Beruflich Dokumente
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE
NOTATION
8.0
8.1
8.2
FLEXURE
8.2.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
8.2.1.1 Theory
8.2.1.1.1 Stage 1 Loading
8.2.1.1.2 Stage 2 Loading
8.2.1.1.3 Stage 3 Loading
8.2.1.1.4 Stage 4 Loading
8.2.1.1.5 Stage 5 Loading
8.2.1.1.5.1 Tensile Stresses - Normal Strength Concrete
8.2.1.1.5.2 Tensile Stresses - High Strength Concrete
8.2.1.1.5.3 Tensile Stresses - LRFD Specifications
8.2.1.2 Allowable Concrete Stresses
8.2.1.2.1 Standard Specifications
8.2.1.2.2 LRFD Specifications
8.2.1.3 Design Procedure
8.2.1.4 Composite Section Properties
8.2.1.4.1 Theory
8.2.1.4.2 Procedure
8.2.1.5 Harped Strand Considerations
8.2.1.6 Debonded Strand Considerations
8.2.1.7 Minimum Strand Cover and Spacing
8.2.1.8 Design Example
8.2.1.8.1 Design Requirement 1
8.2.1.8.2 Design Requirement 2
8.2.1.8.3 Design Requirement 3
8.2.1.8.3.1 Strand Debonding
8.2.1.8.3.2 Harped Strands
8.2.1.8.3.3 Other Methods to Control Stresses
8.2.1.8.4 Design Requirement 4
8.2.1.9 Fatigue
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8.2.2 Flexural Strength Design
8.2.2.1 Theory
8.2.2.2 Standard Specifications
8.2.2.2.1 Ultimate Moment Capacity
8.2.2.2.1.1 Required Parameters
8.2.2.2.1.2 Rectangular Section
8.2.2.2.1.3 Flanged Section
8.2.2.2.2 Maximum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.2.3 Minimum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.3 LRFD Specifications
8.2.2.3.1 Nominal Flexural Resistance
8.2.2.3.1.1 Required Parameters
8.2.2.3.1.2 Rectangular Sections
8.2.2.3.1.3 Flanged Sections
8.2.2.3.2 Maximum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.3.3 Minimum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.4 Flexural Strength Design Example
8.2.2.4.1 Design Requirement 1
8.2.2.4.1.1 Standard Specifications
8.2.2.4.1.2 LRFD Specifications
8.2.2.4.2 Design Requirement 2
8.2.2.5 Strain Compatibility Approach
8.2.2.6 Design Example - Strain Compatibility
8.2.2.6.1 Part l - Flexural Capacity
8.2.2.6.2 Part 2 - Comparative Results
8.2.3 Design of Negative Moment Regions for Members Made Continuous for Live
Loads
8.2.3.1 Strength Design
8.2.3.2 Reinforcement Limits - Standard Specifications
8.2.3.3 Reinforcement Limits - LRFD Specifications
8.2.3.4 Serviceability
8.2.3.5 Fatigue in Deck Reinforcement
8.3
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8.3.2 Strand Development Length
8.3.2.1 Impact on Design
8.3.2.2 Standard Specifications
8.3.2.3 LRFD Specifications
8.3.2.4 Factors Affecting Development Length
8.3.2.5 Bond Studies
8.3.2.6 Recommendations
8.4
SHEAR
8.4.1 Standard Specifications
8.4.1.1 Flexure-Shear Strength, Vci
8.4.1.2 Web-Shear Strength, Vcw
8.4.1.3 Web Reinforcement Contribution, Vs
8.4.1.3.1 Minimum Spacing Requirements
8.4.1.3.2 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
8.4.1.4 Application of Standard Specifications to Continuous Spans
8.4.2 1979 Interim Revisions
8.4.3 LRFD Specifications
8.4.3.1 Shear Design Provisions
8.4.3.1.1 Nominal Shear Resistance
8.4.3.1.2 Concrete Contribution, Vc
8.4.3.1.3 Web Reinforcement Contribution, Vs
8.4.3.1.4 Values of and
8.4.3.2 Design Procedure
8.4.3.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement
8.4.4 Comparison of Shear Design Methods
8.5
8.6
LOSS OF PRESTRESS
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Definition
8.6.3 Significance of Losses on Design
8.6.4 Effects of Estimation of Losses
8.6.4.1 Effects at Transfer
8.6.4.2 Effect on Production Costs
8.6.4.3 Effect on Camber
8.6.4.4 Effect of Underestimating Losses
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8.6.5 Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation Material Properties
8.6.5.1 Prediction of Creep Coefficient of Concrete
8.6.5.1.1 Creep Modification Factors
