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Abstract
The Greater Burgan Field of Kuwait has been producing for
57 years. The massive sandstone reservoirs have contributed the
bulk of oil production. Large reserves are situated in interbedded
sandstone reservoirs and will play a critical role in future Greater
Burgan development. The current challenge is how to develop
these reservoirs that have high uncertainty in net pay.
In the recent past, several wells were completed in the interbedded sandstone sequences and no flow was reported. As a result, a review of log, core, fluid, well tests, PLT, pressure data,
and the method of net pay determination has been done. The
teams objective has been to develop an integrated understanding
of the net pay intervals that can contribute to flow at a given
API, viscosity, depth, and reservoir pressure. It is assumed that
artificial lift may be available, and that drilling, workover, and
completion practices do not result in any permeability or perforation damage. A conceptual model has been set up to study all
the related parameters and to prove what contributes to making
the well flow. Our simulation model includes vertical lift performance for the tubing size, the depth of the reservoir, and the hydrocarbon properties. The model has been calibrated using log,
core, PLT, and well test data.
This paper represents the details of the integrated study made
to redefine net pay by improving and incorporating static and
dynamic data. The objective is to guide the well completion
strategy for interbedded sandstone reservoirs and reduce the uncertainty of remaining oil in place and reserves. The proposed
methodology will influence future investments in infill wells, artificial lift, and improved oil recovery methods.
Background
The Greater Burgan Field of Kuwait has been in production
from the upper Cretaceous Wara and Burgan formations. The bulk
of the production has been comprised from the generally massive
Third Sand Middle and Fourth Sand members of the Burgan formation. Other reservoirs such as Wara, Third Sand Upper, and Third
Sand Lower members are primarily interbedded sand and shale
reservoirs. These reservoirs have been deposited under various
sedimentary systems typical of a delta plain environment. Some of
the examples are distributory channel fills, interdistributory bays,
overbank splays, bay fills, distributory mouth bars, delta front, and
prodelta deposits. This diverse setting explains the complex heterogeneous nature of these reservoirs in the Greater Burgan Field.
Formation Evaluation
The development of the Greater Burgan Field has taken place
over more than five decades; the petrophysical data demonstrate
Porosity Calculation
Total porosity determination required the following methods, in
order of priority:
Density/neutron derived porosity (1976 present);
Density derived porosity (1968 1976); and,
Porosity derived from normalized cased hole neutron logs.
Core porosity was used to calibrate the log porosity in the cored
wells.
The use of various open hole and cased hole data for a better
understanding is depicted in Figure 1a. The presence of pyrites,
etc. can mislead the fluid content interpretation, as illustrated in
Figure 1b.
Permeability
In recent years, a number of wells have been drilled and cored.
The routine core analysis from seven of these wells has been used
to make a semi-log cross-plot of porosity vs. permeability in the
horizontal cores at an overburden pressure of 2,000 psi (Figure
2a). The cross-plot has a large scatter as also indicated by a correlation coefficient of 0.66. To improve the correlation, additional data
such as Vshale, resistivity, neutron porosity, and density were also
considered. The data was grouped in various meaningful combinations to improve the correlation. Permeability data was analyzed in
terms of reservoirs and yielded improved correlation trends with a
correlation coefficient of the order of 0.85 (Figure 2b). Another approach of grouping by facies is being looked at with the enormous
task of reconciliation of the log and image data.
THIS PAPER IS BEING PUBLISHED AS A TECHNICAL NOTE AND HAS NOT BEEN PEER REVIEWED.
20
40,000
35,000
100,000
10,000
30,000
25,000
6
20,000
15,000
10,000
3
5,000
1,000
0
0
100
Cumulative Storage
FIGURE 3: Cumulative flow capacity vs. cumulative storage for
XE-22.
10
Probabilistic Pay
1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Flow Units
In an earlier work to develop a workover tool, flow units were
defined by at least a 0.61-metre (2-ft) thickness of impermeable
boundaries and a porosity higher than 18%. Another method to
identify the flow units has been deployed by making a cross-plot
of cumulative flow capacity vs. cumulative storage capacity calculated from the top to the bottom of the reservoir. Slope changes on
the plot mark the boundaries of the flow units. Six flow units have
been identified based on the slope changes, as indicated in Figure 3
for well XE-22. These flow units have also been displayed in terms
of depth along with the well log traces in Figure 4.
