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MODULE 3
Sub Module 3.2
PTC/CM/B Basic/M3/01
3.2
PTC/B Basic/COMMON/M3/01
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PTC/B Basic/COMMON/M3/01
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INTRODUCTION
Electrostatics (electricity at rest) is a subject with which most
persons entering the field of electricity and electronics are
somewhat familiar. For example, the way a persons hair stands
on end after a vigorous rubbing is an effect of electrostatics.
While pursuing the study of electrostatics, you will gain a better
understanding of this common occurrence. Of even greater
significance, the study of electrostatics will provide you with the
opportunity to gain important background knowledge and to
develop concepts which are essential to the understanding of
electricity and electronics.
Electrostatics is the branch of science that deals with the
phenomena arising from stationary or slow-moving electric
charges. Interest in the subject of static electricity can be traced
back to the Greeks. Thales of Miletus, a Greek philosopher and
mathematician, discovered that when an amber rod is rubbed
with fur, the rod has the amazing characteristic of attracting
some very light objects such as bits of paper and shavings of
wood.
About 1600, William Gilbert, an English scientist, made a study
of other substances which had been found to possess qualities
of attraction similar to amber. Among these were glass, when
rubbed with silk, and ebonite, when rubbed with fur.
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STATIC ELECTRICITY
Electricity is often described as being either static or dynamic.
The difference between the two is based simply on whether the
electrons are at rest (static) or in motion (dynamic). Static
electricity is a buildup of an electrical charge on the surface of
an object. It is considered static due to the fact that there is no
current flowing as in AC or DC electricity. Static electricity is
usually caused when non-conductive materials such as rubber,
plastic or glass are rubbed together, causing a transfer of
electrons, which then results in an imbalance of charges
between the two materials. The fact that there is an imbalance
of charges between the two materials means that the objects
will exhibit an attractive or repulsive force.
Attractive And Repulsive Forces
One of the most fundamental laws of static electricity, as well as
magnetism, deals with attraction and repulsion. Like charges
repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. All
electrons possess a negative charge and as such will repel
each other. Similarly, all protons possess a positive charge and
as such will repel each other. Electrons (negative) and protons
(positive) are opposite in their charge and will attract each other.
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Triboelectrification
Today, the process of rubbing two materials together to transfer
some amount of electric charge is known as tribo electric
charging it can also be said as static charging by friction
between two or more dissimilar materials. This type of charging
is an important factor in the design and installation of electric
and electronic equipment in aircraft. Table 1 below indicates the
relative ability of a material to gain or lose charges due to
rubbing. More plusses (+) next to a material in the chart
indicates a greater ability to obtain a net positive charge. More
minuses () next to a material in the chart indicates a greater
ability to obtain a net negative charge.
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Figure 3.2.8
Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of charge through direct contact.
Conduction occurs when a charged object directly contacts an
object with a different charge. There must be a conductive path
between the objects.
Let's assume we have a negatively charged metal object and an
uncharged metal sphere(Illustration 3.2.9 a). The uncharged
sphere is on an insulating stand so it will not interact with
anything else.
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Electric Field
FIRST LAW
.
Figure 3.2.10: Direction of electric field around positive
and negative charges
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F = k Q1Q2 / d2
The value of this constant for free space is given as,k=1/40
Where, 0 Epsilon is the permittivity of free space, which is
equal to 8.854 PF/m for air.
As we know that
C of a capacitor = Dielectric Constant K x Area of the plates
Distance b/w the plates
i.e.
C = k A/d
K = C d/A = C.m/m2 = F/m(a)
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= r . o
Which is the Absolute permittivity of a medium.
Charge
Static electricity arises as the separation of positive and
negative charges at the interface between two dissimilar
surfaces. If one or other of the surfaces prevent easy migration
of charge, or the conductor on which they reside is isolated,
then this charge is 'static' on the surface and remains available
to influence the surroundings. 'Static' electricity can also arise
on surfaces as trapped ions from the air.
Static charges may be electrons, or positive, or negative ions but they are in the basic units of electronic charge 1.602x10-19
coulomb
Nature Of Charges
When in a natural or neutral state, an atom has an equal
number of electrons and protons. Because of this balance, the
net negative charge of the electrons in orbit is exactly balanced
by the net positive charge of the protons in the nucleus, making
the atom electrically neutral.
An atom becomes a positive ion whenever it loses an electron,
and has an overall positive charge.
