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Behavior and Design of

Double Tees With


Web Openings
John M. Savage
Structural Project Coordinator
Henningsen, Durham
& Richardson, Inc.
Omaha, Nebraska

Maher K. Tadros
Ph.D., P.E.
Cheryl Prewett Professor
of Civil Engineering
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Omaha, Nebraska

Panchy Arumugasaamy
Ph.D., P.E.
Research Associate Professor
Center for Infrastructure Research
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Omaha, Nebraska

Larry G. Fischer, P.E.


Vice President
Concrete Industries, Inc.
Lincoln, Nebraska
46

This paper presents the results of a research


project aimed at providing standard sized
web openings to the popular precast
concrete double tee. The main advantage of
these openings is that mechanical equipment
can pass through the webs of double tees
instead of under them. This reduces the
floor-to-floor height and overall cost of the
building. Another advantage is a slight
reduction in double tee weight that would
improve the demand on the supporting frame
both under gravity loading and seismic
excitation. The design of the web openings
was based on prior research and a finite
element analysis. Opening size and
placement and required material strengths
were investigated. Also, the effects of using a
two-point depression, rather than the
standard one-point depression, of the
prestressing strands were investigated. Four
45ft (13. 7 m) long single tee specimens (one
leg of a double tee) were tested to failure.
The test results obtained from this
investigation show that the performance of
the specimens with web openings was
almost identical to that of the specimen
without web openings. Based on these tests,
design recommendations are made that will
allow the addition of web openings to double
tees with minimal additional calculation.
PCI JOURNAL

recast concrete double tees are


one of the most popular precast
concrete floor framing systems.
However, compared to open web steel
joists, they are heavy and do not allow
mechanical equipment to pass through
them. Placing web openings in double
tees allows mechanical equipment to
pass through them, reducing the floorto-floor hei ght and overall building
hei ght. The reduced building height
can result in significant economy in
the cost of the building envelope and
in the mechanical and electrical systems . A further benefit of weight reduction is sav ings in the supporting
beams, columns, and foundation due
to both vertical gravity loads and horizontal seismic forces.
This paper presents the results of a
research project that investigated
adding web openings to the standard
PCI double tee . Existing floor and roof
framing systems were reviewed in addition to prior research on precast, prestressed concrete double tees with web
openings. The analysis was performed
to investigate two-point depression of
the strand, opening size and placement, and required material strength .
This analysis was used to design four
full size specimens that were tested to
failure.
The results obtained from the testing
show that multiple, large web openings can be placed into a precast concrete double tee without reducing the
strength or significantly increasing the
deflection of the double tee . Simple
design and detailing steps are proposed for these double tees.

et al. 7 and Kennedy and Abdalla" developed de sig n procedures for prestressed concrete beam s with web
openings.
Based on thi s prior research, several
conclusions can be made:
The deflection of beams with web
openings is similar to that of beams
without web openings.
Web openings need to be placed
outside of the strand development
length.
Beams with web openings placed in
high shear regions do not perform as
well as beams with web openings in
predominantly flexural areas.
Vertical stirrups need to be placed
on each side of an opening to control cracks extending from the edges
of the openings.
The chords below an opening may
crack at loads less than the service
load.
The beams with openings behave
similarly to a Vierendeel truss.
The shear in a beam at an opening
should be di stributed between the
top and bottom chords in proportion
to their stiffness.
Kennedy and Abdalla9 have recently
completed a comprehensive study of
beams with one opening. They have
proposed a rather involved procedure
to design for the opening; however,
they have not considered simplification and poss ible standardization of
beams with a large number of openings. Their paper gives a good discussion of the types of cracking that can
occur around an opening in a prestressed concrete beam and how these
cracks form.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The first published work on precast,
prestressed concrete beams with web
openings was conducted by Ragan and
Warwaruk.' Since then , several other
researchers have investigated prestre sse d concrete beam s with web
openings, including Suave,' LeBlanc, 3
Salam and Harrop ,' Din akaran and
Sastry, 5 and Kennedy and El-Laithy. 6
Two of the more comprehensive studies conducted on prestressed concrete
beams with web openings were done
by Barn ey , Han so n , Corley, and
Parmelee, 7 and Kennedy and Abdalla.
Based on their research, both Barney
January-February 1996

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The double tees with web openings
are envisioned primarily for use in office construction. Based on thi s, a
span of 45 ft ( 13.7 m) was chosen for
analysis, and an office live loading of
50 psf (245 kg/m ') plu s a 20 psf
(I 00 kg/m' ) superimposed dead load
plus 25 psf ( 122 kg/m' ) to represent a
2 in. (50 mm) topping was used. This
is a total superimposed uniform service load of 95 psf (464 kg/m' ) and an
ultimate load of 150 psf (730 kg/m').
The PCI Desig n Handbook '0 show s
that a 24 in. (600 mm) deep double tee

is required to carry the design load.


The design load included the weight
of a 2 in. (50 mm) topping , although
the analysis and testing were performed without the topping on the
tees. This is conservative because the
weight of the topping is added to the
load of the tees, but the additional
strength gained from the topping is
ignored.
A two-dimen sional finite element
analysis was conducted using ANSYS
4.4a." Two-dimensional four-noded
isoparametric elements were used to
model the concrete portions of the
tees. The thickness of the elements
was varied to account for the difference in width between the flange and
the web. Two-noded spars with an initial strain were used to model the prestressing strand.
Three load stages were investigated:
tran sfer, service load, and ultim ate
load. The finite element model s were
linear, so they were less exact for the
analysis with ultimate loads because
the model did not account for cracking. However, the analysis gave a
good indication of overall tee behavior, such as the deflection of the tees
under service load s, the location of
stress concentrations, and an idea of
the magnitude of the stress concentrations. In this analysis, one leg of the
double tee was modeled for half of the
span with symmetry applied to the elements at the centerline of the span .
Opening size and placement, strand
location , and material strengths were
refined using these analyses.
The opening depth was varied to
see what impact th at would have on
the tee stre sses . In order to better
transfer stress from the flange to the
web, 2 in. (50 mm) of concrete was
left between the top of the opening
and the bottom of the flange . Based
on required cover for the strands and
any mild steel reinforcement required,
the maximum opening depth could be
13 in. (33 0 mm ). With 13 in. (33 0
mm) deep openings, there were hi gh
compressive stresses in the bottom
chord s at tran sfe r and high ten sile
stresses at service. With a 12 in. (300
mm) deep opening, the tensile stresses
were between the 6 fJ: and 12 fJ:
stress limits , which would indic ate
limited flexural cracking.
47

c
_____
)
c
_____
)
)

11'-6"

I:

11'-0"
22'-6"

5 1/2" DIA 270 ksi strands


stressed to 0.75f pu

Depression Points

r- 4'-0"1

=====rr====.===:;,=---------r-1

Y======

2'~0"

I\~ Spa.@ 1/2"


2 1/2"

Section @ Midspan

End Section

2"

2"

fi3 ) (
L 4jf 4'J-

11

2'-8"

1'-6" II

2'-4J_4"

Typical Blockout Dimensions


1" = 25.4 mm
Fig . 1. Typical dimensions of test specimens .

