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Kultur Dokumente
Question
a)
3
. The sum of the first n terms of the
5
series is denoted by Sn and the sum to infinity is denoted by S. calculate the least value of n
for which the difference between the sum to infinity and the sum of the first n terms is less
than 5.
b)
The sum to n terms of a series is given by S n = n 2 3n . Find an expression for the nth term.
Show that the series is in arithmetic progression.
Hence, find the sum of the first 150 even numbered terms (i.e. second, fourth, sixth term etc).
Sn =
a (1 r n )
a
, where Sn denotes the sum of the first n terms, and S =
.
1 r
1 r
and
Sn =
n
[2a + (n 1)d ]
2
1
2
in ascending powers
positive and
1
a+b
1
a b
1
3b 2
2 + 2
4a
a
if a and b are
b
b
is small enough such that powers of
higher than the third can
a
a
be neglected.
Use your result to deduce an approximate value for
1
6
1
2
Question 2
2
in partial fractions.
(1 + 2 x)(1 + 4 x 2 )
Express f ( x ) =
Guide to Q1(a):
Use the binomial series expansion to solve. Refer to MF15 for the exact expansion.
Guide to Q1(b):
For every Hence question, students are supposed to use the previous set of working or answers to
solve. Here, the result of 1(a) will be useful to determine the expansion of
Compare and make the necessary substitution. Also, use the hint that
To solve for
1
6
1
2
1
a+b
1
ab
b
is small, appropriately.
a
simultaneous equation.
Guide to Q2:
Consider the factors at the denominator. Are they linear, quadratic and/or repeat factors? Check
MF15 if necessary.
3 2i
.
1 i
e i
, where 0 < < 2. In either order,
1 e i
1 1
tan .
2 2
2
c) The complex numbers z and w are such that |z| = 2, arg(z) = , |w| = 5, arg(w) =
3
3
. Find the exact values of
4
i) the real and imaginary part of z.
w
ii) the modulus and argument of 2 .
z
Question 2
a) Two complex numbers p and q are given respectively by p = 3 2i and q = 1 + 3i.
Show on separate diagrams
i) |q| < |z| < |p|
ii) arg(z) = arg(pq).
b) Solve the equation z 6 3 z 3 + 1 = 0 , giving your answers in the form re i .
Guide to Q1:
(a)
(b)
(c)
z
|z|
z
, arg(zw) = arg(z) + arg(w) and arg( ) = arg(z) - arg(w)
=
w
w | w|
appropriately.
Guide to Q2:
(a)
(b)
Make z3 the subject. Hence, determine the modulus and argument to solve for all possible
values of z.
i)
Show that
ii)
Given that 400 g of salt was dissolved in the tank initially, find the amount of salt
in the tank after 1 hour, giving your answer to the nearest gram.
Question 2
By means of a substitution, u = y 2 , solve the differential equation
2y
dy
- xy 2 = x
dx
Guide to Q1:
dS
can be obtained by determining the difference between the rate of content coming in and the
dt
rate of content going out. This applies to most of the rate of change problems.
Guide to Q2:
The original DE is not variable separable (VS). The use of substitution will change the DE to a
VS form. Implicit differentiation is required.
b) ln k 2 + x 2 , where k is a constant
c)
ln 5 x
ex
1+ x2
d) tan 1
e)
2 ln x
Question 2
dy 2 x 2 y 1
=
dx 2 x 2 y + 1
i)
ii)
Find the gradient of the curve at the points where it cuts the x-axis.
Guide to Q1:
Recall all differentiation techniques. Apply product or quotient rule where necessary.
Guide to Q2:
Apply implicit differentiation.
1 -1
ms . At what rate is water flowing into the trough at that instant?
5
Question 2
The parametric equations of a curve are x = ln(sin ) , y = 3ln(cos ) , 0 < <
Without the use of graphic calculator, find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point
where =
.
6
Question 3
A beam is to be cut from a cylindrical log so that its cross-section is a rectangle. The log has
diameter d and the beam is to have breadth x and depth y . Given that the stiffness of such a
beam is proportional to xy 3 , find, in terms of d , the values of x and y for the stiffest beam that
can be cut from the log.
