WSSSSS

Title
Using Porters 3 level of thinking, assess if
India or China has the potential for
contributing the world

Name: ALLADIN M Yaseen

Date:27/09/2015

Abstract
In this paper we make use of literature and empirical evidence to measure the three
level of thinking based on the theoretical framework of Porter's in regards to India and
China. The focus of this paper is to clarify the meaning of international
competitiveness of ,firm and industry level within the context of Porters thesis that
the two superpower compete in international markets to contribute toward the world.
There will be use of Porters Diamond Framework which is not yet so archaic and the
five forces model to project the contribution of China and India which will be backed
up by a BCG matrix.

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Introduction: Fast facts on India and China................................................................... 6

Country level (competitive advantage)......................................................................... 8
1. Factor conditions................................................................................................. 9
2.Demand conditions.............................................................................................10
3.Firm strategy, structure and rivalry.................................................................... 11
China Structure.............................................................................................11
India Plausible Strategy to compete with Chinas structure.........................12
Rivalry.......................................................................................................... 12
4.Related and support industries............................................................................ 13
Firm level (value chain)............................................................................................. 15
China argument............................................................................................................ 19
Argument for India.......................................................................................................19
Industry level.............................................................................................................. 21
1. Rivalry............................................................................................................... 21
2. Bargaining power of customers.........................................................................22
3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers..........................................................................23
4. Threat of New Entrants..................................................................................... 24
5. Availability of Substitutes................................................................................. 24
6. Complementary Product....................................................................................23
Conclusion....................................................................................................................26
Reference......................................................................................................................29

Introduction: Fast facts on India and China

Trying to compare two super nation without some flashy history and background
notes is semblabe to cause disruption in analyzing the trend and provide empirical
evidence. This section will comprise of ease of doing business, and some facts
between India and China.
The world bank created an index of 189 countries to calculate the ease of doing
business where China is ranked 90 and India 142. The irony is that Singapore being
not even 1/10th of these countries size is reigning over. This index gives an indication
of attractiveness to establish in a country and company put emphasis on these 5 main
factors. They are:.

Factors

India

Communication

With

China
burgeoning

IT

sector, Many cross cultural barriers as well

internet is at its peak combined with as censorship of information for

Indian MBA fluent in both written business as it is state owned.
and oral English

English language is mastered by

few with an accent

Infrastructure

An estimated $700 billion is to be 15-20 years ahead of India in terms

earmarked to develop infrastructure of

operations,

logistic

and

in the 3 coming years but the budget infrastructure. The port system is
in

more

command

favored

to

on

basis

the

military highly dedicated for exports.

of

forthcoming war against USA.

Business permit and 29 days to complete registration 31 days taken but the major
visa

where India is taking steps to drawback is that domestic business

include

visa

in

arrival

for is favored more by locals and

businessman which China does not governments.

provide.
Intellectual property

IP protocol is upheld by providing Laws are less severe as me too

better

attitude

toward product and imitations are high

acknowledging intellectual property intensity at lower cost. In some

ownership than China.

cases even the logo is copied with

slight changes.

Domestic competition:

A tax reform must be on the agenda China currently has better income

foreign investor vs

to equate labor laws and child labor tax rate than India in term of

state owned company

policy

as

many

nations

are treatment of foreign companies

boycotting product with the slang where govt manipulate the whole
made in India.

system.

Though consuming roughly an eighth of the worlds oil the worlds biggest single
party rule state economy is stumbling on fast track with an index rate of 7.4% in 2014
and India is rising by 7.5% with a $2trillion mark.

Source: Chinese National Bureau of Statistic

Even if China is to add 2% or 3 %, India is growing 7-8% where the latter is expected
to out-piece China in terms of economic output in 2015 whilst marking its territory as
a superpower when it comes to internal demand.

Country level (competitive advantage)

India is the tortoise and China is the hare, but who will win the marathon. In this race
to the top of the world, will China still depend on flashy story such as the rebirth an
empire over its 25 years of breakneck or will India will finally emerge due to its
democracy on the Modi-reform to simplify taxation by introducing a nationwide
goods and services tax. Is the hypotheses of a linear positive relationship between
competition and performance valid. Seeing is believing. So an in depth review and
application of Porters view on competitiveness on country level on China and India
will be discussed.

