Physics Lab Observ

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – FRESNEL’S BI-PRISM
ation – CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER

Mr. A.CHARIS ISRAEL. M.Sc., B.Ed., (Ph.D.)

Asst. Professor of PHYSICS
Department of Humanities & Science
Mobile: +91-9269680853, +91-9571054586, +91-9866934653

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
 www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – FRESNEL’S BI-PRISM

Exp. No. 5 FRESNEL’S BI-PRISM

Date:

Aim: To determine the wave length of a monochromatic light with the help of Fresnel’s Bi-prism.

Apparatus: Optical bench with uprights, sodium vapour lamp, slit, Bi-prism, Convex lens (FL 20cm) and
Eyepiece with micrometer.

Formulae:

The wave length of the monochromatic source can be determined by using

βd o
λ= A
D
where ' β ' is the fringe width,
‘d’ is the distance between the two virtual sources,
‘D’ is the distance between the slit and the eyepiece.
The distance between the two virtual sources is given by d = d1d 2 .
where d1 = distance between the two images formed by the convex lens in the first position
nearer to the eyepiece and
d1 = distance between the two images formed by the convex lens in the second
position nearer to the Bi-prism.

Experimental set-up:

S1

REGION OF d
INTERFERENCE
M ono −
chrom atic
Source S2

S lit Bi − prism
D Screen (or ) eyepiece
Procedure:

(A) Adjustments:
1) The optical bench is made horizontal with the help of leveling screws using a spirit level.
2) The slit, Bi-prism and the eyepiece are placed on the uprights in a line and adjusted at the same
height.
3) The Bi-prism is placed nearer to the slit. The slit is made narrow and perfectly vertical.
4) Looking through the Bi-prism we can observe two images of the slit. When eye is moved to and
fro, one of the images will appear to cross the edge of the Bi-prism from one side to the other. If
the edge of the Bi-prism is exactly parallel to the slit, the images as a whole will appear to cross
the edge. Even if the image does not jump the edge then the Bi-prism is adjusted by rotating it in
its own plane to effect the sudden transition of the full image.
5) The eyepiece is placed nearer to the Bi-prism and the Bi-prism upright is moved perpendicular to
the optical bench till fringes of high intensity are visible in the field of view. If the fringes are not
seen, the Bi-prism is rotated in its vertical plane with the help of the tangential screw till fringes
are obtained.
6) If fringes are not clear reduce the slit width slightly.

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Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
 www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – FRESNEL’S BI-PRISM

(B) Rremoval of the Lateral shift:

7) The vertical cross wire is adjusted on one of the bright fringe at the centre of the fringe system
and the eyepiece is moved away from the Bi-prism. In doing so, if fringes give a lateral shift, it
must be removed in the following way:
From any position, the eyepiece is moved away from the Bi-prism and at the same time a
lateral shift is given to the Bi-prism with its base screw so that the vertical cross wire remains
on the same fringe on which it was adjusted. The eyepiece is now moved towards the Bi-
prism and this procedure is repeated few times till the lateral shift is removed.
(C) Measurement of ' β ' :
8) Determine the least count of micrometer of the eyepiece.
9) The eyepiece is fixed at about four times the focal length of the convex lens away from the slit.
10) The vertical cross wire is fixed on one of the bright fringes and the reading on the eyepiece scale
is noted.
11) Now the cross wire is moved to coincide 5th, 10th, 15th,… fringes and the micrometer readings are
noted.
(D) Measurement of ‘D’:
12) The distance between the slit and the eyepiece gives the value of ‘D’.
(E) Measurement of ‘d’:
13) A convex lens of about 20cm focal length is introduced between the Bi-prism and the eyepiece
and is placed nearer to the eyepiece. The lens is moved towards the Bi-prism till two sharp images
of slit are seen in the field of view. The distance d1 between images of the slit is measured by the
micrometer of the eyepiece.
14) The lens is moved towards the Bi-prism till two images are seen again. The distance between
these two images gives d2.
15) The distance between the two virtual sources is the calculated by d = d1d 2 .
Observations:

(A) Measurement of ' β ' :

Value of one main scale division of micrometer, x = _______mm.
Number of divisions on the circular scale, n = ________.
Least count of micrometer = x/n = ________ mm.

Micrometer readings Mean Mean fringe

S. No. of Separation for separation for 5 width ' β '
M.S.R. C.S.R. Total
No fringe 5 fringes mm fringes in cm cm
‘a’ ‘b’ a + ( b × L.C .)
mm mm

1. 0

2. 5

3. 10

4. 15

5. 20

6. 25

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U
 www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com
2009-2010
Physics Lab Observation – FRESNEL’S BI-PRISM

(B) Measurement of ‘D’:

Position of the eyepiece from the slit D = ________cm.

(C) Measurement of d:

Micrometer readings in First Micrometer readings in Second

S. Position position of Convex lens position of Convex lens
No of M.S.R. C.S.R. Total d1=2nd -1st M.S.R. C.S.R. Total d2=2nd -1st
image ‘a’ ‘b’ a + ( b × L.C .)
cm ‘a’ ‘b’ a + ( b × L.C .)
cm
mm mm mm mm

1. 1st

2. 2nd

Calculations:

(i) d1 = ___________ cm. d2 = __________ cm.

d = d1d 2 =____________ cm.

(ii) D = __________ cm. β = ____________ cm.

βd
(iii) λ= =___________ cm = _________ Ao .
D

Percentage error:

(i) The calculated value of wave length, λ = ___________ Ao .

(ii) The standard value of wavelength of sodium vapour lamp, λ = 5893 Ao .

Standard value − calculated value

Percentage Error = ×100 = __________ % .
Standard value

Precautions:
1) The optical bench must be horizontal.
2) The slit, Bi-prism and eyepiece must be parallel to each other.
3) The micrometer must be rotated in only one direction to avoid the Back-lash error while taking
readings.
4) The lateral shift between the fringes must be removed.
5) The position of the slit and the Bi-prism must not be changed once the fringe pattern is obtained.

Result:

1). Wavelength of the sodium light, λ = _________ Ao .

2). Percentage error in wavelength =________%.

www.charis-ancha.blogspot.com. These files are created keeping in mind “my Students” who trust me. PHYSICS – I
Hope you drop comments and suggestions at charisisrael@gmail.com. All the Best. for R T U