Although cracking would significantly increase the deflection of the


tees, allowing the tees to crack was
preferable to reducing the opening
depth any further. The clear cover to
the prestressing strand was increased
by 50 percent in accordance with ACI
318-89 12 Section 7.7 .3.2, and t he
12 fjj limit was used for the allow48

able tensile stress limit at service. The


final opening size used was 12 x 36 in.
(300 x 900 mm).
Several different shapes were considered for the web openings, including ellipses , rectangles, hexagon s,
and circles. Rectan g ular openings
were used because they provide more
flexibility of use than the other open-

ing shapes considered. The corners of


the rectangular openings were chamfered to reduce stress concentration s
at the corners of the openings under
service loads.
The width of the post between openings was 18 in . (450 mm), based on
strut-and-tie theory and because Barney et aJ.7 recommended that the post
PCI JOURNAL

T = tensile stress concentrationi!UZ!J


V = shear stress concentration

CJ

(a) Stresses at Release

T =tensile stress concentratio~


V = shear stress concentration

!: . : :!

(b) Stresses at Service Load


Fig. 2. Locations of stress concentrations.

be at least half the width of the opening. This allowed five openings between depres sion points . One additional opening was placed at each end
of the tee outside of the depression
points . These openings had sloped
bottoms to accommodate the depressed strands. No openings were
placed in the length required for strand
development or in areas of high shear
(see Fig. 1).
One of the major variables investigated in this project was the effect of
using two-point depression vs. onepoint depressed or straight prestressing strands used in previous research
projects. Two-point depression allows
placement of more larger openings in
the webs than one-point depression or
straight strands do. The depression
points needed to be placed as far apart
as poss.ible in order to have the maximum number of web openings in the
tee. However, if the depression points
were placed too close to the ends of
the tees, the force required to depress
the strands during casting may be too
great. Accordingly, the depression
point should be approximately beJanuary-February 1996

tween the one-quarter point and the


one-third point of the tee. The tees in
this project were analyzed with the depression points at the one-quarter
points.
The PCI Design Handbook'" shows
that four prestressing strands per leg
were required for the span and loading
chosen. In the finite element analyses,
both three and four strands per leg
were investigated. The finite element
analyses showed that even with higher
concrete strength and reduced selfweight, four strands were required.
Based on discussions with producers
and the finite element analysis, a fifth
prestressing strand per leg was added
in the compression chord. This strand
was necessary beca use as the tee is
loaded , the Vierendeel action of the
tees at the openings produces moments
on the ends of the tension and compression chords. These moments cause
tensile and compressive stress concentrations at the ends of the chords. The
top strand provides additional compression in the compression chord to
counteract these tensile stress concentrations. It also makes placement of the

auxiliary steel in the tee easier.


Both 1h and 0.6 in. (12 and 15 mm)
diameter, 270 and 300 ksi (1860 and
2070 MPa) prestressing steel were investigated. The results from the analysis showed that 1h in. (12 mm) diameter 270 ksi (1860 MPa) low relaxation
strands were adequate. Higher steel
strength and/or larger diameter strands
may be desirable in other applications
not considered in this study.
Concrete strengths between 6000
and 10,000 psi (41 and 69 MPa) were
considered. The finite element analysis showed that a higher concrete
strength of = 7000 psi (48 MPa) and
J;; = 5500 psi (38 MPa) was required.
The higher concrete strength increased
the stiffness of the tee as well as the
code allowable stresses. The increased
stiffness of the tee reduced localized
stress concentrations and overall
deflection.
The finite element analyses indicated several other stress concentrations (see Fig. 2). There was a compressive stress concentration near the
depres sion points at transfer of the
prestressing force. There were tensile

1:

49

(a) WWF for bottom chord

(c) Specimen ready for concrete placement

(b) Post reinforcement being installed

(d) Completed specimen

Fig. 3. Tee 7G3 during fabrication .


stress concentrations in the posts between openings at transfer. For both
service and ultimate loads, the highest
tensile and compressive stress concentrations occurred in the chords above
and below the first full opening at
each end of the tee. Under service
loads, there were also tensile and shear
stress concentrations at the corners of
the openings, tensile stress concentrations below the post on either side of
the opening at midspan, and a tensile
and shear stress concentration extending from the edge of the end openings
toward the supports.

DESIGN
Concrete Industries of Lincoln, Nebraska, fabricated four single tees (one
leg of a double tee) for use in this project. Fabrication of the tees is shown
in Fig. 3. Tee 70 I was designed as a
solid tee in order to compare the be50

havior to the tees with openings. Tees


702, 703 , and 704 each had seven
openings.
The design of the tees was based on
a combination of the finite element
analysis and the design procedure developed by Barney et a!.' The materials used in the construction of the test
specimens were determined by the finite element analyses.
The critical results from the finite
element analysis were axial stresses at
transfer and service, and shear and
principal tensile stress at ultimate
load . The longitudinal stresses were
used to check the ACI working stress
limits. The shear and principal tensile
stresses at ultimate load were used to
aid in the design of the shear stirrups.
The shear stirrups and any additional
mild steel reinforcement required for
stress concentrations needed to be designed by hand.
The test specimens were identical

except for the additional reinforcement around the web openings. The
specimens had five 112 in. (12 mm) diameter 270 ksi (1860 MPa) prestressing strands; four were depressed at the
one-quarter points, and the fifth strand
was placed 22 in. (550 nun) above the
bottom of the tee and was not depressed. Because the prestressing bed
has holes already drilled in it at a fixed
spacing of 24 in. (600 nun) on center
for the depression device, the location
of the depression points may be 12 in.
(300 mm) away from where they were
designed.
To reduce the required strand depression force at the ends of the tees,
the strands were placed as close to the
bottom as possible. The strands were
all stressed to 0 . 75~>u The concrete
used had an f~ = 5500 psi (38 MPa)
and anf/ = 7000 psi (48 MPa). Fig. 1
shows the prestressing strand layout
and open ing locations.
PCI JOURNAL

