Architecture of Database

Management System
By
Dr. Parteek Bhatia
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science &
Engineering
Thapar University
Patiala

Early Two Level Architecture

Early proposal for a standard terminology and

general architecture for database systems
was produced in 1971 by the DBTG (Data
Base Task Group)

Appointed by the Conference on Data

Systems and Languages (CODASYL, 1971).

Recommend two level approach.

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Early Two Level Architecture

Contd..

Schema
Subschema

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

ANSI Three Level Architecture

External Level

Conceptual Level

Internal Level

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Three Level Architecture

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

External Level or View level

It is the users view of the database. This

level describes that part of the database that
is relevant to each user.

For example, one user may view dates in the

form (day, month, year), while another may
view dates as (year, month, day).

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Conceptual Level or Logical level

It is the community view of the database. This

level describes what data is stored in the
database and the relationships among the data.

It represents:

All entities,
relationships;

The constraints on the data;

Security and integrity information.

their

attributes,

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

and

their

Internal Level or Storage level

It is the physical representation of the

database on the computer. This level
describes how the data is stored in the
database.

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Internal Level or Storage level

The internal level is concerned with:

Storage space
indexes;

allocation

Record descriptions for storage;

Record placement;

Data compression
techniques.

and

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

for

data

data

and

encryption

Schema

The overall description of the database is

called the Database Schema.

A schema is defined as an outline or a plan

that describes the records and relationships
existing at the particular level.

The schema is sometimes called the

intension of the database, while an instance
is called an extension (or state) of the
database.
Simplified Approach To DBMS
By Parteek Bhatia

Example

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Mapping between Views

External/Conceptual Mapping

A mapping between the external and

conceptual views gives the correspondence
among the records and the relationships of
the external and conceptual views.

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Conceptual/Internal Mapping

Conceptual schema is related to the internal

schema by the conceptual/internal mapping.
This enables the DBMS to find the actual
record or combination of records in physical
storage that constitute a logical record in
conceptual schema.

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Data Independence-Achievement
of Layered Architecture of DBMS
Two kinds of data independence:

Logical data independence

Physical data independence

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Logical data independence

Logical data independence indicates that the

conceptual schema can be changed without
affecting the existing external schemas.

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Physical data independence

Physical data independence indicates that

the physical storage structures or devices
could be changed without affecting
conceptual schema.

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Procedure for Database Access

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

Metadata or Data Dictionary

A metadata (also called the data

dictionary) is the data about the data.
Data dictionary may be either active or
passive. An active data dictionary (also
called integrated data dictionary) is
managed automatically by the database
management software.
The passive data dictionary (also called
non-integrated data dictionary) is the one
used only for documentation purposes.
Simplified Approach To DBMS
By Parteek Bhatia

Components of a DBMS

Simplified Approach To DBMS

By Parteek Bhatia

References

Simplified Approach to DBMS

By
Parteek Bhatia, Kalyani Publisher
Simplified Approach To DBMS
By Parteek Bhatia