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EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1.1
INTRODUCTION
An embedded system is a micro-processor based device which has an
such
as
Embedded devices
Automotive
Ignition system
Engine control
Brake system(e.g. Antilock brake system)
Consumer electronics
deciphering,
discrete cosine
transformation
and
inverse
algorithms,
discrete
cosine
transformation
and
inverse
saving time. Some of the functions of the hardware resources in the system
are also implemented by the software. Development tools for these systems
may not be readily available at a reasonable cost or may not be available at
all. In some cases, a compiler or retarget able compiler might have to be
developed for these. [A retarget able compiler is one that configures
according to the given target configuration in a system.
Microprocessor family
Source
CISC or RISC or
Both features
Stream 1
68HCxx
Motorola
CISC
Stream 2
(a) 80x86
Intel
CISC
(b) i860
Intel
Stream 3
SPARC
Sun
RISC
Stream 4
IBM
RISC
Motorola
1.5.
MICROCONTROLLER
microcontroller
is
single-chipVLSI
unit
(also
called
Microprocessor family
Source
CISC or RISC or
Both features
Stream 1
68HC11xx,HC12xx,HC16xx
Motorola
CISC
Stream 2
8051,80251
Intel
CISC
Stream 3
80x86
Intel
CISC
Stream 4
Microchip
CISC
Stream 5
ARM7,ARM9
ARM, Texas
of
complex
real-time
system.
Special
microprocessors
time applications.
2. Atomic ALU operations and thus no shared data problem. The latter occurs
due to an incomplete ALU (non-atomic) operation when an operand of a
larger number of bits is placed in two or four registers.
3. RISC core for fast, more precise and intensive calculations by the
embedded software.
Calculations for real time image processing and for aerodynamics are
two examples where there is a need for fast, precise and intensive calculations
and fast context-switching. Important embedded processor chips for
embedded systems belong to the following two streams of families.
Stream 1: ARM family ARM 7* and ARM 9*
Stream 2: Intel family i960.
Stream 3: AMD family 29050.
Intel family i960 microcontrollers are also called embedded processors,
as these possess the required features including CISC and RISC. In one
of the versions, these also have a 4- channel DMA controller. An 80960
includes an 8-channel, 248-vector programmable interrupt controller.
Just as a microprocessor is the most essential unit of a computing
system, a digital signal processor (DSP) is an essential unit of an embedded
system for a large number of applications needing processing of signals. A
DSP provides fast, discrete-time, signal-processing instructions. It has Very
Large Instruction Word (VLIW) processing capabilities; it processes Single
Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions fast; it processes Discrete
Cosine Transformations (DCT) and inverse DCT (IDCT) functions fast. The
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latter are a must for fast execution of thealgorithms for signal analyzing,
coding, filtering, noise cancellation, echo-elimination, compressing and
decompressing, etc.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature
related to your selected area of study. The review should describe summaries,
evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for the research
and help to determine the nature of research. Works which are irrelevant should be
discarded and those which are peripheral should be looked at critically. A literature
review is more than the search for information, and goes beyond being a
descriptive annotated bibliography. All works included in the review must be read,
evaluated and analyzed, but relationships between the literatures must also be
identified and articulated, in relation to research field.
2.1. Nikhil Agrawal, Siemens, Smita Singhal, SMART DRIP IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
USING
RASPBERRY
PI
AND
ARDUINO,
International
13
There already exist automatic drip irrigation systems which water plants based on
soil humidity, pH value of soil, emperature and light. These parameters are
required in big agricultural fields where productivity of the crop matters. In small
areas like office premises, buildings, house gardens etc. where watering plants at
regular interval matters, our proposed irrigation system will be very efficient. This
paper presents an smart drip irrigation system to water plants with the use of
devices like raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers. Xbee is used to control the
system wirelessly while Python programming language is used for automation
purpose. This paper contributes an efficient and fairly cheap automation irrigation
system. System once installed has no maintenance cost and is easy to use.
ADVANTAGES
Drip irrigation system makes the efficient use of water and fertilizer..
This system is evaluated on the Raspberry pi, Arduino, Xbee,
Zigbee, automatic drip irrigation system.
