High-Grade Metamorphism in The Chapleau-Foleyet Area, Ontario

American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 667-686, 19E3
High-grade metamorphismin the Chapleau-FoleyetArea, Ontario

JouN A. Pencrver
Geological Survey of Canada
588 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0M Canada
Abstract
High-gradeArchean rocks are exposedin the central Superior Province ofthe Canadian
Shield in the Kapuskasing StructuralZone, a partly fault-bounded region up to 50 x 500
km. In migmatitic mafic gneiss, paragneiss, dioritic and tonalitic rocks, a lower-grade
garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase(Gt-Cpx-PI) zone and patchy, higher-gradeorthopyroxene zones are distinguished. Grade decreases abruptly to greenschist in the Abitibi
subprovince to the east across the Ivanhoe Lake cataclastic zone. Grade decreases
gradually through amphibolite to greenschistfacies in the Wawa subprovince to the west.
Basedon mineral-melt equilibria, minimum conditions for the Gt-Cpx-Pl zone are 750"C,6
kbar, asre : 0.5-0.7 and for the orthopyroxenezone, 770"C,6 kbar, asr6 < 0.5.
Various garnet-biotite and garnet-pyroxene geothermometersand geobarometersyield
apparent temperatures ranging from <600'C in the west to locally >800'C. Apparent
pressure values derived from the pyrope-grossular-anorthite-diopside-quartzequilibrium
are 5.4-8.4 kbar (average6.3) and define a NNE-trending area of relatively high P in the
eastern and central Kapuskasing Zone, supporting the interpretation of a tilted crustal
section.
Introduction
Province, the easterly trends of the Abitibi-Wawa and

Regional metamorphism variably affected rocks of the Quetico-Opaticasubprovincesare transected over a disSuperior Province over an area of -3 x 106km2. The tance of 500 km by the north-northeast-trending Kapus(Thurston et al., 1977)(Fig. l). It
erosionlevel throughout the southernpart of the province kasing Structural Zone
gneisses in the upper amphibolite to
is
made
up
of
exposes metamorphic rocks of the greenschist and amphibolite facies except in the Kapuskasing Structural granulite facies (Bennett et al., 1967; MacLaren et al.,
positive gravity and aeroZone, where pyroxene-bearing gneisses are associated 1968)and is characterized by
magnetic
anomalies
over
most
of its length (Innes, 1960).
with a linear gravity high (Innes, 1960;Bennett et al.,
The
the Kapuskasing
Chapleau-Foleyet
area
straddles
1967;MacLaren et al., 1968;Thurston et al., 1977).The
parts of the adjacentAbitibi and Wawa
Zone
and
includes
Kapuskasing Zone in the relatively well-exposed Chapleau-Foleyet area consists of a variety of migmatitic subprovinces. Supracrustal rocks of the Abitibi subpropyroxene-garnet-hornblende-biotite-bearingrocks. The vince in the study area comprise mostly mafic metavol(Goodwin, 1965).
assemblages preserved at the time of metamorphic canic flows and tuffs up to 6100m thick
Easterly-trending
belts
of
felsic
metavolcanic
and metaquenching provide insight into reactions leading to the
sedimentary
rock
make
up
about
5
and3Vo
respectively
of
decomposition of hornblende and biotite in an amphiboplutons
the
supracrustal
to
foliated
succession.
Massive
lite-granulite facies transition zoqe. The metamorphic
granite composition (Streckeisen, 1976)
history and equilibration conditions of rocks in the Ka- of tonalite to
range
in
diameter
from -l to -25 km. The intensity of
puskasing Zone and adjacent Wawa subprovince are
metamorphism increasesfrom the cores of supracrustal
examinedin this study.
greenschist-faciesassemblagesare common
Metamorphism in the KapuskasingZone is Archean as belts, where
(Thurston et al., 1977),to contact areaswith large intruinferred from U-Pb dates on zircon from leucosome in
paragneiss(2627-+5Ma) and on metamorphic zircon in sive bodies, where hornblende-plagioclasetgarnet assemblagesprevail. Both primary structures, including
mafic gneiss (2650+Z Ma) (Percival and Krogh, 1983).
bedding and volcanic features, and sub-vertical tectonic
foliation, schistosity and lineation, are present in the
Geological setting
supracrustalsuccession.
The Superior Province can be divided into metaThe contact betweerrrocks of the Abitibi subprovince
volcanic-plutonic and metasedimentary subprovinces and the Kapuskasing Structural Zone to the west is the
(Stockwell, 1970)(Fie. 1). In the south-centralSuperior Ivanhoe Lake cataclastic zone (Fig. 2), comprising blas0003-004x/83/0708-0667$02.
00
667
668
PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM, ONTARIO
Fig. l. Lithotectonic
subdivisions
of the southernCanadian
Sheildincludingsubprovinces
of the SuperiorProvince(after
Goodwin,1977).Metasedimentary
subprovinces
are stippled.
tomylonite,cataclasiteand pseudotachyliteveinlets(Percival and Coe, 1981).Thesefault rocks are sporadically
developedin rocks of the eastern2 km of the Kapuskasing Zone and have random orientation within individual
outcrops. The overall NNE trend is deducedfrom the
distribution of fault rocks in the field.
The KapuskasingZone consistsof ENE-striking belts
of paragneiss, mafic gneiss, tonalitic and dioritic rocks
and units of the Shawmereanorthositecomplex (Thurston et al.,1977; Percival,l9Sla,b; Riccio, l98l). Paragneiss is layered, migmatitic, fine- to medium-grained,
biotite-plagioclase-quartz rock, with some garnet and/or
hornblende and/or orthopyroxene (Table l). Concentrations of quartz, biotite, garnet,or graphitein somelayers
and the overall quartz-rich composition suggestthat these
rocks had a sedimentaryorigin. Mafic gneissis a layered
to homogeneousmedium-to coarse-grained
rock of high
calcium (10.0-15.4wt.Vo CaO), high-alumina(13.4-17.2
wt.Vo Al2O) basaltic composition. It consists of GtrCpx-Hb-Pl-Qz-Ilt Opxt Sp+ Sc assemblagesand contains tonalitic leucosomeveinlets on the l-20 mm scale.
Flaser diorite to mafic tonalite occurs as homogeneousto
layered medium- to coarse-grained Hb-BtPltQztCpx+Opx assemblageswith trp to llVo qxartz
and locally up to l57o concordant quartz monzonite
veinlets. Rare gabbro and hornblendite layers may represent igneousdifferentiates.Tonalitic rocks are foliated to
gneissic,locally xenolithic, consistof Bt-Pl-QztHbiGt
assemblages,
and contain paragneiss,mafic gneiss,and
ultramafic (hornblendite or Gt-Opx-Hb rock) inclusions.
Late hornblende-biotite tonalite dikes up to 50 cm thick
transectgneissiclayeringin mafic and tonalitic gneiss.In
20-cmwide zonesadjacentto thesedikes, garnet,pyroxene-bearingassemblagesare replaced by hornblende
-fbiotite assemblages.The Shawmereanorthositecom-
'Mineral abbreviationslisted in Table l.
plex (Fig. 2) comprisesa main northern body, -50 x 15

km, and a southern lens, -15 x 4 km. The southern
intrusion is homogeneousgabbroic anorthositewhereas
the larger body contains anorthosite through gabbro units
as well as some ultramafic rocks. The northern body is
crudely zoned, consisting of a thin marginal unit of
migmatitic amphibolite, a layered anorthosite-gabbro
unit and a core ofplagioclase-megacrysticgabbroic anorthosite (Riccio, 1981). A thin unit of foliated tonalite
within the complex yielded a minimum U/Pb zircon date
of 2765Ma (Percivaland Krogh, 1983)which providesa
minimum age for the paragneiss-maficgneiss country
rock.
The western boundary of the Kapuskasing Zone is
defined by the change in structural style and orientation
from domal in the Wawa subprovince to northeasterly
in this
belts to the east (Fig. 2). Rare metaconglomerate
boundary area has tonalitic cobbles with a U/Pb zircon
date of 2664!6 Ma and a K-Ar hornblende date of
2594-rl5l Ma (Percival et al., l98l).
The Wawa subprovince in the western part of the area
(Fig. 2) is a tonalite to granodiorite gneissterrane intruded by massive to foliated granite, quartz monzonite and
tonaliteplutons.The gneissescontain0-25Voamphibolitic enclavesas well as rare easterly-trendingparagneiss
units. Gneissosity is steep to subhorizontal, forming
severaldomal structures,somewith plutonic cores (Percival, 1981a).The Robson Lake dome, adjacentto the
KapuskasingStructuralZone (Fig. 2), has a core of mafic
gneiss.Tonaliteand granodioritegneissyield U/Pb zircon
Ma respectively (Percival
dates of >2707 and 2677 +-\;ss
and Krogh, 1983).
The age of metamorphism in the Abitibi and Wawa
subprovincesis constrainedby zircon dateson deformed,
metamorphosedvolcanicsof 2749-2696Ma(Tureket al.,
1982;Nunes and Pyke, 1980)and on post-metamorphic
plutonsof 2685-2668Ma (Krogh and Turek, 1982;Krogh
et al., 1982\.Concordant U-Pb zircon dates of 2650and
2627Ma from high-graderocks of the Kapuskasing Zone
indicateeither a discreteyounger metamorphicevent or
sustainedmetamorphiceffectsof the pre-2685Ma event
(Percivaland Krogh, 1983).
Metamorphic zones
Mineral assemblagesin each lithologic unit are listed in
Table I and plotted in Figure 3. Assemblagedata in the
Abitibi subprovince in this area are not sufficient for
delineation of isograds. Chlorite-white mica-albitequartz assemblages characterize metasediments and
epidote-chlorite-albite-quartz-carbonateI white micat
hornblende assemblagesare common in mafic rocks
(Thurston et al., 1977).Hornblende-plagioclasetgarnet
assemblagesoccur in proximity to granitic plutons and
locally near the Kapuskasing Zone.
Two high-grade metamorphic zones are recognized in
the KapuskasingStructuralZone and Wawa subprovince.
PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM,
Proterozoic
^'::'l,H$ t'il':
"''
J,',i:::#"i""."'i#'
"""1ff "Tlll"i'
Archean
hTl
lA+91
)
)
lonalile-granodiorite gneiss; xenoliihic
melavolcanic rocks, mainly metabasalt
li=:'--:l metasedimentary rocks (include6 melaconglomerate