For shear reinforcement, two types


of welded wire fabric (WWF) commonly used by Concrete Industries
were considered. The WWF comes in
flat sheets LOft (3 m) long and approximately 20 in. (510 mm) wide. The
WWF used at the ends of the beams
had D7 wires 4 in. (100 mm) on center,
and the WWF used over the rest of the
span had W2.9 wires 7 112 in. (190 mm)
on center. The D7 wire is a deformed
wire with a cross-sectional area of 0.07
sq in. (45 mm 2) , and a W2.9 wire is a
smooth wire with a cross-sectiona l
area of 0.029 sq in. (19 mm 2).
The additional shear reinforcement
required around the web openings was
provided by deformed steel bars with
a yield strength of 60 ksi (415 MPa).
Reinforcement for the flange was provided by a 4x4-W4.0xW4.0 WWF.
All of the specimens used this WWF.
Also, all of the WWF had a 75 ksi
(520 MPa) yield strength.
Tee 7G1

Standard Continuous Leg Mesh

t - - - - - - - - - - - 22'-6"

(a) Tee 7G1


Standard Leg Mesh has W2.9 wire vertically@ 7 1/2" O.C.
Standard End Mesh has D7 wire vertically@ 3" O.C.

#5 Diagonal bar {TYP.)

4X4 W4.0XW4.0 U Mesh

{b) Tee 7G2

This tee required only m1mmum


shear reinforcement. No WWF was required over the middle 4 ft (1.2 m) of
the span; however, the WWF was provided continuously over the length of
the tee (see Fig. 4a).
Tee 7G2

The shear reinforcement of this tee


in the area of the openii:JgS was designed using strut-and-tie theory. In
the posts between openings, #3 U stirrups were placed next to the open ings
to control any cracks extending from
the sides of the openings, and two #5
diagonal bars were placed in an Xpattern to carry the shear. Although
for a uniformly loaded tee only half of
these #5 bars were needed to carry
shear, two #5 bars were placed in each
post in the X -pattern in case of
nonuniform loading. Two additional
#3 U stirrups were placed on the support side of the end openings. These
stirrups were designed for the high
stress concentrations that extend from
the side of the end openings towards
the ends of the tee.
AU-shaped 4x4-W4.0xW4.0 WWF
was placed in the chords below the
openings. This U-shaped WWF was
designed to control cracks extending
January-February 1996

#4 Single leg stirrup (TYP.)

(c) Tees 7G3 and 7G4


I" =25.4 mm
Fig. 4. Reinforcement details of specimens.

from the bottom corners of the openings and to control shear cracking in
the tension chords. Because the stiffness of the tees was already reduced
by the openings, it was desired to prevent shear cracking of the tension
chord, which would reduce the stiffness of the tees even more.
The #3 U stirrups on each side of
the openings did not allow the Ushaped WWF below the openings to
be run continuously. This meant that
there had to be several small pieces of
WWF across the length of the tee. The

WWF used was chosen because it is


the same WWF as used in the flange.
The reinforcement details for Tee 702
are shown in Fig. 4b.
Tees 7G3 and 7G4

Tees 703 and 704 were reinforced


identically. The stirrups used in the
area of the openings were single-leg
#4 stirrups. Stirrups were placed on
both sides of all the openings to control cracks extending from the openings. Also, as in Tee 702, additional
51

there was not much room to reach


down into the form to tie the stirrups.
During production , the workers
made several recommendations. Instead of using a combination of the Ushaped WWF below the openings and
the stirrups between the openings, a Ushaped leg WWF could be used. The
WWF would be cut for the openings
and stirrups could be tied to the WWF
in areas where additional reinforcement is required. All of the steel could
be tied before placing it into the form,
and there would be less steel to tie.

TESTING
Instrumentation
Fig. 5. Measuring deflection near failure.

Fig. 6. Failed Tee 7G4.

stirrups were placed on the support


side of the end openings. In the posts
between openings, additional stirrups
were placed as needed.
The stirrups were designed using the
stresses given by the finite element
analysis. Single leg stirrups were used
instead of U-shaped stirrups because it
was thought that they would be easier
to place. Also, single leg stirrups allowed the U-shaped WWF below the
openings to be run nearly continuously
beneath the openings. The only discontinuity of this WWF was at the end
of each 10 ft (3 m) section of WWF.
52

Reinforcement details for these two


tees are given in Fig. 4c.

CONSTRUCTION
During the construction of the tees
several problems were encountered. In
Tee 702, the #5 bars were placed after
the blackouts for the openings were in
place, so the bottom of the #5 bar had
to be placed by hand moving in a constricted area. Also, tying the bottom of
the stirrups in Tees 703 and 704
proved difficult. Because neither side
of a double tee form is removable,

During testing, deflection and concrete strain readings were measured.


Deflection was measured at the onequarter point and the midpoint of the
tees using dial gauges with an accuracy
of 0.001 in . (0.025 mm). As the applied moment on the tees approached
the design ultimate moment of the tees,
the dial gauges were removed and the
deflections were measured using a tape
measure (see Fig. 5).
Concrete strains in the tees were
measured using a 200 mm (8 in.)
Demec gauge. The Demec gauge measures the relative displacement of
gauge points with an accuracy of
4.0xi06 strains. The externally
mounted strain gauges give a good indication of concrete strain up to the
point of cracking.
For Tee 701, the solid tee, strain
gauges were located at the centerline
of the tee. For the tees with openings,
strain gauges were placed above and
below the opening at midspan to investigate flexural strains. They were
also placed at the left side, center, and
right side above and below the second
opening (first full opening) of the tees
to determine if the openings were behaving similarly to a Vierendeel truss.
Observations Before Loading
Before testing of the tees began ,
there were small cracks approximately
I to 2 in. (50 to I 00 mm) long extending from the comers of the openings.
One crack extended from each side of
the opening. Kennedy and El-Laithy,'
Barney et al., 7 and Kennedy and AbPCI JOURNAL

Superimposed Moment vs. Deflection


Deflection (mm)

200

100

400

300

300

400

275
350
250
225

250
175

:::E

150

.,
"'
8.

