GMM Pfaudler Product Catalogue Digital

product
catalogue
Glass Lined
Equipment
Filtration & Drying
Equipment
Mixing
Systems
Engineered
Systems
Tailor Made
Process
Equipment
Innovative
Solutions
for THE
Chemical
Process
Industry
GMM PFAUDLER LIMITED
CONTENTS
Section I
glass lined equipment
GLASS LINED REACTORS

DIN reactors ae
DIN reactors BE
DIN reactors ce
13
NEXT GENERATION MIXING SYSTEMs
16
AGITATING NOZZELS
19
GLASS LINED VESSELS

GLASS LINED Storage tanks
25
heat exchangers WK
27
GLASS STEEL

WORLDWIDE GLASTEEL 9100
28
Ultra GlasTM 6500
39
STAINLESS STEEL GLASTEEL 4000
42
ALKALI GLASS 4300
45
PFAUDLER PHARMAGLASS PPG
48
ACCESSORIES

FILLOOK QUICK OPENING DEVICES
51
GlassLook Sight Glasses
53
Glass Lined Pipes & Fittings
55
Conical blender dryers
60
Kilo LABs & Pilot Plants
62
Section II
Filtration & drying equipment
MavazwagAgitated Nutsche Filters & Filter Dryers 66
funda CENTRIFUGAL DISC FILTERS
70
MAVASPHERE SPHERICAL DRYERs
71
MAVAPAD VACUUM PADDLE DRYERS
72
Section III
mixing systems
economix mixing systems
74
MAVADRIVE MAGNETIC AGITATORS
77
Section IV
engineered systems
Wiped Film Evaporators
80
SINGLE FLUID Heating & Cooling Systems
85
section V
tailor made process equipment
90
Back to Contents
Section I
glass lined
equipment
GLASS LINED REACTORS

DIN reactors ae
DIN reactors BE
DIN reactors ce
13
16
AGITATING NOZZELS
19
GLASS LINED VESSELS

25
heat exchangers WK
27
GLASS STEEL

28
Ultra Glas
39
42
ALKALI GLASS 4300
45
TM
6500
48
ACCESSORIES

FILLOOK QUICK OPENING DEVICES
51
53
55
60
62
GMM PFAUDLER LIMITED
Back to Contents
Design
Two-piece design that meets

the following standards :
DIN 28130, part 2 : Assembly of
components
DIN 28136 : Reactors type AE
DIN 28157 : Impeller agitators
DIN 28158 : Anchor agitators
DIN 28146 : Paddle-type baffles
DIN 28147 : Thermopockets
DIN 28145, part 8 : Leg
DIN 28 145, part 4 : Supporting ring
DIN 28151 : Jacket connections
Type A1/A2 without circulating nozzles
Type B1/B2 with circulating nozzles
DIN 28137, part 2 : Agitator flange
DIN 28006, part 2 : Tolerance
Glass Lined as per DIN EN ISO 28721.
Design as per ASME Section VIII,
Division I.
din
REACTORS
AE
Operating Conditions
Maximum allowable working pressure :

-1/+6 bar(g) in the vessel
-1/+6 bar(g) in the jacket
0
l Maximum design temperature : 200 C
l Minmum design metal temperature :
-28.80C
Custom designs for enhanced pressure and
temperatures are also available.
l
Glass
All our reactors are lined with Pfaudler glass

WWG 9100. This glass is extremely resistant
to corrosion and mechanical stress.
For specific applications, special glasses are
also available.
Jacket
Standard jacket is provided, with the option

of Half-pipe coil jacket is also available.
Support
Side brackets are provided, however the

support options of pipe legs or support rings
are available.
Agitator Systems
Standard: Impeller-type agitator with baffle.

Alternate configuration: Anchor-type
agitator with thermopocket.
Next Generation Mixing
A vast range of agitators are available

to meet all your mixing requirements
resulting in:
l Reduced batch times
l Reduced power consumption
l Reduced costs
Standard Accessories
Manway cover with sight glass DN100.