l :' 1 9 . : : : l cobbles with a U-Pb zircon date of 2664i12 Ma)
tlaser diorite to matic tonalite - includes mrnor gabbro,
@
@
Shawmere anorthosite complex: hetamorphosed gabbroic anorthosite

anorthosite, gabbro, minor tonalile
malic gneiss: high Ca,Al basaltic composilion, with tonalitic leucosome
paragneiss-
fault;
lvanhoe
quartz-rich
Lake
composilion,
calacleslic
with
up to
Ma sequence
2749-2696
Ma sequence
i'
hornblendite, granodiorite
r-:-:-l
2707-266A
wilh tonalite
1'l0O Ma intrusions
diorite-monzonile intrusive complex; minor hornblendile, granite
folialed to flaser tonalile
'
669
magsive granite, gaanodiorite, wilh minor tonalite
r^-;l
l-,,1
I Ao
Li-ji:J
ONTARIO
15% tonalitrc
ote-2765
Ma seouence
leucosome
zone
Fig. 2. Generalizedgeologicalmap ofthe Chapleau-Foleyetarea (modified after Percival (1981b)).Geologicalboundary between

the KapuskasingZone and Wawa subprovinceis gradationalin this area. Approximate boundary is ChapleauRiver south to Robson
Lake dome, then NemegosendaRiver south to Lackner Lake complex.
The Gt-Cpx-Pl zone, with diagnostic assemblagesin

mafic gneiss, extends from the Ivanhoe Lake cataclastic
zonein the east,westwardinto the Wawa subprovince.In
addition to the diagnostic minerals, mafic rocks contain
brown hornblende, quartz, ilmenite and/or sphene, rare

scapolite and ubiquitous tonalitic leucosome veinlets
comprising variable proportions of guartz and plagioclase
with minor hornblende, garnet or clinopyroxene. Para-
670
PERCIVAL: HIGH.GRADE METAMORPHISM,
ONTARIO
Table 1. Mineral assemblagesand densitiesof rocks in KapuskasingStructural Zone and eastern Wawa subprovince
RockType
S.G.
Malic gneiss
3.10
Ol
Sp
Ct
tx
t
!x
Sl
St
Sa
Opx
Cpx
Hb
Oa
Bt
x
xxx
xxx
xx
Sc
xxx
xx
xx
x
xx
xx
xx
x
Pt
Sn Cc Cu
xt
x
x
x
x
x
Paragneiss
(2.77)
2.76
2.t1
x
x
x
x
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
x
x
x
xx
xx
xx
x
x
x
xx
x
xx
x
Dioritic
gneFs
(2.r0)
x
x
Anorthositesuite rocks
(?.t2)
x
xx
xx
x
xx
x
x
xx
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Minerof abbrsvidttorls..
Oli ollvine;
ct: garnet,
S'h sillimonlte;
St.. Etourotits;
S.' sphene;
So.'gopphirtne;
Opt: orthopyrore ei
Cpr.. clinqp)Dorgne;
ItD: hornDtgnde;
Od.. ort-hoamphlDole;
M: muacovite;
Bt: biotttet
Pl.. plqgioclose;
q^rdlrtz,
K: K-feld$or;
It ilmenitel
Sc.. sc@olite;
Q:
$t.' spinel; Cc: colcitei Cu: cxrmmigtontte;
S.G.i specific grovity (Vocketed
rumbe| rcfer to avenge
t desigmotion tndlcotes thot smdll quqntities
wfuos);
of the mtneral are vesent d9 dn oddtttondl
phose ln some dsEemDlqges.
gneissfrom this zone generally has Gt-Bt-pl-ez assemblages with tonalitic leucosome consisting of quartz and
plagioclase (Anzz_:s)with minor biotite. Only one sillimanite occurenceis known. Coarse muscovite is present
in two localities near the margins of the Kapuskasing
Zone, and one occurrence of staurolite-muscovite was
noted (Fig. 3).
The orthopyroxene zone is representedby four areas
with orthopyroxene-bearing rocks, surrounded by the
Gt-Cpx-Pl zone. Isolated orthopyroxene localities and
occurrencesin anorthositic rocks, which may be igneous
in origin, do not constitute orthopyroxene zones on
Figure 3. In the orthopyroxene zone, small quantities of
ryperstheneoccur, dominantlyin paragneiss,but also in
mafic and dioritic rocks. This implies that orthopyroxene
forms in all rock types at similar grade, in contrast to the
Adirondacks, where orthopyroxene forms in mafic rocks
at lower grade than in felsic compositions (Buddington,
1963). In paragneiss, orthopyroxene, garnet and minor
bleb antiperthite are locally present in leucosomes and
orthopyroxene-K-feldspar-biotite occurs in melanosomes.Garnet, clinopyroxeneand hornblendein specimen MG-20 are overgrown by fine symplectite of orthopyroxene-plagioclase,similar to the texture depicted by
Horrocks (1980).This specimencontains three discrete
plagioclasecompositions: intergrowths of An35and An5s
occur in the matrix and Anssis presentin symplectite.
Characteristic assemblagesin lower-grade mafic rocks

of the Wawa subprovinceand KapuskasingZone are HbPl-QzlSp+1t and Hb-Cpx-Pl-Qz; the approximate distribution of each assemblageis indicated in Figure 3.
Felsic gneiss is made up of assemblages of Bt-PlQz-tHbtKsp. One occurrenceeach of Gt-Opx-Bt and
Opx-Cpx-Pl are known from paragneiss.Assemblagesof
Gt-Cpx-Hb-Pl-Qz are common in the Robson Lake
dome.
The transition from the Cpx-Hb-Pl zone, characteristic
of the easternWawa subprovince, to the Gt-Cpx-Pl zone
is not sharp. Where mafic gneiss with Gt-Cpx-Hb-Pl
assemblagesoccurs as enclavesin gneiss, the xenolith
margins have hornblende-plagioclase assemblages.
Therefore, what may have been a prograde sequencehas
apparently been subsequentlyretrogradedby felsic intrusions or retrogressingsolutions.
With the exception of some orthopyroxene-bearing
rocks with chlorite veinlets and cataclastic rocks altered
to chlorite-epidote, the minerals in most specimensare
fresh and are therefore suitable for chemical studv.
Mineral chemistry
All mineral analyseswere carried out on an ARL model
AMX microprobe equipped with an energy dispersive
detectorset up and supervisedby P. L. Roederand M. I.
Corlett at Queen's University. Operating conditions were
67r
ONTARIO
[K-'*--..1r,*
--^dfW
'1^ "INDEX MrNERo")r^
"tNoex
NtnEnlu'
rsoGRADs l
(t..th gointup-grodc);
-i
nr
:J
" ""{\rtFr;ib"
/' i::.:"'::i:;1,"",""":
/^
Orthopyroxeno
[-
LJb{-'
+&'6!'
.i
93
?
a ++T +
+ + + T ++
+T T a
+ l+T
+ +T ?
+ +4 T T
+T + + T
+T + +
+ +T T
++
T
f
go
#.iii+i(lr
+++++++++++"
++++++++++++l
++tt++:f ++++++,
LEGEND
SYMBOLS
Allolic rock-co.bffotil!
compl.x
Gronilic roctr
Anorlhorltic rocks
Er1gn
llilJ Rotrogrcdc a?..n!chirt

trZ
lly'
tocr.r
Untubdivld.d gr..nrchillomphibolitc lcci..

ruprcrurlol rockr
ASSEMBLAGES
MAFIC(BASALTIC)GNEISS
DIORITICROCKS
tr Hb- Pl
tr Gr-Hb-Pl
l-1 Cpx-Hb-Pl r ton
E Gt -Cax-Hb-Pl-Qz
Z Gl -Cpx -Hb-Pl -Qz - ton
I G t - O p x - C p x - H b - P l- Q z - l o n
Q
O
O
O
C
O
PARAGNEISS
8f -Pl -QztHb (.stourotite,O)

G t - B t - P l - Q zt H b
Opx-Bt-Pl -Qz
Gf-Bf-Pl-Oz-fon!Hb
Gf -OptsBt-Pl -Qz-fon(+Ksp,O)
OprCprBt-Pl -Qz-ton
A
A
A
A
Hb-Bt-PI -QZ
Hb-Bl -Pl -Qz -ton
C p x - H b - B t- P l - Q z - f o n
OprCpx-Hb-Bt-Pl -Qz-ton
tr Gt-Hb-Pt
tr Hb-PllQz
ULTRAMAFIC
ROCKS
0 opr-Gpx-Hb
Gpt,+)
Fig. 3. Metamorphic mineral assemblagesand index mineral isograds for part of the Chapleau-Foleyet area. Mineral
abbreviations:Gt: garnet; Opx: orthopyroxene; Cpx: clinopyroxene; Hb: hornblende; Bt: biotite; Pl: plagioclase;Ksp:K-feldspar;
Qz; quartz; ton: tonalitic segregations.
15 kV, 0.5 pA. Countingtimes of 120secondswere used

and data processedby an on-line minicomputer set up to
apply Bence-Albee (1968) corrections and calculate
weight per cent of oxides.
Betweenthree and six spot analyseswere made of each
mineral in a probe section. Early detailed work showed
that the average of three analyses is not significantly
different from the averageof six and therefore most of the
results are averagesof three analysesper mineral. Most
minerals are homogeneous,with some chemical zonation
within -5 pm of the rim. Where rim composition is

distinctly different from the interior analyses, it was
excluded from the average.
Ten element analyses were recast into structural formulae according to the method of Deer et al. (1966).An
estimate of Fe3+ content of garnet and pyroxene was
made by assuming electroneutrality and adjusting Fe2+/
Fe3* accordingly. Maximum and minimum Fe3+contents
of hornblende were calculated by a method analogousto
that of Stout (1972)and then averaged.
672
PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM.
Mineral compositions from 25 paragneiss specimens