This system contributes an efficient and fairly cheap automation
Irrigation system. System once installed has no maintenance cost and is
easy to use.
DISADVANTAGES
The limitation of this design is that the failure of any particular
Part or device is not informed and has to be tested manually.
In this system used for only in home gardens automatic drip irrigation
system to water 50 pots.
2.2. Chandan kumar sahu, Pramitee Behera, A LOW COST SMART
IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM, ieee sponsored 2nd international
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conference on electronics and communication system (icecs 2015) 978-1-47887225-8/15/$31.00 2015 ieee.
In this system present a prototype for fully automation accessing of irrigation
motor where Prototype includes number of sensor node placed in different
directions of farm field. Each Sensors are integrated with a wireless networking
device and the data received by the ATMEGA-328 microcontroller which is on a
ARDUINO-UNO development board. The RASPBERRY-Pi is use for send
messages through internet correspondence to the microcontroller process. For
experimentation we have abstracted number of soil moisture sensor used in
different direction of the farm fields. The soil moisture in each direction of field is
sensed by sensor node and the sensed data is sent to microcontroller node through
wireless networking device. On receiving sensor value the controller node checks
it with required soil moisture value. When soil moisture in a particular field is not
up to required level then controller node switch on the motor to irrigate associated
field and the RASPBERRY-Pi process all data and notification SMS is send to
registered mobile phone which is registered in RASPBERRY-Pi. The
RASPBERRY-Pi is monitoring with a screen to see the current status of the
irrigation and use for change the setting of user required.
ADVANTAGES
By using the automatic irrigation system it optimizes the usage of water
by reducing wastage and reduce the human intervention for farmers.
It saves energy also as it automatic controlling the system. So there are the
system is OFF when the field is wet and automatically start when the field
id dry.
15
Power consumption of the wireless network devices are also less and the
system perform a long time function.
DISADVANTAGES
In this methods using less number of sensor so cost is decrease but large
area is not covered in big agriculture farm.
2.3. H.N.Kamalaskar, Dr. P.H.Zope, SURVEY OF SMART IRRIGATION
SYSTEM, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research
TechnologyISSN: 2277-9655,Scientific Journal Impact Factor: 3.449 (ISRA),
Impact Factor: 1.852.
Basically, this system is aimed to design automatic irrigation system for elderly,
disable people with android platform. Theme of the project is activation or
deactivation of appliances wirelessly through android applications, these
commands are given by authenticated person, who will activate or deactivate the
electric appliance (irrigation motor) and also provide current status of appliances
Any irrigation system consists of a number of electronic and electrical appliances
and gadgets which can be controlled remotely. A digital code for a given key on the
special control is electronically modulated and transmitted. At the receiver side the
same is demodulated to extract the required control signal which is then fed to the
microcontroller, depending upon the microcontroller programming particular to
that received code an action is initiated. For a large irrigation it becomes difficult
to attain the line of sight and in turn its range. Also as each appliance/equipment
will have their own different control units, it becomes difficult to manage the
number of controls and also is not user friendly.
ADVANTAGES
16
SMART
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM,
2015
International
18
This system design develops a small embedded system device (ESD) which takes
care of a whole irrigation process and makes farmers life easier. The PIC18F4550
microcontroller interfaced with GSM module works as a brain and several sensors
like temperature, level and rain works as eyes of this ESD. The power detecting
circuit and battery backup unit take this ESD to next level by informing presence
of three phase power supply in the field. The farmer just needs to send predefined
commands through SMS from her/his mobile phone to this ESD to carry out
irrigation process effectively. If and only if eyes of the ESD sees all parameters are
within a safe range, the PIC18F4550 starts irrigation process by starting the
irrigation pump. The farmer gets time to time feedback from ESD through SMS
about the action that has taken place by PIC18F4550. The GSM module allows
farmers to operate and monitor a remotely placed irrigation pump from anywhere
far from their field. The free SMS facilities provided to farmers makes it more cost
effective. In this way, this new engineering technology makes farmers life
easier by providing remotely operated, more efficient and cost effective irrigation
system.
ADVANTAGES
Prevention of wastage water and electricity are the main advantages of this
system.