Question 4
The diagram shows a rectangular block ABCDEFGH with AB = BC, AG = 2 3 and
AE = 2( 3 x ) where x < 3 .
cube.
Guide to Q1:
Draw a simple sketch of the diagram to visualize the problem. Find the volume of the diagram
and determine its rate of change. Chain rule is necessary to solve the problem.
Guide to Q2:
Determine
dy
tangent using y = mx + c.
Guide to Q3:
Draw a simple sketch of the diagram to visualize the problem. Express x and/or y in terms of d.
This question is a maximum/minimum problem, hence the use
dy
d2y
and
in relation to the
dx
dx 2
problem is necessary.
Guide to Q4:
(i)
(ii)
d 2V
dV
and
.
dx
dx 2
Topic: Functions
Question
a)
and
g(x) = x 2 1 , x +
i)
ii)
On the same axes, sketch the graph of g and g 1 , indicating clearly the
relationship between them.
iii)
Explain briefly why g 1 f does not exist. If the domain of f is restricted to the
subset A of R defined by A = {x : x > k } , find the least value of k for which
g 1 f exists. With A as the domain of f, define g 1 f .
b)
x2 + 5
where is a non-zero constant.
x + 1
i)
ii)
iii)
Draw a sketch of C to illustrate the case > 0, and a separate sketch to illustrate
dy
=0
dx
iv)
in common.
Question 2
The graph y = f(x) is shown below:
y
(3, 1)
(1, -1)
2.5
On separate diagrams, sketch the following graphs, showing clearly all relevant
coordinates:
a)
y = f (1 + 2 x)
b)
y 2 = f ( x)
c)
y=
d)
y = f ( x + 1)
1
f ( x)
Guide to Q1:
i)
ii)
Find
iii)
x2 + 5
Use GC to obtain an approximate sketch of y =
. Students may assume any values
x + 1
dy
. Use discriminant i.e. b2-4ac to determine prove.
dx
Guide to Q2:
Apply the correct transformation(s). Students are advised to refer to lecture notes.
Topic: Inequalities
Question 1
Solve the following inequality 1 <
x2 + 4
< 1.
( x 1)( x + 3)
x2 + 4
<0
( x - 1)( x + 3)
Question 2
By completing the square or otherwise, show that x 2 + 2 x + 3 is always positive
i)
ii)
3
< x - 2.
x
Guide to Q1:
Since exact answer is not required, students can use GC to obtain the answer.
Guide to Q2:
i)
ii)
Topic: Integration
Question 1
1
a)
Find
b)
Show that
/4
x cos 2 x dx =
0
1
( 2) . Hence, evaluate
8
By means of substitution x 2 =
c)
/4
1
, evaluate the integral
u
x cos
x dx .
0
1
1/ 2 x
1
2
5x 2 1
dx .
Question 2
A curve has equation y = (4 x 2 )
1 / 2
b)
Show that the volume generated when R is rotated through two right angles about
the y-axis is ( 4 2 3 ) .
Guide to Q1:
a)
b)
Apply integration by parts. Use trigonometric formula to determine the second integral.
c)
Guide to Q2:
a)
b)
2
1 + cos 2 x
dy
y sin 2 x = 0 .
dx
Hence, by further differentiation of the result and using Maclaurins theorem, expand y in
ascending powers of x, up to the term in x.
Hence, by putting x = /6, find an approximate value of
2
, to three decimal places.
3
Question 2
Using standard series expansion or otherwise, find the series expansion of exsinx, up to
and including the term in x5.
Hence, find the series expansion of excosx.
Guide to Q1:
Differentiate y and replace expression in the result with y accordingly. Use the expansion to
determine an approximation to
Guide to Q2:
Refer to MF15 for series expansion of e x and sinx. Consider the derivative of the result to obtain
expansion of excosx.
2
integral values of n. Prove by induction that u n = 3 1 .
3
Question 2
n
r =1
r 2r
2n +1
= 1
for all positive integers n.
( r + 2 )!
( n + 2 )!