are given in Appendix 12and some compositional parameters are listed in Table 2. Garnet in paragneissvaries in
Mg/(Mg+Fe2*) from 0.15 to 0.35. Grossularcomponent
constitutes3-18 molVoand spessartinel.l-11.7 mol%o.
Combined grossular-spessartineis generally 8-15 molVo
with a few values as high as 25% (TabIe 2). Garnets are
commonly zoned near the rim and the general pattern is
toward increasingalmandine (O-8 mol%o)and spessartine
(0-4 mol%) and decreasingpyrope (0-7 mol%) and grossular (0-3 molVo) conponents. The cores of grains are
commonly homogeneousand the near-rim zonation may
be a surface retrograde etrect (c/. Lasaga et al., 1977).
Orthopyroxene in paragneiss has a range of Mg/
(Mg+Fe2+) of 0.44-0.62 and Al2O3 constitutes0.9-3.5
wt.Vo. Biotite is characterized by Mg/(MB+Fe) = 9.350.68 and contains up to 4 wt.VoTiOz. Plagioclaseis in the
range An2a-35with one exception of An66. Analyses of
coexisting garnet, orthopyroxene, biotite, K-feldspar and
plagioclasefrom specimenPG-21 are presented in Table
3.
Mineral analyses from 34 mafic gneiss specimensare
given in Appendix l, and compositional parameters are
listed in Table 4. Two of the specimensin the MG-series,
MG-l and MG-2, are skarns,but are includedbecauseof
their grossular-rich garnet-clinopyroxene assemblages.
Garnet in mafic gneissis in the Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) : 0.130.43 range and grossular component constitutes 18-34
mol%o.Spessartine is less than 5 molVo and andradite
componentis lessthan 5 molVo,an exceptionbeingMG-2,
with 20 molVoandradite.Garnets generally have homogeneous interiors but are weakly zoned immediately adjacent to the rim. Spessartineand grossular contents vary
only slightly whereas almandine increases (O-5 molVo)
and pyrope decreases(0-4 molVo)within 5-10 p,m of the
grain boundary. Clinopyroxene is salite, with Mg/
(Mg+Fe2+) values of 0.45-0.80. Jadeiteand Ca-tschermakite components are in the 0-2.2 and 0--7.8 molVo
rangesrespectively. Amphiboles are common hornblende
except for some secondary actinolite. Amphibole which
appearsto be part of the equilibrium assemblageis brown
and richer in Al2O3(10-12wt.%o)andTiOz(0.4-2.2wt.%)
than green amphibole ofapparent retrograde origin (8-10
wt.Vo Al2O3; 0.03-0.56 wt.% TiO). An exception is
secondarysodic amphibolefrom MG-30, with 4.15 wt.Vo
TiO2. Plagioclaseis andesine to labradorite (An3FAn65)
and shows weak normal zoning. Two coexisting plagioclasesin MG-20 (Anrs, Anso)appear to be related by the
B/ggild miscibility gap (Ribbe, 1975).Ilmenite contains
less than 0.5 wt.%oMgO. Scapolitehas been noted in a
ONTARIO
few specimens, in one to the exclusion of plagioclase.

Orthopyroxene is present in only two mafic gneiss specimens (MG-20,22), and contains up to 4.7 wt.Vo AI2O3.
Analyses of coexisting garnet, clinopyroxene,orthopyroxene and hornblende in specimenMG-20 are presented
in Table 5.
Mineral analyses of dioritic, ultramafic and anorthosite-suite rocks are included in Appendix I and parameters listed in Table 6. Analyses of coexisting orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, hornblende, biotite and plagioclase
from a dioritic rock (OG-6) are presented in Table 7.
Graphical representation of assemblages
Minerals in mafic gneiss can be approximately represented in the system SiO2-Al2O3-FeO-MgO-CaONa2O-H2O, by ignoring the minor amounts of Fe2O3
calculated for the mafic phases. At fixed pressure, temperature &nd asrg and in the presence of quartz and
plagioclaseof constant composition, phase relations can
be shown in terms of three components:
A=Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O)
F:FeO
M=MgO
Mineral compositions can thus be plotted on a diagram
using A/F+M and M/F+M coordinates(Stout, 1972).
Projections of coexisting hornblende, clinopyroxene,
orthopyroxene 4nd garnet define a crossing tieline (Fig.
4). Consequently,the four minerals are stablealong a line
in a P-T diagram if ayr6 : t(P,T); at lower temperature,
hornblende and garnet are stable and at higher temperature, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are stable (Fig.
4). If water activity varies independently of P,T, a decrease in asrs 4t constant temperature would favor the
orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene assemblage.
The assemblagegarnet-clinopyroxene-hornblende is
stableover a P-T range,representedby a shifting triangle
on Figure 4. The garnet-clinopyroxene zone is reached
when the bulk composition of the rock falls into the
garnet-clinopyroxene-hornblendefield. The orthopyroxene zone is reached when the path of metamorphism
intersectsthe reaction
garnet + hornblende -
orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene
(l)
The path of metamorphismextends only slightly beyond

this reaction becausethe incompatibility of garnet-hornblendeis never fully established.
Pressures and temperatures of migmatite formation
2 Analyses listed in appendices may

be obtained from the
writer or order Document AM-83-228 from the BusinessOffice,
Mineralogical Society of America, 2000Florida Avenue, N.W.,
Washington,D. C. 20009.Pleaseremit $1.00in advancefor the
microfiche.
Tonalitic veinlets, consistingof plagioclase(Anzz-rs),

quartz and minor biotite, orthopyroxene, garnet, clinopyroxene or hornblende, occur in mafic rocks and in
paragneissas concordant layers and discretepods. Several modes of origin are possible: l) crystallization from
673
ONTARIO
Table 2. Paragneissmineral composition and equilibria data
xil;
x:'
LA
x:.'
-# x?P{
-'"';-g'.-""J:
-.c
MctamorphicB
AsmblageA
^.D
^t2v1
*3:-t
r("c)K
M
P(kbar)L ."rO
Comments
Zone
PGI
GtHbBtPIQI
0.147
0,167
0.059
0.4t5
PG2
GtBtPIKQ
0.150
0.l5t
0.0Et
o.)52
O,2tt4 O.tl5
0.3t4 0.114
7t0
(7.0)
160
(7.0)
Antiperthite
Present
tN = leo.c
PG3
GtHbBtPIQI
0. I5l
0. l6t
0.079
0.4)6
0,229
0.661
615
(7.0)
PG4
GtBtPIQ
0.156
0.096
0.083
0.402
0.274
0.4E1
( 7 . 0)
PG'
GtBtPIQI
0.t56
0.010
0.097
0.507
0,180
0.219
76'
jgo
PG6
CtBtPtQr
0.163
0.12)
o,tt7
0.527
CtHbBtPIQI
0.l7t
0.148
0.105
0.rrrl
tro
600
(7.0)
PG7
0.175 0.1{l
0.lE4 0,310
PGt
GtBtPIKQ
0. t87
0, lto
0.056
0.546
0 . 1 9I
0.108
610
(7.0)
PG9
GtBtMPIQI
0. lE9
0,042
o.o,t
0,5r4
0.221
0.273
670
PCl0
oPxcPxBtPlKQl
azoQ
(7.0)
(7.0)
PGll
GtHbBtPIQI
0 .1 9 6
0.188
0,otE
0.2)4
0.400
690
( 7 . 0)
PG12
GtBtPlQ
0.t97
0.074
0.077
0.511
0 ,{ r 9 l
7)0
(7.0)
PGll
CtOpxBtPlQt
0.198
0.0r9
0.062
0,521
0,225
0,312
675
0.065
0.043
0.571
0.202
0.29E
6t0
9.9
(7.0)
725
(7.0)
5t0
6,5
0.022
0.452
0,450
0.254 0.lll
0.02E
0,46)
(7,0,
Creenbiotite
(7 .o',
tP . .:ot"c
o. lt5
tP = ,rt;'c
0,067
PT . 4.2 kbar
0.094
tN = la:"c;
PT = 6.4 kbar
PGt4
GtBrPlQl
0.212
PGIS
CtHbBtPIQI
o.zt)
0.t53
0,0r0
0.517
0.25J
O.tr5
PG16
GtOPxHbBtPlQl
0.2t4
0.166
O,O)7
0.5tr4
0.228
0.349
PGIT
GtBtPIQ
o.2rt
0.092
0.0t2
0.20t
0.144
645
( 7 . 0)
PG tE
Ct Cpx Bt Pl Q
0.252
0.177
0.025
0.607
0.2IE
0.364
660
(7 .O')
PG19
GtBtPIQI
0.256
0.066
0.026
0.594
0.2t5
0.)02
69j
(7.0)
PG20
CtOPxBtPlQr
t
4
0.269
0,6J7
0.225 0.1r6
0.0E1
0.565
675
0.168
PT = ll.l t o".
GtOpxBtPlKQ
0.)04
0. u0
0.150
0.017
PG2l
0.014
0,638
0.247
0.100
0.065
0.39t
715
l. I
0.115
Opx altered;
PT = E.5kbar;
PG22
Gt OPx Bt Pl Q I
0.331
0,077
0.016
0.677
0.2)6
0.291
0.039
0.)t2
695
O.o]l
PG23
Gt Bt Pl Q I
o.)2i
o. lo4
0,019
0.666
0.ztE
0.265
700
9.9
(7.0)
PG24
GtSlPlQBt
0.J46
0.040
0 , 0 1t
0.614
0.306
0.2E2
t2i
(e.zR
PG25
Gr Br Pl Q I
0.150
0.077
0.025
0.641
0.302
0,30r
8r,
(7.0)
A : Minerql qbbrevidtioro os in Toble I

B: Metomor{tic zqes: 7: Hb-PLt 2: Cpr-Hb-Pl;
3: Ct-Cpr-Pl;
0.031
0.470
15 = r:o.c
1P = xo'c
PT= E.l kbar
4; Opr
rf,'n = ,rnrrn + Fd gornet

D:
x!!o = rcorco + Fe + Mn+ Mg)gornet
E:
,f,'n= rrrro
+ Fe+ Mn+ Mg)gornet
*ffn =, tnt*n + Fe)biotite

