International Journal of Computer Systems (ISSN: 2394-1065), Volume 03 Issue 05, May, 2016

Available at http://www.ijcsonline.com/

GIS Cloud: Integration between Cloud Things and Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) Opportunities and Challenges
A

Taha M. Alfaqih , Mohammad Mehedi Hassan

A, B

Information System, KSU, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Due the development of industries, and the big technological leap, it became necessary to integrate GIS with cloud
computing namely GIS Cloud, so take advantage of the services provided by computing (Storage , Computing , networks,
sharing), as well as solution many of GIS problems, which is the large size of geospatial data, which require huge
storage and multi computing . In this paper we presented the opportunities and challenges of the GIS cloud applications
in the four area: Geospatial Information, Spatial Web Portal, Emergency Management, and Social Media.
Keywords: GIS, Hadoop, spatial data, Web Portal, Social Media .

I.

INTRODUCTION

A geographic information system (GIS) integrates

hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing,
analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically
referenced information. A GIS system allows us to analyze
and interpret the data in ways that reveal relationships,
patterns, and trends. These analysis can help us in
answering questions and potentially solve problems in
various related fields like oceanography, land-use, natural
disasters etc. [1].
GIS applications generally include data acquisition and
pre-processing from multiple sources, which is followed by
exhaustive spatial analysis. The geographic information
system, is very important in our daily lives, too many uses,
and has many benefits, the benefits of GIS generally fall
into five basic categories [2] , cost savings resulting from
greater efficiency , better decision making , improved
communication , better geographic information
recordkeeping , managing geographically. There are many
GIS used in many fields, and has many application such as
,disaster management, crime statistics, archaeology, civic
planning, health, medical ,resource management, and
transport. Therefore, the same data is hosted in different
locations and it is needed to be processed in the same way
many times when used by different users. In many cases,
the data processing and spatial analysis over the acquired
data requires expensive investment in terms of hardware,
software and personnel training. Thus, the two major
challenges associated with a GIS system, perhaps the most
important is a data acquisition, which is usually expensive
and time consuming and software and hardware needed to
run GIS applications, which are usually costly and require
an expertise for use, which makes it quite impractical for
occasional users to operate a GIS system.
It is evident that cloud-computing offers a solution to
these challenges as it provides a solution to host large
volumes of data as well as provide powerful computing
resources, yet GIS presents a challenge for cloud
computing based platform. Firstly, the high data volumes
can make the data transfers between cloud infrastructure
and end users extremely slow. Secondly, the algorithmic

nature of spatial processes demand development of

algorithms for spatial processes specifically suited for the
distributed domain [1].
Although GIS has been a late adopter of the cloud
technology, the many advantages are compelling
organizations to shift their geospatial functions to the
cloud. Cloud-based tools are accessed for web-based
geographic information system. Data generated as maps are
helping analyze and optimize operations in real-time. Apps
in the cloud are helping manage isolated silos of GIS
workflows and geodatabases [3].
Addition to the cloud computing service models
Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS);
Platform-as-a-Service
(PaaS); and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS). In the
geospatial environment, the Cloud SaaS supports three
other
service
models
GIS-as-a-Service
(GaaS),
Applications-as-a-Service (AaaS) and Imagery-as-aService (IaaS), where ready-to-use GIS datasets are
available as Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) .
Currently GIS Cloud is considered very popular and used
in many places and areas and has many applications. There
are many benefits for the GIS cloud [3] , GIS in the cloud
can put out information in the public domain, for
continuous updates and open access , also GIS decisions
are made easier with the ability to integrate latest
databases, merge disparate systems, exchange information
internally and externally, leverage Public cloud and sync
field data with the whole workflow process. Additionally
the GIS in the cloud support shared resource pooling
(network, server, application, services, storage, and
database) useful for communities and participating
organizations, with common or shared goals. The
functionality of the cloud helps geospatial operations to
move beyond the proprietary vendor formats and
operation-making data retrieval easy when opting to switch
vendor allegiance. Moreover, there are secondary benefits
for Cloud GIS, like the, on demand service of online maps,
geospatial data, and imagery, computing or analysis.
In this paper we presented the opportunities and
challenges of the GIS cloud applications in the four area:

360 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 05, May, 2016

Taha M. Alfaqih et al

GIS Cloud: Integration between Cloud Things and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Opportunities and Challenges

Geospatial Information, Spatial Web Portal, Emergency

Management, and Social Media.

objectives, architecture, supporting technologies, functions,

application communities, and future research directions.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. We

first present the GIS Cloud literature review. Next GIS
Cloud architecture. Next, analyze the challenges of GIS
Cloud. We then conclude the paper.

