Wind Loads UK Portal Frame WE

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)
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Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame
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Localized resource for UK
Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal

frame
A single bay portal frame made of rolled profiles is designed according to
EN 1993-1-1. This worked example includes the elastic analysis of the
frame using first order theory, and all the verifications of the members
under ULS combinations.
,0
72
7,30
5,988
Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
0
7,2
[m]
30,00
1 Basic data
Total length :
Spacing:
Bay width :
Height (max):
Roof slope:
3,00
3,00
b = 72.00 m
s = 7.20 m
d = 30.00 m
h = 7.30 m
= 5.0
3,00
3,00
1 : Torsional restraints
3,00
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2 Loads
EN 1991-1-1
2.1 Permanent loads
self-weight of the beam
roofing with purlins
G = 0.30 kN/m2
G = 0.30 7.20 = 2.16 kN/m
2.2 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-3
Characteristic values for snow loading on the roof in [kN/m]

S = 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.772 = 0.618 kN/m
for an internal frame: S = 0.618 7.20 = 4.45 kN/m

s = 4,45 kN/m
7,30

for an internal frame:
30,00
[m]
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2.3 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-4
Characteristic values for wind loading in kN/m for an internal frame

Zone G:
w = 9,18
wind direction
Zone J:
w = 5,25
Zone H:
w = 5,25
Zone I:
w = 5,25
Zone D:
w = 4,59
Zone E:
w = 3,28
1,46
e/10 = 1,46
30,00

3 Load combinations
EN 1990
3.1 Partial safety factor
Gmax = 1.35
(permanent loads)
Gmin = 1.0
(permanent loads)
Q = 1.50
(variable loads)
0 = 0.50
(snow)
0 = 0.60
(wind)
M0 = 1.0
M1 = 1.0
3.2 ULS Combinations

Combination 101 :
Gmax G + Q Qs
Combination 102 :
Gmin G + Q Qw
Combination 103 :
Gmax G + Q Qs + Q 0 Qw
Combination 104 :
Gmin G + Q Qs + Q 0 Qw
Combination 105 :
Gmax G + Q 0 Qs + Q Qw
Combination 106 :
Gmin G + Q 0 Qs + Q Qw
EN 1990
Table A1.1
EN 1990
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3.3 SLS Combinations
EN 1990
Combinations and limits should be specified for each project or by National

Annex.
4 Sections
z
tf
4.1 Column
Try UKB 610x229x125 Steel grade S275
Depth
h = 612.2 mm
Web Depth
hw = 573.0 mm
tw
y
Depth of straight portion of the web

dw = 547.6 mm
Width
b = 229.0 mm
Web thickness
tw = 11.9 mm
Flange thickness
tf = 19.6 mm
Fillet
r = 12.7 mm
Mass
125.1 kg/m
Section area
A = 159 cm2
hw
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 98600 cm4

Second moment of area /zz Iz = 3930 cm4
Torsion constant
It = 154 cm4
Warping constant
Iw = 3.45 x 106 cm6
Elastic modulus /yy
Wel,y = 3220 cm3
Plastic modulus /yy
Wpl,y = 3680 cm3
Elastic modulus /zz
Wel,z = 343 cm3
Plastic modulus /zz
Wpl,z = 535 cm3
z
b
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4.2 Rafter
Try UKB 457x191x89 Steel grade S275
Depth
h = 463.4 mm
Web Depth
hw = 428.0 mm
Depth of straight portion of the web

dw = 407.6 mm
Width
b = 191.9 mm
Web thickness
tw = 10.5 mm
Flange thickness
tf = 17.7 mm
Fillet
r = 10.2 mm
Mass
89.3 kg/m
Section area
A = 114 cm2
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 41000 cm4

Second moment of area /zz Iz = 2090 cm4
Torsion constant
It = 90.7 cm4
Warping constant
Iw = 1.04 x 106 cm6
Elastic modulus /yy
Wel,y = 1770 cm3
Plastic modulus /yy
Wpl,y = 2014 cm3
Elastic modulus /zz
Wel,z = 218 cm3
Plastic modulus /zz
Wpl,z = 338 cm3
5 Global analysis
The joints are assumed to be:
pinned for column bases
rigid for beam to column.
The frame has been modelled using the EFFEL program.
EN 1993-1-1
5.2
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5.1 Buckling amplification factor cr
EN 1993-1-1
In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the frame to 2 order effects, a buckling 5.2.1
analysis is performed to calculate the buckling amplification factor cr for the
load combination giving the highest vertical load: max G + Q QS
(combination 101).
nd
For this combination: cr = 12.74