Porter (2006) defines competition as the concept of competitiveness referring to the

ability to achieve dominance and steadiness in the competition between the individual
companies and competitors on a micro level, and between economies on a
macroeconomic level.

The

national

model

identifies

country

attribute

determining

classes

the

of
for

national

competitive advantage

of a

nation. They are:

Demand conditions,
Related
industries,
Firm strategy, structure and rivalry
Factor conditions

and

support

1. Factor conditions
Porter uses a colloquial style based on logical reasoning which consist of human
resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and
infrastructure. These factors when integrated in China and India, support and
complement the system of national competitiveness. They can make or eradicate their
economy.

Indias road are inadequate complemented with a lousy infrastructure. Reports

show 1.3 billion tonnes of merchandise are exchanges daily on the railways,
shipping and port system which cannot by any means accommodate these heavy
transaction. In contrast Chinese international port system is more one way traffic
(export) whilst staggering to dominate the world export. Only raw material are
imported from Africa which are converted into bulked output at low prices.

Indias democracy is a long term asset with population growing two fold than
China which consist of too many middle age worker with low birth rate. Though
China stands at 37th in labour market efficiency its labor force is seen to be going
into a complete diametrical opposite direction which threatens Chinas
qualification to become an empire.

In the 1980s china has lifted the greatest number of people living in poverty in the
shortest time. Proponents may argue that Chinese authority take over farmers
land to build factories with little compensation paid whilst public protestant is
risky. In India as per Non Government Organization the average monthly income
of farmer in India is Rs 2112/$35 per month working 7 days a week, family of 5
members. About 60% of farmers go to bed hungry. Every 30 minute a helpless
farmer commits suicide. As of 2014, a total of 301,438 farmers have killed
themselves since 1995. They have taken the burden of providing cheap food to

1.25 billion people of the nation. Question? Is the race to take over China in the
forth coming decade lays at the expense of an unhappy nation?. The least the
government can do for them is to provide a better life!

In higher education, India stands at 93rd, with China ahead in 65th. However
China is struggling to implement global language English as it is a basic tool for
international communication to interact with the world and boost its economic
prosperity. In contrast India possess Indian MBA with better command of both
oral and written English which threaten its position. However the problem with
India is that only a few selected region have access to the best education system
and the villages are condemned to be low profile labors due to poverty. Why the
Indian government is not developing its labor factor endowment to further
progress the economy. These new formed elite could be a well shaped weapon
against China.

2.Demand conditions
Porter (1990a, 1998a) regards the essential conditions of demand as: a home demand
that anticipates and leads international demand, industry segments with a significant
share of home demand, and sophisticated and demanding buyers.

China cannot sustain India in the next 3-5 years. Really? In the steel industry,
China is god alike figure accounting over 50% of world steel production in 2013
helping to sustain Chinese stock market capitalization around $10 trillion.
Linking Porters industry segment with a share of home demand, the demand for
steel led to a rapid modernization of its economy, construction, infrastructure and
manufacturing industries.To compete, India deploys high value specialist deals in
commodity steel made with the finest grade steel and target certain niches. Indeed
innovation is better imitation.

India has become more specialized in niches service sector (IT) with higher price
quality composition while china has become a major hub of the increasingly
segment global production process. Core competencies is quality vs quantity
respectively

3.Firm strategy, structure and rivalry

Porter believes a countrys competitiveness ultimately determines a firms
international competitive advantage where the strategies and structures of firms
depend heavily on the national environment and rivalry is the most critical driver of
competitive advantage .
China Structure

First mover advantage in Infrastructure with a quintupled stock market capitalization.

Borders 14 nation which is more than any country in the world. The Chinese govt is
extending innovation in the public sector as well by encouraging equity investment by
non-state capital and managerial reform
Built up a very deep infrastructure linkages, commercial tiers with its neighbors thus
allowing the state to depreciate the Chinese yuan to trigger corrective action when
deemed fit.
Exporting goods and importing raw materials while currently shifting from serving
the domestic market to venturing into the global marketplace.
Built a transnational empire of resources and policy support to upgrade value chains,
improve technological advancement and boost innovation in manufacturing and
service industries.

India Plausible Strategy to compete with Chinas structure.