'0

-~

Vl

200

.,
s
0

i:i

300

.,
s
:::E
'0
.,
i:i
0

200

125

Service Live Load

150
100

"'0
.:S'

<FJ

75

L/360

50
25

)(

100
7Gl

7G2
7G3
7G4

50

0
0

12

16

7G4 both failed when the prestressing


strand fractured below the opening at
midspan. It does not appear that any of
the tees failed prematurely due to
stress concentrations caused by the
web openings.
It was difficult to determine the
exact failure moment of the tees because only full blocks of concrete
could be placed on the tees. Therefore,
the failure moments given here are
slightly conservative. The tees all
failed at approximately the same load
level of 296 ft-kips (401 kN-m) . The
nominal moment capacity, M," was
calculated to be 268 ft-kips (363 kNm). Thus, the specimens failed at more
than 1.2 times <f>Mil, using the design
values for the concrete strength and
prestressing steel strength.
When using the actual concrete and
steel strengths, the calculated nominal
moment capacity, Mil , was 278 ft-kips
(377 kN-m), which was still less than
the observed failure moment by about
6 percent. For Tee 7G2, the ultimate
moment was 1.6 times the cracking
moment. For Tees 7G3 and 7G4, the
ultimate moment was 1.4 times the
cracking moment. This would indicate
that the tees could be designed to be
uncracked under unfactored service
loads without much excess capacity at
ultimate.

Deflection (in.)

ANALYSIS

Fig. 7. Superimposed moment vs. deflection.

Deflection
dalla9 have reported similar cracking.
Also , the blackout for the middle
opening in Tee 7G2 floated 2 to 3 in.
(50 to 75 mm) upward during production. However, the opening was still
below the depth of the compression
block, so the ultimate strength of the
tee was not affected. In commercial
production, the blackouts should be
adequately secured and should perhaps be made of steel rather than
polystyrene.

Loading
The tees were loaded using large
blocks of concrete at the casting yard
of Concrete Industries. The blocks
were placed on the tees one at a time
and provided a realistic uniform loading. Strain and deflection measureJanuary-February 1996

ments were taken as the tees were


loaded to service load, unloaded, and
then reloaded to failure . Fig. 6 shows
Tee 7G4 after failure . After the ultimate moment was reached , strain
readings were no longer taken as a
safety precaution.

Strength Capacity of Tees


The solid tee, Tee 7G I, failed due to
crushing of the concrete near the quarter points of the tee. Tee 7G2 failed
due to simultaneous crushing of the
concrete at between the quarter and
the third points at each end of the
beam, in a manner similar to the solid
tee crushing. The diagonal #5 bars in
Tee 7G2 appeared to change the failure mode from a tension failure to a
compression failure. Tees 7G3 and

The results show that the deflection


of the tees with openings is identical to
the deflection of the tee without openings up to the point of cracking. Because deflection is indicative of vibration, this would tend to indicate that
the vibration of the tees with openings
would not be substantially different
from that of the tee without openings.
Moment-deflection curves were plotted for all of the tees. The tees displayed identical behavior in the service
load region, but the curves diverged
after the point of cracking. The total
service load deflections of the tees was
less than 0.8 in. (20 mm) for all of the
tees. Of the 0.8 in. (20 mm) of deflection, approximately 0.42 in. (11 mm)
corresponds to live load , and 0.38 in.
(9 mm) corresponds to superimposed
53

Table 1. Comparison of theoretical and experimental deflections [units : in . (mm)].


Tee designation
Time

PCI method
-

Initia l camber
at release

0.68 t
( 17)

Camber at
erection

1.2 1 t
(3 1)

Service load

0.51 t
(13)

7G I

7G2

7G3

7G4

0.75 t
(19)

0.75 t
(19)

1.00 t
(25)

0.88 t
(22)

1.38 t
(35)

1.25 t
(32)

1.69 t
(43)

1.44 t
(37)

1.05 t
(27)

0.83 t
(2 1)

--

- - r-

0.66 t
(17)

dead load. The live load deflection


equals L/1285, which is acceptable.
After creep and shrinkage, the total
superimposed deflection would naturally be greater; however, the deflection should still be within acceptable
limits. Using the PCI Design Handbook10 method for calculating longterm deflection , the estimated longterm deflection after attachment of
non-structural elements will be approximately 0.44 in . (11 mm), which
equals L/1227 .
Cracking of the tees significantly reduced their stiffness, and in turn increased their deflection . This shows
that it is important to ensure that the
tension chord does not crack under
service loads. All of the tees displayed

0.49 t
( 12)

a high degree of ductility before failure (see Fig. 5). The deflection of the
solid tee did not increase as rapidly
after cracking as the deflections of the
tees with openings did.
This shows the contribution of the
concrete in the tension region to the
stiffness of the solid tee. Fig. 7 shows
a graph of superimposed moment vs.
deflection up to the point of failure for
the tees. Note that the final deflection
shown in the graph is not the actual
deflection at failure because the
gauges had to be removed to avoid
damage.
The deflection of the tees during the
testing was compared with the theoretical values calculated using the
method presented in the PCI Design

Handbook, 10 using the gross moment


of inertia (ignoring any loss in the moment of inertia caused by the openings). An Eci of 4.27 x 106 psi (29440
MPa) and Ec of 4.82 x 106 psi (33200
MPa) was used in the calculations. A
comparison of the theoretical and experimental values for deflection is
given in Table 1.
The results are consistent between
all four tees , but not with the predicted values derived from the PCI
Design Handbook method.10 It appears
that the added stiffness of the longitudinal wires of the U-shaped WWF in
the tension chord helped compensate
for the reduced moment of inertia of
the tees caused by the web openings.
The largest difference between the
theoretical deflections and the experimental deflections is in the camber
measurements.
These differences are within expectations based on past experience. They
are attributable to the variability in Ec
and creep and shrinkage properties
among the four specimens as well as
with PCI Design Handbook 10 prediction formulas. Ignoring camber, the
values of deflection are all very similar. The experimental deflections

Initial Cracking

70% ofMu

80%ofMu

90%ofMu

Fig . 8. Crack development- Tee 7G2.


54

PCI JOURNAL

Initial Cracking

70%ofMu

80%ofMu

90%ofMu

Fig. 9. Crack development- Tee 7G3.

caused by superimposed loads range


from 0.6 1 to 0.76 in. (15 to 19 mm)
with the PCI Design Handbook'0 value
equal to 0.70 in. (18 mm) .