The first buckling mode is shown hereafter.
So :
cr = 12.74 > 10
First order elastic analysis may be used.
5.2 Effects of imperfections

The global initial sway imperfection may be determined from
= 0 h m =
where
1
0.740 0.866 = 3.204 10 3
200
0 = 1/200
h =
2
2
=
= 0.740
h
7.30
m = 0.5(1 +
1
) = 0.866
m
m = 2 (number of columns)
EN 1993-1-1
5.2.1 (3)
EN 1993-1-1
5.3.2 (3)
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Sway imperfections may be disregarded where HEd 0.15 VEd.
EN 1993-1-1
5.3.2 (4)
The effects of initial sway imperfection may be replaced by equivalent

horizontal forces:
Heq = VEd in the combination where HEd < 0.15 VEd
The following table gives the reactions at supports.

Left column 1
Right column 2
Total
ULS

0.15 VEd
HEd,1
VEd,1
HEd,2
VEd,2
HEd
VEd
kN
kN
Kn
kN
kN
kN
101
-125.5
-161.5
122.4
-172.4
-344.70
51.70
102
95.16
80.74
-24.47
58.19
70.69
138.9
20.83
103
-47.06
-91.77
89.48
-105.3
42.42
-197.1
29.56
104
-34.59
-73.03
77.01
-86.56
42.42
-159.6
23.93
105
43.97
11,97
26.72
-10.57
70.69
1.40
0.21
106
56.44
30.71
14.25
8.17
70.69
38.88
5.83
Comb.
The sway imperfection has only to be taken into for the combination 101:
VEd
Heq = .VEd
kN
kN
172.4
0.552
Modelling with Heq for the combination 101
EN 1993-1-1
5.3.2 (7)
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5.3 Results of the elastic analysis

5.3.1 Serviceability limit states
Combinations and limits should be specified for each project or in National
Annex.
For this example, the deflections obtained by modeling are as follows:
Vertical deflections:
G + Snow:
Dy = 164 mm = L/183
Snow only:
Dy = 105 mm = L/286
Horizontal deflections:

Deflection at the top of column by wind only

Dx = 38 mm = h/157
5.3.2 Ultimate limit states

Moment diagram in kNm
Combination 101:
Combination 102:
EN 1993-1-1
7 and
EN 1990
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Combination 103:

Combination 104:
Combination 105:
Combination 106:
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6 Column verification
Profile UKB 610x229x125 - S275 ( = 0.92)
The verification of the member is carried out for the combination 101 :
NEd =
VEd =
MEd =
161.5 kN
(assumed to be constant along the column)
122.4 kN
(assumed to be constant along the column)
755 kNm (at the top of the column)
6.1 Classification of the cross section
The web slenderness is c / tw = 46.02
Web:

dN =
N Ed
161500
=
= 49.35 mm
t w f y 11.9 275
d w + d N 547.6 + 49.35
=
= 0.545 > 0.50
2d w
2 547.6
The limit for Class 1 is : 396 / (13 -1) =

Then : c / tw = 46.02 < 59.87
Flange:
396 0.92
= 59.87
13 0.545 1
The web is class 1.
The flange slenderness is c / tf = 95.9/ 19.6= 4.89
The limit for Class 1 is : 9 = 9 0.92 = 8.28

Then : c / tf = 4.89 < 8.28
The flange is Class 1
So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on

the plastic resistance of the cross-section.
EN 1993-1-1
5.5
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6.2 Resistance of cross section

NOTE: This example uses a value for yield strength of 275 N/mm2,
irrespective of flange thickness. The UK National Annex requires yield
strength to be taken from the product standard, which will reduce the value for
thicknesses over 16 mm. (UK NA still to be confirmed at April 2007)
Verification to shear force
Shear area :
Av = A - 2btf + (tw+2r)tf
Av = 15900 2 229 19.6 + (11.9 + 2 12.7) 19.6 = 7654 mm
Av > .hw.tw = 6819 mm2 ( = 1)