The main challenges in this area data intensity,

computing intensity, concurrent access intensity and
spatiotemporal intensity, are presented by [11], develop
and extend spatial data storage, retrieving, indexing,
accessing and management model based on common Cloud
Computing platform using OGC simple feature coding
rules such as Well Known Binary (WKB) and Well Known
Text (WKT). On the other hand [12] develop, implement
and demonstrate a concept for realizing pay-per-use
revenue models for geoprocessing services. The processing
of data is an essential part of daily work of GIS experts.
Due the increasing amount of available data and higher
requirements on adopted algorithms, the data processing
part in Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) becomes crucial in
terms of practicability and performance. Furthermore [13]
Introduce spatial cloud computing (SCC) to: (1) Enable
solving geospatial science problems of the four
intensiveness issues; (2) Facilitate the cloud computing
implementation and ensure the pooled, elastic, on-demand
and other cloud computing characteristics. Moreover [14]
provide and present only how to make cloud to deal with
the massive satellite image , massive spatial data storages
fit into cloud instead of transferring the data via the
network. Do it another way [15] to quickly and efficiently
to deal with massive spatial data, and how to quickly get
the information (such as the profile of the land
classification),and computing capacity to meet the realtime processes a large amount of spatial data. Provide
cloud-computing model based on a large amount of spatial
data processing model, and provide structure and
realization method of remote sensing cloud computing
model, and use a specific system of remote sensing cloud
computing model to show the user interface, technical
means and operation processes.

II.

LITERATURE SURVEY AND RELATED WORK

Cloud GIS is the combination of running GIS software

and services on cloud infrastructure and accessing GIS
capabilities using the web. In this section we will divide the
literature review of the GIS cloud into four area, including:
A. Geospatial Information
Cloud GIS is the combination of running GIS software
and services on cloud infrastructure and accessing GIS
capabilities using the web. Geospatial information is data
referenced to a place a set of geographic coordinates, which
can often be gathered, manipulated, and displayed in real
time. In this area, we will discuss the previous work in this
field.
The developer need to choose a number of
architectures, technologies, and methods, In the [4],
provide a several of the techniques that can be used to
develop web-based GIS applications using Bing Map
Objects, Bing Maps complements these features by
providing rich web mapping capabilities including UI
controls, common map layers, aerial imagery, geo-coding,
and routing capabilities.
The [5] Provide a concept, features and the
development of the cloud computing, and then discussed
the application of cloud computing techniques in spatial
analysis by the enhance the Storage Capacity and Security
of Spatial Data , decision support and the storage of spatial
data, and the impact on software development and product
patterns of GIS. Furthermore, enhance the efficient
processing capabilities of spatial analysis and facilitate
decision-making support by combining cloud computing
and spatial analysis. And [6], provide integrated model of
cloud computing architecture of GIS applications, and
provide a typical example of application of cloud
computing and application of GIS. The rich variety of data
from various data sources at the same time, so it cause
vast amounts of data makes any single institution is
difficult to be saved or processed , GIS spatial analysis for
these data is not only complex but also needs high
computing power. additionally [7] Provide a brief
evaluation of Cloud Computing approach to GIS and
proposes a multi-tiered architecture for GIS Cloud System .
The advantages of integration between Cloud
computing and spatial cloud computing discussed by the
[8] , which Compared between Desktop GIS with SCC, and
demonstrate that SCC and CC arrived is well enough to use
and other hand it can be clearly seen that future SCC will
be more effective, functional, fast, economic and
comprehensible. , but there are some challenges, Economy,
elasticity and accessibility. The [9] discussed of embedded
GIS application system based on cloud computing has been
designed , GIS has high requirements for computing,
storage and reliability. Further [10] provide reviews the
research, development, education, and other efforts that
have contributed to building GCI in terms of its history,