Authentication facility to avoid unauthorized operation, uniform
distribution of water.
Inbuilt ADC of the microcontroller also reduces need for a external
hardware circuitry.
DISADVANTAGES
19
AUTOMATIC
NETWORK
IRRIGATION
AND
SYSTEM
EMBEDDED
USING
LINUX
WIRELESS
BOARD,2015
In this system maintenance cost very high and also maintenance is difficult.
2.7. Stefan Koprda, Zoltan Balogh, Duan Hrub, Milan Turni PROPOSAL
OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING LOW-COST ARDUINO SYSTEM
AS PART OF A SMART HOME, SISY 2015 IEEE 13th International
Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics September 1719, 2015,
Subotica, Serbia 978-1-4673-9388-1/15/$31.002015 IEEE.
The project describes a creation design of automated control and remote
management of irrigation system by the use of low-cost device Arduino and
operating system Android. The irrigation system consists of several modules which
can be divided into three parts: control part, regulatory part and server part. The
design brings comfort, automation and mostly energy savings for intelligent
systems.
Most of end-users cannot simply choose an affordable smart house system which
they can rely on as a comprehensive system. This is because although recent works
are done in designing the general overview of the possible remote access
approaches for controlling devices or in cases simulating the smart home itself, and
designing the main server, the design and implementation of an affordable smart
home remote control application has been limited to simply the computer
applications and just in cases mobile and web application development. Irrigation
is an effort to fulfill water needs of plants so that they can grow optimally with the
provision of additional water.The monitoring activity is closely related to data
transmission and the most crucial thing in data transmission is how to transmit data
from one place to another where the data received should be same to data sent.
21
Data monitoring of irrigation is important because it will be used in the decisionmaking process. This is one possible way of automatic irrigation, such as how to
control setting of irrigation network, how to open or close the floodgates, and how
much flow of water to be used so that it can conserve water usage.
ADVANTAGES
The advantage of the irrigation system is its autonomous control of solenoid valves
which enable water into the irrigation. User can fully control the whole irrigation
system by the use of his mobile device.
Another advantage of the system is:
Possibility of operation in the case of Internet connection failure.
Report of the system through web interface.
Possibility to refill the system by other sensing unit.
DISADVANTAGES
the created application runs only under operating system Android 4 and
above.
necessity to calibrate the used humidity sensor to reach the highest
effectiveness of the irrigation system.
2.8. Mr.Muzammil Hussain, Mr.S.P.Gawate, Dr.P.S.Prasad,
Ms.P .A.Kamble ,SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH THREE LEVEL
ACCESS MECHANISMS 2015 international conference on computation of
power, energy,informationand communication 978-1-4673-6524-6/15/$ 31.00
2015IEEE
22
This system proposing a complete agricultural solution for the farmer based on
Wireless Sensor Networks and GPRS technology. The main technology used here
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted much attention in recent years.
They are used for collecting, storing and sharing sensed data this system also
improves the traditional irrigation system enabling the irrigation system to have
high efficiency and low water usage. The existing irrigation system is tedious, time
consuming and very wasteful in water usage. This irrigation system gives the best
feature than the traditional one.
ADVANTAGES
This project system consist of less hardware as compared to the previous
model hence it is compact as compared to the previous system.
This design stem is more cost efficient than the previous system this claim
is made on the fact that the proposed system does not need the heavy and
expensive hardware for implementation.
It requires very less maintenance
2.9. P. Alagupandi, R. Ramesh, S.Gayathri, SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM
FOR OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT USING TINY OS, 2014 international
conference on computation of power, energy, information and communication
(iccpeic) 978-1-4799-3826-1i14/$3l.00moI4 IEEE
In this system design simple and cost effective smart irrigation system. Our
system deploys wireless sensor motes from a wireless sensor network. The system
is modelled in outdoor environment using TINY OS based IRIS motes to measure
the moisture level of the paddy field and to set the threshold value. MDAlOOCB
sensor motes can measure up to -40c to 80c and operate at a range between 1.6 to
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2.7 volts. The project scheme uses data visualization and monitoring tool
MOTEVIEW 2.0f developed by crossbow technology. project model is easy to
implement and requires less number of IRIS sensor motes as compared to other
manual operating people. The new WSN is named as motes which are designed for
specific application and run by RTOS named as TinyOS. Applications are written
in MOTEWORKS for reading and sending message to the sensor. system mote has
got better visualization and monitoring GUI.TinyOS Supports external interfaces
with its own board process.
