Thermal Stress & Strain

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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Thermal Stress & Strain

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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Thermal Stress & Strain

Thermal stress and strain are caused by
temperature change.
Materials expand at temperature increase
and contract at temperature decrease.
Restricting thermal strain cause thermal stress.
Thermal stress / strain are shown at left
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Wall (bending stress)

Moment frame (bending stress)
Braced frame (axial stress)
Fixed-end arch (bending stress)
Pin supported arch (bending stress)
Three-hinge arch (no stress)

The three-hinge arch is free to deform

without stress (important advantage!)
07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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Three-hinge arch
Many 19th century rail stations have
three-hinge arches to avoid thermal
stress and stress due to settlement.
The hinges also facilitate transport.

Hinges

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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Three-hinge arch
Grimshaws Waterloo Station, London,
has three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress
and sttlement stress.
The asymmetrical form due to planning constrains
required to brace arches against buckling by
trusses located:

Outside to prevent upward buckling

Inside to prevent downward buckling.

Hinges
07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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Thermal strain
1
2

Bar of initial length L

Thermal strain L due to heat,
computed as:

L = t L
where
= Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/oF)
t = temperature increase (+) / decrease (-)
L = initial length

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

and Elastic Modulus E
Material

US
(10-6 in/in/o F)

SI
(10-6 m/m/o C)

E-Modulus US
(10 6 psi)

E-Modulus SI
(10 6 Pa)

Aluminum

13

10

24

69

Steel

6.5

29

11.7

200

Concrete

34

11

20 28

Masonry

13

7 21

Wood

1.7 2.5

1.2 2.2

3.5 - 4.5

8 15

Glass

44

9.6

80

66

68 - 80

0.3 0.4

122 - 144

2 2.8

Plastics

07 Thermal
Thermal
Stress
Stress
and and
Strain,
Strain Copyright
Copyright
GGGSchierle,
G Schierle,
2001-02
2001-05

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Thermal Stress
3.
4.
5.
6.

Bar of initial length L

Elongation L due to heat
Hot bar reduced to initial length by load P
Thermal stress in restrained bar

L = t L
= t
E=f/
f=E

f = t E
where
f = thermal stress
= thermal coefficient
t = temperature change
E = elastic modulus

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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10

Curtain wall
Assume:
Aluminum curtain wall

Fa = 10 ksi

t = 100 o F (summer vs. winter temperature)

2 story mullion, L = 30 x 12
L = 360
= 13 x 10-6 in/in/o F
E = 10 x 10 6 psi
Expansion joint
L = t L
L = 13 x 10-6 x 100o x 360
Use expansion joint
Assume:
Designer forgets expansion joint
Thermal stress:
f = t E
f = 13x10-6x100x10x10-6 = 13,000 psi
f = 13,000 psi / 1000

L = 0.47
0.5 > 0.47, ok

f = 13 ksi
13 > 10, NOT ok

Note:
10 6 and 10-6 cancel out and can be ignored
07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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11

Masonry expansion joint

Space masonry expansion joint @

Assume:
Masonry
Temperature change
Joint spacing L=100 x 12
Thermal coefficient
E-modulus

L = 100
Fa = 300 psi
t = 70o F
L = 1200
= 4x10-6/oF
E = 1.5x106 psi

Thermal expansion
L = t L
L = 4x10-6/oFx70ox1200
Use 3/8 expansion joint

L = 0.34
0.375 > 0.34

Check thermal stress without expansion joint

f = t E
f = 420psi
f = 4x10-6x70ox1.5x106
420 > 300, NOT ok
3

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Silicon joint

1
2
3
4

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

Building axon
Expansion joint in wall
Expansion joint at wall intersection
Expansion joint detail
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12

Bridge expansion joints

Bridges require expansion joints (roller or rocker)
Assume
Concrete bridge
Span L = 310 x 12
Temperature change
Thermal coefficient
E-modulus

L =3,720
t = 90o F
= 6x10-6/oF
E = 3x10 6 psi

Thermal strain
L = t L
L = 6x10-6x90ox3720
Provide 2 joint

L = 2
2.5 > 2

Thermal stress without joint

f = t E
f = 6x10-6x90ox3x10 6 psi
Too much stress without load /

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

f = 1,620 psi

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13

Girder strain
IIT Building Chicago
Architect: Mies Van der Rohe
Roof girders are exposed to temperature
change (cold winter / hot summer)
Assume
Steel girders
Span L= 120 x 12
Temperature change
Thermal coefficient
E-modulus

L =1,440
t = 107o
= 6.5x10-6/oF
E = 29x106 psi

Girder strain
L = 6.5x10-6x107ox1440 L = 1
Note:
girder elongation induces bending stress and
deflection in columns
07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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14

Please bring to next class

engineering scale and
2 triangles

07 Thermal Stress and Strain

Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05

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15