Cracking
Although the finite element analysis
conducted for these tees indicated that
they may crack under service loads,
none of the tees showed any cracks
under service load levels. Thi s is probably because the finite element analysis did not account for the added stiffness of the longitudinal wires of the
WWF in the tension chord. The cracks
that had been observed at the corners
of the openings before testing began
did not propagate as the tees were
loaded.
Tee 7G 1, the solid tee, did not display any cracks until approximately
179 percent of the superimposed service load moment had been applied.
When thi s load level was reached, uniformly spaced flexural cracks appeared
across the middle half of the tee. Additional loading caused additional uniformly spaced flexural cracks across
the middle portion of the tee.
January-February 1996

The crack pattern for Tee 7G2 is


given in Fig. 8. The crack pattern for
Tee 7G3 is shown in Fig. 9. Figures of
crack development for Tee 7G3 are depicted in Fig. 10. In the tees with openings, the initial cracks were caused by
localized stresses at the openings. The
cracking also indicated Vierendeel
truss-like end forces on the chords
below some of the openings. As the
load on the tees increased, the cracking
changed from a localized cracking to a
more uniform cracking caused by the
flexure of the overall tee.
At failure, there were flexural cracks
across the middle half of the tees. Tee
7G2 first showed cracks at approximately 137 percent of the superimposed service load moment. Tees 7G3
and 7G4 behaved very similarly. These
tees showed their first cracking at approximately 158 percent of the superimposed service load moment.
Although the cracks in Tees 7G3
and 7G4 were primarily due to flexure, several of the openings had a
shear crack that extended from the top
corner of the opening to the underside
of the flange. It then fo ll owed the
flange horizontally toward the mid-

span. These cracks were caused by the


web trying to shear off the flange . Tee
7G2 had similar cracks, but they did
not extend horizontally along the bottom of the flange .
This phenomenon may occ ur because the ends of the #3 U stirrups
used on each side of the openings in
Tee 7G2 were bent into the flange, but
the #4 stirrups in Tees 7G3 and 7G4
were not. Also, the diagonal #5 bars
may have prevented cracks that started
at the corners of the openings from
continuing up to the bottom of the
flange .

Strains
The strains that were measured during testing were used to calculate the
midspan curvature of the tees. A superimposed moment vs. curvature
graph is given in Fig. 11 . As can be
seen, the curvature for all of the tees is
very consistent up to the point of
cracking. Also, the plots of the strains
at the left, center, and right sections of
the second opening (first full openi ng)
clearly showed that the chords were
behaving like members of a Vieren55

(a) 80 percent of ultimate load

(b) 110 percent of ultimate load


Fig. 10. Tee 7G3 crack pattern.

deel truss. After the tees cracked, it


was hard to determine the curvature
because the strain was no longer linear
across the tee cross section.
Because of this, the curvature points
after the tees crack are not very accurate. If an accurate moment vs. curvature relationship of a tee with openings were required, a nonlinear finite
element analysis would be the appropriate method to follow: because the
tees are so nonlinear after cracking, it
is recommended that the tees with
openings be designed so that they do
not crack under service loads.
56

RECOMMENDED
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Based on this research project and
the research done by Barney et al.,' the
design of double tees with web openings should follow the following steps.
The tees should be designed with high
stre ngth concrete [>7000 psi (48
MPa)] in order to reduce deflections
and increase the shear strength of the
tees. Because the diagonal bars used in
Tee 7G2 did not significantly improve
the performance of the tee, and the diagonal bars were difficult to place, it

is recommended that the design using


diagonal bars not be used.
Double tees are generally not practical for shorter spans than those used in
this study where shear may be more
dominant in the overall tee behavior.
Flexure and deflection will generally
be satisfied if a relatively heavy
WWF, as presented in this paper, is
placed in the tension chord. Further research may result in a reduction in the
size of this WWF with satisfactory
performance.
Restrictions on the design procedure
are as follows:
The openings should be placed horizontally in the flexural region and
vertically below the concrete compression stress block.
The beams are subjected to a uniform loading.
The distance between openings is at
least half the opening width. Preliminary results of ongoing research at
the University of Nebraska indicate
that this requirement may be too restrictive, and that a 10 in. (250 mm)
wide post with a 36 in. (910 mm)
wide opening has given satisfactory
results.
The beams are not allowed to crack
under service load.
The design procedure is as follows:
1. Calculate the required strand development length.
2. Calculate the service and ultimate loads acting on the tee, assuming
a uniform tee weight.
3. Determine a preliminary number
of prestressing strands from the load
tables in the PCI Design Handbook.'0
An additional prestres sing strand
should be placed in each web at the
same level as the bottom of the flange.
4. Determine the location of the depression points. The depression point
should not be closer to the end of the
tee than the one-fifth point for the
span range considered in this paper.
For other spans, the depression point
should be placed such that the vertical
prestress force component does not
exceed approximately 4000 lbs (17.8
kN) per strand.
5. Place the openings so that the depression points are located centered
below a post between openings. The
openings should not be substantially
larger than the ones used in this proPCI JOURNAL

Curvature 1/mm xl0-6


4

12

3000

300

2000
200

,.-...

.5

'?

e"

i:!

i:!

the chords below the opening at transfer of prestressing force using working
stress design procedures.
11. Desig n shear reinforcement for
the tee as if it had no openings.
12. Design additional stirrups to be
placed adjacent to the openings to
control cracks extending from the corners of the openings. These stirrups
should be placed with 1 in. (25.4 mm)
cover next to each side of the openings. Calculate the total factored shear
force at the center of the opening with
the highest applied shear, and size the
stirrups to carry this shear force. Use
the same sized stirrup adjacent to all
of the openings. The required area of
the stirrup is given by :

(1)

::E
1000
El=59.8 x 10 6 k-iif
=172 X 10 9 kN-Illlli

[]

t
.&
X

100

7G1
7G2
7G3
7G4

where
Av =required area of stirrup
Vu =ultimate shear at center of
opening
1/> =

strength reduction factor

!y =yield strength of stirrup steel


0
0

100
Curvature

200

300

1/in. x10"6

Fig. 11. Superimposed moment vs. curvature at midspan.