July 2005, Volume 44, No. 7
Net Pay
Net pay is a crucial parameter in the determination of both
original oil or gas in place and remaining mobile hydrocarbons.
In practice, net pay is strongly related to porosity cutoff. However, this practice sometimes fails to calculate net pay that represents the portion of the rock that contains economically producible
21
FU1
FU2
FU3
FU4
FU5
FU6
100
P90
Net Pay
90
PLT was carried out in XE-22. The results of PLT are displayed
in Figure 7b for every 0.61 m (2 ft) of formation thickness. The
upper set of perforations contributes 180 BOPD and the remaining
1,260 BOPD comes from lower set of perforations situated in
higher quality pay. The simulated oil rates from the two sets of perforations are 200 and 1,240 BOPD. Figure 7c gives the simulated
oil rate for every 0.61 m (2 ft) of formation thickness.
80
Probability
70
60
P50
Net Pay
50
The well XE-22 was completed in Third Sand Middle. The well
has two sets of perforations: 1,350.9 1,353.3 m (4,432 4,440')
and 1,357.9 1,361.5 m (4,455 4,467') located in a variable
quality of pay, as shown in Figure 7a. The oil rate is 1,440 BOPD
with a THP of 607 psi.
40
30
20
10
Discussion
P10
Net Pay
0
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
47.5
52.5
hydrocarbons. Net pay could vary under various development scenarios such as self-flow, artificial lift, and improved oil recovery
projects. Permeability cutoffs may be considered adequate in case
of natural depletion. But presence of lateral continuity in addition
to the threshold permeability value may be a necessary condition
for being counted as net pay for waterflood or other displacement
processes of EOR. In the present work, no porosity or permeability
cutoffs were considered. To make the calculation of net pay as
objective as possible, the present work reviews the raw log data,
interpretation results, core, fluid, pressure, and PLT data and attempts to find out how they interact and influence each other.
Well Model
In order to analyze the ability of different parts of formation
with varying pay quality to contribute to oil production, a radial
well model was set up with model layer thickness of 0.61 m (2 ft).
A drainage radius of 914.4 m (3,000 ft) and 12 angular divisions
have been considered. Figure 6 shows the porosity distribution in
the radial model for the well YO-03. The flow tables have been developed using the specific perforation depth, oil API, and well configuration. They are used in the model to produce the well at the
given THP. Cases have been run for the FBHP controlled well with
the FBHP equal to 500 psi to model artificial lift. No PI damage
has been considered. In every case, the layer contributions have
been reported and plotted against the PLT results.
22
It is observed that simulation results and the PLT data for the
individual layers show a very good match. The entire P50 pay is
effectively contributing to oil production. However, as there is
negligible difference in P50 and P90 pay, it is difficult to make the
same conclusion regarding the contribution for all of the P90 pay.
Perforation
1,251 1,252 m (4,104 4,108')
1,257 1,260 m (4,124 4,133')
1,263 1,266 m (4,144 4,154')
1,270 1,273 m (4,166 4,178')
1,278 1,295 m (4,193 4,250')
Oil, BOPD
Simulated Oil
Rate
160
0
320
560
4,400
400
130
221
282
4,647
Figure 8c gives the simulated oil rate for every 0.61 m (2 ft) of
formation thickness.
Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology
Oil, BOPD
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
4432
4432
4436
4440
4436
4444
4444
4448
4448
4452
4452
4456
4456
4460
4460
4464
4464
4467
4467
50
100
150
200
250
300
4440
(b)
(c)
(a)
FIGURE 7: a) XE-22 well log with pay flags; b) XE-22 PLT data; and, c) XE-22 simulation data.
Oil, BOPD
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
4104
(a)
200
400
600
800
1,000
4104
4112
4112
4120
4120
4128
4128
4136
4136
4144
4144
4152
4152
4160
4160
4168
4168
4176
4176
4184
4184
4192
4192
4200
4200
4208
4208
4216
4216
4224
4224
4232
4232
4240
4240
4248
4248
(b)
(c)
FIGURE 8: a) YO-03 well log with pay flags; b) YO-03 PLT data; and, c) YO-03 PLT data.