Vpl,Rd = Av (fy /
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.8 (2)
OK
3 ) /M0 = (7654275/ 3 )10-3
Vpl,Rd = 1215 kN
VEd / Vpl,Rd = 122.4 / 1215 = 0.10 < 0.50
The effect of the shear force on the moment resistance may be neglected.
Verification to axial force
Npl,Rd = A fy / M0 = (15900 275/1.0) 10-3
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.4
Npl,Rd = 4372.5 kN
NEd = 161.5 kN < 0.25 Npl,Rd = 0.25 x 4372.5 = 1093.1 kN
and
NEd = 161.5 kN <
0.5hw t w f y
M0
0.5 573 11.9 275

=
= 937.6 kN
1 103
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.8 (2)
The effect of the axial force on the moment resistance may be neglected.
Verification to bending moment
Mpl,y,Rd = (3680 275/1.0) 10-3

Mpl,y,Rd = 1012 kNm
My,Ed = 755 kNm < Mpl,y,Rd = 1012 kNm OK
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.5
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6.3 Buckling resistance

The buckling resistance of the column is sufficient if the following conditions EN 1993-1-1
are fulfilled (no bending about the weak axis, Mz,Ed = 0):
6.3.3
N Ed
+ k yy
y N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
N Ed
+ k zy
y N Rk
LT
M1
M1

The kyy and kzy factors will be calculated using the Annex A of EN 1993-1-1.
The frame is not sensitive to second order effects (cr = 12.7> 10). Then the
EN 1993-1-1
buckling length for in-plane buckling may be taken equal to the system length. 5.2.2 (7)
Lcr,y = 5.99 m
Note: For a single bay symmetrical frame that is not sensitive to second order
effects, the check for in-plane buckling is generally not relevant. The
verification of the cross-sectional resistance at the top of the column will be
determinant for the design.
Regarding the out-of-plane buckling, the member is laterally restrained at both
ends only. Then :
Lcr,z = 5.99 m
Lcr,LT = 5.99 m
and
Buckling about yy
Lcr,y = 5.99 m
h/b = 2.67 > 1.2 and tf = 19.6 < 40 mm

Buckling curve : a (y = 0.21)
N cr,y = 2
y =
EI y
L2cr,y
Af y
N cr,y
210000 98600 10 4
=2
=56956 kN
59902 103
15900 275
= 0.277
56956 103
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.2 (2)
Table 6.1
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3 (1)
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y = 0.5 1 + y 0.2 + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.21(0.277 0.2) + 0.2772 ]= 0.546

y =
y + y
2
2
y
1
0.546 + 0.546 2 0.277 2
= 0.984
Lcr,z = 5.99 m
Buckling about zz
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.2 (2)
Buckling curve : b (z = 0.34)
Af y

z =
N cr,z
Table 6.1
4
EI z
2 210000 3930 10
= 2270 kN
=
L2cr,z
5990 2 103
N cr,z = 2
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3 (1)
15900 275
= 1.388
2270 10 3
z = 0.5 1 + z 0.2 + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.34(1.388 0.2 ) + 1.3882 ] = 1.665
z =
z + z2
2
z
1
1.665 + 1.6652 1.3882
= 0.387
Buckling curve : c (LT = 0.49)

Moment diagram with linear variation : = 0
M cr = C1
M cr = 1.77
Lcr,LT
5990 10
2
Table 6.5
3.45 10
5990 80770 154 10
+ 2
4
3930 10
210000 3930 10 4
12
Mcr = 1517 kNm
Wpl,y f y
M cr
C1 = 1.77
210000 3930 10
LT =
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.2.3
I W Lcr,LT GI t
+
IZ
2 EI Z
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.2 (1)
Lcr,LT = 5.99 m
Lateral torsional buckling
2 EI Z
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.2 (1)
3680 103 275

= 0.817
1517 106
NCCI
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LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT LT,0 + LT
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.2.3 (1)
with LT,0 = 0.40 and =0.75
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49(0.817 0.4) + 0.75 0.8172 ] = 0.852