Show that
r (2r + 1) = 6 n (n + 1)(4n + 5) .
r =1
30
Hence, evaluate r ( 2r + 1) .
r =10
Question 2
Let ( j ) =
4 j +1 ( j 1)
,( j N)
3( j + 2)
j2 4 j
.
( j + 1)( j + 2)
i)
ii)
j =1
j2 4 j
.
( j + 1)( j + 2)
Guide to Q1:
n
Use
r =1
1
n ( n + 1) ,
2
r =1
1
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) and apply
6
m 1
r =m
r =1
r =1
f ( r) = f ( r) f ( r)
where necessary.
Guide to Q2:
Use ( j ) =
4 j +1 ( j 1)
to determine ( j 1) i.e. replace all j on RHS with (j-1). Determine the
3( j + 2)
Topic: Vectors
Question 1
Two straight lines l1 and l2 have equations given by
20
3
23
4
l1 : r = 8 + 1 and l 2 : r = 2 + 3
14
5
1
0
a) Show that l1 and l2 intersect and find the coordinates of the point of intersection, C.
b) Given that A is the point on l1 with parameter =2. Obtain the position vector of the
foot F of the perpendicular from A to l2.
c) Show that an equation for the common perpendicular, p, to l1 and l2 through C is
given by
11 3
p : r = 11 + t 4
1 1
d) D is the point with parameter 3 on p. Obtain the length of projection of vector AD on
l2.
Question 2
Consider the two lines
x + y = 0
l1 :
y + z = 0
and
x = 1 + 2t
l2 : y = 1
z = 1+ t
a) Find the equation of the plane 1 which contains l1 and is parallel to l2.
b) Find the equation of the plane 2 which contains l2 and is perpendicular to 1 .
c) Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular, Q, from the point P (1, 1, 1) to the
plane 1 . Hence determine the shortest distance between l1 and l2.
Guide to Q1:
a)
Solve for and by forming three set of equations. For both lines to intersect, values of
and must satisfy the three equations.
b)
c)
d)
Guide to Q2:
a)
b)
Use direction vectors of l2 and normal vector of 1 to determine the equation of plane.
c)
Determine the equation of the line that contains point P and is perpendicular to the plane
Topic: Probability
Question
There are 36 people at a gathering of two families. There are 25 people with the name
Lee and 11 people with the name Chan. Of the 25 people named Lee, 4 are single men, 5
are single women and there are 8 married couples. Of the 11 people named Chan, 2 are
single men, 3 are single women and there are 3 married couples. Two people are chosen
at random from the gathering.
a) Show that the probability that they both have the name Lee is
10
.
21
Guide to (c):
Apply conditional probability i.e. P( A | B ) =
P ( A B)
.
P( B)
Guide to (e):
Apply conditional probability i.e. P( A | B ) =
P ( A B)
. You may use answers to part (b) and (d)
P( B)
where necessary.
On your way to school, you have to pass through 12 sets of traffic lights that operate
independently. The chance that any set is green when you reach is 0.5. If you are stopped fewer
than 3 sets, you have time to take your breakfast at MacTucky. You will be late if you are
stopped by more than 8 sets of traffic lights. If you are late more than twice in a 5-day week, you
would have to see your discipline teacher for counseling.
What is the probability that
b)
i)
ii)
numbers being sampled without replacement. The greatest and least of the three numbers are
then rejected. X denotes the number retained.
i)
The least value of n such that the probability that X = 3 occurs at least once
exceeds 0.99.
Guide to 1(a):
i)
Use GC to determine the probability that you have time to have breakfast, which is
Identify the type of distribution i.e. Binomial. Determine n and p of the distribution.
Guide to 1(b):
i)
ii)
A car salesman receives $300 commission for each new cars and $140 for each
used cars he sells. He sells, on average, three new cars in two weeks and two used cars in two
weeks. The number of new cars he sells is independent of the number of old car he sells.
Show that the probability that he sells two new cars in a week is 0.251.
iii)
Determine the probability that he sells at most five cars in a four-week period, leaving
your answers in 3 significant figures,
iv)
Determine the probability, to 3 significant figures, that his commission for a fourweek period is $1460.
b)
Botanic Gardens to breathe in some fresh air and relax. There are 100 students and the
probability that a student is absent is 0.01.
ii)
iii)
Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that less than 3 students are
absent.