ject, and the posts should not be narrower than half the width of the openings until further testing confirms otherwise. The openings should not be
placed in the area required for strand
development. The comers of the openings should be chamfered. The chamfers used in this project were equal to
one-third the depth of the openings,
which worked well.
6. Place the strands so that the centroid of the strands coincides with the
centroid of the bottom chord. This is
the most favorable arrangement for
counteracting localized tensile stresses
due to chord bending. The force in the
tension chord under service loads can
be calc ulated approximately usi ng
standard working stress calculations.
Mild steel reinforcing bars should be
added to the tension chord to prevent
January-February 1996

cracking of the chord if the tensile


stress exceeds 6 -fjj.
7. Place the strands at the end of the
tee as close to the bottom of the tee as
possible in order to minimize the required depression force.
8. Check stresses at release and at
service load at critical sections including the transfer point , depression
point, and midspan of the tee. Include
the effects of the additional top strand,
and for sections at the location of a
web opening, use the section properties for the tee accounting for the web
opening.
9. Check the flexural strength of the
tee using commonly known formulas.
Ignore the openings and the prestressing strand above the openings in the
moment calculations.
10. Check crushing of the concrete in

13. Provide a minimum of three stirrups per post between openings.


14. For the end openings, place two
additional stirrups, of the same size as
the stirrups adjacent to the opening, 4
in. (100 mm) on center on the side of
the opening toward the support.
15. Calculate the forces in the compression and tension chords at ultimate
load:
M
C=T=-u
ds

(2)

where

Mu =factored moment at centerline of


double tee
d5 =di stance between centroid of
compression chord and tension
chord
16. Assume that at the ultimate load,
the tension chord is cracked, and all of
the shear is carried by the compression
chord. Check the shear capacity of the
compression chord using the formula:
U.S. Customary units:

V, = 2[1+

20~6Ag )R

bwd < 6-fjjbwd


(3a)
57

Material properties:

2"

f/; = 5500 psi (38 MPa)

J: = 7000 psi (48 MPa)

'h in. (12 mm) diameter 270 ksi (1860


MPa) prestressing strand
Loads:
Perform design for single leg of tee:

4"

(a) End Section

IV11

= 448 lbs per linear ft (6.5 kN/m)


= 687 lbs per linear ft (10.0 kN/m)

M = 163ft-kips (221 kN-m)


1 prestressing strand

4 prestressing strands

1-#4

2"

~~3 Spa.@ 112"


2 1/2"

(b) Section at Midspan

Fig. 12. Strand location for design example.

vc =[l+~)II
14A
6 b
g

IV

(3 b)
where
bw = width of compression chord
= width of top flange (in., mm)
d = depth of flange (in., mm)
J;_.' = concrete strength (psi, MPa)
Ag =cross-sectional area of compression chord (sq in., mm 2)
N 11 = axial compression = C (lbs, kN)
Vc = nominal shear strength provided
by concrete (lbs, kN)
The value of Vc should be compared
to the applied shear:
Vu

58

chord below the openings to help prevent shear cracks under service loads.
The dimensions of the U-shape should
be made as large as possible while still
maintaining the required concrete
cover. The WWF can be the same size
as the WWF used in the flange, but it
s hould not be les s than the 4x4W4.0xW4 .0 WWF that was used in
this project until further testing shows
that a smaller WWF is acceptable. The
WWF should be run as continuously as
possible below the openings. The spacing of the vertical wires of the WWF
should be approximately one-half the
depth of the tension chord.
18. Deflections should be checked
using any recognized method of analysis for tees without openings.

Vc

where
V11 = factored applied shear
= strength reduction factor = 0.85
In the unlikely event this is not true,
special slab shear reinforcement may
be required.
17. A U-shaped welded wire fabric
(WWF) should be placed in the tension

Strand Development Length:

Assuming a strand stress of 0.7jP11 immediately after transfer of prestress


and 15 percent losses due to creep,
shrinkage, and relaxation, ld = 81.5 in.
(2070 mm). The web openings should
be placed outside of this distance.
Preliminary Number of Strands:

Using the tables given in the PCI Design Handbook, 10 select eight strands
for the given span and loading. Place
four strands in the bottom of each leg
and a fifth strand at the top of each leg.

1" =25.4mm

SI units:

M 11 =250ft-kips (339 kN-m)

DESIGN EXAMPLE
Design web openings for a 54 ft
(16.5 m) span, 24 in. (610 mm) deep,
8 ft (2.4 m) wide double tee. Design
for a 50 psf (2.39 kPa) live load, 52 psf
(2.49 kPa) dead load, and a 10 psf
(0.48 kPa) superimposed dead load.

Check Ultimate Strength:


dps=20 in . (510 mm) to center
strands in the center of the tension chord (see Fig. 12b)
Aps = 4(0.153) = 0.612 sq in.
(395 mm 2)

/3 1 =0.70

for 7000 psi (48.3 MPa)


concrete

r,) = 0.28
Calculating:

Pp

= Aps = 0 612 = 0.000638


bd
48(20)

fps= !p,+- ;: [Pp;; + ~ (w- w')]}

~:~~ ( 0.000638 ~

2 0

270[ I -

267 ksi ( 1840 MPa)

+ 0)]

a= Apsfps + Asfy - A;Jy


0.85J:b
0.612(267)+0-0
0.85(7)( 48)
= 0.57 in. (14.5 mm)
PCI JOURNAL

L..

_..

13'-6"

c~

13'-6"
27'-0"

5 112" DIA 270 ksi strands


stressed to 0.75f pu

(a) Depression Po-ints

Standard End Mesh


Standard Leg Mesh

4X4 W2.1XW2.1 U Mesh


#4 Single leg stirrup
#4 Single leg stirrup (TYP.)

(b) Reinforcement Details

1" = 25.4 mm
Fig. 13. Double tee of design example.

1M,.=[ Apsfps(d-~)+Asfy (d-~)

+A;ty(~ -d')]
=

0.9[ 0.612(267{ 20+0+0

0 7

~ )

JC~)

= 242 ft- kips (328 kN- m)

< 250 ft- kips (339 kN- m)


Add #4 mild steel reinforcing bar
below prestressing strand [d = 21.25
in. (540 mm)].
p = 0.000196 for one #4 bar
January-February 1996

w = Ph

t:

proach with the section properties of a


single leg of the tee and fse = 182 ksi
(1254 MPa):

0.00168

Calculating fps with the value for w,


fps = 267 ksi (1840 MPa) and a = 0.62
in. (15.8 mm).

l/JMn = 0.9[ 0.612(267{ 20+0.20(60{21.25-

0 2

~ )

~ )JC~)

0 2

= 260 ft- kips (353 kN- m)


> 250 ft- kips (339 kN- m) o.k.