8.6.5.1.2 Modification Factors for Strength
8.6.5.1.3 Example
8.6.5.2 Prediction of Shrinkage Coefficient of Concrete
8.6.5.2.1 Shrinkage Modification Factors
8.6.5.2.2 Modification Factors for Strength
8.6.5.2.3 Example
8.6.5.3 Prediction of Relaxation of the Prestressing Steel
8.6.6 Methods for Estimating Losses
8.6.7 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.7.1 Computation of Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.7.2 Elastic Shortening Example
8.6.8 Losses from the Standard Specifications
8.6.8.1 Shrinkage Loss
8.6.8.2 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.8.3 Creep Loss
8.6.8.4 Steel Relaxation Loss
8.6.8.5 Lump Sum Losses
8.6.9 Standard Specifications Example
8.6.10 Losses from the LRFD Specifications
8.6.10.1 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.10.2 Shrinkage and Creep Losses
8.6.10.3 Steel Relaxation Loss
8.6.10.4 Washington State Study
8.6.11 LRFD Specifications Example
8.6.12 Losses by the Tadros Method
8.6.12.1 Tadros Method Example
8.7
8.8
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8.8.2 Design of Bridge Decks Using Precast Panels
8.8.2.1 Determining Prestress Force
8.8.2.2 Service Load Stresses and Flexural Strength
8.8.2.3 Standard Specifications
8.8.2.3.1 Minimum Thickness
8.8.2.3.2 Live Load
8.8.2.3.3 Reinforcement Requirements
8.8.2.3.4 Shear Design
8.8.2.3.5 Crack Control
8.8.2.4 LRFD Specifications
8.8.2.4.1 LRFD Specifications Refined Analysis
8.8.2.4.2 LRFD Specifications Strip Method
8.8.2.4.2.1 Minimum Thickness
8.8.2.4.2.2 Minimum Concrete Cover
8.8.2.4.2.3 Live Load
8.8.2.4.2.4 Location of Critical Sections
8.8.2.4.2.5 Design Criteria
8.8.2.4.2.6 Reinforcement Requirements
8.8.2.4.2.7 Shear Design
8.8.2.4.2.8 Crack Control
8.8.3 Other Precast Bridge Deck Systems
8.8.3.1 Continuous Precast Concrete SIP Panel System, NUDECK
8.8.3.1.1 Description of NUDECK
8.8.3.2 Full-Depth Precast Concrete Panels
8.8.4 LRFD Specifications Empirical Design Method
8.9
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8.9.4 Lateral Post-Tensioning Detailing for Skewed Bridges
8.10
8.11
8.12
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8.12.5 Pier Cap Example
8.12.5.1 Flow of Forces and Truss Geometry
8.12.5.2 Forces in Assumed Truss
8.12.5.3 Bearing Stresses
8.12.5.4 Reinforcement for Tension Tie DE
8.12.5.5 Strut Capacities
8.12.5.6 Nodal Zone at Pier
8.12.5.7 Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Control
8.13
8.14
REFERENCES
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8.14 References
8.14
REFERENCES
1975 AASHTO Interim Specifications for Highway Bridges, Section 1.6.7 (B) Prestress Losses, Commentary and Example Applications, Precast/Prestressed Concrete
Institute, Chicago, IL, 1975
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, First Edition, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1994
Abdel-Karim, A.M., and Tadros, M.K., Computer Analysis of Spliced Girder
Bridges, ACI Structural Journal, V. 90, No. 1, January-February 1993, pp. 21-31
ACI Committee 209, Prediction of Creep Shrinkage and Temperature Effects
in Concrete Structures, ACI 209R92, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI, 1992
ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI
318-95, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1995
ACI-ASCE Joint Committee 323, Tentative Recommendations for Prestressed
Concrete, ACI Journal, V. 54, 1958, pp. 545-1299
Badie, S.S., Baishya, M.C, and Tadros, M.K., NUDECK An Efficient and
Economical Precast Prestressed Bridge Deck System, PCI JOURNAL, Vol. 43,
No. 5, September-October 1998, pp. 56-74
Bakht, B., Jaeger, L.G., and Cheung, M.S., Transverse Shear in Multibeam Bridges,
Journal of Structural Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, V. 109, No. 4,