Develop its manufacturing sector. According to World Bank, manufacturing in India

accounts for around 16 percent of GDP, a level that has remained largely unchanged in
the last two decades and is relatively low. The government's efforts at improving the
performance of the manufacturing sector will lead to more jobs for young Indian
women and men
Decrease logistic cost.- A co-ordination among the four modes of transport road, rail,
aviation and shipping to reduce transit cost.
Sustain urbanization. The Modi reform is highlighting 350 million Indian moving to
urban sector in 5 years which will be the key driver for growth against China.
Create quality infrastructure is the master key in overtaking China.

Rivalry
Instead of focusing on flashy story on comparison between two firm strategies, the
rivalry concept will subject on the interconnectedness between economic and politics
influencing competitiveness.

China single party state vs India largest Democracy when it comes to

manufacturing, china is advantageous. E.g Land acquisition in China is easy to
erect enterprise and carve out land for industrial zones. In India Land Acquisition
Bill is slow. Who would come to build factories there? Systematic evolution of
leadership is a challenge in India compared to China.

Looking from a distant perspective of rivalry, the technology that has been used
in Chinese space industry is accessible everywhere, this is why Chinese

manufacturing is making progress. Taking Indian Space Research, it has spent a

lot of value around in term of equipment. It is its national image which is
projecting it as a Superpower.

If India block Chinese investment, the former will be disadvantageous due to the
fact that China brings low cost capital equipment which is 1/3 the price in Japan
and Germany. The 2015 mass entrepreneurship and innovation programme is
contemplating to dedicate resources toward innovation driven growth whereby
Chinese entrepreneurs are having recourse to technological factors, e-commerce
and social media to upgrade their manufacturing innovation capacity. This
innovation drive will pose a serious threat to India as firm are receiving
subsidized financing enabling a R&D spending of more than 150 billion. It is this
assumption that a countrys competitiveness ultimately determines a firms
international competitive advantage that led to the belief that countries like firms,
compete internationally and thus that the international trade engagement of
countries is a negative sum game, as it is in the case of China (Porter 1990).

Related and support industries

The introduction of related and support industry clusters as a separate determinant of
national competitive advantage has been viewed as one of the most important
contributions of Porters Diamond Theory (Teece 1996).
After 30 years of self dedicated efforts in building China into a manufacturing
powerhouse, this core competency integrated with a complex industry, cluster of
supply chain, knowledge and skills facilitate selling to international market. India is
still progressing too slow? Chinas global export platform for electronics goods can be
viewed against India global center for ICT service.

Chinas 7 Strategic Support Industries

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Energy efficient and environmental technologies

Next generation information technology
Biotechnology
Advanced equipment manufacture
New energy
New materials
New-energy vehicles

These strategic support are anticipated to account for

15% of GDP by 2020.

Burgeoning Indian talent pool in the It sector is estimated to have generated US$ 146
billion in revenue implying a growth rate of 23.72 per cent. Home to 3,000 tech
start-ups it is set to increase its base to 11,500 tech start-ups by 2020. Indian IT's core
competencies and strengths have placed it on the international canvas, attracting
investments from major countries. India continues to be the topmost offshoring
destination for IT companies followed by China and Malaysia in second and third
position, respectively
Now Chinese manufacturer need access to low cost labor and this is why they are also
turning to India because they believe they have a lower pool which is lower cost and
access to market as well. They are being influenced by Made In India which is the
new tag-line under Modi-government.

Firm level (value chain)