Check Working Stress at Transfer


of Prestress:
Using a traditional linear stress ap-

P0 = 0.162(182) = 112 kips (498 kN)

bottom strands

= 0.153(182) = 28 kips (125 kN)


top strand
See Fig. 12 for strand locations.
At end of beam:
fj = 112+28 + 112(10.2)
b

28(4.9)
612

200
612
=2.34 ksi (16.1 MPa) compression

fr = 112 + 28 - 112(10.2) + 28( 4.9)


t

200
1531
1531
= 0.04 ksi (0.28 MPa) compression
59

Table 2. Total deflection [units: in. (mm)].


(2)

(1)

Load
Prestress
Self weight

Release
1.54 (39 . 1)

0.85 (2 1.6) J,
0.69 (17 .5)

Multiplier

Erection

1. 80x(l)

2.77 (70.4)

1. 85

1.57 (39.9) J,

(I)

Superimposed
dead load

Nu = 165,000
A8
96

(3)

Multiplier

2.45

Final
3.77 (95.8)

X (I)

2.30 (58.4) J,

2.70 x (l )

1.20 (30.5) i

1.47 (37.3)

0.19 (4.8) J,

3.00

0.57 ( 14.5) J,

X (2)

1.0 1 (25.7)

= 1720 psi (11.9 MPa)

0.90 (22 .9)

0.94 (23 .9) J,

Live load

0.04 ( 1.0) J,

Using Fig. 11.3 of ACI 318-89,9 limit


the shear strength of the concrete to
6.Jf7. This gives a shear capacity of
41.0 kips (182 kN). Therefore, 25.4
kips (113 kN) controls and is greater
than the applied shear.

Size Mesh for Flange:


w, = 1.4(25 + 10) + 1.7(50)
= 134 psf (6.42 kPa)

At opening near midspan:


112+28
fb = 140

163(12)
497

112(14.41) 28(22-18.41)
+
---~----~
497
497
= 0.109 ksi (0.75 MPa)
compression

at the first opening. The shear at the


centerline of the first opening is:

140
1636
112(14.41) 28(22 -18.41)
--------+--~----~
1636
1636
= 1.27 ksi (8.76 MPa)
compression

These all meet the allowable stress


limits. For the section with the opening, use the moment of inertia and
area accounting for the web opening.

Depression Point and Opening


Placement:
Place the depression point at the onequarter point of the beam. In this case,
place the depression points 13.5 ft (4.1
m) from the ends of the beam. This allows for six openings 12 x 36 in. (300
x 900 mm) with 18 in. (450 mm) posts
between them. See Fig. 13a for depression point placement.
Shear Design:
Constructing a shear diagram as
though the beam had no openings, this
beam requires only minimum shear
steel along its length. This steel is designed like any prestressed concrete
beam without web openings. Additional reinforcing bars should be
placed adjacent to the web openings to
prevent cracks from spreading from
the edges of the openings. These stirrups will need to be designed to carry
the total shear force at the center of
the opening. The highest shear will be
60

v;,

54
= 0.687( 2 -11 .25)

= 0.268 ft- kips per ft


(1.19 kN-m/m)

= 10.8 kips (48 kN)


With d = 1 in. (25 mm) :
A _
v

j, = 112+28 + 163(12)

M = 134(2?

v;, _
~

10.8
0.85(60)

A ,(req)

=0.21 sq in. (135 mm 2 )


Use a single-leg #4 stirrup adjacent to
the sides of each opening. Use a minimum of three stirrups per post between openings, and place two additional stirrups next to the end openings
on the side towards the supports.

Check Shear Capacity of Compression Chord


At ultimate loads , the tension chord
will be cracked, and all of the shear
force will be carried by the compression chord. This is a conservative approach because even after cracking,
the tension chord will carry some
shear.
C = T= f;,,Aps = 270 (4

0.153)

= 165 kips (734 kN)


Vc = { 1 +

20~~Ag

) .JJ:bwd

= 0.053 sq in. per ft (112 mm2/m)

Use 4.4 W2.lxW2.1 WWF

Check Cracking of Bottom Chord at


Service Loads
M 5 = 163ft-kips (221 kN-m)
p = 155(4 X 0.153)
= 94.9 kips (422 kN) bottom strands
p = 155(0.153)

= 23.7 kips (105 kN) top strand


Use section properties for one leg of
the double tee:

sb= 497 in. 3 (8144 mm 3)


A

= 140 sq in. (2294 mm2)

Check opening near midspan:


jJ - (94.9+23.7)

163(12)
140
497
94.9(14.41) 23.7(22 -18.41)
+
------'--------'497
497
= 0.508 ksi (3.50 MPa)

b -

Tension:

Letting N, = C:
6.Jf7=6.,)7000=0.502 ksi (3.46 MPa)
165 000
vc =2[1+ 2000(2)(
,
].,)7000(48)(2)
48)
=29.7 kips (132 kN)
Vc=25.4 kips (113 kN)
> 11 kips (49 kN) o.k.
Check upper limit of shear strength
using Fig. 11.3 in the ACI 318-89
Code.9 Use the area of the compression chord for A 8 .

This is acceptable. The additional #4


bar in the tension chord should be sufficient to carry any excess tensile
stress and prevent cracking of the tension chord. Place a 4x4 W4.0xW4.0
WWF U-shaped mesh in the tension
chord to improve the shear capacity of
the bottom chord and to reduce cracking of the tension chord under ultimate loads.
P C l J O URNAL

Check Deflections:
Material properties:
Eci = 4273 ksi (29.5 MPa)
Ec = 4821 ksi (33.2 MPa)

L1 =

Section properties:
I= 10,492 in.< (4367300 mm4 )
L = 648 in. (16460 mm)
P0 = 112 kips (498 kN) bottom strands
P0 = 28 kips (125 kN) top strand
ee = 10.15 in. (256 mm)
ec = 13.15 in. (334 mm)
e' = 3 in. (75 mm)
a = 13.5(12) = 162 in. (4114 mm)

~)

L1 == P0 eeL + P0 e' ( L
8EcJ EcJ 8

= 1.70 in. (43.2 mm)

~eL
.
L1 = - - = 0 .16m. (4.1 mm) -.v
8,,/

Self weight:

5wL4
.
6
I
= 0.85 m. (21. mm) -.v
384EcJ

Service loads:
Because the working stress analysis
for a section at midspan showed that
cracking will not occur, the service
load deflections will be calculated
using the uncracked section properties.
Superimposed dead load:
w = 4(10 psf) = 40 lbs per linear ft

(1.92 kPa)
L1=

5 4
wL =0.188 in. (4.8 mm) -1.
384/

Superimposed live load:


w = 4(50 psf) = 200 1bs per linear ft

(2.92 kN/m)

January-February 1996

Allowable deflection:
L
648
.
-=-==1.8 m. (45.7 mm)
360 360

Total deflection after attachment of


non-structural elements:
L1 1 = 0.57 + 0.94 = 1.51 in. (38.4 mm) -1.
< 1.8 in. (68.6 mm) o.k.