April 1983, pp. 936-949
Bazant, Z.P., Prediction of Concrete Creep Effects Using Age-Adjusted Effective
Modulus Method, ACI Journal, V. 69, No. 2, 1972, pp. 212-217
Birkeland, P.W., and Birkeland, H.,W., Connections in Precast Concrete
Construction, ACI Journal, V. 63, No. 3, March 1996, pp. 345-367
Branson, D.E., and Kripanarayanan, K.M., Loss of Prestress, Camber and Deflection
of Non-Composite and Composite Concrete Structures, PCI JOURNAL, V. 16,
No. 5, September-October 1971, pp. 22-52
Breen, J.E., Burdet, O., Roberts, C., Sanders, D. and Wollmann, G., Anchorage
Zone Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders, NCHRP Report No.
356, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research
Board, Washington, DC, 1994, 204 pp.
Buckner, C. D., An Analysis of Transfer and Development Lengths for
Pretensioned Concrete Structures, Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-049, Federal
Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA,
December 1994, 108 pp.
Buckner, C.D., A Review of Strand Development Length for Pretensioned
Concrete Members, PCI JOURNAL, V. 40, No. 2, March-April 1995, pp. 84-105
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8.14 References
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8.14 References
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8.14 References
Oesterle, R.G., Glikin, J.D., and Larson, S.C., Design of Precast Prestressed
Bridge Girders Made Continuous, NCHRP Report No. 322, National
Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington,
DC, 1989
Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario,
Downsview, ON, Canada, 1992
Pang, J.P., Allowable Compressive Stresses for Prestressed Concrete, Master of
Science Thesis, The University of Oklahoma, May 1997, 178 pp.
PCI Bridge Producers Committee, Recommended Practice for Precast Prestressed
Concrete Composite Bridge Deck Panels, PCI JOURNAL, V. 33, No. 2, MarchApril 1988, pp. 67-109
PCI Committee on Prestress Losses, Recommendations for Estimating Prestress
Losses, PCI JOURNAL, V. 20, No. 4, July-August 1975, pp. 43-75
PCI Design Handbook, Fourth Edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,
Chicago, IL, 1992, 528 pp.
Prestressed Concrete Manual, Illinois Department of Transportation, Bureau of
Bridges and Structures, Springfield, IL
Proposed Amendment to the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,
Article 1.6.7(B)-Prestress Losses, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Illinois-Urbana, Urbana, IL, Unpublished, 1972
Ralls, M.L., Proceedings of the High Performance Concrete Regional Showcase,
Omaha, NE, November 18-20, 1996
Russell, B.W., and Burns, N.H., Design Guidelines for Transfer, Development
and Debonding of Large Diameter Seven Wire Strands in Pretensioned
Concrete Girders, Research Report 1210-5F, Project 3-5-89/2-1210, Center for
Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, Texas, January 1993
Russell, B.W., and Burns, N.H., Fatigue Tests on Prestressed Concrete Beams
With Debonded Strands, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 6, November-December
1994-A, pp. 70-88
Russell, B.W., and Burns, N.H., Predicting the Bond Behavior of Prestressed
Concrete Beams Containing Debonded Strands, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 5,
September-October 1994-B, pp. 60-77
Schlaich, J., Schafer, K., and Jennewein, N., Towards a Consistent Design of
Reinforced Structural Concrete, PCI JOURNAL, V. 32, No. 3, May-June 1987,
pp. 74-150
Seguirant, S.J., New Deep WSDOT Standard Sections Extend Spans of
Prestressed Concrete Girders, PCI JOURNAL, V. 43, No. 4, July-August 1998,
pp. 92-119
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8.14 References
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