LT =
1
2
2
LT
LT + LT
1
0.852 + 0.8522 0.75 0.817 2
= 0.754
The influence of the moment distribution on the design buckling

resistance moment of the beam is taken into account through the f-factor :

f = 1 0.5 (1 k c ) 1 2 LT 0.8
1
= 0.752
where: kc =
1.33 0.33
)]
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.2.3 (2)
Table 6.6
( = 0)
f = 1 0.5 (1 0.752) 1 2(0.817 0.8) = 0.876 < 1

0.754
= 0.861 < 1
LT,mod = LT =
f
0.876
2
Calculation of the factors kyy and kzy according to Annex A of EN 1993-1-1
N Ed
161.5
1
N cr, y
56956
y =
=
= 0.999
N Ed
161.5
1 y
1 0.984
N cr, y
56956
1
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
N Ed
161.5
1
N cr,z
2270
z =
= 0.955
=
161.5
N Ed
1 z
1 0.387
2270
N cr,z
1
wy =
Wpl,y
wz =
Wpl,z
Wel,y
Wel,z
3680
= 1.143 < 1.5
3220
535
= 1.56 > 1.5
343
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
wz = 1.5
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M cr,0 = C1
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2 EI Z
Lcr,LT
I W Lcr,LT GI t
+
IZ
2 EI Z
NCCI
SN003
Mcr,0 is the critical moment for the calculation of 0 for uniform bending
moment as specified in Annex A.
C1 = 1
M cr,0 = 1
2 210000 3930 10 4
5990 2 106
3.45 1012 5990 2 80770 154 10 4

+
3930 10 4 2 210000 3930 10 4

M cr,o = 857.2 kNm

Wpl,y f y
0 =
M cr,o
3680 103 275

=
= 1.087
857.2 106
0 lim = 0.2 C1 4 (1
N Ed
N
)(1 Ed )
N cr,z
N cr,TF
with Ncr,TF = Ncr,T
(doubly
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
symmetrical section)
Critical axial force in the torsional buckling mode
N cr,T
2 EI w
A
= (GI t +
)
I0
h2
For a doubly symmetrical section,
I 0 = I y + I z + ( y02 + z02 ) A = 98600 + 3930 = 102530 cm4

N cr,T =
12
15900
4
2 210000 3.45 10
(
80770
154
10
+
) 10 3
4
2
102530 10
5990
Ncr,T = 5019 kN
So: 0 lim = 0.2 1.77 4 (1
161.5
161.5
)(1
) = 0.259
2270
5019
0 > 0 lim Section susceptible to torsional deformations
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C my = C my,0 + (1 C my,0 )
with
y =
and aLT = 1
y a LT
1 + y a LT
M y,Ed A
755 103 159 10 2
= 23.08 (class 1)
=
N Ed Wel,y
161.5 3220 103
154
It
= 0.998
= 1
Iy
98600
Calculation of the factor Cmy,0

Cmy,0 = 0.79 + 0.21 y + 0.36( y 0.33)
y =0
Cmy,0
N Ed
N cr,y
161.5
= 0.79 0.1188
= 0.790
56956
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
Table A2
Calculation of the factors Cmy and Cm,LT :

C my = Cmy,0 + (1 C my,0 )
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Cmy = 0.790 + (1 0.790)
23.08 0.998
= 0.964
1 + 23.08 0.998
a LT
2
C mLT = C my
(1
CmLT = 0.964 2
N Ed
N
)(1 Ed )
N cr,z
N cr,T
0.998
= 0.978 < 1
161.5
161.5
(1
)(1
)
2270
5019
CmLT = 1
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
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Calculation of the factors Cyy and Czy :
C yy = 1 + ( wy 1)[(2
npl =
W
1.6 2
1.6 2 2
Cmy max
Cmy max )npl bLT ] el,y
wy
wy
Wpl,y
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
N Ed
161.5 103
= 0.037
=
N Rk / M1 159 102 275 / 1
Mz,Ed = 0 bLT = 0 and d LT = 0