Regarding to the GIS cloud platform, the [16] provides

a comparative analysis of geoprocessing in Cloud
Computing platforms Microsoft Windows Azure and
Google App Engine. By the analysis of differences in the
data storage, architecture model, and development
environment based on the experience to develop
geoprocessing services in the two Cloud Computing
platforms. Moreover, discussed Scalable, on-demand, and
cost effective geoprocessing services of the cloud
computing issues.
In addition [17] Presents an implementation of
geoprocessing service that integrates geoprocessing
functions and Microsoft Cloud Computing technologies to
provide geoprocessing capabilities in a distributed
environment. Additionally describes the design and
implementation is demonstrated in the Microsoft Cloud
Computing Platform Azure, How various components
in the Microsoft Azure platform can be used to address the
storage and computing demands of geoprocessing
services?. Otherwise the [18] presents an implementation
of geoprocessing service that integrates Amazon cloud
computing and geoprocessing functions to provide
geoprocessing competence in a distributed web
environment. In addition, described the approaches on how
various services in Amazon platform can be utilized to
meet the storage and computing requirements of
geoprocessing services, additionally addressed how to scale

361 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 05, May, 2016

Taha M. Alfaqih et al

GIS Cloud: Integration between Cloud Things and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Opportunities and Challenges

the computing resources based on predefined conditions.

The integration combines the flexible cloud-computing
platform with the geospatial processing functions to
provide Web-based geoprocessing functionalities.
The challenges, which face the GIS cloud platform,
discussed in the [18], How to upload the existing geospatial
data into Cloud and discovery data in Cloud? How to
migrate the existing geospatial processing functions into
Cloud? , how to scale dynamically the computation
capacity when request sharply changed? , ability to scale
the computing resource up or down automatically
according to the defined conditions, and Interoperable
service interface that geospatial applications interact with
Cloud services.
B. A Spatial Web Portal (SWP)
Spatial web portals, provides a web-based gateway to
discover, access, manage, and integrate worldwide
geospatial resources through the internet and has the access
characteristics of regional to global interest.
In [19], Investigate the methodologies, services, issues
and deployed techniques also, about situation of cloud
computing in the past, present and future is probed and
some issues concerning the security is expressed, that is
used to tackle of increasing number of businesses move
toward Cloud based services, issues like interoperability,
security, portability, migration and standardized protocols
are proving to be critical concerns.
As for [20] provide the implement a Web Map Service
for raster imagery within the Google App Engine
environment. And discuss the challenges of developing
GIS applications within this framework and the
performance characteristics of the implementation, for the
issues Latency spikes, and feasibility of implementing
services within the free usage quotas of Google App
Engine, is consider possible to implement a full web Map
Services for raster data within the Google App Engine
environment. Whilst [21] present approach to solve the
problem in two ways and compare the performance. One
way is to use Map Reduce with Hadoop system and the
other way is to use MPI. Additionally, present the explain
way to generate the three dimension noise map, not the two
dimension noise map.
In order to make a 3D noise map, the following threestep-process is needed: 1) Making a noise database. 2)
Generating the 3D city model. 3) Integrating the noise
values with the 3D city model.
Whereas [22] discussed How to apply the cloud
computing techniques in the GIS web services, spatial
analysis, and data storage , it Provided a reference for Web
GIS structures designed, and Web GIS applications based
cloud computing . Further [23] try to provide architectural
and design framework for web applications based on open
geospatial standards .The approach includes geospatial
processing and data acquisition services that are essential
especially when dealing with satellite images. And putting
in a common framework all data and geoprocesses
available in the Cloud.
C. Emergency Management
The cloud GIS has already affected emergency
management in many ways, since many use cloud storage