-(Mg,/Fe);;
wct-Bt
^DFeMg-(Mg/Fe)"'
+ No + I()ptqgioclqse
H:
X\=1gs1gs
Xo,lx^ = (AI/AI
Atrua
t:
xlf
l(P"/r".
+ Fe + Mg) qthowrqeê
Mg)orthowrcxene
Kr
L;
a dbiotite (Ferry s\d Speor' 1978)

bdsed d Fe'Mg erchorge betveengornet
(Wood, 1974). bockete.l
rdlues ore oswded
bosgd on solubility of Al2O3 tn qthoryrFene
M:
N.'
P:
Q:
R;
S.'
l:
bosd on equillbrtum (14)

coliDrotion ( Bts,lop, 1980)
athopyrcrene-ilmenite
(Sa@mer, 1975)
pl@i@lose{lkoli
feldspdr colibrqtio
( Povell, 1978)
collbrotiq
othopyrorene-clinrytroreê
gqrngt-gillim@ite-plogi@lds-quort
z c alibrotion ( Che nt et ol'
(Ellis
gdmet{lircpyroren
ond Gren, 1979)
colibrotion
ond Newton, 198.1)
Dosed on equilibdum(11)(Perkiro
I 97 I )
injected melt; 2) metamorphic differentiation; or 3) crystallization from in situ anatectic melt. The injected melt
hypothesis is improbable becausethe pods and veinlets
are generally isolated. In addition, the mafic mineral
content of the veinlets is the same as that in the host.
Both characteristics suggestlocal derivation. Metamorphic segregationwas invoked by Amit and Eyal (1976)to
explain quartz-plagioclase leucosome in the Wadi Magrish migmatites. This process is probable at sub-solidus
temperatures (-630"C; Amit and Eyal, 1976), but is a
more tenuous hypothesis for the present suite of rocks
where indicated temperatures are much higher (see
Geothermometry). Above 690'C at 5 kbar, in the presence of an aqueous fluid, which would be required to
674

Table 3. Microprobe analysesof minerals in pG-21
si02
3E.4E
Ti02
0.04
0.011
Alô-
21.42
2.64
48.3E
37.56
64,08
50.98
0.63
0.05
t6.25
t9.47
25.97
C.203
0.01
0.00
0.04
0.0
0.06
FeO+
28.94
24.34
15.23
0.l5
0.0
MnO
0,76
0.l8
0.06
Mgo
8.01
t7.71
15.05
2.89
0.51
0 .l 0
Na2O
o.o2
0.89
0.57
Kzo
0.0J
0 .t 5
Total
100.64
94,34
97.90
o.t2
0.02
0.'
0.52
0.04
6,20
0,86
7.90
14.91
o.t7
100.67
t00.91
ONTARIO
phase is considered to have coexisted with the solid

phases at peak metamorphic conditions. By using the
equilibrium relationship ag,e in melt : aH,q in vapor and
assuming ideal mixing in ihe vapor and partitioning of
H2O into the melt (Kilinc, 1979), one can calculate the
shift ofdehydration reaction curve (2) causedby equilibrium with undersaturatedmelt of quartz diorite composition (c/. Egg)er, 1972):
4Ca2Mg5Sfu
O zz(OH)z+ 3CaAl2Si2Og
in hornblende
in plagioclase
* ll CaMgSi2O6+ 7SiO2+ 4H2O
- 3Mg3Al2SirOrz
in garnet
(2)
qtrartz
in clinopyroxene
At any P,T, one can obtain:
5i
2.952
l.9lE
2,728
Aliv
0.00
0.0E2
0.272
Alvi
t.936
0.041
|' ll9
Ti
0.002
0.00t
|.728
t0,649
4,205
5,J45
0.2tl
0.0E5
0.005
0.0
0.008
0.001
0.00
0.002
0.049
0.1t5
0.00
-Gt
-Cox
AG": -RThlll-op__jxA-A%(pai.i"^' a'^"
l)
(3)
Values of Ad and Ays were obtained from Helgeson er

al. (1978)and Haselton and Westrum (1980).The activity
1.807
0.692
0.925
0.02i
0,0
of Mg-componentsin minerals from four rocks spanning
Mn
0.049
0.006
0.004
0 . 0 r7
0.003
Mg
0,9.LE
1.045
t.629
the range of compositional variation Gfi! = 0.09-0.33)
0.138
0.133
0.2)7
0.022
0.008
0.008
l.160
have been estimatedfrom microprobe analysesand ideal
Na
0.003
0.058
0.080
0.304
2.673
ionic solution models. For the purpose of this calculation,
0.005
0.008
0.845
6.96J
0.0)7
e2.n= Xe,. By calculating the position of the curve for
(o)
(t2l
(5)
(lr)
(32,
(i2)
various values of asrq, one c?n estimate the P-f stability
field of garnet-clinopyroxene-hornblendeassemblagesin
l: gqnet; 2: qtfanrcxene;3:
biotite; 4: K-f eldspsi 5: plqgioclose
' fotol iron qs Feo;
the presence of tonalite melt (Fig. 5). The calculations
Fe3+ by stoichiomety
Specimen olg contqiro qucrtz ond secondty
chltite
were performed by an APL computer program written by
D. M. Carmichaelof Queen'sUniversity. Although there
are large uncertainties in the position of the dehydration
transport the quartz and plagioclasecomponentsinto the curve, resulting from uncertainties in AG' values, the
calculated curve has a similar shape and position to
metamorphic segregation, quartz-plagioclase-H2O
experimentally-determinedamphibole-breakdowncurves
should form a melt phase (yoder, 1967). The modal
for similar compositions, reported by Allen et al. (1975).
composition of tonalite veinlets in the Kapuskasing migThe vapor-absent melting reaction within the divariant
matites (Anzz-rs60-65%), quartz (35-507o))is consistent
field is:
with melt compositions in the 700-800"C range (yoder,
1967).Crystallization from in sirn trondhjemitic melt was hornblende + plagioclase= garnet
similarly invoked by Ashworth (1976) to explain the
-r-clinopyroxene * tonalite
(4)
absence of K-feldspar in leucosome of biotite-quartzplagioclasemigmatites.
Two intersections between dehydration and waterExperimental anatexis of biotite-quartz-plagioclase undersaturated melting curves occur for water activity
rocks produces a granite minimum-melt composition valuesin the range0.4-1.0; the minimum value occurs at
(Brown and Fyfe, 1970; Winkler, 1979).The source of about 3 kbar and water activity increasesto 1.0 at
0.5 and
KAlSi3Oscomponentmust be biotite (with quartz), imply- at 15 kbar. As temperature increasesbeyond the curve,
ing biotite instability at temperaturesless than 700"Cand the proportion of products increases and water activity
the presenceof other reaction products, such as amphi- decreases.The overall negative slope ofthe vapor-absent
bole or orthopyroxene. This is in disagreementwith the hornblende melting curve is a function of the shapesof
refractory nature of biotite in biotite-quartz-plagioclase granitic solidii (concave toward high P,T) and amphibole
(Clemensand Wall, l98l).
assemblages
dehydration curves (concave toward low P). These
In quartz-bearing mafic rocks, anatectic melts are curves intersect at two P,I points where ag,e is I by
tonalitic in the range 690-900"C at pH,o : 5 kbar definition. The vapor-absent melting curve joining these
(Holloway and Burnham, 1972:Helz, 1976j.The compo- two points has a negativeslope, which is in contrast to the
sition and proportion of plagioclase in tonalite veinlets experimentalvapor-absentmelting curves for hornblende
from Kapuskasing mafic gneiss is consistent with an in acid and intermediatecompositions of Brown and Fyfe
origin by crystallization from melt and therefore, a melt (1970),which show strong positive dPldT slopes. The
re
-2+
re
675
ONTARIO
Table 4. Mafic gneissmineral composition and equilibria data