Porter (1985) introduced the concept of value chain as the basic tool for examining
the activities a company performs and their interactions with a view to identifying the
sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Core activities that subject sustainable
competitive advantage are highlighted and then identification of assets and
competencies needed to achieve this advantage are reviewed.
According to Airbus market forecast, China is poised to become the worlds leading
country for passenger air traffic following a successful joint venture with Chinese
airlines for an additional 10 years covering the 2016-2025. A $1.9 Billion Indian
Military Cargo Plane Order is being operated in Indian soil with major software bug
alert creating a handicap for the Indian military as this project is believed to replace
traditional Air force of India. Following this joint venture in China, figures released
by Beijing stated the value of Chinas imports and exports in 2013 reached $4.16
trillion surpassing the American figure of $3.57 trillion for the first time in history.
This venture seemed to have contributed much in this upraise in transaction in terms
of lower logistic cost.
Tsinghua Unigroup, a state-owned company that is Chinas top chip maker, is
preparing a $23 billion bid for Micron Technology. Is it a declaration of war against
India in the IT sector? Not to be forgotten Tata Consultancy Services is home to more
than 300,000 elite and prodigy in technology which is among the most valuable
Big4 IT Service brand Worldwide. Archaic argument against Porters Model is that
there is no technology incorporated in the model where technology has re-sized the
world in a small global image. Potential IT hubs of the country is the key player
which contribute to the growth of the Indian economy which is promising and has
vast potential. Though India suffer from inadequate infrastructure, tax issues and
limited preferential access for local firms it needs to change its current tax structure so
that it can outdo competition from China.

BCG MATRIX FOR INDIA

BCG MATRIX FOR CHINA

China argument
Current India GDP is about 1/5 of China. This paper looks 5-10 years ahead but China
is already three decade ahead in term of economic size, infrastructure and social
indicator. The economic fundamental further underscore Chinese reform began before
India but since that time its advantage has been locked in further. At most India can
be a naval power in the Indian ocean. India cannot reverse this first mover advantage.
Geography confirm this point. Even if India were as powerful as China, it is
disadvantage by its tallest mountain range the Himalayas and its neighbors are hostile.
The geography, governance, economic diplomacy and culture are not the same for
both billion people. This make a strategic difference.
In infrastructure, the gap may literally never close. In fact one of the place India most
need investment is power and transportation. India has to invite china to do so these
development as it has fail to do so
If India was to take all of China manufacturing, then perhaps it could catch up but
China is investing $1trilllion in advanced technology sector. It may slow down in term
of economic growth but it is getting richer in term of power and leverage.

Argument for India

In the 1990s, both country had roughly the same per-capita income, same level of
urbanization. The point is china lead is because of relatively small difference in rate
compounded over 20 years. A large part of china success has been driven by
demographics that over the last 20 years i.e the disproportion of china working age.
Now starting 2015 this is about to reverse. On the other hand India is about to enter its
golden phase and will reign in terms of demographics.

It is believed that if you can control the source of information you can control the

independence of people. In china the newspaper, radio and even to the extent of
internet is controlled by the government. Can a country progress without Facebook is
the question. On a political and social foundation, a government is nothing without its
people. So in this race only the one which can answer this 3 question positively will
take the upper-hand in few years.

1. How will people accept you?

2. A system that can handle political problem
3. Do people have freedom.
Indeed China is the obvious loser!

Over the last 20 years statistics portrayed a large number of primary children in
Chinas education system has decreased by 18% while India has gone up by 58%.
This is the relative pipeline of human capital.India lack the continuity of a competent
government which is unreliable thus plaguing the country. For instance India is now
jobless due to lack of innovation and development. Uttar Pradesh Is So Jobless,
2300000 people applied for 368 Peon Jobs where 200000 applicants were college
grads. There is even skill shortage in many key sector such as logistic and
transportation. There all educated youth can be listed as unemployed.

A lot of china growth model has been based on heavy investment into infrastructure.
However, the problem with this model of growth is that the economy which is
$8trillion have to find $4 trillion yearly to invest. And as Japan was founded with a
very similar economy model till the 1980s, they either either from a misallocation of
capital or has to export the capital out. Referring from the Asian crisis if there is a
misallocation, then the whole growth model comes to a grinding halt. If there is
export of capital like Japan did, then this will lead growth in another country but a
slow down own economy

Industry level
The model of pure competition implies that risk-adjusted rates of return should be
constant across firms and industries. Michael Porter provided a framework that
models an industry as being influenced by five forces which will be applied in context
with China and India. Two main industry will be taken and compared. The IT industry
in India vs the Manufacturing industry in China.
An insight of the model is shown below:

1. Rivalry
A high level of rivalry between existing competitors can influence the profitability of
an industry. It depends on the intensity with which companies compete and, second,
on the basis on which they compete (Porter, 2008, p. 32) In an era of intense
completion for conventional IT services, India is gearing toward commoditization to
take over the IT industry landscape. However there are several firms in the market

offering similar services and it is difficult to differentiate based on these service

offerings. Domestic players are (Infosys, TCS, Wipro, HCL technologies) who are to
compete to rival against (IBM, Accenture, Capgemini, Cognizant) which are acting as
a real cock-block to India. By 2030, ICTs could generate over $11 trillion in economic
benefits per year, according to new research by the Global e-Sustainability Initiative
and Accenture. That is the equivalent of Chinas annual GDP in 2015 and an
opportunity to be grasped.