Cyy = 1 + (1.143 1) [(2
max = z = 1.388
1.6
1.6
0.9642 1.388
0.9642 1.3882 ) 0.037]
1.143
1.143
Cyy = 0.988

Cyy >
Wel,y
Wpl,y
3220
= 0.875
3680
Czy = 1 + ( wy 1)[(2
w W
14 2 2
Cmy max ) npl d LT ] 0.6 y el,y
5
wy
wz Wpl,y
C zy = 1 + (1 .143 1)[( 2
Czy > 0.6
wy Wel,y
wz Wpl,y
OK
= 0 .6
14
0 .964 2 1 .388 2 ) 0 .037 ] = 0 .943
5
1 .143
1.143 3220
= 0.458
1.5 3680
Calculation of the factors kyy and kzy :

k yy = CmyCmLT
y
1
N
1 Ed C yy
N cr, y
k yy = 0.964 1
1
0.999
= 0.978
161.5 0.988
1
56956
OK
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
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k zy = CmyCmLT
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z
1
k zy = 0.964 1
N Ed
N cr,y
w
1
0.6 y
Czy
wz
1
1.143
0.955
0.6
= 0.513
161.5 0.943
1
.
50
1
56956
Verification with interaction formulae
N Ed
+ k yy
y N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
M1
161.5 10
755.106
+ 0.978
= 0.88 <1 OK
3
15900 275
3680
10
275
0.984
0.861
1
1

N Ed
+ k zy
z N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
M1
161.5 103
755.106
+ 0.513
= 0.54 <1 OK
3
15900 275
3680
10
275
0.387
0.861
1
1
So the buckling resistance of the member is satisfactory.
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.3
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7 Rafter verification
7.1 Classification
Case with maximum compression in beam: (Combination 101)
Web:
hw = 428 mm
tw = 10.5 mm
c / tw = 38.81
c = 407.6 mm
dN =

NEd= 136 kN
=
c / tw = 38.81 <
N Ed
136 103
=
= 47.10 mm
t w f y 10.5 275
d w + d N 407.6 + 47.10
=
= 0.558 > 0.5
2d w
2 407.6
396
396 0.92
=
= 58.25
13 1 13 0.558 1
Flanges
b = 191.9 mm
tf = 17.7 mm
r = 10.2 mm
c = 80.5 mm
class 1
c / tf = 4.55
(S275 = 0.92 )
c / tf = 4.55
< 9 = 8.28
class 1
So the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based on

the plastic resistance of the cross-section.
EN 1993-1-1
5.5
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7.2 Resistance of cross-section

Maximum force and moment at the end of the haunch:
Combination 101
NEd = 136.00 kN
VEd = 118.50 kN
My,Ed = 349.10 kNm
754,98 kNm
349,10 kNm

305,23 kNm
Combination 101: Bending moment diagram along the rafter
Verification to shear force
VEd = 118.50 kN
=1
Av = A - 2btf + (tw+2r)tf
Av = 11400 2 191.9 17.7 + (10.5 + 2 10.2) 17.7 = 5154 mm2
Av > .hw.tw = 42810.5 = 4494 mm2

Vpl,Rd = Av (fy /
3 ) /M0 = 5154275/ 3 /1000 = 818.3 kN
VEd / Vpl,Rd = 118.5 / 818.33 = 0.145 < 0.50 OK
Verification to axial force

-3
Npl,Rd = 11400 x 275 x 10 = 3135 kN
EN 1993-1-1
6.2
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.8 (2)
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.4
NEd = 136 kN < 0.25 Npl,Rd= 0.25 3135 = 783.8 kN

and
NEd = 136 kN <
OK
0.5hw t w f y
M0
0.5 428 10.5 275

=
103 = 617.9kN
1
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.8 (2)
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EN 1993-1-1
6.2.5
Verification to bending moment
Mpl,y,Rd = 2014 275 10-3 = 553.9 kNm