for their important data. In addition, it affects how the

emergency managers plan their GIS, there needs to be a
machine image on the cloud so that technicians can access
the resources from any location, with no downtime.
Additionally the Cloud GIS can provide off-site data
backup and storage, from where necessary data to support
emergency response can be obtained. In case, the GIS
center is destroyed or damaged by a disaster. Thus, Cloud
GIS can reduce the level of vulnerability of local GIS
capacity.
The present of the limitation of current techniques
adapted by GIS for efficient emergency management
system, particularly in the field of earthquakes, which is
one of the most important issues that deal with a large
amount of spatial data [24], provide the proposed GISmodel based Cloud computing for emergency management.
And implemented this model using windows azure as
cloud computing platform, power of processing and storage
of GIS applications have been enhanced.
And the [25] provide proposed an approach which
employs cloud-based service to solve the big spatial data
technology in emergence management. And provide
effective spatial information services is the aim of such a
spatial information platform to better for spatial data
analysis and support in emergence management , and the
try to solve massive spatial information management,
resource sharing approach in emergency management, big
data problems in EM, and spatial data storage .
The transition from public cloud GIS to private cloud
GIS in China, despite the increase in the cost of private
cloud compared to the public cloud, it presented in [26]
provide a reviews the development process of the private
cloud GIS in China. In addition, explained the platform
construction and analyses the status of development in
China.
Farther more [27] presented the difficulty of sharing
geographical analysis modeling ideas and therefore cannot
conduct collaborative work to solve interdisciplinary
problems. In addition, heterogeneity (including structural
heterogeneity, data heterogeneity and execution
environment heterogeneity), and the lack of infrastructure
with extensive adaptability and relevant service strategies.
The author provides address these challenges and try to
develop an open environment for geographical analysis
model sharing.
An addition, to integrate various geospatial data (such
as DLG, DOM, DEM, gazetteers, and thematic data) to
provide data analysis services for supporting government
decision making. The [28] design spatiotemporal cloud
platform, which uses HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File
System) for managing image data, and Map Reduce-based
computing service and workflow for high performance
geospatial analysis, as well as optimizing auto-scaling
algorithms for Web client users quick access and
visualization.
Although efficiently accessing disparate data
repositories (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI) and aims to
provide mapping services (Web Mapping Services - WMS)
to users from both fixed and mobile devices. The [29]
Provide description of a system that offers 3D visualization
of data with spatial interest regarding the management of

362 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 05, May, 2016

Taha M. Alfaqih et al

GIS Cloud: Integration between Cloud Things and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Opportunities and Challenges

water resources, which is offered as a service identifies

the spatial differentiation of the aquifers within the
boundaries of a catchment. In addition, achieve a more
accurate assessment regarding the groundwater quantity,
spatial distribution and quality, it is essential to use and
visualize information regarding the subterranean
environment of each catchment.
D. Social Media
The social media brought a fundamental paradigm shift
in GIS, from the old model of an intelligent assistant
serving the needs of a single user seated at a desk, to a new
mode in which GIS act as media for communicating and
sharing knowledge about the planets surface with and
among the peoples.
The [30] provide described iForestFire system, which is
consider a real time working system, widely used for
monitoring and surveillance of wildfire, and describe of
integration between cloud computing, Web information
systems and graphic Information System (GIS) , to Find
relations between image pixel and its corresponding threedimensional world coordinates, and video GIS
integration. Use the geographic information system (GIS)
based Cloud computing to monitoring and surveillance
system for the wildfire. Therefore early fire detection and
appropriate intervention on the quick by the view social
media namely digital image in the same time.
As for as [31] makes evaluate the efficiency of spatial
indexing for huge datasets at cloud computing
environment, by used the two most common data structures
R-Tree and the priority R-tree (PR-Tree). And deployed
them on various cloud instances with different resources,
after that evaluated the performance of running these
applications with different spatial datasets, and measured
the response time for both data structures , finally reported
the results which can be useful in retrieving huge datasets
on the cloud. That is consider answer of the how to
evaluate the efficiency of spatial indexing for huge datasets
at cloud computing environment issue.
Due the growing rapidly of the big data at least by 20%
every year, which is cause to increasing the storage and
processing, this led to increased challenges for traditional
data processing, the [32] explore the challenges and
opportunities which geospatial big data brought us,
additional , provide importance and benefits of the
analytics of geospatial big data, including fuel and time
saving, revenue increase, urban planning, and health care.
Furthermore, introduce new emerging platforms for sharing
the collected geospatial big data and for tracking human
mobility via mobile devices.
There are two computational frameworks clouds
computing and grid computing for the simulation models to
support high performance GIS simulation frameworks , the
[33] Compared the benefits and drawbacks of both cloud
and grid computing by testing a parallel Geographic
Information System (GIS) simulation model and analyzing
the performance test results under different system settings.
Moreover, discusses the benefits and drawbacks of their
implementation procedures, performances, and scalability
for the Digital Earth framework.