July 2005, Volume 44, No. 7
23
Oil, BOPD
0
10
15
20
30
35
4262
4262
4270
4270
4278
4278
4286
4286
4294
4294
4302
4302
4310
4310
4318
4318
4326
4326
4334
4334
4342
4342
4350
4350
4358
4358
4366
4366
4374
4374
4382
4382
4390
4390
4398
4398
4406
4406
10
15
(b)
(a)
20
25
30
35
(c)
FIGURE 9: a) YO-16 well log with pay flags; b) YO-16 PLT data; and, c) YO-16 simulation data.
Oil, BOPD
0
50
100
4322
150
200
50
100
150
200
4322
4332
4334
4342
4346
4352
4358
4362
4372
4370
4382
4382
4392
4394
4402
4406
4412
4418
4422
4432
4430
4442
4442
4452
4454
4462
4466
4472
4478
4482
(a)
(b)
(c)
FIGURE 10: a) YO-47 well log with pay flags; b) YO-47 PLT data; and, c) YO-47 simulation data.
24
100.00%
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
80.00%
70.00%
70.00%
Frequency
Frequency
90.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
Cumulative %
30.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
20.00%
30.00%
10.00%
20.00%
.00%
0
1 More
Cumulative %
10.00%
.00%
10 More
Discussion
The PLT data suggests much lower contribution from b1, b2,
and b3 compared to the simulation response. This indicates the
formation/perforation damage in these poorly developed formations which have been perforated at 2 4 SPF.
Well Information
The well YO-16 was completed in the Third Sand Upper and
Third Sand Middle. The well has four sets of perforations: 1,299
1,301 m (4,262 4,270'), 1,305 1,319 m (4,282 4,328'), 1,321
1,322 m (4,335 4,370'), and 1,336 1,344 m (4,383 4,409')
located in a variable quality of pay, as shown in Figure 9a. The oil
rate is 325 BOPD with THP of 400 psi.
PLT vs. Simulated Flow Rates
PLT was carried out in YO-16. The result of PLT is displayed in
Figure 9b for every 0.61 m (2 ft) of formation thickness.
The individual contributions from different perforations are
given as under:
Perforation
Oil, BOPD
Simulated Oil
Rate
PLT was carried out in YO-47. The results of PLT are displayed
in Figure 10b for every 0.61 m (2 ft) of formation thickness. The
individual contributions from different perforations are given as
under:
Perforation
1,317 1,320 m (4,322 4,330')
1,329 1,334 m (4,361 4,378')
1,337 1,342 m (4,387 4,403')
1,345 1,366 m (4,413 4,435')
1,355 1,366 m (4,445 4,483')
Oil, BOPD
Simulated Oil
Rate
0
40
0
320
1,160
4
24
64
514
914
Figure 10c gives the simulated oil rate for every 0.61 m (2 ft) of
formation thickness.
Discussion
The contribution from the best layers tend to dominate and the
poor quality of pay does not contribute as per the calculated rate
from the simulation. In this well, the top four sets of perforations
underproduce compared to their potential as established from the
simulation.
All the contributing and non-contributing parts of formations
were analyzed with respect to the well log parameters of resistivity,
neutron porosity, Vshale, effective porosity, and permeability. It
was concluded that the volume of shale is the most critical parameter for a formation to contribute. As given in Figure 11, more than
90% of the contributing part of formation has a shale volume lower
than 45%. Similarly, the non-contributing part has demonstrated
that its resistivity values are predominantly less than 9 ohm-m
(Figure 12). This indicates the susceptibility of these formations
of lesser than 9 ohm-m to perforation plugging and damage highlighting the need for effective well completion preferably underbalanced and at higher shot density with deep charges.
Conclusions
The PLT results when compared to the simulated performance with a detailed well model can give valuable information regarding the formation/perforation damage.
The well log data and their interpretation can be validated by
using PLT response.
25
Acknowledgements
Our special thanks go to the Kuwait Oil Ministry and the Kuwait Oil Company for according permission to present this paper.
