexing at the end of the return stroke, the locking pin is
withdrawn by the lever which is lifted at its other end by gradually
riding against the hinged wedge as shown.
Further backward travel of the turret slide causes rotation of the free
head by the indexing pin and lever as shown.
Rotation of the turret head by exact angle is accomplished by
insertion of the locking pin in the next hole of the six equi-spaced
holes.
24
Turret
Lathe
25
Turret Lathe Layout
26
Main Parts of Turret Lathe
27
Capstan Lathe
28
Capstan Lathe Layout
29
Main parts of Capstan Lathe
30
Turret Lathe
Capstan Lathe
Turret head (square (or)

hexagonal) is mounted on
saddle
Turret head (round (or) square (or) hexagonal) is

mounted on auxiliary slide that moves on guide
ways provided on saddle
The above arrangement gives rigidity as

forces are transferred to bed. Hence
capable of handling heavy jobs (up to
200mm) and severe cutting conditions.
Less rigidity, vibrations occur, hence suitable for

lighter and smaller jobs (up to 60mm) and
precision work.
Tool travel is along entire bed length
Tool travel is limited because of auxiliary slide

traverse limitation.
Tool feeding is slow and causes fatigue to

operator hands
Tool feeding is fast and causes less fatigue to

operator hands.
A turret lathe may carry either a reach

over type or side hung type carriage
A capstan lathe usually equipped with the reachover type carriage only because it is used relatively
smaller jobs and, therefore, does not require a
larger swing overbed. Also, this type of carriage
provides better rigidity
Heavier designs of turret lathes are usually 6

provided with pneumatic or hydraulic
chucks to ensure a firmer grip over heavy
jobs
No such provision
31
32
Details of Turret Lathe
Details of a Capstan Lathe
33
Automatic Lathes
These are designed so that all the working and Job handling
movements of the complete Manufacturing process for a job are
done automatically.
No participation of the operator is required during the operation.
They fall in the category of heavy duty, high speed lathes employed in
mass production(large lot sizes).
Geneva mechanism is used for indexing the turret.
34
Types of automatic lathe:

1) According to type of stock material -- Bar automatics; -- Chucking
automatics
2) According to No. of spindles -- Single spindle; -- Multiple spindle
3) According to the directions of the axis of m/c spindles --Horizontal; -Vertical
Videos 5, 6,7 and 8
35
36
The general purpose single spindle automatic lathes are widely used for
quantity or mass production (by machining) of high quality fasteners; bolts,
screws, studs, bushings, pins, shafts, rollers, handles and similar small metallic
parts from long bars or tubes of regular section and also often from separate
small blanks.
Unlike the semiautomatic lathes, single spindle automats are :
used always for producing jobs of rod, tubular or ring type and of
relatively smaller size.
run fully automatically, including bar feeding and tool indexing,
and continuously over a long duration repeating the same
machining cycle for each product
provided with up to five radial tool slides which are moved by
cams mounted on a cam shaft
of relatively smaller size and power but have higher spindle
speeds
37
Swiss type automatic lathe

The characteristics and applications of these single spindle automatic lathes are :
In respect of application:
Used for precision machining of thin slender rod or tubular jobs, like components
of small clocks and wrist watches in mass production.
Job size Diameter range 2 to 12 mm; Length range 3 to 30 mm.
Dimensional accuracy and surface finish almost as good as provided by grinding
In respect of configuration and operation:
There is no tailstock or turret
High spindle speed (2000 10,000 rpm) for small job
diameter
38
The headstock travels enabling axial feed of the bar stock against the
cutting tools as shown
The cutting tools (up to five in number including two on the rocker arm)
are fed radially
Drilling and threading tools, if required, are moved axially using swivelling
device(s)
The cylindrical blanks are prefinished by grinding and are moved through a
carbide guide bush
Video 9, 10
39
Special purpose lathes

These are designed to perform certain specified operations only.
Eg: Facing lathe, vertical lathe, crank shaft lathe
40
41
42
Assignment-1 : 03/02/2016
1. Explain, with neat sketch, the principle of working in a Lathe?
2. Give a neat diagram of an Engine Lathe. Describe and mark its Main
Parts and controls
3. Give a neat diagram of Capstan and Turret Lathe. Describe and mark
its Main Parts and controls
4. Explain Difference between capstan and turret lathe
43
Work Holding Devices

1) Chucks ---a) 3 Jaw Self centering, smaller in size, used for round cross sections
b) 4 jaw Not self centering, medium in size, used for round, square,
rectangular cross sections.
44
c) Collets Fixed size. They are air operated or hand operated. Used in
Tool Room lathes, Bar Automatic Lathes, Vertical Milling m/c to hold
end mills.
45
d) Pneumatic Chucks In chucking Automatics

Note: In bar automatics the component is parted of from the bar and in chucking
automatics, the component is released from the chuck and another blank is loaded from
the magazine.
e) Magnetic Used for ferrous metals in Lathe, Milling, Surface Grinding

machines for light works and also where Distortion is not permitted like in
aerospace components.
f) Vacuum Similar to above and used for non ferrous metals
46
2) Face plate
Used for large
size Work pieces
of round, square,
rectangular, and
also very Complex
geometries not
possible in any
other devices.
47
3) Carriers and catch plates Used for

supporting shafts, mandrels for
imparting rotation.
4) Centers For supporting

a) Live centre used with face plate
b) Dead centre used in tail stock
48
Angle plate and Driving Plate

Driving plate
Angle Plate
It is used with face plate.