Overview Of Paragraph
The overall paper explain above and more advantages and disadvantages.
Currently in the world change very marten so the proposed system explain new
technology for smart irrigation system using ir thermal camera to detect thermal
images from land and in the system fully automated. Draw backs of above systems
is modified and operating easily.
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CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1.
INTRODUCTION
There are different types of method for irrigating farm field for different
types crop field. Basically Indian farmer use these three methods channel
system, sprinkler system, drip system. Channel system is a traditional method of
irrigation. But a smart irrigation system is a new technology to irrigating farm
field automatically.
3.2.METHODS OF IRRIGATION
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different
methods in different regions, for taking it to the fields. Cattle and human labour
is used in these methods. So these methods are cheaper, but less efficient. The
various traditional ways are
3.2.1.Moat (Pulley system)
A moat or pulley system of irrigation is one that involves pulling water up
from a well or other water source in order to water plants and other crops. It is
not often in use as it can be time consuming and may not always be as efficient
as other methods of irrigation. On the other hand, it does not cost a lot of money
to install a moat or pulley irrigation system as it does not require vast
technology or machinery invested in it
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CHAPTER 4
30
PROPOSED SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed system is more advanced to the smart irrigation system
The proposed system overcomes the drawbacks of the present system by
employing the IR thermal camera. The proposed system capture the thermal
image of the agri land with the help of IR thermal camera and it split ups the
image to equal sizes.
4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The proposed system function is fully detailed about block diagram
representation of smart irrigation of advanced method
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to NO which turns the device on till the relay is on. The VCC and GND
pins of the relay are connected to 5V supply and ground respectively.
4.2.6. Power Supply:
The device to be switched, here, is an electrical water pump which runs
on 240V supply. Its one end is connected to the 240 V AC supply and the other
end is connected to NO pin of the relay board.
4.2.7. Water Storage Tank and water pump:
Two 30 litres water storage tanks are used for testing purpose. Each tank
has submersible water pumps with the rating of 220V/50Hz. It draws the current
of 0.23A and power of 18W. The main water pipe is fed back to the water tank
to avoid any water wastage. Water tank has ultrasound distance sensor which
keeps a track of water depth in the tank. As soon as the water level falls below a
threshold level, a signal is sent to microcontroller to open solenoid valve which
is attached to the water tap and thus the water can be refilled into the water tank.
4.2.8. Ultrasound Distance Sensor:
This sensor is used to measure the water level in the tank. The on/off
signal is continuously sent to the solenoid valve and thus the water Level in tank
does not drop below or above a threshold to avoids any damage in the water
pump and also to avoid overflow of water from the water tank.
4.2.9. Solenoid Valve:
A two-port, normally close, 0.5-10bar, 230V-50Hz, rotex solenoid valve
is used in this design. Here, the valve receives the signal from microcontroller
and thus act according.
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CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
5.1. INTRODUCTION
The system overview is one of the main document of hole system it
explain hardware and software details and how working the hardware section
and installing software.
5.2. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
5.2.1. RASPBERRY PI
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit cardsized single-board computers
developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the
intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools and
developing countries.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system
on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, Video
Core IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later
upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD)
(models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and
persistent storage.
In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation launched the Compute Module,
which packages a BCM2835 with 512 MB RAM and an eMMC flash chip into
a module for use as a part of embedded systems.
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The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for
download.[13] Tools are available for Python as the main programming language,
with support for BBC BASIC (via the RISC OS image or the Brandy Basic
clone for Linux), C, C++, Java, Perl, Ruby, and Squeak Smalltalk.
As of 8 June 2015, about five to six million Raspberry Pis have been
sold. While already the fastest selling British personal computer, it has also
shipped the second largest number of units behind the Amstrad PCW, the
"Personal Computer Word-processor", which sold eight million.