Guide to 1(a):
(i)
Students must determine the average number of cars sold in a four week period. Do note
that the sales of the new and old cars are independent of each other.
(ii)
Work out the possibilities of obtaining $1460 commission in a four week period.
Guide to 1(b):
(i)
Determine the appropriate distribution and find the probability using GC.
(ii)
The manager of a company producing a large number of bags of flour with a nominal
weight of 2 kg has two possible production processes, A and B. In both cases, the weights of flour
are normally distributed about a mean weight of 2.05 kg.
In A, the standard deviation is 0.025 kg and the profit per bag of flour is 50 cents. In B, the
standard deviation is kg. Under process B, the probability that the bag of flour will weigh less
than 2 kg is 0.01 and that the profit per bag of flour is only 40 cents.
i)
For each bag of flour sold which weighs less than 2 kg, there is a probability of 0.01 that the
purchaser will initiate legal proceedings against the manager, which under the unfair trading laws,
will lead the company having to pay a fine of $50.
ii)
Find, correct to four decimal places, the probability that in the process A, the weight of
Determine which process will, in the long run, produce the greater profit.
(Assume that all bags if flour produced are sold and that the weight of an empty bag is
negligible.)
b)
There are 10 questions in a certain examination. Each question has 5 suggested answers,
and the candidate has to choose the right one in each question. Suppose that candidate X chooses
answers totally at random, so that he is equally likely to choose any one of the five answers in
each question.
i)
Calculate the probability that he will score at least 3 correct answers out of 10.
In a similar examination there are 100 questions, each with 5 suggested answers. X again chooses
entirely at random.
By using a suitable approximation,
ii)
Guide to Q1(a):
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
A tree diagram is necessary to determine the process with the better profit.
Guide to Q1(b):
(i)
(ii)
Identify the appropriate conditions i.e. n, np and nq. Choose the correct approximation
based on these conditions. Use continuity correction where appropriate.
Topic: Sampling
Question 1
The exhaustion time of alkaline batteries manufactured by Durazer and Energie-cell have
the following population parameters:
Mean
Standard deviation
(in hours)
(in hours)
Durazer
19.87
0.24
Energie-cell
20.16
0.19
a)
i)
Hence find the probability that the difference in the mean exhaustion time of the
A survey was carried out to determine the popularity of both brands. The survey is
conducted by 10 surveyors, each assigned to interview 50 people. Each surveyor is to
interview 30 males and 20 females in three different age ranges as follows: below 25, 26
to 35, and above 36
i)
ii)
Guide to Q1:
(a)
Apply Central Limit Theorem where possible. Use GC to obtain the probability.
(b)
x = 892.7, x
= 10 266.82.
(i)
decimal places.
(ii)
Previous research has suggested that the value of was 10.75. Determine whether
the evidence of this sample indicates that the value of is now different from
10.75. Use a 10% significance level for your test.
(iii)
State, giving a brief reason, whether your conclusion in part (ii) would remain
valid if
(a)
(b)
the 80 children were all chosen from those starting at one particular
secondary school.
Guide to Q1:
i)
ii)
Apply the steps as described in the lecture notes. Use GC to determine the value of p.
10
12
15
14
17
16
22
20
2.3
2.8
3.1
3.2
2.9
5.0
4.0
mins
Sales, y in
thousands
i)
Find the coordinates of the point through which the regression line y on x and that of
x on y both pass. Give your answer in terms of k.
ii)
Given that the regression y on x is y = 0.197x + 0.184, find k. Hence, find the
product moment correlation coefficient r between advertising time and sales per
week.
iii) Plot a scatter plot of y against x and the regression line y on x on the same diagram.
iv) State with a reason, the effect on r if the advertising time was in hours instead of
minutes.
v)
By using an appropriate least square regression line, determine the advertising time
if the sales for a particular week was 3400. Comment on the accuracy of the value
obtained.
Guide to parts:
i)
ii)
ii)
v)