A*mblagcA
camctc
MetamorphicB
Zqe
*tt
XF"
tou, *3.r.
comments
*lt;
.4tO
6 .r
.06l
.519
755
6.5
.567
.061
.q9t
&0
7.)
t.ttz
Fine sympldtite
.031
,26t
.oro
.17t
7r5
6.7
0.t47
TL . l0O"C
.ztt
.022
.700
.050
.5t7
.555
.549
,260
,2Et
.t04
.Ot9
.045
.013
.576
.604
.6t,
.0t2
.O55
.0)l
.r00
.592
.775
745
765
740
7.t
6.6
6.0
. I lt
.124
,561
.5t2
.276
.254
.2t0
.0{6
.041
.019
.622
.603
.64t
.077
.037
.075
.,tt
.406
.503
765
7)5
775
6.5
6.4
6.t
o.t47
0.525
0 . t 5 t Actinolite prsent
5.5
0.45t TM = 5lJ'C
0,212
0.179
.t26
.570
.272
.031
.6t2
.O4tl
.52j
740
6.2
0.361
. l3l
.Lt7
.Lr6
.149
.t57
.'tl
.606
.59)
,602
.601
.260
,227
.24E
.225
.228
,029
.OJO
.02J
.024
.0ll
.6t0
.607
.645
.5)6
,692
.099
.037
.055
.052
.07E
.398
.)7 L
.314
,J10
.450
765
725
750
725
735
6.t
6,5
7,t
7. 0
6,2
.256
. lE2
.027
.056
.55t
.66t
.056
.005
.5)2
.160
755
655
6.7
t.9
.0554
0.014
0.256
0.215
0.207
o.714
0,645
0,294
.599
.0rl
. 5 7|
.141
,046
,607
,255
.L2t
,644
, I tq
.|2
.lt4
MG-4
Sp Gt Cpx Hb Bt
.100
MG-5
Sp Gt Cpx Cu Hb
MG-6
5p Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q
MG-,
a. ^l
705
89t
725
650
5p Gt Cpx Hb Q Sc I
ct cpx Q
XMn
.4E'
.209
.210
.tlo
5pCt Cpx Pl Q Cc
MG-2
Xc.
P(kurfl
.028
.l0l
.O52
.O24
.019
.o7t
MG-l
T('c)c
Clinopyrome
.0ll
.103
.o70
.Qt'
.04
.546
.449
.676
.626
.67f
.6tl
.127
.237
.092
.572
.ta4
.08E
.524
,10,
5karn
Skarn
prehnite prsnt
0 . 1 0 3 Amphibole coron4;
TJ = 630.c
PlQl
.06t9 tK = lto.c
PlQScl
- Opx?
IScCc
MG-7
Ct Cpx Hb Bt Pl Q
IMaCc
Gt E Cpx Hb Pl Q
MG-t
0 . 4 0 1 Catacl4tic
690
lCc
MC-9
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-10
5p Ct Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-ll
Sp Gt E Cpx Hb Pl Q
MG-12
Gt E Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-13
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG- lq
Sp Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q
MG-15
Sp Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q
IMa
Sclcc
MG-16
Gt cpx Hb Bt Pl Q I
MG-17
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-lE
Sp Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-19
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-20
Gt Opx Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-21
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MG-22
Gt Opx Cpx Hb Pl I
.r'
.164
.566
.r9E
MG-2t
Sp Gt Cpx Hb Bt PI
. t94
,504
,404
tM = eg:"c
Opr-Pl @r@s
eN . O;eQ = l.t Luu.
PN = 7.9 kb..;
tR = 285"c;
PQ = g.o *u"r
rJ = 7g9'g
QlCc
MG-24
.554
Sp Gt E Cpr Hb
.244
.686
.O74
.482
755
6.9
0.604
,100
.6E0
.057
.650
75'
7.2
0.722
PlQl
MG-25
Sp Gt Cpx Hb Bt
PlQl
MC-26
Ct E Cpt Hb Bt
.172
.5tt
.205
.0t5
.554
.030
.t75
725
6 .I
0 .l l 4
.t76
.195
.204
.199
.r9t
.606
.5)t
,106
,198
,t92
.2lt
.256
.02t
.0t6
.0)9
.039
,56t
.tf2
.421
,460
725
6.2
5.9
6.5
.797
.056
.07)
.054
,054
0 . 2 3 5 tM = oto.c
0.426
0.t05
0 . 4 7 5 Riebeckitc present
,225
,t)4
.565
.436
.t9)
.20t
,ol7
.ozt
.725
.802
.051
.0q9
.480
.52t
720
tlo
6.0
t.t
0 .I E 2
0.506
Cataclstic
PlQl
MG-27
Gt CPx Hb Pl Q I
MG-2t
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I
MC-29
Gt Cpx Hb Pl Q I Cc
MG-ro
Gt cpx Hb Bt Pl
. 7l t
. 75 7
715
715
f60
TJ -- 760"c
Ma Cc
MG-rl
Gt Cpx Hb Bt Pl Q I
MG-tZ
Gt Cpr Hb Pt Q I
B:
E:
Mirerdl dbbraidti@
d in fdble I; olso Mdi mq etitei
tonq: 3: Gt-Cpr-Pl; {: Opr
Metomtdrtc
(X) of component t = Ui + I + k + I
Mole fBcttm
= M,/MS + Fe in cliMPlrMne
X
Mg
erd-nembera
xcoTs = Al N - lril + I cl'nortyrqeê
E: epidote
g@tga + No + K in Ptqgi@t6e
F:
X\=
Cr
H.'
l:
J:
I(r
Li
Mj
N:
Q:
R;
bosd q F.-Mg poFtiti@irg Dstuen gdrnet dtd clinoplrdene (Ellir ond crce , 1979)
.198I)
bo$d e eqfrtllbrtum ( l0) ( Pelkht ord Nutd,
bqad q Equ{librtum (2)
DEst q Fe- Mg pdrtiti@irg
btpeen g@et @i btottte ( FeEy @d fie@, IC? E)
collDrotl4 (Goldlmith dd Neet4, 1976)
edpolitE?lqgi@los
ord LitldsLy, 1964)
ilmenfte-mognstfte
collDrqtl@ (Bddfut@
I0t0,
ilmnits{linoplfMene
couDrqtad(BMop,
(wod,
gorret-qthoryde@
calt}rattq
1974)
bosd d equtllDrtun (II) (PetktB ond Nutd, .196.1)
tuo p)roere cqliDrotlq (Poustl, I9l8)
676
Table 5. Microprobe analysesof minerals in MG-20.
38.01
5t.57
49.06
0.00
o.)4
0.03
20,99
2.92
4,75
0.22
o.2r
0.34
0.08
FeO*
28.06
ll .8r
3 L, 2 0
18.43
0.81
o,17
42.29
+ K-feldspar + H2O
12.98
Mno
0,70
0,00
Mgo
4.ll
1 t. 3 4
CaO
8.32
22.65
Na2O
0.27
0.74
K2o
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.69
Total
t00.67
t01.79
t0l,45
99.JI
ti.35
9.28
2,971
1.908
t.8E5
Ali v
0.00
0.092
0 .1 1 5
t.748
0.035
0.100
o.5t)
0.001
0,226
Alvi
0,00
0.009
Cr
-3+
re
0,014
0.008
0 . 0 10
0.009
0.0
0.087
0.042
0,2E8
re
|.835
0,278
0.960
t.990
Mn
0.otr0
0.003
0.026
0.02r
2,044
Mg
0.479
0.625
0,764
Ca
0,697
0.89E
0,057
I .807
Na
0,041
o.or3
0,039
0.559
0,00
(t2l
0.004
(6)
0.00
(6)
biotite + quafiz+ plagioclase
6,252
Ti
0.130
(23\
1: gvnet; 2: cltrcWroxene; 3: qttaryorqei

4: twnblqde
' ?otdl irm 6 Feo; Fe3+
W stotchtometry
Specima qls contaire quvtz ord plagioclose (A\B,SZ in rot
An88 in symplectite)
l*,
reason for the discrepancy between experiments and

calculationsmay be that tremolite with ideal ionic substitutions is an inadequatemodel for high-gradehornblende.
The stability contours for Reaction 4 intersect Reaction
5 and generate equivalent stability contours for the assemblage orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-garnet in the
orthopyroxene zone (Fig. 5):
orthopyroxene+ anorthite= garnet
I clinopyroxene * quartz
(6)
The downward shift in the position of the dehydration

curve as a result of coexistencewith water-undersaturated melt has been calculated for (6) with natural mineral
compositionsin the same manner as for (2). The locus of
intersection of equal aH,q for (6) and the tonalite solidus
yields a vapor-absentmelting curve along which the
generalizedreaction is:
il.41
si
first appearanceof orthopyroxene can be related to a

biotite-consumingreaction:
biotite + quartz = orthopyroxene
sio2
Tio2
Alza.^
Cr203
(o)
ONTARIO
(5)
The P-?position of ,ffit, : 0.09-0.33 stability contours

for Reaction 5 were estimated by first calculating the
Fe: Mg ratio of orthopyroxene which would be in equilibrium with garnet using an averageGt-Opx Fe-Mg distribution coefficient of 3.46 then calculating the p-T conditions defined by the assemblageaccording to Hansen
(1981).This provides a minimum pressureat specified
temperaturein the absenceof orthopyroxene. The intersection of stability contours for Reactions4 and 5 defines
the position of Reaction 1
Paragneissin the Gt-Cpx-Pl zone generally contains
Gt-Bt-Pl-Qz assemblagesand tonalitic leucosome. The
orthopyroxene + granodiorite
(7)
The initial melt composition in the leucosomesis

tonalitic but becomes granodioritic after K-feldspar is
produced by decomposition of biotite, in accord with the
observation of up to lUVo antiperthite in leucosome of
paragneiss.
orthopyroxene-bearing
The curve (Fig. 6) has a steeppositive dPldl slope and
assuming P of 6 kbar, orthopyroxene is stable above
770"C, in agreementwith the experiments of Wendlandt
(1981)and Clemensand Wall (1981).
The precedingdiscussionhas assumeda closedsystem
and equilibrium between melt and solids, however it is
difficult to explain the presenceof fresh orthopyroxene in
tonalite veinlets if the system remained closed until
crystallization. Reactions between water dissolved in the
melt and orthopyroxene should yield hydrous phases.
Hence water is considered to have been removed or
diluted during or prior to crystallization. Removal could
have been accomplishedby collection and upward migration of tonalitic liquids leaving a water-depletedresidue.
The origin of many Archean tonalites has been ascribed
to partial melting of mafic rocks containing garnet-clinopyroxene-quartz (Arth and Hansen, 1972) or garnet(Gower et a/.,
clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene-plagioclase
1982). Alternatively, dilution of the ambient fluid by
externally-derived C02-rich vapors (Weaver, 1980;
Friend, 1981;Janardhanet al., 1982)could inducecryStallization and prevent retrogression,in the manner outlined
by Wendlandt(1981).
Superimposedon Figure 6 is the vapor-phase absent
melting curve for mafic rocks. The two curves intersect
near 6 kbar, 775"Cfor natural compositions. This implies
that in regional metamorphic terranes characterized by
pressureabove this intersection, hornblende will start to
react to form garnet<linopyroxene-melt at temperatures
where paragneiss may be migmatitic but contains no
orhtopyroxene.In lower-pressureenvironments,biotite
will become unstable at lower grade than hornblende, or
hornblende may be involved in reactions producing orthopyroxene in mafic rocks (c/. Wells, 1979).
Minimum pressure-temperature conditions were de-
677

Table 6. Orthogneissmineral composition and equilibria data
A*mblaseA MetamorphicB-ftt
-3f
*floJu *io,.t
*fioJ" -f
r('cy' p(kbar)r
""ro
comments
Zile
Gt Sa Opx Hb oa
OG-l
0.56t
0.09
0.&
0.09E
0.t2
0. t0
0.82
0.03E
0.o72
0.9t1
(7501
5.3
0.94
5r0
(750,
Q.0')
7.0
Anorthosite-suite
Melabbro
Pl Sn
oG-2
opx Cpx Hb Bt Pl
OG-,
Gt Opx Hb Pl
0.592
0.92
0.01
Ultramafic
Anorthosite-suite
Melagabbro
0.3t2
OG-4
Gt Opx Hb
oG-5
opx Cpx Hb Bt
0.15
(7501
0.66
o,741
0.o55
0.044
0.t4
0.44
750
6.2
(7.0)
710
610
(7.o)
(7.0)
740
(7,0)
Ultramafic xenolith
0.1I
Ultramatic
0.06
Diorite
0.0,
Mt-richUltramafic;
PllCc
OG-6
Opx Cpx Hb Bt Pl Q
OG-7
Ol Opx Cpx Hb Sn
0.62
O.EE
0.022
0.0t7
0.77
0.t70
OG-E
Opx Cpx Hb Pl
0 . 7r
0.0)5
0.t20
tL = eoo.c
0 .t t
Anorthosite-suite
gabbro
A:
B:
Minerdl abbreviotioru os ln TaDle I