CONCLUSIONS

Top strands:

L1 =

Table 2 summarizes the method of


calculating the deflection.

See Fig. 13b for tee reinforcement


details.

Initial camber:
Bottom strands:
2

5 4
wL = 0.939 in. (23.9 mm) -1.
384/

The performance of the tees with


openings studied in this project was
within acceptable limits. This project
showed that in prestressed concrete
double tees, the prestressing strands
could be two-point depressed, allowing multiple large web openings without reducing the strength or increasing
the deflections of the tees. The proposed reinforcement details can be
readily implemented by precast concrete manufacturers. Additional findings of this study include:
1. The results of the analysis and
testing were based on the assumption
that the member was subjected primarily to uniform loading. They must be
validated for cases involving significant concentrated forces.
2. The ultimate strength of the tees
was not affected by the presence of
properly reinforced web openings.
3. The tees with web openings behaved like Vierendeel trusses.
4. None of the compression chords
above the openings exhibited buckling

behavior.
5. Adding a prestressed strand
above the openings was effective in
counteracting the localized tensile
stress concentrations caused by end
moments acting on the compression
chords.
6. The behavior of tees with twopoint depression was not sensitive to
variation in the depression point location relative to the openings. In some
instances, the depression point was
under the corner of an opening, yet it
did not appear to cause damaging
stress concentrations.
7. When properly reinforced, the
deflection of tees with web openings
is comparable to tees without web
openings.
8. Due to the nonlinear behavior of
the tees with openings after cracking,
it is advised that they be designed not
to crack under service loads.
In a follow-up project sponsored by
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, researchers at the University of Nebraska are continuing to optimize the
opening size and spacing for the double tee and to simplify the reinforcement details. Results of this additional
work are expected to be finalized by
the end of 1996.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the
University of Nebraska Center for Infrastructure Research and Concrete Industries for their financial support. They
would also like to thank the Prestressed
Concrete Association of Nebraska; University of Nebraska graduate students
Tom Taylor, Say-Gunn Low, and
Mohsen Saleh; Deborah Derrick; Dr.
Amin Einea; and Merwyn Pearson.

61

REFERENCES
1. Ragan, H. S.. and Warwaruk, J., "Tee

2.

3.

4.

5.

Members With Large Web Openings,"


PCI JOURNAL, V. 12, No. 4, August
1967, pp. 52-65.
Suave, J. G., "Prestressed Concrete
Tee Tees With Large Web Openings,"
MS Thesis, University of Alberta, Fall
1970.
LeBlanc, E. P., "Parallelogram Shaped
Openings in Prestressed Concrete Tee
Tees," MS Thesis, University of Alberta, Fall 1971.
Salam, Sk. Abdus, and Harrop, Jack,
"Prestressed Concrete Beams With
Transverse Circular Holes," Journal of
the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 105,
No. ST3, March 1979, pp. 635-652.
Dinakaran, V., and Sastry, M. K., "Be-

havior of Post-Tensioned Prestressed


Concrete T-Tees With Large Web
Openings," Indian Concrete Journal,
V. 58, No.2, February 1984, pp. 34~38.
6. Kennedy, John B., and El-Laithy,
A. M., "Cracking at Openings in Prestressed Beams at Transfer," Journal
of the Structural Division, ASCE, V.
I 08, No. 6, June 1982, pp. 1250-1265.
7. Barney, George B., Corley, W. Gene,
Hanson, John M., and Parmelee,
Richard A., "Behavior and Design of
Prestressed Concrete Tees With Large
Web Openings," PCI JOURNAL,
V. 22, No.6, November-December
1977, pp. 32-60.
8. Kennedy, John B., and Abdalla, Hany,
"Static Response of Prestressed Gird-

9.

10.

11.

12.

ers With Openings," Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 118,


No.2, February 1992, pp. 488-504.
Kennedy, John B., and Abdalla, Hany,
"Design Against Cracking at Openings
in Prestressed Concrete Beams," PCI
JOURNAL, V. 40, No. 6, NovemberDecember 1995, pp. 60-75.
PC! Design Handbook, Fourth Edition,
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,
Chicago, IL, 1992.
ANSYS Revision 4.4a, Engineering
Analysis System, Swanson Analysis
Systems, Inc., Huston, PA, May 1990.
ACI Committee 318, "Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
(ACI 318-89)," American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1989.

APPENDIX- NOTATION
a = depth of compression block
A = cross-sectional area
Ag = gross concrete area of beam
Aps
As(req)

= area of prestressing steel


= required steel area

Av = area of shear reinforcement

ec = eccentricity of prestress force


from neutral axis of beam at
beam centerline
ee = eccentricity of prestress force
from neutral axis of beam at
end of beam

e' = difference between prestress


force eccentricity at end of
beam and at centerline of
beam= ec- ee

be = effective flange width


bw = width of compression chord
equals width of top flange
C = force in compression chord

d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of


nonprestressed tension reinforcement, or depth of compression chord
d' = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
nonprestressed compression
reinforcement
dps

ds

= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of


prestressed reinforcement
= distance between the centroids of the compression
chord and the tension chord

Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete


Eci = modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer
62

M = service load moment


Mn = nominal moment capacity of
a section
Mu = factored moment

Nu = axial compression = C
P = prestress force after losses
P0 = prestress force at transfer

sb

= section modulus of bottom of


beam

fb = stress in bottom fiber of cross


section

T = force in tension chord

J: = compressive strength of con-

t1 = flange thickness

crete at 28 days

J;; = compressive

strength of concrete at transfer

fse

= effective

Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete

Vu = factored shear force

prestress after allowance for losses

w = unfactored uniform load per

fps

= stress in prestressing strand at


nominal strength

wu = factored uniform load per


length of beam

/pu

= ultimate tensile strength of


prestressing strand

[31 = compression block coefficient

ft

= stress in top fiber of cross


section

!y

= yield strength of reinforcement

I = moment of inertia

L = span length
ld = development length

length of beam

.1 = deflection (with subscripts)


l/J = strength reduction factor

Yp = factor for type of prestressing


tendon
p = nonprestressed reinforcement
ratio

pP = prestressed reinforcement
ratio
PCI JOURNAL

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