Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory
Spring2015
Introduction
Operational amplifier is one fundamental building block of analog circuits. When used properly in
negativefeedbackconfigurations,theoverallclosedlooptransfercharacteristiccanbepreciselysetby
stablepassivecomponentssuchasresistors,capacitors,anddiodes,regardlessofthepotentialvariation
ofopenloopparameters.Negativefeedbackamplifierwithopampoperatingatitscoreprovideskeyto
highlyreliableandstableanalogfunctions.
In this lab, we will be simulating four basic configurations using the A741 op amp. You can get the
A741partfromthelibrarycalledEVAL.Notethattheamplifierhastwoterminalslabeledos1andos2
besidestheregularpins,andyoucanleavethesetwopinsunconnected.(Incaseyouarecurious,these
pinsareusedforoffsetadjustmentfortheopamp.)
Figure71:Invertingamplifierconfiguration
1. Invertingamplifier
AninvertingamplifierisshowninFig.71.Theprincipalfeaturesofthisconfigurationare
Theamplifierisinvertingwiththefeedbackloopclosed.
TheclosedloopgainissolelydeterminedbythefeedbackresistorsRfandRiassumingthatthe
loopgaindefinedastheproductoftheopenloopgainoftheopampandthefeedbackfactor
ofthecircuitisverylarge.
The positive input terminal is always grounded in this configuration. As a result, the negative
ProfessorY.Chiu
EE/CE3111
ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory
Spring2015
inputmustfollowthepotentialofthepositiveonewithfeedbackloopclosedduetothelarge
loopgaindevelopedbytheopamp.Thisisoftenreferredtoasthevirtualgroundpropertyof
feedbackopamps.
Theclosedloopgainofthisamplifieris
(71)
Figure72:Noninvertingamplifierconfiguration
2. Noninvertingamplifier
AnoninvertingamplifierisshowninFig.72.Theprincipalfeaturesofthisconfigurationare
Theamplifierisnoninvertingwiththefeedbackloopclosed.
TheclosedloopgainissolelydeterminedbythefeedbackresistorsRfandRiassumingthatthe
loopgainofthecircuitisverylarge.
The positive input terminal now is connected to the input voltage source. The feedback path,
however,isstillconnectedaroundtheoutputterminalandthenegativeinputterminal.
Theclosedloopgainofthisamplifieris
1
(72)
Theinputresistanceofthisconfigurationisverylarge.
3. Differencingamplifier
AdifferencingamplifierisshowninFig.73.Theprincipalfeaturesofthisconfigurationare
Theamplifiercancombinetwoinputsandobtainthedifferencewiththefeedbackloopclosed.
The closedloop gain is solely determined by the feedback resistors Rf, Ri, R1 and R2. In this
circuit,wesetRf=R1andRi=R2.Thus,theoutputis
ProfessorY.Chiu
(73)
2
EE/CE3111
ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory
Spring2015
ThegainsforthepositiveandnegativeinputscanbesetdifferentlybychoosingdifferentR1and
R2valuesfromabove.
Figure73:Differencingamplifierconfiguration
Figure74:Summingamplifierconfiguration
4. Summingamplifier
AsummingamplifierisshowninFig.74.Theprincipalfeaturesofthisconfigurationare
Theamplifierisinvertingforallinputswiththefeedbackloopclosed.
Thesummingisperformedatthenegativeinputterminalincurrentdomainduetothevirtual
groundproperty(notethatthepositiveinputisgrounded).Thenegativeinputterminalthusis
ProfessorY.Chiu
EE/CE3111
ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory
Spring2015
oftenreferredtoasthesummingnodeinsuchcontext.Theweightforeachparallelinputis
solely determined by the resistor connecting this input to the summing node. The output
voltageisalinearcombinationofalltheinputvoltages.
Preparation
1. PerformhandcalculationtodeterminethefeedbackfactoroftheopampforallfourcircuitsinFigs.
14.Tabulateyourresults.
2. EntertheschematicsinFig.71intoPSpice
a. Performbiasanalysistofindallterminalvoltagesoftheopamp.
b. DeviseaDCorACsimulationtodeterminetheclosedloopgain.
3. EntertheschematicsinFig.72intoPSpice
a. Performbiasanalysistofindallterminalvoltagesoftheopamp.
b. DeviseaDCorACsimulationtodeterminetheclosedloopgain.
4. EntertheschematicsinFig.73intoPSpice
a. Performbiasanalysistofindallterminalvoltagesoftheopamp.
b. DeviseaDCorACsimulationtodeterminetheclosedloopgainintermsofV3
c. DeviseaDCorACsimulationtodeterminetheclosedloopgainintermsofV4
5. DetermineanexpressionfortheoutputvoltageoftheamplifierinFig.74.
6. EntertheschematicsinFig.74fortwoinputs(V3andV4inFig.74)intoPSpice
a. Performbiasanalysistofindallterminalvoltagesoftheopamp.
b. DeviseaDCorACsimulationtodeterminetheclosedloopgainintermsofV3
c. DeviseaDCorACsimulationtodeterminetheclosedloopgainintermsofV4
Procedure
1. AssemblethefourcircuitsshowninFigs.14andmeasuretheoutputvoltageandtheinputterminal
voltagesofyouropamp.Tabulateyourmeasurementresults.
2. VaryV3slightlyby50100mVandrecordthechangein theoutputvoltageforallfourcircuitsand
determinetheclosedloopgainfromV3toVout.Tabulateyourresults.
Analysis
1. WhatistheamplifierinputresistanceseenbytheinputsourceV3inFigs.14?
2. Rederivetheoutputvoltageof(73)whenRf=R1andRi=R2donotholdingeneral.
3. DetermineananalyticalexpressionfortheclosedloopgainseenbyV3inallfourcircuitsinFigs.14
whentheopampexhibitsafinitegainAinsteadofinfinity.YourresultsshouldbeafunctionofA
andsomeresistorvaluesofthecircuit.
4. Canyoureliablydeterminetheopenloopgainofyouropampinthefouramplifierconfigurations
from the measurement results? Why or why not? In case for yes, please tabulate the gains you
determined.
ProfessorY.Chiu
EE/CE3111
ElectronicCircuitsLaboratory
Spring2015
ProfessorY.Chiu