Metamqdrlc zqres: 2: CF-Hb-Pli 3; Ct-Cpr-Pl;
C:
xffC= USIwC + Fe2l gmet
D:
*3'o= t"ot"o + Mn + Mg + PsZ) gmet
Er
xW
= wetus,
F:
XT
= Utlt,
c:
xcff = ugtus
4: Opr
Fe2) rrlttwgyroxae
Ca + Fe2 + Mg) tttaDt/:oxene
+ Fe2) clircwoxqte
XPA=rcarco + No + K) ptagioclo.ee
bdsd on PoDetlfs(19?8)tvo-p}m'xne thermometer. -Focketed wlues @e o$med fo the
prserre collbrotlm
J: boseclon Woods(I 974) aLrmt'ru ttt0.ryot'1.e-g@"net b@ometeh hocketed wlues oe @md
ft the temDrutne cdllbmtlon
K; bosedofl equttlbrLrn (13)
the?mometer
L: bored on Roderet dl. (1979)oBv'u?-WLll
H:
fined in the previous section by solid-melt equilibria for

the Gt-Cpx-Pl zone and for the orthopyroxene zone.
Regional variation in apparent P-7 conditions is now
examined,basedon calibrated geothermometersand geobarometers applied to individual samples. (Tables 2, 4
and 6)
1979; Ganguly, 1979), the experimental calibration of

Ellis and Green (1979),which takes accountofthe effect
of calcium on Fe-Mg distribution, is well-suited for the
study of the Kapuskasing Zone mafic rocks whose garnets contain up to 34 molTogrossularite. Mineral compositions meet the compositional restrictions imposed in
both garnet-biotite and garnet-clinopyroxene calibraTemperature estimation methods
tions (Appendix l).
Figure 7 shows temperatureestimatesof the Ferry and
Geothermometersbasedon Fe-Mg exchangebetween
mineral pairs are sensitive to temperature variation and Spear calibration plotted against estimates by the three
only slightly pressure-dependent.Therefore, to evaluate most recent garnet-clinopyroxene calibrations for four
temperature-variation on a first approximation basis, a rocks from the Kapuskasing Zone that contain all three
value of 7 kbar was initially estimated for all specimens. minerals.Internal consistencyis best for these samples
This value cannotbe so preciselyestimatedbut is shown for the Ellis and Green and Ferry and Spearcalibrations'
Both are experimentally-derived equations and take acbelow to be a reasonableaveragefor the area.
The mineral pairs most suitablefor geothermometryby count ofpressureeffects.The agreementbetweenthe two
virtue of widespreaddistribution and unaltered character techniquesis in contrast to that reported for Adirondack
are garnet-biotite and garnet--clinopyroxene.The Ferry granulitesstudiedby Bohlen and Essene(1980).
Stoichiometric estimation of Fe3+in biotite from probe
and Spear (1978)experimental calibration of the garnet(e.9.,
datais not possiblebecausesite vacanciesin biotite leave
biotite thermometerhas gainedgeneralacceptance
Ghentel al., 1979;Feny, 1980).Similarly,of the recently the structural formula cationdeficient. However, wet
published garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometers (Ra- chemical analyses of biotite consistently indicate the
heim and Green, 1974;Ellis and Green, 1979;Saxena, presenceof Fe2O3.To assessthe partitioning of Fe3*
678

Table 7. Microprobe analysesof minerals in OG-6
sio2
52.28
5l .83
43.49
36.t3
Ti02
0.l5
0.24
2.O2
6.07
0.01
Alô-
0.98
t.99
10.92
t4,07
24.79
C.20?
0.04
0 .l 6
FeO*
24.53
4.79
MnO
0.86
0 .l 5
Mto
21.24
Cao
0.3E
2t,20
Na2O
0.38
0.73
K2o
0.00
0.08
100.51
94.74
Total
0.08
58.45
o.t2
0,10
15.15
0.L3
0.23
0.03
0.04
t2.09
13.54
0.00
t1.25
0.03
7. 0 5
0,00
6.75
9.79
0.26
1 4 .I
t.5l
97.28
95.6'
si
1.956
t.949
6.466
2,757
Aliv
0.004
0.007
t.534
o,241
Alyi
o.o4t
0.051
0.00
0.03E
0.226
0.)41
9 7. 6 2
!0.669
0.998
0.004
0.001
0.005
-rei +
0.009
0.006
0 . 0 13
0.03E
0.052
0.226
0.00
0.0
Fe2*
0.729
0,225
0.949
0.0t9
Mn
0,027
0.00J
0.029
0.001
0,005
Mg
l.184
0.758
2.679
1.510
0.00
0 . 0 15
0.8t4
|,791
0.002
r.379
0.002
0.053
0,452
0.00
2.Jt8
0.004
0.2E6
(231
Na
K
(o)
0,00
(6)
t5)
I: othoDyrcrae
i 2: clircnrctqe;
', Totol iM os FeO
Specimq ols cqtatrc quwtz
3: tlmblende;
4: btotite;
0.935
(11)
ed Fe2+ value is used to calculate Kp. Further justification for using total Fe rather than Fe2+ comes from
samplesMG-17 and MG-25, whose garnet and clinopyroxene contain no Fe3+ as calculated stoichiometrically.
Temperaturesof 725 and 755'C are in the same range as
values calculatedby ignoring Fe3* in other specimens
0able 4).
A calibration of the two-pyroxene thermometer, proposedby Powell (1978),yields results which are consistent with garnet-biotite and garnet-clinopyroxene temperatures for the Kapuskasing gneisses. The equations
formulated by Kretz (1982) give averaged values in the
same range but some pyroxene pairs yield temperatures
that are up to lfi)'C discordant. The Wood and Banno
(1973) and Wells (1977) calibrations consistently give
temperaturessome 2fi)-3fi)'C higher.
Additional results were obtained for rocks containing
mineral assemblageswithout widespreaddistribution (Tables 2, 4 and 6). In general, oxide, feldspar and ilmenitepyroxene thermometers yield temperatures some 200300'C lower than those estimatedby the Fe-Mg exchange
thermometers. No generalizationsregarding other thermometers are possible becauseof the limited number of
0.06
(32)
5., p!qgi@l@
ONTARIO
Regional temperature variation

Near-rim garnet analysesgenerally give results lower
by l0-20"C than analysesof the relatively homogeneous
interiors. The generalanalytical strategy was to check all
A. At2O3 -(C.O.
between coexisting garnet and biotite, wet chemical analysesfrom severalsourceswere used. Reinhardt's0968)
analysesindicate that on the average the Fe3+/(Fe2++
Fe3+)ratio in biotite is 2.4%olarger than that in coexisting
garnet. Lal and Moorhouse (1969) present data which
indicate that the Fe3+/(Fe2*+ Fe3+)ratio in biotite is
8.4%higherthan that ofcoexisting garnet,and Chinner's
(1960)data indicate a wide range, from 4 to 22%, with an
averageof 12.4%larger (Fe3+/(Fe2*+ Fe3*; in biotite
than garnet. The effect on geothermometricmeasurement
of assuming 8.4Vo more Fe3*/Fe,o,.1in biotite than in
garnet as calculated stoichiometrically, is negtigible (apparent change of -1"C using Ferry-Spear calibration).
Assuminga l27o average,the diference is only -2.C.
The agreementbetween the garnet-clinopyroxene and
garnet-biotite thermometers is best when all iron is
assumedto be Fez+ in garnet, biotite and clinopyroxene
for both thermometers (Fig. 7) and the calculations in
Tables 2,4 and 6 are basedon this procedure. Treating all
iron as Fe2* is actually an empirical correction used to
achieve consistency between geothermometers (Fig. 7)
and contrasts with the procedure of Raheim and Green
(1975),who used calculated Fe2+contents. The pvroxene
commonly has larger Fe3*/Fe,o."1
than coexistini gurn.t
and temperaturesup to 100"Clower result if the calculat-
xr
x.2O)
xgo
Ao.6bl$.
-qua.lr,
includ.
DlTlal.{
.H2O = l( P.r)
o
t
o
4
!
t
E
c)
oF
rcn.
Tcnpc,alu,e
Fig. 4. Phase relations of mineral assemblagescoexisting

with tonalitic melt in mafic rocks. Mineral compositions are
generalizedfrom Appendix I for a and c; plotted from Table 5 for
b. (a) garnet-+linopyroxene-hornblendecompositional triangles
shift to the right along M/M+F axis in response to rising
temperature; (b) garnet i hornblende react to produce
orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene with increasingtemperature(or
decreasing asr6 if P, asro are independent of 7); (c) stable
mineral assemblagesin the orthopyroxene zone.
679
ONTARIO
the areaas well as isolated occurrencesin the 800'C range

near the southeasternmargin of the Kapuskasing Zone.
Most of the Gt-Cpx-Pl zone is characterized by values
above 7(X)"C.Rocks which give apparent lower temperatures, in the 6fi)"C range, are in the southwest corner of
the area, where garnet-, biotite-bearingparagneissschlieren occur as inclusions in tonalitic gneiss.
A high paleotemperature zone is present near the
northern end of the Shenango complex (Fig. 2) and a
possibly similar relationship exists east of the NemegosendaLake complex. The origin of the apparent thermal
highs may relate to the late (1100Ma) intrusive bodies.
Samplesfrom the vicinity of the Nemegosendacomplex
may have been affectedby contact metamorphism,metasomatism,or crustal buckling or displacementadjacentto
the body. Any ofthese processescould alter the apparent
temperature of adjacent rocks, the first by readjusting
Fe-Mg ratios ofgarnet and clinopyroxene, the secondby
increasingCa content ofgarnet, and the third by displaco
.o
!
aa
a
o
o
o
A3
p
t
lt
v
ql
?r
?t
>ll
Temperature ('G)
Fig. 5. Vapor-phase-absent-melting
curve (diagonalruling)
corresponding
to thereactionHb + Pl = Gt + Cpx * tonalitefor
maficrocksof variableMg/(Mg+Fe)ratio. The curveis defined
by the locusof intersectionbetweendehydration(Reaction2;
dot-dashsymbol)and melting(Kilinc, 1979)curvesof equal
wateractivity.Positionof curvesfor reactionOpx + Pl -- Gt +
Cpx + Qz at variableXg'* are basedon Hansen(1981;p. 239)
Symbolsas for Fig. 3 exceptPy: pyrope;Tr: tremolite;Di:
diopside;An: anorthite.
9,
ol
Ol
,i.,
5
6
0
J
a
A
+
o
J
6
o
o
c
+\
p
a
ll.
grains for zoning but exclude near-rim analysesfrom the

average.
The results of the combined garnet-biotite, garnetclinopyroxene and two-pyroxene thermometers are plotted in Figure 8, which shows an overall temperaturerange
of 580-825'C. The extremes in this range are gametbiotite temperatures; garnet+linopyroxene results have a
narrower spread (655-815'C). Much of the area without
data points is underlain by diorite or tonalite orthogneiss
without relevant assemblages.
The apparent temperature distribution of Figure 8
indicates two zones above 800oCin the northern part of
-(
Temperaturc(oC)
Fig. 6. Vapor-phase-absent-meltingcurve for paragneiss.
Construction as for Fig. 5. Stippled area is VPAM curve for
mafic rocks. Note that the two VPAM curves intersect at 6-8
kbar, 775"Cfor natural compositions.
680
ONTARIO
are at variance with temperaturedata, it is likely that the