China produces about 80% of the worlds air-conditioners, 70% of its mobile phones
and 60% of its shoes but the economy is not as robust as it was. However there is the
danger of production overruns by contract manufacturers and leakage of products
onto the Chinese domestic and overseas markets. The low-cost labor model worked
only for 30 years. Working with the Japanese government, the Indians envision a
series of seven new industrial cities equipped with whats standard in China by
developing infrastructure linkages like pioneer plants, assured water supply, high
capacity transportation and logistics facilities. Does India wants to convince
business leaders of the idea that India can rival China as a manufacturing
center?

2. Bargaining power of customers

In the domain of conventional IT services, bargaining power of the buyer is large and
the possibility of pressure on rates exists. The buyer, engage with both international
IT providers as well as Indian is the price setter and has negated the offshore
advantages through mature procurement and global delivery. The international IT
firms too have negated the advantage enjoyed by Indian IT companies through captive
centres in India and globally. In this industry, in case of conventional IT services, the
buyer is king! However this is no big deal for the Indians as they innovate before they
evaporate in this sector.

Africa has benefited from an inflow of Chinese aid, financing and investment, which
in itself is coupled to trade flows. Africas exports are dominated by oil and minerals
(84 percent of Africas exports to China). Chinas total exports to Africa equal $50.9
billion versus $55.9 billion in imports from Africa which shows that Chinas
bargaining power is huge. Though the Africa export is higher, it results to net losers
from Chinese manufactures export expansion as resources bought was 1/3 its price.

3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers

High-standardization and cut throat competition leads bargaining power of Indian
suppliers to be very low as there is little scope of suppliers having any clout. The
suppliers consists of IT Infrastructure providers (Servers, computers etc.),
Recruitment firms, Office Space Suppliers etc. Further more this is case also for
non-conventional services where a partnership-style engagements mitigate both risk
and rewards. Risk will be in term of boycotting of services due to monopoly power
attributes and reward will be only plausible in differentiation and quality services are
felt from the customers. Indias long-term prospects look Stronger in being no. 1 IT
talent supplier in the world. The core competency of this nation is having a large pool
of English speaking people amalgamated a vibrant, energetic and creative NGO
sector.

In recent years, China has expanded its trade and investment relationship with Africa
where loans are mostly granted at non-concessional rates. Though improving or
strengthening the bargaining power of African governments, can be a little
disadvantageous, in the mining contract all the risks were borne by the country, and
none by the Chinese whereby they would receive a fixed royalty payment. No matter
how many minerals there are under the ground, and no matter what the price was, the

Africa would transfer a fixed amount of money every year. This can be deemed the
result of an asymmetric bargaining power.

4. Threat of New Entrants

In context of a highly digitalised and deregulated IT services little threat of new
entrants is imposed due to the fact that the newer technologies allow the possibility of
new niche players that are not dependent on size to experience constraints. Also an
over-dependence on the US Economy where almost 70% of the IT industry revenues
comes from USA fortified patent rights and law-suit against replica of technology
illegally. This discourage new entrants more. However according to a report by IDC
Chinese IT hubs like Beijing and Shanghai are set to overtake Indian hubs on the
forthcoming year on account of their stable Socio- economic environment, excellent
infrastructure, low attrition rates and skilled talent pool. According to McKinsey,
further growth of the Indian industry has to come from small districts, outside the Tier
cities and lack of fluency in languages other than English, is proving to be a weakness
of the Indian IT industry in its path of overtaking China.
The threat of entrant does not apply for manufacturing in China due to fact its core
processes is built over 2 decades with a hardworking man power at low cost,
automation of machinery and investment accounts over 215 billion dollars over
maintenance of machinery and equipment. Its is also a worth mention that China
quadrupled its GDP to become the second largest economy in the world based on its
purchasing power parity.

