Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2
SHIP GEOMETRY
The need to ensure appropriate nautical qualities for the constructive type and purpose of
the ship, led to a very complex geometry of its body. To meet the needs of theoretical study of
the ship hull, both architectural and constructive point of view, was introduced the concept of
theoretical surface.
For ships with metallic hull, the theoretical surface is defined by the underside of the hull,
and for the ships whose body is made of other materials theoretical surface is defined by the
outside of the hull.
Main projection planes
The Center Plane (fore-and-aft plane), is a longitudinal vertical plane that divides the
hull into two symmetrical parts. Looking in the normal direction of the ship movement, these
parts are:
Port board, located to the left side of the center plane;
Starboard, located to the right side of the center plane.
The geometry of the ship in the center plane is defined by the following types of lines:
- 1 keel line, is the line resulting from the intersection of the center plane with the
upper surface of the keel. Ship's keel is defined by the steel bottom shell next to the center
plane. Keel line can be horizontal or inclined;
- 2 Deck line into center plane, is the line resulting from the intersection of the center
plane of the underside of the deck shell; Deck line in the center plane has a curvature named
deck sheer into center plane;
- 3 Fore line or bow line is the line resulting from the intersection of the center plane
with the outside surface of the bow. Bow is that part which closes the ship to the front end.
The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be
tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it. Bow line can take
different forms (right, flaring, spoon-shaped curve, segmented, with the bulbous shaped table,
with drop-shaped bulbous and so on.) depending on the ship destination;
- 4 Aft line or Stern line is the line resulting from the intersection of the center plane
with the outside surface of the stern. Stern is that part which closes the ship to the aft end.
Stern line can take different forms, depending on: ship destination, propeller and active
steering system type.
Midship Cross Plane,
, is an transverse vertical plane passing through the main
midship cross section and divides the ship body into two unsymmetrical parts:
The bow part, located in the front with respect to the normal direction of ship movement;
The stern part, located in the rear with respect to the normal direction of ship movement.
The main midship cross section, named also midship or chief frame, is the maximum
cross-sectional area of the vessel. For the purposes of theoretical concepts of naval
architecture, the midship is arranged at half of the length of the ship.
The geometry of the ship in the midship cross plane is defined by the following types of
lines:
- 1 bottom line is the line resulting from the intersection of the midship plane with the
upper face of the bottom shell. Bottom line can have different shapes (straight, curve, V, stars,
etc.);
- -2 deck line is the line resulting from the intersection of the midship plane with the
upper face of the deck shell. Deck line in the midship plane has a curvature named deck sheer
into midship plane. This curvature is designed to allow water to run off the deck board.
CENTER PLANE
2 deck line in center plane
CENTER PLANE
PROJECTION
STERN SIDE
EMERGED PART
COMPLETE
WATER LINE
SUBMERGED PART
COMPLETE
WATER LINE
BOW SIDE
4 stern line
3 bow line
Base line
5 BOARD LINE
(PORT)
Port
Emerge
Submerge Starboard
5 BOARD LINE
(STARBOARD)
1 bottom line
1 keel line
PORT SIDE
BOW SIDE
CENTER PLANE
PROJECTION
STERN SIDE
STARBOARD SIDE
-5 board line or plating line in the midship cross plane is the line resulting from the
intersection of this plane with the inner face of the side shell of the ship. Board line may be
vertical or inclined master.
The locus of points of intersection of the deck line in the midship cross plane with the
boards line corresponding to all cross sections of the ship's length, is a spatial curve, whose
projection onto the center plane defines the borders deck line (6).
Water Plane is a horizontal longitudinal one, aligned with the free surface of still water
and divide the hull into two unsymmetrical parts:
The submerged part of the ship, named also the hull, is the underwater parts of ship;
The emerged part of the ship is the above water parts of ship.
The geometry of the ship in this plane is defined by the following types of lines:
- 5 board line or plating line in the water plane is the line resulting from the intersection
of this plane with the inner face of the side shell of the ship.
Projection of
onto center plane is a vertical line dividing vessel section in two
unsymmetrical parts: bow and stern.
Projection of
onto water plane is a horizontal line dividing vessel section in two
unsymmetrical parts: bow and stern.
Projection of center plane onto
is a vertical line dividing vessel section in two
symmetrical parts: port and starboard.
Projection of center plane onto water plane is a horizontal line dividing vessel section in
two symmetrical parts: port and starboard.
Projection of water plane onto center plane is a longitudinal horizontal line dividing
vessel section in two unsymmetrical parts: emerged and submerged.
Projection of water plane onto
is a transversal horizontal line dividing vessel section
in two unsymmetrical parts: emerged and submerged.
Projections of both water plane and center plane onto
, is named also Water Line
(WL). For the full vessel load, the water line is named Complete Water Line (CWL).
Auxiliary projection plane
Auxiliary projection plane used in the study of hull geometry is the Base Plane. Base
Plane is a longitudinal horizontal one, passing through the keel point, K, which is the
intersection point of center plane with midship plane and keel line.
Projections of the base plane onto both center and midship planes, are horizontal lines
(longitudinal respective transversal) and are named base line.
The main dimensions of the ship
The ships length
The complete water line length, LCWL, is the distance measured into center plane, on the
complete water line, between the points of intersection of this line with the bow line and the
stern line.
Length between perpendiculars, Lpp, is the distance measured into center plane, on the
complete water line, between the points of intersection of this line with the bow line and the
rudder shaft. Statistically, Lpp 0,960,98LCWL
Theoretical length (or computing length) is the maximum of: distance measured into
center plane on the complete water line, from the leading edge of the bow to the rudder shaft
and 0.96 of the length measured in the same float, from the leading edge of the bow to the
stern end.
Maximum length, Lmax, is the distance measured into center plane, in horizontal direction,
between the extreme points of stern and bow of the ship.
Rudder shaft
Lmax
CENTER PLANE
F
CWL
CWL
L pp
LCWL
MIDSHIP CROSS PLANE
The longitudinal prismatic fineness coefficient, C LP , is defined by the ratio of the hull
volume and the volume of the parallelepiped (into he falls) with base area AM and height
LCWL :
C L B T CB
V
C LP
B CWL x
AM LCWL CM LCWL Bx T CM
The vertical prismatic fineness coefficient, CVP , is defined by the ratio of the hull volume
and the volume of the parallelepiped (into he falls) with base area ACWL and height T :
C L B T CB
V
C LP
B CWL x
ACWL T CW LCWL Bx T CW
The transverse prismatic fineness coefficient, CTP , is defined by the ratio of the hull
volume and the volume of the parallelepiped (into he falls) with base area AD and height Bx :
C L B T CB
V
CTP
B CWL x
AD Bx CW LCWL Bx T C D