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A Wireless Power Transfer system for

electric vehicle in Charge While Driving


Author: Vincenzo Cirimele ID 21712 First year PhD student
Tutor: Professor Fabio Freschi
Collaborators in the research: Prof. Paolo Guglielmi, Prof.
Maurizio Repetto, Ing. Luca Giaccone

Attended classes
Course!

CFU!

Date!

Metodi di ottimizzazione per problemi ingegneristici"

6"

03/06/2014"

Valutazione di impatto ambientale di campi magnetici ed


elettrici a frequenza industriale"

4"

10/06/2014"

Corso breve Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) for


Engineers Scuola Nazionale Dottorandi di Elettrotecnica
Ferdinando Gasparini"

1"

18/06/2014"

EPS-SIF International School on Energy


COURSE II Energy: basic concepts and forefront ideas"

6"

17/07/2014"

Propulsione di veicoli elettrici e ibridi (Second level)"

8"

19/09/2014"

Programmazione in LabView: parte 1 e parte 2"

8"

22/09/2014"

Sistemi elettronici di potenza per la generazione


distribuita dellenergia elettrica"

4"

Not yet
registered"

Aspetti fisico-matematici dellelettromagnetismo"

4"

Ongoing"

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
December 4th 2014"

2"

Research context and motivation


Electric vehicle market is shyly growing up in these years, but there are
several factors that are preventing its expansion related to technological
and psychological aspects that influence the common perception about
electric vehicles for private transport. "
On the other way, electric mobility is considered a good technology to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels and resulting greenhouse gas
emissions."
"
The main critical object is represented by batteries: high costs, high
volumes, low power density compared with classic fossil fuels, necessity
of frequent stops and long time for the recharge and not well predictable
behavior during the travel, are the principal obstacles to the customer
approval. "
"
My research activity is focused on the development of a Dynamic
Inductive Power Transfer system able to transfer energy to the battery of
the vehicle during the motion, allowing the reduction of on-board battery
capacity and the reduction of stops for the battery recharge. "
"
Differently from developed solutions based on the public transports sector
and fixed tracks, my research is oriented towards the private transport.
This activity is seeing the cooperation with several universities, research
centers and manufacturers and could provide important indications about
the possibility to realize new concepts of road and city infrastructures
addressed to the development of a full electric mobility."

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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3"

Addressed research questions/problems

The Wireless Power Transfer is based on an inductive coupling between a transmitting


coil (fixed) and a receiving coil (mobile) usually capacitive compensated. For this reason
these systems are resonant."
This research activity is oriented to solve and improve the following aspects:"
individuation of proper circuit topologies for the compensation and the matching with!
power electronics structure;"
analysis of the rules that govern the system and allow its control;"
design of the magnetic structure considering aspects related to the mechanical"
integration (on board and on vehicle), electromagnetic compatibility and protection of"
people against the magnetic field exposure."

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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Novel contributions
Here a brief list of principal issues in which there was a novel contribution:"
"

Introduction of a new topology for the compensation of the primary side called hybrid which enables decoupling the
two aspects of magnetic design and impedance matching with the power electronic supply (ref. [2])."

"

Development of precise rules for down-scaling of the inductive power transfer structures for constant frequency (ref.
[2])."

"

Formulation of an algorithm for the design of the magnetic structure using standard compensation topologies in
presence of a constant voltage power electronic supply."

"

Building of a down-scale prototype for testing of models, circuital arrangements and control techniques with overall
efficiency of 86% @100 W"

"

Study of a novel structure for the improvement of the coupling and the tolerance against misalignment according
with limit for human exposure dictated by ICNIRP (ref. [3],[4])."

"

Development of a protocol for the management of the power electronics during the operation of wireless power
transfer in charge while driving (ref. [4]). Developed within the eCo-FEV project FP7 314411 of 7th Framework
Programme for Research of European Union. "

"

Development of a 20 kW prototype and contribution in the development of a test site in which to test future
developed functionalities of the charge while driving (ref. [4]). Developed within the eCo-FEV project FP7 314411 of
7th Framework Programme for Research of European Union. "

"

Design of a new kind of PCB capacitor for compensation in constant voltage structure. Developed inside the
FABRIC project FP7 605405 of 7th Framework Programme for Research of European Union. "

In the next slides only a few of these points are going to be explained in detail according to the limited space of
the presentation. "

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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Novel contributions: design algorithm for the magnetic structure


V dc link!

Pbattery!
Ibattery!

I DC/AC (I1)!
Frequency!

J1, J2 !
-> S1, S2!
Geometry!

Optimization!
algorithm!

V1 = rms value of 1st "


harmonic of square wave"

VSI inverter system!

A key point of the proposed solution is a


imposed high voltage power transmission
with relative low value of current at the
inverter output differently from previous
works designed with an imposed
constant current whose value is chosen
as the main design parameter. "
The design of the magnetic structure has
to face with the impedance matching
respect to the power electronics."

END"

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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Novel contributions: optimization process and prototype construction


Problem variables = 13"
Objectives :"
maximize coupling (k)"
minimize power losses in the
shields"
"
Obj. function :"
min((1-k) + Ploss/Pmax)"

Differential Evolutionary Strategy


optimization algorithm "

Taking into account problems of EMC and


ICNIRP limit for human exposure @100 kHz
(Bmax = 27T)"

Shielding!