Our thanks are due to Hashem Hashem, Manager, Field Development, SEK, and Ibrahim A/Karim, Team Leader, Field Development, EK, for their constant support. Thanks are also due to Simon
Stonard and Vegesna Raju for valuable discussion.
REFERENCES
1. MOON, M., et. al., Application of Petrophysically Derived Flow Facies for Reservoir Characterization and Simulation: Wara Reservoir.
Greater Burgan Field; paper SPE 49217, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, September 27 30, 1998.
2. SNYDER, R.H., A Review of the Concepts and Methodology of Determining Net Pay; paper SPE 3609, Fall Meeting of the Society
of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, New Orleans, LA, October 3 6,
1971.
3. COBB, W.M., Net Pay Determination for Primary and Waterflood
Depletion Mechanisms; paper SPE 48952, SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, September 27 30,
1998.
4. AMINIAN, K., et al, A New Approach for Reservoir Characterization; paper SPE 78710, SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Lexington,
KY, October 23 26, 2002.
5. SINHA, S.P., ROE, S.E., and AL-QATTAN, R.A., Optimization of
Multi-Zone Development in a Matured Oil Field; CIPC 2003-197,
proceedings of Canadian International Petroleum Conference, June
10 12, 2003.
6. AL-SAEED, M.A., Probabilistic Pay Flags and Reservoir Quality in
the Greater Burgan Field; Departmental Presentation of SEK Greater
Burgan Studies Team, Kuwait, 2003.
7. SU, H. and AL-RASHEEDI, S., Field Examples to Bridge the Gap
Between Production Engineering and Reservoir Engineering; paper
SPE 71590, ATCE 2001, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, September 30 October 3, 2001.
ProvenanceOriginal Petroleum Society manuscript, Integrated Approach To Develop Shaly, Interbedded Sandstone Reservoirs in
Greater Burgan Field (2004-100TN), first presented at the 5th Canadian
International Petroleum Conference (the 55th Annual Technical Meeting
of the Petroleum Society), June 8 10, 2004, in Calgary, Alberta. Abstract submitted for review December 1, 2003; editorial comments sent
to the author(s) November 8, 2004; revised manuscript received April 12,
2005; paper approved for pre-press April 12, 2005; final approval June 30,
2005.
26
Authors Biographies
Satyendra Sinha graduated in petroleum engineering from the Indian School
of Mines, Dhanbad (India) in 1981. He
worked with the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, India from 1982 to 1998 in the
areas of reservoir simulation, field development plans and reservoir management.
Since 1998, he has been working with the
Kuwait Oil Company as a senior reservoir
engineer for the East Kuwait Asset Team.
He is responsible for day-to-day asset management including infill drilling, surveillance and monitoring, and asset optimization. He also mentors
young petroleum engineers on the team.
Raghad Al-Qattan graduated from Kuwait
University with a petroleum engineering
degree in 2001. She is working for the
Kuwait Oil Company. She has been coordinating pressure transient tests for the
East Kuwait Asset team in field development. She is involved in reservoir management for wells and gathering centers,
identifying and evaluating new well work
opportunities (infill wells and rig/rig-less
workover), and supporting well completion
and surveillance.
Stan Roe graduated from the State University of New York at Plattsburgh with a B.Sc.
in geology in 1977. He started as a petroleum geologist with Gulf Oil that year, and
continued his employment with Chevron
after the merger of the two companies in
1984. He has worked in the Middle East,
the United Kingdom, West Africa, Papua
New Guinea, and Indonesia during his career in both exploration and development.
His assignment with KOC lasted from 2000
2004 as an earth science mentor in the Greater Burgan area. He is
currently a project coordinator for ChevronTexacos Silopi acreage
in southeast Turkey.
John Crowe graduated from Columbia
University (BSci in geophysics) and from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (PhD
in oceanography). He began his career with
Chevron in 1980. From 1985 to 1995, he
worked on research related to petrophysics
at Chevron Oil Field Research Co, La
Habra, CA. John has worked overseas in
Spain, Nigeria, and Kuwait. Since 2004,
he has been working for ChevronTexaco
in Nigeria as a staff formation evaluation
specialist.