III.

GIS CLOUD ARCHITECTURE

The cloud computing has three primary cloud service

models: Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service,
and Software as a Service [4]:

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): The consumer

does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating
systems, storage, and deployed applications; and
possibly limited control of select networking
components, e.g. Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure, and Google Compute Engine
(GCE).
Platform as a Service (PaaS): The consumer does
not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, or storage, but has control over
the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting
environment e.g. Google App Engine.
Software as a Service (SaaS): The consumer does
not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, storage, or even individual
application capabilities, with the possible
exception of limited user-specific application
configuration settings, e.g. Google Apps,
Salesforce, storage solutions Dropbox.

The proposed GIS Cloud architecture in figure [1],

illustrate the integration between GIS and cloud computing,
Addition to the cloud computing service models
Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS);
Platform-as-a-Service
(PaaS); and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), there are
some extension services for the GIS cloud, and that is just
to deal with geospatial data, as follows:

GIS-as-a-Service (GaaS): This is an extension of

the Software-as-a-Service model for providing
GIS solutions as a service, usually offering
specializations in areas like incidence reporting,
disaster and transport management. Many
companies have developed products and apps
offered as a service for a seamless management
and integration of GIS workflows. This SaaS
based solution is expected to become a dominant
delivery method for geospatial capabilities as it
also integrates BI in the service.
Imagery-as-a-Service (IaaS) : Where ready-to-use
GIS datasets are available as Data-as-a-Service
(DaaS) , the on demand solution, customers are
now able to find, acquire and subscribe to
available data sets digitally rather than relying on
data delivery on external storage.
Applications-as-a-Service (AaaS).

363 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 05, May, 2016

Taha M. Alfaqih et al

GIS Cloud: Integration between Cloud Things and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Opportunities and Challenges

The concurrent intensive it means the concurrent use or

concurrent processing, concurrent use of the same data set
by many users in the same data, when faced with large
numbers of concurrent accesses to a GIS server, the
application needs to use a WebGIS server cluster and
corresponding load balancing to leverage the burden of
requests.
C. Communication intensity
Business data is all stored in databases and it is difficult
to comprehend locational relationships among information.
GIS is can keep the data on the map and displays those data
visually. Data visualization will help us to make better
decisions and to make efficient plans as well as to improve
the communication among your team members.

Figure 1.

IV.

GIS Cloud architecture Proposed

GIS CLOUD FIELDS CHALLENGES

In this section, we present the challenges and open

research of the GIS Cloud areas as (Geospatial
Information, A spatial web portal (SWP), Emergency
Management, Social Media). The Table 1 is illustrates the
research challenges associated with them.
TABLE I.
Area
Geospa
tial
Inform
ation
A
spatial
web
portal

Emerge
ncy
Manag
ement

Social
Media

SUMMARY GIS CLOUD AREAS RESEARCH

CHALLENGES
Research Challenges

D. Security risks
People can be traced by others without even realizing it.
It can be accessed from their personal information by
anyone on the Internet. This is a serious condition that
should be regulated in one way or another, as most people
will object strongly to the neighborhoods and personal
information that appear on the internet maps.
E. High the maintenance cost
There are multiple GIS system working individually in
your organization and there is no integration of these
systems. This requires high maintenance cost and map
renewal cost.
F. Tools
Although you want to develop a new product using
GIS, you do not know which platform the customers will
demand.
V.

- Data-intensive.
- Computing-intensive.
- Concurrent-intensive.
- Communication intensity due to massive interoperations
among SWPs and geospatial resources.
- Spiking workloads from spatiotemporal distribution of
globally distributed end users.
- Computing intensity due to the complexity of
spatiotemporal data structure, query, and processing.
- Security risks
- Restricted in size and availability.
- Failure rates are very high given their use by large number
of people (sharing mode).
- Maintenance can be very expensive and time consuming for
real-time GIS applications.
- Applications Too much overheads
- Data intensity.
- Interface.
- Usability.
- Tools.

