FoundationsinMicrobiology

FifthEdition
Talaro
Chapter
4

ProkaryoticProfiles:
theBacteriaandtheArchaea
Chapter4

Fig.4.1
3

flagella
3parts
filament long,thin,helicalstructurecomposedof
proteins
hook curvedsheath
basalbody stackofringsfirmlyanchoredincell
wall

rotates360o
12ormanydistributedoverentirecell
functionsinmotility
4

Flagellararrangements
1. monotrichoussingleflagellumatoneend
2. lophotrichoussmallbunchesarisingfrom
oneendofcell
3. amphitrichousflagellaatbothendsofcell
4. peritrichousflagelladispersedoversurface
ofcell,slowest

axialfilaments
periplasmic,internalflagella,enclosed
betweencellwallandcellmembraneof
spirochetes
motility

Fig4.7ab

fimbrae
finehairlikebristlesfromthecellsurface
functioninadhesiontoothercellsand
surfaces

pili
rigidtubularstructuremadeofpilinprotein
foundonlyinGramnegativecells
Functions
joinsbacterialcellsforDNAtransfer(conjugation)
adhesion

10

Conjugation

11

glycocalyx

Coatingofmoleculesexternaltothecellwall,
madeofsugarsand/orproteins
2types
1. capsulehighlyorganized,tightlyattached
2. slimelayerlooselyorganizedandattached

functions

attachment
inhibitskillingbywhitebloodcells
receptor
12

Fig4.10
13

2TypesofGlycocalyx

14

Biofilms

15

16

Peptidoglycan
uniquemacromoleculecomposedofa
repeatingframeworkoflongglycanchains
crosslinkedbyshortpeptidefragments
providesstrong,flexiblesupporttokeep
bacteriafromburstingorcollapsingbecause
ofchangesinosmoticpressure

17

Peptidoglycan
CellWallVideo

18

4groupsbasedoncellwall
composition
1.
2.
3.
4.

Grampositivecells
Gramnegativecells
Bacteriawithoutcellwalls
Bacteriawithchemicallyuniquecellwalls

19

Gram positive

Gram negative

20
Fig4.16

21

Grampositivecellwall
Consistsof
athick,homogenoussheathofpeptidoglycan
2080nmthick
tightlyboundacidicpolysaccharides,including
teichoicacidandlipoteichoicacid
cellmembrane

Retaincrystalvioletandstainpurple
22

Grampositivewall

23

Gramnegativecellwall
Consistsof
anoutermembranecontaining
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
thinshellofpeptidoglycan
periplasmicspace
innermembrane

Losecrystalvioletandstainredfrom
safranincounterstain
24

Gramnegativecellwall

25

Cytoplasm
densegelatinoussolutionofsugars,amino
acids,&salts
7080%water
servesassolventformaterialsusedinall
cellfunctions
CytoplasmicMembraneVideo
26

Figure3.10
27

Chromosome
single,circular,doublestrandedDNA
moleculethatcontainsallthegenetic
informationrequiredbyacell
DNAistightlycoiledaroundaprotein,
aggregatedinadenseareacalledthe
nucleoid

28

plasmids

smallcircular,doublestrandedDNA
freeorintegratedintothechromosome
duplicatedandpassedontooffspring
notessentialtobacterialgrowth&metabolism
mayencodeantibioticresistance,toleranceto
toxicmetals,enzymes&toxins
usedingeneticengineering readilymanipulated
&transferredfromcelltocell
29

ribosomes
madeof60%ribosomalRNA&40%
protein
consistof2subunits:large&small
procaryoticdifferfromeucaryotic
ribosomesinsize&numberofproteins
siteofproteinsynthesis
Allcellshaveribosomes.
30

ribosomes

31

Inclusions,granules
intracellularstoragebodies
varyinsize,number&content
bacterialcellcanusethemwhen
environmentalsourcesaredepleted
Examples:glycogen,polybhydroxybutyrate,
gasvesiclesforfloating,sulfurand
polyphosphategranules
32

Inclusions

33

Figure3.10
34

endospores
Resting,dormantcells
producedbysomeG+genera:Clostridium,Bacillus
&Sporosarcina
Havea2phaselifecyclevegetativecell&an
endospore
sporulationformationofendospores
germinationreturntovegetativegrowth
hardiestofalllifeforms
withstandextremesinheat,drying,freezing,
radiation&chemicalsnotameansofreproduction
35

endospores
resistancelinkedtohighlevelsofcalcium
&dipicolinicacid
dehydrated,metabolicallyinactive
thickcoat
longevityvergesonimmortality25,250
millionyears.
pressurizedsteamat120oCfor2030
minuteswilldestroy.
36

endospores

37

EndosporeFormation

Endospore
VideoClip

38

3shapesofbacteria
coccispherical
bacillirod
spiralhelical,comma,twistedrod,
spirochete

39

40

Archaea:theotherprocaryotes
constitutethirdDomainArchaea
seemmorecloselyrelatedtoDomainEukaryathanto
bacteria
containuniquegeneticsequencesintheirrRNA
haveuniquemembranelipids&cellwallconstruction
liveinthemostextremehabitatsinnature,
extremophiles
adaptedtoheatsaltacidpH,pressure&atmosphere
includes:methaneproducers,hyperthermophiles,
extremehalophiles,andsulfurreducers
41

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