My,Ed = 349.1 kNm < Mpl,y,Rd = 553.9 kNm
OK
7.3 Buckling resistance

Uniform members in bending and axial compression

N Ed
+ k yy
y N Rk

M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
and
M1
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.3
M y,Ed
N Ed
1
+ k zy
z N Rk
M y,Rk
LT
M1
M1
Buckling about yy:
For the determination of the buckling length about yy, a buckling analysis
is performed to calculate cr for the load combination giving the highest
EN 1993-1-1
vertical load, with a fictitious restraint at top of column:
6.3.1.2 (2)
Combination 101 cr = 32.40
Table 6.1
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3 (1)
Buckling curve : a (h/b>2)
y = 0.21
N cr,y = cr N Ed = 32.40 136 = 4406 kN

y =
Af y
N cr,y
11400 275
= 0.844
4406.103
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.2 (2)
Table 6.1
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y = 0.5 1 + y 0.2 + y
y = 0.5 1 + 0.21 (0.844 0.2) + 0.8442 = 0.924

y =
1
y + y
2
2
y
1
0.924 + 0.924 2 0.844 2
= 0.769
Buckling about zz:

For buckling about zz and for lateral torsional buckling, the buckling
length is taken as the distance between torsional restraints:
Lcr = 6.00m
Note: the intermediate purlin is a lateral restraint of the upper flange only.
Its influence could be taken into account but it is conservatively neglected
in the following.
Flexural buckling
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3
Lcr,z = 6.00 m
N cr,z = 2
4
EI z
2 210000 2090 10
=
= 1203 kN
L2cr,z
6000 2 10 3
Torsional buckling
NCCI
Lcr,T = 6.00 m
N cr,T =
SN003
2 EI w
A
(GI t +
)
2
I0
Lcr,T
with yo = 0 and zo = 0
(doubly symmetrical section)
I 0 = I y + I z + ( y 02 + z 02 )A = 41000 + 2090 = 43090 cm4

N cr,T =
12
11400
4
2 210000 1.04.10
3
10
(
80770
90
.
7
10
)
43090.10 4
6000 2
Ncr,T = 3522 kN
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Ncr = min ( Ncr,z ; Ncr,T ) = 1203 kN

Af y
z =
N cr
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3 (1)
11400 275
= 1.614
1203 103
Buckling curve : b
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.2 (1)
z = 0.34
z = 0 . 5 1 + z 0 .2 + z
Table 6.1
z = 0.5 1 + 0.34 (1.614 0.2 ) + 1.614 2 =2.043

z =
1
z + 2z
2
z
1
2.043 + 2.0432 1.6142
= 0.303
Lateral torsional buckling :
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.1.3
Lcr,LT = 6.00 m
Buckling curve : c
LT = 0.49
Table 6.5
Moment diagram along the part of rafter between restraints :

Combination 101
Calculation of the critical moment:
NCCI
= - 0.487
q = - 9.56 kN/m
C1 = 2.75
SN003
qL2
= - 0.123
=
8M
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M cr = C1
M cr = 2.75
2 EI Z
Lcr,LT
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NCCI
I W Lcr,LT GI t
+
IZ
2 EI Z
2 210000 2090 104

60002 106
1.04 1012 60002 80770 90.7 104

+
2090 104 2 210000 2090 104
Mcr = 1100 kNm

LT =
Wpl, y f y
M cr
2010 103 275

= 0.709
1100 106
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT LT,0 + LT
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.2.3 (1)

with LT,0 = 0.40 and =0.75
LT = 0.5 1 + 0.49 (0.709 0.4) + 0.75 0.7092 = 0.764

LT =
1
LT + 2LT
kc = 0.91
2
LT
0.764 + 0.7642 0.75 0.7092
f = 1 0.5 (1 k c ) 1 2 LT 0.8
)]
= 0.821
f = 1 0.5 (1 0.91) 1 2 (0.709 0.8) = 0.956 < 1
LT,mod =
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.2.3 (2)
Table 6.6
LT 0.821
=
= 0.859 < 1
f
0.956
Combination 101
NEd = 136 kN compression

My,Ed = 349.1 kNm
Mz,Ed = 0
Section class1
N Ed
+ k yy
y N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
M1
My,Ed = 0 and Mz,Ed = 0