A. Data intensive
The size of data files in the GIS tends to be large,
because of geographic information system deals with
photographs from various sources (Aerial photography,
scanned maps, Satellite Image), and high accuracy.
B. Computing intensive
The main challenges in the GIS how to performing
compute-intensive operations such as data overlay
processing, raster analysis, and the imagery data processing
Concurrent intensive

CONCLUSION

Geographic Information Systems (GIS), it consider

important areas, where it has impact on the affairs of our
lives, help to improve management, decision-making for
many issues, and reduce the effort and money by making a
successful management in
corporations. With the
development of industries, and the big technological leap, it
became necessary to integrate GIS with cloud computing
namely GIS Cloud, so take advantage of the services
provided by computing (Storage , Computing , networks ,
sharing), as well as solution many of GIS problems, which
is the large size of geospatial data, which require huge
storage and multi computing . Currently GIS Cloud is
considered very popular and used in many places and areas
and has many applications and many benefits.
Cloud GIS is the combination of running GIS software
and services on cloud infrastructure and accessing GIS
capabilities using the web. In the literature review, section
divided the GIS cloud into four area as (Geospatial
Information, A spatial web portal (SWP), Emergency
Management, Social Media).

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]

B. Singhvi and U. Bellur, "CS 694. SEMINAR," 2012.

G. a. Science. (11/12/2015). GIS and Science. Available:
http://gisandscience.com/2009/09/14/top-five-benefits-of-gis/
GISLounge.
(27/11/2015).
GIS
Lounge.
Available:
http://www.gislounge.com/learn-about-gis-in-the-cloud/

364 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 05, May, 2016

Taha M. Alfaqih et al
[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]
[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]
[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

GIS Cloud: Integration between Cloud Things and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Opportunities and Challenges

K. Penchalaiah, V. S. Charan, and B. L. Rao, "Efficient Web based

Geospatial Information System Application using Bing Maps,"
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 3916-3921, 2013.
Y. Jinnan and W. Sheng, "Studies on application of cloud
computing techniques in GIS," in Geoscience and Remote Sensing
(IITA-GRS), 2010 Second IITA International Conference on, 2010,
pp. 492-495.
L. Zhou, R. Wang, C. Cui, and C. Xie, "Gis application model
based on cloud computing," in Network Computing and
Information Security, ed: Springer, 2012, pp. 130-136.
M. A. Bhat, R. M. Shah, and B. Ahmad, "Cloud Computing: A
solution to Geographical Information Systems(GIS)," International
Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 594-600,
2011.
S. Bediroglu, V. Yildirim, and S. Erbas, "Application of GIS
Analyzes with Cloud Computing."
L. Yiqin, Y. Kanghua, and L. Yuan, "An implementation of
embedded geographic information system based on cloud
computing," in Circuits, Communications and System (PACCS),
2011 Third Pacific-Asia Conference on, 2011, pp. 1-4.
C. Yang, R. Raskin, M. Goodchild, and M. Gahegan, "Geospatial
cyberinfrastructure: past, present and future," Computers,
Environment and Urban Systems, vol. 34, pp. 264-277, 2010.
Y. Wang, S. Wang, and D. Zhou, "Retrieving and indexing spatial
data in the cloud computing environment," in Cloud computing, ed:
Springer, 2009, pp. 322-331.
B. Baranski, T. Deelmann, and B. Schffer, "Pay-per-use revenue
models for geoprocessing services in the cloud," in ISPRS
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Pervasive Web
Mapping, Geoprocessing and Services, 2010.
C. Yang, M. Goodchild, Q. Huang, D. Nebert, R. Raskin, Y. Xu, M.
Bambacus, and D. Fay, "Spatial cloud computing: how can the
geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing?,"
International Journal of Digital Earth, vol. 4, pp. 305-329, 2011.
A. . Ayan, H. Yiit, and G. Yilmaz, "GIS applications in cloud
computing platform and recent advances," in Recent Advances in
Space Technologies (RAST), 2011 5th International Conference on,
2011, pp. 193-196.
D. Cui, Y. Wu, and Q. Zhang, "Massive spatial data processing
model based on cloud computing model," in Computational Science
and Optimization (CSO), 2010 Third International Joint Conference
on, 2010, pp. 347-350.
P. Yue, H. Zhou, J. Gong, and L. Hu, "Geoprocessing in Cloud
Computing platformsa comparative analysis," International
Journal of Digital Earth, vol. 6, pp. 404-425, 2013.
J. Gong, P. Yue, and H. Zhou, "Geoprocessing in the Microsoft
Cloud Computing Platform-Azure," in Proceedings the Joint
Symposium of ISPRS Technical Commission IV & AutoCarto,
2010, p. 6.
Y. Shao, L. Di, Y. Bai, B. Guo, and J. Gong, "Geoprocessing on the
Amazon cloud computing platformAWS," in AgroGeoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics), 2012 First International
Conference on, 2012, pp. 1-6.
M. Naghavi, "Cloud computing as an innovation in GIS & SDI:
methodologies, services, issues and deployment techniques," 2012.
J. D. Blower, "GIS in the cloud: implementing a Web Map Service
on Google App Engine," in Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference and Exhibition on Computing for Geospatial Research
& Application, 2010, p. 34.
J. W. Park, Y. Lee, C. H. Yun, H. K. Park, S. I. Chang, I. Lee, and
H. S. Jung, "Cloud computing for online visualization of GIS
applications in ubiquitous city," in CLOUD COMPUTING 2010,
The 1st International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and
Virtualization, 2010.
H. Chen, D. Zhu, W. Wu, X. Tong, and D. Liu, "Research on
application of cloud computing techniques in WebGIS system," in
Conference Anthology, IEEE, 2013, pp. 1-5.
K. Evangelidis, K. Ntouros, S. Makridis, and C. Papatheodorou,
"Geospatial services in the Cloud," Computers & Geosciences, vol.
63, pp. 116-122, 2014.
A. G. Aly and N. M. Labib, "Proposed Model of GIS-based Cloud
Computing
Architecture
for
Emergency
System,"