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LIGHTNING
Lightning occurs as a result of a buildup of static charges within
a Cumulonimbus cloud, often associated with the vertical
movement and collision of ice particles (Hail), which result in a
negative charge at the base of the cloud and a positive charge
at the top of the cloud. Beneath the cloud, a "shadow" positive
charge is created on the ground and, as the charge builds,
eventually a circuit is created and discharges takes place
between the cloud and the ground, or between the cloud and
another cloud. An aircraft passing close to an area of charge
can initiate a discharge and this may occur some distance from
a Thunderstorm.
Lightning strikes on aircraft commonly occur within 5,000 feet
of the freezing level.
Lightning is accompanied by a brilliant flash of light and often by
the smell of burning, as well as noise. A lightning strike can be
very distressing to passengers (and crew!) but significant
physical damage to an aircraft is rare and the safety of an
aircraft in flight is not usually affected. Damage is usually
can
affect
avionics
systems,
Engine Shutdown
Transient airflow disturbance associated with lightning
to cause engine shutdown on both FADEC and non-FADEC
engines with close-spaced engine pairs.
Defences
Avoidance
Effects
Aircraft Damage
Structural damage to aircraft from Lightning strikes is
rare and even more rarely of a nature that threatens the
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Bonding
It is a mandatory requirement that aircraft structure and
equipment are electrically bonded. Specic bonding and
grounding connections are made in an aircraft to accomplish the
following:
dissipate energy from a high intensity radiated elds
(HIRF) and lightning strikes
dissipate static electricity
limit the potential difference between equipment
provide a low resistance path for earth return systems.
Bonding connections are made between components
and structure using purpose-made straps, see Fig. 3.2.14.
Bonding is categorized as either primary or secondary; this is
determined by the magnitude of current being conducted.
Primary bonding is designed for carrying lightning discharges
and to provide electrical return paths. Secondary bonding is
used to dissipate static electricity and keep all structure at the
same potential. Bonding straps (or leads) are pre-fabricated
from braided copper or aluminum terminated with crimps
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.
Figure 3.2.14: Bonding
Composite Materials
There is an increasing use of composite materials being used
in the construction of aircraft because of their good strength-toweight ratio (compared with aluminum). Composite material has
a high electrical resistance and is intrinsically unsuitable for
bonding, earth return sand lightning strike dissipation. A ground
plane has to be integrated into the airframe ;this is normally
achieved by bonding an aluminum wire mesh into the composite
structure during manufacture. This mesh is accessed at key
points around the aircraft to gain access to the ground plane.
Direct bonding (Fig.3.2.15) is achieved by exposing the mesh
(ground plane) and mounting the equipment directly onto the
conductive path. Indirect bonding(Fig.3.2.16) is achieved by
exposing the mesh and installing a bonding wire and connector.
The mesh must always be coated after making a connection
since the aluminums will oxidize when exposed to air, leading to
high resistance and unreliable joints. Lightning protection in
composite aircraft is achieved via aluminum wire integrated into
the outer layers of the composite construction.
For Training Purpose Only
Rev. 00
Mar 2014
CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY
Conduction of electricity through solids
The only solids, which conduct electricity, are:
Metals- you can find these on the left side of the periodic table.
Graphite is one of the forms of the element carbon.
The lightning strike will enter and leave the aircraft at its
extremities; the integrated wires are installed in anticipation of
this and the energy dissipated through the aircraft long predetermined routes to the exit point(s).
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The only liquid elements, which conduct, are the liquid metals.
At room temperature liquid mercury is a conductor. Other
metals continue to conduct electricity when they are melted.
Covalent liquids like water, alcohol, ethanoic acid, propanone,
hexane and so on, are all non-conductors of electricity. Even
solid covalent substances remain non-conductors when you
melt them. Ionic substances do conduct when you melt them.
Why do ionic melts conduct?
Ionic substances are made of charged particles - positive and
negative ions. In the solid state they are held very firmly in place
in a lattice structure. In the solid state the ions cannot move
about at all. When the ionic solid is melted, the bonds holding
the ions in place in the lattice are broken. The ions can then
move around freely.
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Weak electrolytes, like acetic acid, dont release many ions and
conduct poorly. Non electrolytes, like sugar, release no ions and
form non conducting solutions.
A couple electrolytes conduct electricity as solids. These solid
electrolytes have ions that can move and carry charges without
solvents.
Cu(s)
The chloride ions are forced to give away their extra electron to
form chlorine atoms.
The chlorine atoms join up in pairs to form diatomic chlorine gas
(Cl2).
The ion-electron half equation for this reaction is:
Cl-(aq)
Cl2(g) + 2e-
Happening Hint
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the space charge speed towards the anode and collide with gas
molecules (cyan circles) in the tube.
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