CONCEPTS

STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL):

SQL is a standard language for accessing databases.
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL language is used to create, transform and
retrieve information from RDBMS (Relational Database Management Systems). SQL is
pronounced SEQUEL. SQL was developed during the early 70s at IBM.
Most Relational Database Management Systems like MS SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle,
MySQL, DB2, Sybase, PostgreSQL and Informix use SQL as a database querying language.
DATA:
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple and
seemingly random and useless until it is organized.
Data can be number, alphabet or symbol without meaning.
INFORMATION:
When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it
useful, it is called Information.
Information is meaning full data.
Data in themselves are fairly useless. But when these data are interpreted and processed to
determine its true meaning, they become useful and can be called Information. Data is
computer's language. Information is our translation of this language.
ENTITY:
Entity is thing, object or person which can be defined uniquely and it should have some
characteristic.
ATTRIBUTE:
Column is an attribute
ROW:
Record or Tuple or collection of fields
TABLE:
Collection of records and attribute, or collection of rows and column

 COLUMN:
Attribute

Row

RECORD:

FIELD:
Field or cell is intersection of column and row.
DATABASE (DB):
Relational databases are structured in fields, records, and database tables. The database table
consists of one or more database rows, and each database row consists of one or more
database fields. Examples of Relational databases are MS SQL Server, Oracle and MySQL.
DB is collection of table.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS):
DBMS is a system that manages data. All the programs that use to create DB like: Oracle, MS
SQL Server, My SQL are DBMS because you can manage DB by these programs.
REALATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS):
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS data is structured in
database tables, fields and records. Each RDBMS table consists of database table rows. Each
database table row consists of one or more database table fields.
It means all tables in DB must have relationship. This relationship will be created by Primary Key
and Foreign Key. The model that Oracle, MS SQL Server, My SQL use is RDBMS, there is other
kind of model but they are not common.

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL): (Structure)

The Data Definition Language (DDL) manages table and index structure.
The most basic items of DDL are the CREATE, ALTER, RENAME and DROP
statements:

CREATE Creates an object (a table, for example) in the database.

DROP deletes an object in the database, usually irretrievably.

ALTER modifies the structure an existing object in various waysfor example, adding
column to an existing table.

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML): (Content)

Select data
Utilize SELECT queries to extract data from one table, extract data by using joins, combine
result sets by using UNION and INTERSECT.
Insert data
Understand how data is inserted into a database, how to use INSERT statements.
Update data
Understand how data is updated in a database and how to write the updated data to the
database by using the appropriate UPDATE statements, update by using a table
Delete data
Delete data from single or multiple tables, ensure data and referential integrity by using
transactions