N Ed
+ k zy
z N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
M1
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.3
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N Ed
136
1
N cr, y
4406
y =
=
= 0.993
136
N Ed
1 0.769
1 y
4406
N cr, y
1
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
N Ed
136
1
N cr,z
1203
= 0.918
z =
=
N Ed
136
1 z
1 0.303
N cr,z
1203

wy =
Wpl, y
wz =
Wpl, z 338
=
= 1.550 > 1.50
Wel,z 218
Wel, y
M cr,0 = C1
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
2010
= 1.136 < 1.50
1770
2 EI Z
Lcr,LT
wz = 1.50
NCCI
I W Lcr,LT GI t
+
IZ
2 EI Z
SN003
Mcr,0 is the critical moment for the calculation of 0 for uniform bending
moment as specified in Annex A.
C1 = 1
2 210000 2090 10 4
6000 2 106
= 400.2 kNm
M cr,0 = 1
M cr,o
0 =
Wpl,y f y
M cr,o
1.04 1012 6000 2 80770 90.7 10 4

+ 2
210000 2090 10 4
2090 10 4
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
2010 103 275

= 1.175
400.2 106
0 lim = 0.2 C1 4 (1
N
N Ed
)(1 Ed )
N cr, TF
N cr, z
with Ncr,TF = Ncr,T
(doubly
0 lim = 0.2 2.75 4 (1
with C1 = 2.75
symmetrical section)
136
136
)(1
) = 0.319
1203
3522
0 =1.175 > 0 lim =0.319
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Cmy = Cmy,0 + (1 Cmy,0 )
with y =
and
y aLT
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
1 + y aLT
M y,Ed A
349.1106
11400
=
=16.53 (class 1)
3
N Ed Wel,y
136 10
1770 103
a LT = 1
It
90.7
= 0.998
=1
Iy
41000
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
Calculation of the factor Cmy,0
Moment diagram along the rafter:

Table A2
My,Ed = maximum moment
along the rafter = 755kNm
= maximum displacement
along the rafter = 164 mm
30m
2 EI y x
N
Cmy,0 = 1 + 2
1 Ed
L M y,Ed
N cr,y
2 210000 41000 104 164 136
C my,0 = 1 +
1
=0.978
300002 755 106
4406
Calculation of the factors Cmy and Cm,LT :
Cmy = Cmy,0 + (1 Cmy,0 )
y aLT
1 + y aLT
C my = 0.978 + (1 0.978)
16.53 0.998
= 0.996
1 + 16.53 0.998
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aLT
2
CmLT = Cmy
(1
N Ed
N
)(1 Ed )
N cr,z
N cr,T
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
0.998
= 1.072 > 1
136
136
)
)(1
(1
3522
1203
C mLT = 0.996 2
Calculation of the factors Cyy and Czy
C yy = 1 + ( w y 1)[(2

n pl =
W
1.6 2 2
1.6 2
Cmy max )n pl b LT ] el, y
Cmy max
wy
Wpl, y
wy
N Ed
136 103
= 0.043
=
N Rk / M1 11400 275 / 1
Mz,Ed = 0 bLT = 0 and d LT = 0

C yy = 1 + (1.136 1)[( 2
C zy = 1 + ( w y 1)[(2
Wel, y 1770
=
= 0.88 OK
Wpl, y 2010
w y Wel, y
14 2 2
C my max ) n pl d LT ] 0.6
5
wy
w z Wpl, y
C zy = 1 + (1.136 1)[(2
w y Wel, y
w z Wpl, y
max = z = 1.614
1 .6
1. 6
0.996 2 1.614
0.996 2 1.614 2 ) 0.043]
1.136
1.136
Cyy = 0.977
C zy 0.6
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
14
0.996 2 1.614 2 ) 0.043] = 0.900
5
1.136
= 0 .6
1.136 1770
= 0.460 OK
1.50 2010
Calculation of the factors kyy and kzy :

k yy = CmyCmLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr, y
k yy = 0.996 1.072
1
C yy
1
0.993
= 1.120
136 0.977
1
4406
EN 1993-1-1
Annex A
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k zy = C myCmLT
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wy
z
1
0.6
N
wz
1 Ed Czy
N cr, y
k zy = 0.996 1.072
1
1.136
0.918
0.6
= 0.587
136 0.900
1
.
50
1
4406
N Ed
+ k yy
y N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
EN 1993-1-1
6.3.3
(6.61)
M1
136 10
349.1 106
+ 1.120
= 0.88 < 1 OK
3
11400 275
2010
10
275
0.769
0.859
1
1