In early February 2015, the next-generation Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi 2,
was released. The new computer board is initially available only in one
configuration (model B) and features a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC, with a quadcore ARM Cortex-A7 CPU and a VideoCore IV dual-core GPU; 1 GB of RAM
with remaining specifications being similar to those of the previous generation
model B+.
ARM CPU/GPU:
This is a Broadcom BCM2836 System on a Chip (SoC) that's made up of
an Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 900 MHz central processing unit (CPU) Dual
Core Video Core 4 graphics processing unit (GPU) Multimedia Co-Processor
Provides Open GL ES 2.0, hardware-accelerated Open VG, and 1080p30 H.264
high-profile decode Capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24GFLOPs with
texture filtering and DMA infrastructure.
GPIO Connector:
These are general purpose input/output connection points. 40-pin 2.54
mm (100 mil) expansion header: 2x20 strip Providing 27 GPIO pins as well as
+3.3 V, +5 V and GND supply lines.
RCA:
This allows connection with analog TV or other similar points.
Audio Out:
This point provides connection with audio out devices like speakers or
headphones. 3.5mm jack, HDMI.
LED: This is used for indicator lights.
USB:
4 x USB 2.0 Connector , Common connection port
for peripheral
like HD television
Power:
Micro USB socket 5V, 2A.
Memory card slot:
Micro SDIO Full-sized SD card slot to hold the LINUX operating
system SD card and is required for booting.
Ethernet:
This is used for wired network. 10/100 Base T Ethernet socket.
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41
versions 1.3 and 1.4 are supported and a version 1.4 cable is recommended. The
RPi outputs audio and video via HMDI, but does not support HDMI input.
Older TVs can be connected using Composite video (a yellow-toyellow RCA cable) or via SCART (using a Composite video to SCART
adaptor). Both PAL and NTSC format TVs are supported.
Power Supply
The unit is powered via the microUSB connector (only the power pins are
connected, so it will not transfer data over this connection). A standard modern
phone charger with a microUSB connector will do, providing it can supply at
least 700mA at +5Vdc. Check your power supply's ratings carefully. Suitable
mains adaptors will be available from the RPi Shop and are recommended if
you are unsure what to use.
5.2.1.3.ADDITIONAL PERIPHERALS
Internet Connectivity
This may be via an Ethernet/LAN cable (standard RJ45 connector) or a
USB WiFi adaptor. The RPi Model B Ethernet port is auto-sensing which means
that it may be connected to a router or directly to another computer (without the
need for a crossover cable).
USB hub
In order to connect additional devices to the RPi, you may want to obtain
a USB hub, which will allow multiple devices to be used. It is recommended
that a powered hub is used - this will provide any additional power to the
devices without affecting the RPi itself. A USB 2.0 model is recommended.
42
USB 1.1 is fine for keyboards and mice, but may not be fast enough for other
accessories.
Case
Since the RPi is supplied without a case, it will be important to ensure
that you do not use it in places where it will come into contact with conductive
metal or liquids, unless suitably protected.
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mainly used this process ir thermal sensor MLX90620.In the sensor is easily to
detecting or capturing hot and cool difference from the land and also update
states through via email system and automatically open the particular area for
wetness of land water flowing through it.
The thermal image is captured by using the MLX90620 image sensor. By
using this thermometer we can measure the accuracy of 0.5 temperature
difference. So we can identify the temperature difference in the land at different
areas. The captured image is divided into 4 parts. The image can be divided
more than 4 parts. Here we have divided into 4 the image processing algorithm
is applied on the divided parts to identify the temperature difference. Depending
upon the temperature difference we can identify the wetness level of the land.
The Raspberry Pi computers identify the dry areas of the land and if opens the
corresponding valve to irrigate the particular dry area. This method is fast and
very accuracy compared to previous systems.
49
the distro that sees the most improvement and innovations examples of this are
the RPi.GPIO library that enables Python to talk to the GPIO (General Purpose
Input Output) pins, Minecraft the popular survival / sandbox game that has seen
a massive investment of time from the community to enable a Python API for
programming the game world. Lastly we have Sonic Pi the Ruby powered
music creation application that has risen in popularity thanks to the efforts of
Sam Aaron.