When the size or shape of work is such that it is not
possible to mount the work directly on the faceplate.
49
A carbide tipped Dead Center
Lathe Carriers or Dogs

Turning Between Centers
Common types of Lathe Centers

50
5) Mandrel Used to
support the work
pieces and also for
holding hollow parts
to meet concentricity
requirements
51
Lathe Madrels
52
6) Steady rest mounted on bed, used for long heavy jobs that deflect centrally
by self weight
7) Follower rest mounted on carriage and moves with tool, used for long thin
jobs that deflect laterally by cutting force.
53
A follower Rest
A Steady Rest
54
Tool Post
55
Tool Setting on Lathe

1. Setting the tool below the centre decreases the effective rake angle
and increases the effective clearance angle. This increases the cutting
forces.
2. Setting the tool above the centre increases the effective rake angle
and decreases the effective clearance angle. This increases rubbing
with flank surface.
Effective Rake is the apparent
Rake angle w.r.t tool and work
position and not the actual
rake angle provided on the
tool.
56
Tool Holders
HSS Tool Holders
57
Brazed Carbide tip Tool Holders (Can be grinded)
58
Throw away Carbide Tip Tool holders (Can not be Grinded)
59
Box Tool Holders
60
Lathe Machine Operations
Straight Turning
Shoulder or Step turning
Facing
Knurling
Grooving
Parting off
Taper turning
Metal spinning
Spring winding
Misc. operations: drilling, boring, milling, grinding
Thread cutting
Swiveling of compound rest

Tailstock set over
Form tool
Combined feeds
Taper turning attachment
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Majority of screws are right handed threads. They are tightened by

clock wise rotation. When cut on lathe, tool advances from right to
left. Screws with left handed threads are used in exceptional cases.
They are tightened by counter clock wise rotation. When cut on lathe,
tool advances from left to right. Spindle rotation is same for both
operations but lead screw rotation is opposite.
Left hand threads are used on lathe spindles, left hand pedal of
bicycle, connections on the acetylene Cylinders (to avoid wrong
connections), left-hand grinding wheel on a bench grinder, in
Turnbuckles in combination with right handed threads to adjust the
tensions in cables, tie rods etc.
75
76
Tapered threads are used for water (or) Gas pipes and plumbing
supplies, which require a water tight (or) air tight connection. Tapered
threads produce a wedging action and hence produces a pressure
tight joint.
Thread Terminology:
Lead The distance a screw thread advances in one revolution.
Pitch (P) The distance between two successive peaks or valleys.
Lead = P for single start thread
Lead = 2P for double start threads - A double start thread has two
start points.
Lead = 3P for triple start threads - A triple start thread has three start
points.
77
78
Back Gear
Back gear" is a gear mounted at the back of the headstock and
allows the chuck to rotate slowly with greatly-increased turning
power.
Screw cutting also requires slow speeds.
With a back gear fitted, the lathe not only becomes capable of cutting
threads but can also tackle heavy-duty drilling, big-hole boring and
large-diameter turning and facing; in other words, it is possible to use
it to the very limits of its capacity and strength.
79
80
TIME Estimation
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END
83

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L3 MA 214

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Lathe Machine Parts

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Feed Mechanism and change gears

A Geared Head Stock

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

According to the type of drive

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Tool Room Lathe

Capstan & Turret lathes

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Turret Indexing in Capstan and Turret Lathes

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Turret Lathe Layout

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Main Parts of Turret Lathe

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Capstan Lathe Layout

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Main parts of Capstan Lathe

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Turret head (square (or)

Turret head (round (or) square (or) hexagonal) is

The above arrangement gives rigidity as

Less rigidity, vibrations occur, hence suitable for

Tool travel is along entire bed length

Tool travel is limited because of auxiliary slide

Tool feeding is slow and causes fatigue to

Tool feeding is fast and causes less fatigue to

A turret lathe may carry either a reach

Heavier designs of turret lathes are usually 6

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Details of a Capstan Lathe

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Types of automatic lathe:

Videos 5, 6,7 and 8

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Swiss type automatic lathe

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Special purpose lathes

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

Dr. Andriya Narasimhulu, Div. of MPAE, NSIT

''Lathe & Details

''Lathe & Details