N Ed
+ k zy
z N Rk
M1
M y,Ed
1
M y,Rk
LT
M1
136 103
349.1 106
+ 0.587
= 0.57 < 1 OK
3
11400 275
2010
10
275
0.303
0.859
1
1
8 Haunch verification
For the verification of the haunch, the compression part of the cross-section is
considered as alone with a length of buckling about the zz-axis equal to 3.00m
(length between the top of column and the first restraint).
Maximum forces and moments in the haunch:
NEd =
VEd =
MEd =
139.2 kN
151.3 kN
755 kNm
(6.62)
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Properties of the whole section:
The calculation of elastic section properties for this case is approximate,

ignoring the middle flange.
Section area
A = 160.80 cm2
Second moment of area /yy
Iy = 230520 cm4
Second moment of area /zz
Iz = 2141 cm4
Elastic modulus /yy
Wel,y = 4610 cm3
Elastic modulus /zz
Wel,z = 214 cm3
1000 mm
200 mm

Properties of the compression part:
Section at the mid-length of the haunch including 1/6th of the web depth
A = 44 cm2
Section area
Second moment of area /yy
Iy = 554 cm
Second moment of area /zz
Iz =1068 cm4
iz =
z =
120 mm
1068
= 4.93cm
44
200 mm
L fz
3000
=
= 0.704
i z 1 49.30 86.39
Buckling of welded I section with h/b > 2 :

curve d
= 0.76
z = 0.5 1 + z 0.2 + z = 0.5 1 + 0.76 (0.704 0.2 ) + 0.704 2 = 0.939
z =
1
z +
2
z
2
z
1
0.939 + 0.9392 0.7042
= 0.641
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Compression in the bottom flange:
N Ed, f = 139.24
4400
755000 1000
+
4400 = 760kN
16080 4610.103 1000
Verification of buckling resistance of the bottom flange:

N Ed,f
760 103
= 0.980 < 1 OK
=
z N Rk 0.641 4400 275
SX029a-EN-UK
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE
Reference(s)
SX029a-EN-GB

LOCALISED RESOURCE DOCUMENT

Name
Company
Date
Created by
Laurent Narboux
SCI
Nov 06
Technical content checked by
Charles King
SCI
Dec 06
Editorial content checked by
D C Iles
SCI
April 2007
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Wind Loads UK Portal Frame WE

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Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame

Localized resource for UK

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal

Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame

2.1 Permanent loads

self-weight of the beam

roofing with purlins

2.2 Snow loads

Characteristic values for snow loading on the roof in [kN/m]

for an internal frame: S = 0.618 7.20 = 4.45 kN/m

Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

for an internal frame:

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame

2.3 Wind loads

Characteristic values for wind loading in kN/m for an internal frame

Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

3.1 Partial safety factor

3.2 ULS Combinations

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame

3.3 SLS Combinations

Combinations and limits should be specified for each project or by National

Depth of straight portion of the web

Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 98600 cm4

Iw = 3.45 x 106 cm6

Elastic modulus /yy

Wel,y = 3220 cm3

Plastic modulus /yy

Wpl,y = 3680 cm3

Elastic modulus /zz

Wel,z = 343 cm3

Plastic modulus /zz

Wpl,z = 535 cm3

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame

Depth of straight portion of the web

Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 41000 cm4

Iw = 1.04 x 106 cm6

Elastic modulus /yy

Wel,y = 1770 cm3

Plastic modulus /yy

Wpl,y = 2014 cm3

Elastic modulus /zz

Wel,z = 218 cm3

Plastic modulus /zz

Wpl,z = 338 cm3

pinned for column bases

rigid for beam to column.

The frame has been modelled using the EFFEL program.

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame

5.1 Buckling amplification factor cr

For this combination: cr = 12.74

Created on Saturday, December 03, 2011

The first buckling mode is shown hereafter.

First order elastic analysis may be used.

5.2 Effects of imperfections

Example: Elastic analysis of a single bay portal frame (GB)