With the release of the Raspberry Pi 2 we have seen Raspbian receive the
speed boost that it always needed, by no means was it a slouch on the original
Raspberry Pi, but the addition of more RAM and better CPU has enabled it to
become a usable desktop distro that can easily be used as a main machine.
Raspbian has improved since it was first released in 2012 and with each
new release we see more refinements added to it, no wonder the majority of
projects around the world are based upon this distro. It is a rock solid
development base that runs well on the original Raspberry Pi but screams ahead
on the new Raspberry Pi 2 specification.
If you are taking your first steps with the Raspberry Pi or need a solid and
dependable basis for a project, Raspbian has to be your first choice. No other
Raspberry Pi distro can compete with its stability, range of projects nor its
supportive community. Hence why Raspbian is the official distro for the
Raspberry Pi and is supported by a series of projects available via the Raspberry
Pi Foundations learning resources.
5.3.3. INSTALLING RASPBIAN
Installing Operating System Images
51
run
52
Select the drive letter of the SD card in the device box. Be careful to
select the correct drive; if you get the wrong one you can destroy your
data on the computer's hard disk! If you are using an SD card slot in your
computer and can't see the drive in the Win32DiskImager window, try
using a cheap SD adaptor in a USB port.
Click Write and wait for the write to complete.
Exit the imager and eject the SD card.
Installing Software In Raspbian
APT
The easiest way to manage installing, upgrading, and removing software
is using APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) which comes from Debian. If a piece
of software is packaged in Debian and works on the Raspberry Pi's ARM
architecture, it should also be available in Raspbian.
To install or remove packages you need root user permissions, so your
user needs to be in sudoers or you must be logged in as root. Read more
about usersand root.
To install new packages, or update existing ones, you will need an
internet connection.
Note that installing software uses up disk space on your SD card, so you
should keep an eye on disk usage and use an appropriately sized SD card.
Also note that a lock is performed while software is installing, so you
cannot install multiple packages at the same time.
Software Sources
53
README.txt
tetris.py
Typing man tree gives the manual entry for the package tree
Typing whereis tree shows where tree lives:
tree: /usr/bin/tree
Uninstalling A Package With Apt
Remove
You can uninstall a package with apt-get remove:
sudo apt-get remove tree
The user is prompted to confirm the removal. Again, the -y flag will autoconfirm.
Purge
You can also choose to completely remove the package and its associated
configuration files with apt-get purge:
sudo apt-get purge tree
Upgrading Existing Software
If software updates are available, you can get the updates with sudo aptget update and install the updates with sudo apt-get upgrade, which will upgrade
all of your packages. To upgrade a specific package, without upgrading all the
other out-of-date packages at the same time, you can use sudo apt-get install
somepackage (which may be useful if you're low on disk space or you have
limited download bandwidth).
Searching For Software
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You can search the archives for a package with a given keyword with aptcache search:
apt-cache search locomotive
sl - Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake
Updating And Upgrading Raspbian
First, update your system's package list by entering the following
command in LXTerminal or from the command line:
sudo apt-get update
Next, upgrade all your installed packages to their latest versions with the
command:
sudo apt-get upgrade
Generally speaking, doing this regularly will keep your installation up to
date, in that it will be equivalent to the latest released image available
fromraspberrypi.org/downloads.
However, there are occasional changes made in the Foundation's
Raspbian image that require manual intervention, for example a newly
introduced package. These are not installed with an upgrade, as this command
only updates the packages you already have installed.
Updating The Kernel And Firmware
The kernel and firmware are installed as a Debian package, and so will
also get updates when using the procedure above. These packages are updated
infrequently and after extensive testing.
Running Out Of Space
56
When running sudo apt-get upgrade, it will show how much data will be
downloaded and how much space it will take up on the SD card. It's worth
checking
with df
-h that
you
have
enough
disk
space
free,
as
unfortunately apt will not do this for you. Also be aware that downloaded
package files (.deb files) are kept in /var/cache/apt/archives. You can remove
these in order to free up space with sudo apt-get clean.