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol.

1, 2013.
X. Ge and H. Wang, "Cloud-based service for big spatial data
technology in emergence management," in Proceedings of the
ISPRS, 2009, p. C4.
P. Gao, Z. Liu, M. Xie, and K. Tian, "The Development of and
Prospects for Private Cloud GIS in China," Asian Journal of
Geoinformatics, vol. 14, 2015.
Y. Wen, M. Chen, G. Lu, H. Lin, L. He, and S. Yue, "Prototyping
an open environment for sharing geographical analysis models on
cloud computing platform," International Journal of Digital Earth,
vol. 6, pp. 356-382, 2013.
W. Song, B. Jin, S. Li, X. Wei, D. Li, and F. Hu, "Building
Spatiotemporal Cloud Platform for Supporting GIS Application,"
ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 55-62, 2015.
D. Kallergis, C. Papacharalampou, K. Chimos, T. Chavakis, and C.
Douligeris, "A Hybrid Cloud Computing Approach for Managing
Spatial Data: A Case Study for Water Resources in Greece," in
Computing for Geospatial Research and Application (COM. Geo),
2014 Fifth International Conference on, 2014, pp. 33-37.
D. Stipaniev, M. Bugari, L. eri, and T. Jakovevi, "Web GIS
technologies in advanced cloud computing based wildfire
monitoring system," Computing, vol. 9, p. 13, 2011.
L. S. El-Sayed, H. M. Abdul-Kader, and S. M. El-Sayed,
"Performance Analysis of Spatial Indexing in the Cloud,"
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 118, 2015.
J.-G. Lee and M. Kang, "Geospatial Big Data: Challenges and
Opportunities," Big Data Research, vol. 2, pp. 74-81, 2015.

[33] I.-H. Kim and M.-H. Tsou, "Enabling Digital Earth simulation
models using cloud computing or grid computingtwo approaches
supporting high-performance GIS simulation frameworks,"
International Journal of Digital Earth, vol. 6, pp. 383-403, 2013.

365 | International Journal of Computer Systems, ISSN-(2394-1065), Vol. 03, Issue 05, May, 2016