5. Availability of Substitutes
There are no substantial substitutes to IT services. Substitute is not the appropriate
word but rather availability and speed of innovation is a concern. Application
development is fast morphing into app-development and there is the need to adapt and
incorporate new technologies in India. Engagement models looms over the IT industry

that needs to reform and re-invent itself rapidly (Jain 2014). However Japan is posing
as threat to India rise to a superpower in the field of technology. Recently a
Dimensional Elevator, which could transport from one floor to the other in the blink
of an eye was successfully developed and now operational in Japan. The problem is
that China has stronger ties and economic relation with Japan than India which could
halt its growth. Chinas manufacturing sector is a crucial cog in the wheel of the
economic progress and accounts for 43% of the Chinese economy. According to
Justin Rose and Michael Zinser Indonesia, India, Mexico, Thailand then China comes
next with lowest manufacturing cost (M.zinger 2015). The reason is manufacturing
plants are now being erected and engineers are placing bets for 25 years or more in
the future.

6. Complementary Products
Complementary product refers to the impact of related products and services already
in the market. India and China being non member of IEA (International Energy
Agency) have in recent years ploughed funds into their own SPRs (Strategic
Petroleum Reserve) . Though China dont have the luxury of salt caverns they have
recourse to more expensive storage above ground in tanks with an estimated capacity
of 33 million barrels.A statement from CLSA, says that spending money on
developing an SPR is all part of Chinas plan to be treated seriously as a global
superpower. If youre going to be a superpower, youre going to have to have the
reserve, It helps you become part of treaties globally. If another superpower, during
energy events, asks for a release of reserves then China can now take part.
This new force depends on the industry. But in regard to China and India,
Government as an additional force would be more appropriate and convergent due to
the fact that these two superpowers have a complete contrast in governmental control
-state vs democrat.

Conclusion

Global Competitiveness Report. 1

To refresh the memory, the Global Competitiveness Report highlights all major
factors which have already been discussed throughout the essay in relation to Michael
Porter Theory. Lets face reality. According to this report India is likely to take over in

the next 3-5 years. A wishy-washy concluding note would be India has more potential
for contributing to the world because of its growing labor force, literacy rate,
investment in infrastructure, global trade mark made in India.... However India is
the largest democracy. Politics and corruption goes in hand. Poverty is spreading like
Ebola. Does the Modi-reform guarantee more business in India thus contributing to
the world? If a military war erupts between India and Pakistan would it still be able to
hold the reign. These are factors to be analyzed! Now in regard for China. Some
would immaturely advocate that China is adopting innovation than imitation, it is the
the largest exporter in the world, its infrastructure is unrivaled, first mover advantage
backed by international experience and so on. BUT lets analyze on a logical and
economic basis. China does not consider India as a threat nor a rival. Why? Because
it has major priorities. A potential conflict (Sino-American war) with the United State
is menacing to the extent that warship are are patrolling on the borders of US territory
following a depreciation in the Chinese Yuan. This is going to be Asia greatest fear
and probably the start of WW3.

According to me the potential to be ahead for world contribution for these two
country depend on 5 question:

What do you mean by ahead. We are focusing too much on economic. What
about military aspect, environment or even socio cultural?
Which country value is more Influential? China or India is not a country but a
brand!
Which Country citizens are more happy?
Which country are attracting more people to immigrate?
Does being ahead mean robotisation and automation will boost world output at
the expense of losses of job and more poverty. Or in a second scenario will being
ahead be at the expense of pollution. We all know the history of Chinas pollution
during earlier decade! Will history repeat itself?

By thinking outside the box, the the third side of the coin show a better alternative.
What if India stop trying to grow as rapidly as China and these two powers put aside
their theory issue and forge a solid alliance? According to a recent report from
international economic think tanks (IETT) , India and China soon plans to form a
trade coalition in Asia and that is projected to boost 65% of world trade by near 2020.
At about 40% of people would be prosperous thus solving world problem as they have
complementary resources. Imagine 2 billions manpower and one alliance. India and
China are already in BRICS, New development Bank and also with Asia
Infrastructure Investment bank, the former is one of the founding partners. So, these
two combined will be a push to reform financial architecture whereby both can put
pressure on World Institution.

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