5.3.4.PHYTHON OPENCV
INTRODUCTION TO OPENCV-PYTHON TUTORIALS
OPENCV
OpenCV was started at Intel in 1999 by Gary Bradsky and the first
release came out in 2000. Vadim Pisarevsky joined Gary Bradsky to manage
Intels Russian software OpenCV team. In 2005, OpenCV was used on Stanley,
the vehicle who won 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Later its active
development continued under the support of Willow Garage, with Gary Brad
sky and Vadim Pisarevsky leading the project. Right now, OpenCV supports a
lot of algorithms related to Computer Vision and Machine Learning and it is
expanding day-by-day.
Currently OpenCV supports a wide variety of programming languages
like C++, Python, Java etc and is available on different platforms including
Windows, Linux, OS X, Android, iOS etc. Also, interfaces based on CUDA and
OpenCL are also under active development for high-speed GPU operations.
OpenCV-Python is the Python API of OpenCV. It combines the best
qualities of OpenCV C++ API and Python language.
OPENCV-PYTHON
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1.2. Numpy
1.3 Matpotlib (Matplotlib is optional, but recommended since we
use it a lot in
our tutorials).
2. Install all packages into their default locations. Python will be installed
to C:/Python27/.
3. After installation, open Python IDLE. Enter import numpy and make
sure Numpy is working fine.
4. Download latest OpenCV release from sourceforge site and doubleclick to extract it.
5. Goto opencv/build/python/2.7 folder.
6. Copy cv2.pyd to C:/Python27/lib/site-packeges.
7. Open Python IDLE and type following codes in Python terminal
building opencv from source:
1. Download and install Visual Studio and CMake.
1.1. Visual Studio 2012
1.2. CMake
2. Download and install necessary Python packages to their default
locations
2.1. Python-2.7.x.
2.2. Numpy
2.3 Matpotlib (Matplotlib is optional, but recommended since we
use it a lot in our tutorials).
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CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION
6.1.THERMAL IMAGE CAPTURING:
The thermal image is captured by using the MLX90620 image sensor. By
using this thermometer we can measure the accuracy of 0.5 temperature
difference. So we can identify the temperature difference in the land at different
areas.
6.2.THERMAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
The captured image is divided into 4 parts. The image can be divided
more than 4 parts. Here we have divided into 4 the image processing algorithm
is applied on the divided parts to identify the temperature difference. Depending
upon the temperature difference we can identify the wetness level of the land.
The Raspberry Pi computers identify the dry areas of the land and if opens the
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corresponding valve to irrigate the particular dry area. This method is fast and
very accuracy compared to previous systems.
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63
The implementation part for captured thermal image will be splitted into 4
parts in T1,T2,T3and T4.
6.3. HISTOGRAM PROCESSING OF 4 PART
Histogram processing is perfect method thermal image difference in the
land. Histogram is represent the gray level value of thermal image and the gray
level image change hot and cool place.
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In this proposed system have presented the new innovative irrigation system
based on the land temperature. This system comprises the water tank monitoring
system and the land temperature monitoring system, this two systems make the
irrigation fully automatic. The entire system is monitored and controlled by the
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power full credit card sized microcomputer called Raspberry Pi. Pi board is
powered by Linux operating system.
FUTURE WORK
1.The system can be expanded to monitor the status of agriculture field
through e-mail. So that the user can know the exact status of the agriculture
field even if they are not in the field.
2. The automatic overhead water tank controller can also be implemented.
So that the water in the tank will be re-filled when it is getting empty, this can
be done with help of ultrasonic sensor and the raspberry pi micro-computer.
3.Ureya level monitoring sensor also using for states of ureya level of the
land.
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REFERENCES
[1] Nikhil Agrawal, Siemens, Smita Singhal, smart drip irrigation system
using raspberry pi and arduino, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
COMPUTING, COMMUNICATION AND AUTOMATION (ICCCA2015)
ISBN:978-1-4799-8890-7/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE.
[2] Chandan kumar sahu, Pramitee Behera, a low cost smart irrigation control
system, IEEE SPONSORED 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (ICECS 2015) 978-14788-7225-8/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE.
[3] H.N.Kamalaskar, Dr. P.H.Zope, survey of smart irrigation system,
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH
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