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
December 4th 2014"

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Novel contributions: prototype and test site developing


A dedicated power plant was
designed using a stabilized DC
distribution line to supply more
charging zones composed by six
transmitting coils."

Receiving"
structure"
Transmitting coils"

On-road supply and


communication "

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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Novel contributions: prototype data


DC/AC converter (transmitter supply)!

Transmitting section!

Parameter"

Value"

Parameter"

Value"

Rated power"

20 kW"

Number of transmitting coils"

6"

Rated DC link voltage level"

650 V"

Length of single coil"

1.5 m"

Rated output current"

34 A"

Width of the single coil"

0.5 m"

Rated switching frequency"

100 kHz"

Frequency range (regulation)"

20 -200 kHz"

Efficiency "
(10%-100% rated load)"

97%"

Receiving section!
Parameter"

Value"

Rated air gap"

20 cm"

Rated coupling"

k = 0.15"

Rated current"

66 A"

Expected efficiency of the overall system > 85%!

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
December 4th 2014"

9"

Novel contributions: design of a PCB capacitor for MV


Series resonant system causes high
electrical stresses over the capacitor.
In particular, series resonance, for
high frequency, is related to a huge
voltage drop over the capacitor."

Capacitor data!
Parameter"

Value"

Rated capacitance"

7 nF"

Max peak voltage"

10 kV"

Rated current"

40 A"

Proper resonance frequency"

400 MHz"

Common commercial capacitors (ex.


inductive welding) are not able to
tolerate medium-voltage stresses so
this means to use a series-parallel
combination of more capacitors."
The designed capacitor allows to
sustain very high voltage using a
single component for each coil through
the use of a multi-layer PCB
technology."

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
December 4th 2014"

10"

Adopted methodologies: mutual coupled inductors, reflected


impedance and total impedance
Coupling coefficient"
Equivalent resistance"

Frequency-domain"

Time-domain"

Extracting the current I2 from the second equation and substituting it in the first one, it is possible to find
the equivalent impedance seen by the source called total impedance (ZT). The part related to the
receiving side is called reflected impedance (ZR)!

V1
!2 M 2
= (R1 + j!L1 ) +
= ZT
R2 + j!L2 + RL
I1

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
December 4th 2014"

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Adopted methodologies: pros of resonance on both sides


On the receiving side:
maximize power transfer capability"

P2 / Voc I2 = Voc q

Voc
2 + (!L )
RL
2

Model of the
receiving side"

On the transmitting side:


minimize the VA rating of the converter (cost)"

On the efficiency side:"


adopt a resonant converter and have the possibility to "
reduce ideally to zero the switching losses (ZCS/ZVS)"

S1 > P1 P2

"

Additional info (title, place,...)"

S1 = P1 P2

"

12"

Adopted methodologies: frequency response and control


Constant coupling
k = 0.1"

RL = 0.1

RL = 100
RL = 20

Differently from single resonant circuits, the coupling of two resonant circuits introduces
the presence of two minima in the total impedance value that vary in magnitude and
frequency depending on the coupling but also on the value of the load. This aspect is
critical for the control of the power electronics and the possibility of regulation through
the variation of frequency."

Additional info (title, place,...)"

13"

Submitted and published conference/journal papers


[1] Davide Bavastro, Aldo Canova, Vincenzo Cirimele, Fabio Freschi, Luca Giaccone, Paolo
Guglielmi, Maurizio Repetto, Design of Wireless Power Transmission for a Charge While Driving
System, IEEE Transaction on Magnetics, vol. 50 n. 2, pp. 965-968, February 2014.
[2] Vincenzo Cirimele, Fabio Freschi, Paolo Guglielmi, Wireless Power Transfer Structure Design for
Electric Vehicle in Charge While Driving, Proceedings of XXIth International Conference on
Electrical Machines (ICEM 2014), September 2-5 2014, Berlin.
[3] Vincenzo Cirimele, Fabio Freschi, Design of a magnetic structure for inductive power transfer for
electric vehicle charge during the motion, Short paper proceedings of 13th International Workshop
on 1&2 Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing (2dm), September 10-12 2014, Turin.
[4] Vincenzo Cirimele, Michela Diana, Nadim El Sayed, Fabio Freschi, Paolo Guglielmi, Giovanni
Piccoli, An innovative next generation E-mobility infrastructure: the eCo-FEV project, IEEE
International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC 2014), December 17-19 2014, Florence
[5] Vincenzo Cirimele, Michela Diana, Paolo Guglielmi, Giovanni Piccoli, Multi-n-phase Electric
Drivers for traction Applications, IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC 2014),
December 17-19 2014, Florence

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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Future work
Research efforts will be oriented in the
direction of the research of the control
techniques for the optimization of the
power electronic operations in order to
obtain an efficient transmission and the
capability to quickly react against the
possible faults that could occur during
the recharge process."
To provide this analysis, a laboratory
prototype is under construction."
It will be used also for the testing of
shielding solution and the behavior of
the new designed components. "

Wireless Power Transfer system for electric vehicle in Charge While Driving
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