Fe-Mg ratios in minerals used in the thermometers have
equilibrated under different conditions than those at
which the assemblageswere stable. Alternatively, low
water fugacity may have stabilized orthopyroxene at
relatively low temperatures.However, at temperaturesas
F"roror
,"U,
EllbAGrG.n 1919 O
O
low as 650'C and with low water fugacity, the production
of partial melts would not be possible (Robertson and
Trxouj,ffir
trEl
Soxano l9?9
Wyllie, l97l). Becausemigmatite veinlets are ubiquitous
Gonguly 1979
II
in paragneissin this region, a low-temperature origin is
unlikely and retrograde Fe-Mg exchange seemsto be a
better explanation. Alternatively, biotite may have been
in solution in the liquid phase while rocks were at
600
temperatures above the solidus and crystallized upon
r,*3;-1101r",,,
se"o,
rsze'E
later cooling to -650'C. However, there is no textural
"
evidence that this process occurred.
Fig. 7. Comparisonof temperatureestimatesderivedfrom
Metagabbrosof the Shawmerecomplex locally consist
garnet-biotite
and variousgarnet-clinopyroxene
thermometers.
of
the assemblageOpx-Cpx-Hb-Pl (e.9., OG-S,Table 6).
The two thermometers
are consistentif the Ferry and Spear
Orthopyroxene
occurs as homogeneousgrains whereas
(1978)andEllis andGreen(1979)calibrationsareusedandKp is
clinopyroxene
has
two habits; large (up to 5 mm) grains
calculated using the total iron content rather than
have fine exsolution lamellae, and smaller matrix grains
stoichiometrically-determined
Fe2+.
are optically and chemically homogeneous.Lamellae in
the large grains are bent and offset, giving the complex
grains undulose extinction. Chemically, the host clinoing deeper, presumably once-hotter rocks, to higher
pyroxene crystal (Cao.azFeo
roMgo+r) is identical in comIevels. Sample MG-2 from east of the Nemegosenda
position to the matrix clinopyroxene. The exsolvedlamelcomplex has local skarn mineral assemblages,including
lae have the composition Ca61sFes.21Mgs
61SiO3.By
grossular, andradite-rich garnet and Fe-rich clinopyroxusing a defocussedmicroprobe beam technique, analyses
ene, possibly suggesting metasomatic effects. A rock
of the bulk composition of the clinopyroxene megacrysts
from south of the same body contains abundant biotite
were obtained. The bulk composition (Cao.+oFeo.
r rMgo.as)
and riebeckite, possibly indicating introduction of alkalies
is slightly poorer in calcium than matrix clinopyroxene.
during alkalic magmatic activity. Fenites are common
Bohlen and Essene (1978) interpreted pyroxenes with
adjacentto the Nemegosendacomplex (Parsons,196l).
However, the width of the thermal aureole is difrcult to
estimate.
Excluding the temperature highs possibly associated
PALEOTEMPERATURE
ESTIMATES
with the younger intrusions, some of the patterns can be
related to structural effects. For example, apparent temO GARNET-BIOTITE PAIB
peraturesof 705-755'C in the Robson Lake dome suggest
O GAANET CLINOPYFOX
ENE PAIR
2,SO
possible late tectonic upwarping of isotherms around the
" tgliRBI9FSt"Pt*r 6'5ao
dome. The role of doming in exposing supracrustalrocks
"^"
west of the Kapuskasing zone has been discussedpreviously (Percival, 1981a).
A comparison between the T-estimates(Fig. 8) and the
assemblagemap (Fig. 2) shows little similarity between
patterns. For example, the easterly-trendingorthopyroxene zone in the center of the KapuskasingZone of Figure
3 is on strike with an apparent thermal low in the 6007(X)'Crange. However, sample MG-22 yields discordant
garnet-clinopyroxene and two-pyroxene temperaturesof
655and 785"Crespectively. Orthopyroxene-bearingrocks
to the north are not associatedwith thermal highs. In the
Fig. 8. Paleotemperature map of part of the ChapleausoutheasternKapuskasing Zone, orthopyroxene-bearing
Foleyet area. Temperatures estimated by garnet-biotite (Ferry
rocks yield high apparent temperatures(>800"C) derived and Spear, 1978),garnet-clinopyroxene (Ellis
and Green, 1979)
by the two-pyroxene (Powell, 1978) and garnet-biotite and two-pyroxene (Powell, 1978)thermometry. Numbers to the
thermometers.
left of dash are sampleidentifiers; numbers to the right are in'C.
In the northern KapuskasingZone where assemblages circles: PG-series;squares:MG-series; triangles: OG-series.
ONTARIO
681
Geobarometersbased on (10) and (ll) have recently

been calibratedby Perkins and Newton (1981);results
from mafic gneissof the Kapuskasing Zone are presented
in Table 4. Wood (1977) applied Equilibrium (8) to
granulites as a geobarometer. Using a calibration of (8)
based on thermochemical data of Helgeson et al. (1978),
pressureestimatesare seento be controlled mainly by the
formulation of the CaAl2SiO6 activity model. Wood's
(1978)formulation leads to a cluster of values in the 4
kbar range whereas Wood's (1979)model producesresults averaging -15 kbar. Equilibria (9) and (12) are
subject to the same uncertaintY.
Wood's (1974)calibrationof (12)gives additionalpressure estimatesfor garnet, orthopyroxene-bearingassemblages. Pressure was estimated for a Gt-Sl-Pl-Bt-Qz
accordingto Ghent's (1976)calibration.
assemblage
The accuracy of the various geobarometersis limited
Pressure estimation methods
by the uncertainty in probe analyses, greatest where
Pressureestimates are dependenton the temperatures accurateanalysesof small quantities of alumina in pyroxderived in the previous section. Severalpressure-sensi- ene are required (8), (9), (12)). The low dPldT slope of
tive equilibria are relevant to assemblageswith wide- (10) and (11) and their use of major componentsrecomspreaddistribution in the KapuskasingZone. The compo- mend these equilibria as reliable geobarometers.
sitions of minerals in garnet-pyroxene-plagioclasequartz paragenesesare determined by equilibria, includPressure estimates
ing:
Estimatesof peak metamorphicpressuredependon the
CaAl2Si2Os= CaAl2SiO6 +SiO2
that present mineral compositions are not
assumption
(8)
in plagioclase in clinopyroxene quartz
significantly different than those at the peak metamorphic
conditions. In samples with retrograde amphibole, this
+ Mg3Al2Si3O12
2Ca3Al2Si3O12
assumption may not be valid because other minerals,
in garnet
in garnet
including plagioclase,could have changedtheir compositions during retrograde reactions, presumably at lower
=
3CaMgSi2O6 +
3CaAl2SiO6
(9) P,?. Such reactions could also have occurred in response
in clinopyroxene in clinopyroxene
to changesin a17r6at peak P,T.
caAl2si2or +
caMgSi2o6
The Perkins and Newton (1981) calibration of (10)
in plagioclase in clinopyroxene
yields pressurevalues generally in the range5.4-8.4 kbar,
averaging 6.3 kbar. The results are plotted on Figure 9
+ SiO2
* 1/3MedlzSi3O12
- 2l3Ca3AI2Si3O12
along with values derived from (1l) and (12). The average
(lo)
quartz
in garnet
in garnet
pressurefor the area from (11) is 7.7 kbar and individual
values are commonly -2 kbar higher than those estimatCaAl2Si2O6+
Mg2Si2O6 =l/3CarAlzSi:Orz
ed from (10) for the same or proximal samples. Values
in plagioclase in orthopyroxene
in garnet
from (10)are generallylower than thosefrom (ll), either
+ SiO2
+ 2/3Mg3Al2Si3O12
because of different blocking temperatures in different
'l)
quartz
rn garnet
mineral systems or uncertainty in the thermodynamic
calibration (Newton and Perkins, 1982).A 6.3 kbar referMg2Si2O6 +
MgAl2SiO6
ence line separatesareas with above-averageapparent
in orthopyroxene in orthopyroxene
values from those with lower values. The line includes a
roughly north-south-trending area of relatively high ap= Mg3Al2Si3O1
'
0z) parent pressure in the central and eastern Kapuskasing
in garnet
Anorthite activity in plagioclasewas estimated by the Zone (Fig. 9). This pattern supports the preliminary
Al-avoidance model of Perkins and Newton (1981). For interpretation (Percival, 1981a) that the Kapuskasing
MG-20, a visual estimate of the proportions of An5s and Zone is at the base of a tilted, west-dipping crustal
An35plagioclasewas madeto estimatea weightedaverage section. However, diffusion considerationsmay preclude
of Anas.Diopside and enstatite activities are derived from this simple interpretation (see below).
Assuming that pressureis a function of depth, approxidata of Wood and Banno (1973). Interaction parameters
were used to estimate pyrope and grossular activity in mately 20-25 km of overburden has been eroded from the
Kapuskasingzone. Previous estimatesof relative uplift of
garnet according to Perkins and Newton (1981).
exsolution lamellae in metamorphosedAdirondack anorthosite massifs as being of igneous derivation. They

derived temperatures both of igneous crystallization
(-1100-f l00"C) and metamorphism(-750"C) by reintegration of pyroxene compositions. The same treatment
cannot be applied to the Shawmere metagabbrobecause
orthopyroxene is homogeneousand plots in the metamorphic temperaturerange on Ross and Huebner's (1975)
pyroxenesolvusisotherm diagram.Assuming,however,
that the exsolved clinopyroxene megacrystsat one time
coexisted with a calcium-richer orthopyroxene, a temperature on the order of 1050'C can be estimated for
igneous crystallization. Based on the composition of
matrix clinopyroxene and homogeneousorthopyroxene,
an estimatedtemperatureof metamorphismof 750'C may
be obtained from the Ross and Huebner isotherm plot.
682
ONTARIO
+ KAlSi3O8 + H2O
3MgSiO3
in orthopyroxene in K-feldspar
Relation (15) was solved for /s"e:

AG: -RZlnK-A%(P-
Fig. 9. Paleopressuremap of part of the Chapleau-Foleyet

area. Symbols represent rock type (circles: PG-series;squars:
MG-series; triangles: OG-series), keyed in to sample identifier
(numbers to left of dash). Numbers to the right of the dash are
pressureestimates,in kbar, keyed in to the equilibrium used to
derive the value. The 6.3 kbar reference line is based on the
anorthite-diopside-grossular-pyrope-{uartz equilibrium.
l)
(r+'
(15)
Activity of solids were estimated by ideal ionic solution

models and thermochemicaldata are from Helgesonet al.
(1978)and Haseltonand Westrum (1980).Water activity
is calculatedas.fszoas definedby (15),dividedby fs,e of
pure water at P,T as defined by Helgeson and Kirkham
(1974).Derived values are found in Tables 2, 4 and 6.
Equilibrium (13) yields values <0.1; (14) gives results
<0.4 and (2) yields some values above 1.0. Values in
excess of 1.0 indicate that the minerals were not in
equilibrium at the specifiedP-T conditions. For example,
brown hornblendein MG-l1 yields asr6 = 0.853whereas
actinolite, presumed to be of retrograde origin, yields a
mechanically-unsustainablevalue of 5.5. Green, secondary amphiboles indicate higher asre in every example
(e.9., MG-4, ll,20), but would yield lower asre valuesif
a lower temperature were assumed.
No pattern of regional variation in water activity is
obvious from values plotted on a map. Values are generally on the order of 0.1 near the western edge of the
Kapuskasing Zone but do not show a regional trend for
the rest of the area. There is no correlation between
calculated water activity and the presenceor absenceof
orthopyroxene. The estimates are in the range of values
reported for granulite-facies terranes (e.g., Bohlen and
Essene(1976b)for the Adirondacks; Horrocks (1980)for
the Limpopo Belt) and for the Broken Hill area of
Australia (Phillips, 1980).
the Kapuskasing Zone with respect to adjacent regions

where E km, based on heat-flow data (Cermak and
Jessop,1971)and at least severalthousandfeet (Thurston
et al., 1977).Pressure-sensitiveassemblagesare lacking
in the terranesto the east and west. However, slate some
5 km east of the Ivanhoe Lake cataclastic zone is at
relatively low grade (chlorite-muscovite). Although dpl
Significance of pressuretemperature results
d?is generally not constant with depth (P. H. Thompson,
A comparison between P-T estimates for individual
1977),assumingao averagecrustal geothermalgradient of
-30'C/km, biotite should form at the expenseof musco- samples and probable P-T conditions in the Gt-Cpx-Pl
vite-chlorite at about 450"C, correspondingto a depth of and orthopyroxene zones shows that temperature estiabout 15 km, Therefore, relative uplift along the Ivanhoe mates for rocks containing orthopyroxene are below the
Lake cataclastic zone is estimated to be at least 5 and Gt-Cpx zone conditions deducedby mineral-melt equilibpossibly greater than l0 km, based on metamorphic ria. Eight of twenty-five estimates from the Gt-Cpx-Pl
zone fall within the Gt-Cpx zone on the P-Tdiagram; the
considerations.
rest fall below. This pattern suggeststhat Fe-Mg exWater activity calculations
change between mineral pairs continued during cooling
Water activity was calculated for rocks containing and that derived temperature estimates are somewhat
assemblagescorresponding to Mg end-memberdehydra- retrograde.
For the Conemarra region, Yardley (1977) suggested
tion equilibria for which P-T estimates were available.
Three equilibria have been used for this pulpose, includ- that temperatureabove 640'C had homogenizedprograde
zonation in garnets by intragranular diffusion. Lasaga et
ing (2):
al. (1977) estimated that retrograde Fe-Mg exchange
Ca2Mg5Si2O22(OH)2
=
3MgSiO3
between the outer 10-15 pr.mof adjacent garnet and
in hornblende
in orthopyroxene
cordierite grains occurred down to -450'C. In view of the
quenching problem it may be realistic to regard the
+ 2CaMgSi2O6 + SiO2
(13)
highest
apparent temperatures, in the 8(X)oCrange, as
inclinopyroxene quartz
closest to peak temperature. The lower values probably
KMg3AlSi3Oyo(OH)z
+ 3SiO2
record quenching at later times. By this reasoning, the
in biotite
quartz
pressure and temperature estimates, based on mineral
ONTARIO
683
systems with probable different blocking temperatures

Acknowledgments
(O'Hara, 1977), may not even record a P-T condition
This paper represents part of the writer's Ph.D. thesis at
through which the rock passed. Thus it is hazardous to
Queen's University. The guidance and encouragementof Drs.
attempt to deduce either a prograde or cooling metamor- D. M. Carmichaeland H. Helmstaedt and researchfunds providphic path for the area, based on geothermobarometry.
ed through their nsenc grants are gratefully acknowledged. A
specialdebt of gratitude is owed to D. M. Carmichaelfor use of
computer programsand for patience as a tutor in thermodynam"High-pressure granulites "
ics. Field work was supported by the Geological Survey of
Canada,through Dr. K. D. Card, who suggestedthe project and
garnet-clinopyroxene-plaThe assemblagealmandine
gioclase-quartzis diagnostic of the regional hypersthene provided continuous encouragement.Field assistancewas enzone according to Winkler (1979, p. 26O, 267-268). de thusiastically undertaken by J. B. Percival and R. Valenta.
Discussionswith the above,as well as Drs. K. Coe, T. E. Krogh
Waard (1965)and Green and Ringwood (1967)suggested
and L. Riccio were invaluable in the development of ideas
that this assemblageforms as an alternative to orthopy- presented here. The manuscript in various forms has received
roxene-plagioclaseduring high-pressuregranulite-facies the benefit of critical comments from K. D. Card, D. M.
metamorphism.Turner (1981)attachesa different signifi- Carmichael,H. Helmstaedt,R. C. Newton, M. Schau,M. R. Stcanceto the assemblage,regardingit as transitional from Onge, P. H. Thompson and especially E. Froese. Financial
amphibolite to granulite facies based on Binns' (1964) support in the form ofnsenc and ocs scholarshipsto the writer
are gratefully acknowledged.
study. In the present study area, the location of the Gt-
Cpx-Pl zone between Hb-Pl-rCpx rocks and orthopyroxene-bearingrocks suggeststhat it characterizesthe amphibolite-granulite facies transition. Although the assemblage is the same as that in the Adirondacks (de Waard,
1965)and temperature conditions were similar (Bohlen
and Essene, 1977),the path of metamorphismwas different. In the Grenville Province, the development of garnet-clinopyroxene assemblageshas been attributed to
isobaric cooling of orthopyroxene-plagioclasegranulites
(Martingole and Schrijver, l97l ; Whitney , 1978)whereas
in the Kapuskasing Zone, garnet and clinopyroxene
formed during prograde reactions.
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American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 667-686, 19E3

High-grade metamorphismin the Chapleau-FoleyetArea, Ontario

Province, the easterly trends of the Abitibi-Wawa and

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM, ONTARIO

'Mineral abbreviationslisted in Table l.

plex (Fig. 2) comprisesa main northern body, -50 x 15

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM,

lonalile-granodiorite gneiss; xenoliihic

melavolcanic rocks, mainly metabasalt

li=:'--:l metasedimentary rocks (include6 melaconglomerate

tlaser diorite to matic tonalite - includes mrnor gabbro,

Shawmere anorthosite complex: hetamorphosed gabbroic anorthosite

diorite-monzonile intrusive complex; minor hornblendile, granite

folialed to flaser tonalile

magsive granite, gaanodiorite, wilh minor tonalite

Fig. 2. Generalizedgeologicalmap ofthe Chapleau-Foleyetarea (modified after Percival (1981b)).Geologicalboundary between

The Gt-Cpx-Pl zone, with diagnostic assemblagesin

brown hornblende, quartz, ilmenite and/or sphene, rare

PERCIVAL: HIGH.GRADE METAMORPHISM,

Characteristic assemblagesin lower-grade mafic rocks

PERCIVAL: HIGH.GRADE METAMORPHISM,

llilJ Rotrogrcdc a?..n!chirt

Untubdivld.d gr..nrchillomphibolitc lcci..

8f -Pl -QztHb (.stourotite,O)

15 kV, 0.5 pA. Countingtimes of 120secondswere used

within -5 pm of the rim. Where rim composition is

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM.

Mineral compositions from 25 paragneiss specimens

few specimens, in one to the exclusion of plagioclase.

The path of metamorphismextends only slightly beyond

2 Analyses listed in appendices may

Tonalitic veinlets, consistingof plagioclase(Anzz-rs),

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM,

Table 2. Paragneissmineral composition and equilibria data

A : Minerql qbbrevidtioro os in Toble I

rf,'n = ,rnrrn + Fd gornet

x!!o = rcorco + Fe + Mn+ Mg)gornet

+ Fe+ Mn+ Mg)gornet

*ffn =, tnt*n + Fe)biotite

a dbiotite (Ferry s\d Speor' 1978)

bosd on equillbrtum (14)

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM,

phase is considered to have coexisted with the solid

AG": -RThlll-op__jxA-A%(pai.i"^' a'^"

Values of Ad and Ays were obtained from Helgeson er

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM,

Table 4. Mafic gneissmineral composition and equilibria data

PERCIVAL: HIGH.GRADE METAMORPHISM,

Table 5. Microprobe analysesof minerals in MG-20.

biotite + quafiz+ plagioclase

1: gvnet; 2: cltrcWroxene; 3: qttaryorqei

reason for the discrepancy between experiments and

The downward shift in the position of the dehydration

first appearanceof orthopyroxene can be related to a

The P-?position of ,ffit, : 0.09-0.33 stability contours

The initial melt composition in the leucosomesis

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM, ONTARIO

Minerdl abbreviotioru os ln TaDle I

xffC= USIwC + Fe2l gmet

*3'o= t"ot"o + Mn + Mg + PsZ) gmet

fined in the previous section by solid-melt equilibria for

1979; Ganguly, 1979), the experimental calibration of

PERCIVAL: HIGH-GRADE METAMORPHISM,

ffn =, tntn + Fe)biotite