Glass Lined protection ring for manway
opening. Opening device for manway cover.
Optional Accessories
Quick change seal arrangement Faster replacement of the mechanical

seal without the need to remove
the drive.
l Agitating nozzles Better heat transfer.
l Filllook
& Glasslook Easy access for reactor
charging & cleaning.
- Glass monitoring
l
Back to Contents
Glass Lined
instrumentation to
measure:
- pH, rH
- Temperature
- Liquid level
- Conductivity
l
GMP Reactors
Our standard GMP

reactors include the
following SS 304
accessories: Drive
hood, lantern, C-clamps,
fasteners, split flanges,
side brackets, lifting lugs,
jacket nozzles and sight/
light glass flange.
Spares & Service
We know your business

demands more than just
quality products. GMM
Pfaudlers Spares & Service
network is dedicated to
keeping your process
running smoothly. Our

team of highly trained
technicians looks after that
and most standard parts are
shipped within 48 hours.
side view: ae 3000, head layout 2

AE
Preventive
Maintenance
Regular maintenance
of your Glass Lined
equipment increases its
life and reduces downtime.
GMM Pfaudler offers a
comprehensive Annual
Maintenance Contract
to ensure that your
equipment receives
maintenance regularly
from our committed and
highly trained team.
Head Layout

Type AE Total
Jacket Heating/
Main Dimensions (mm)
Nominal Volume Volume Cooling DN Jacket
Anch.
Imp. 4)
RPM Total

Volume
Area
(ID)
dia Motor
n
Weight
2
e
HP (K.W.) Anc/Imp (Kg)1)

(Ltr) (Ltr)
(Ltr)
(m ) d1 d2 d3 d4 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6

1 63
95
1 100 130
1 160 215
1 250 335
1 400 530
1 500 2) 730
1 630 850
2 1000 1465
2 1600 2325
2 20002) 2615
2 2500 3485
2 3000 2) 3780
2 4000
5420
2 50002) 6745
2 6300 8235
25
40
60
90
125
145
170
245
330
370
435
470
585
695
845
0.53 500 486 600 420 300 400 180 590 80 2370 250 1600 1.5 (1) 48/96
480
0.85 500 486 600 420 300 600 180 790 80 2590 370 1600 1.5 (1) 48/96
530
1.23 600 578 700 500 360 700 200 910 80 2710 370 1600 1.5 (1) 48/96
640
1.66 700 680 800 600 420 800 220 1030 80 2980 400 1830 3 (2.2) 48/96
900
2.40 800 771 900 700 480 1000 250 1260 90 3154 405 1830 3 (2.2) 48/96
1100
2.56 1000 966 1100 880 600 836 300 1146 90 3100 405 1830 3 (2.2) 48/96
1500
3.10 1000 966 1100 880 600 1000 300 1310 90 3265 405 1830 3 (2.2) 48/96
1650
4.56 1200 1163 1300 1060 720 1200 350 1560 90 3580 405 1880 5 (3.7) 48/96 2200
6.00 1400 1363 1500 1250 840 1400 400 1810 90 4035 475 1720 7.5 (5.5) 48/96
3000
7.10 1400 1363 1500 1250 840 1600 400 2010 90 4235 475 1790 7.5 (5.5) 48/96
3300
8.30 1600 1558 1700 1440 960 1600 460 2070 90 4285 485 1820 7.5 (5.5) 48/96
3950
9.10 1600 1558 1700 1440 960 1755 460 2225 90 4440 485 1920 7.5 (5.5) 48/96
4100
11.70 1800 1756 1900 1630 1100 2000 500 2510 90 4825 630 2000 7.5 (5.5) 36/96 5400
13.10 2000 1950 2100 1810 1100 2000 550 2560 110 5000 640 2030 1 (7.5) 36/96 7000
16.20 2000 1950 2100 1810 1100 2500 550 3060 110 5500 640 2050 15 (11) 36/96 7600
DIN Reactors AE
Back to Contents
Head Layout
nozzle arrangements
for vessels from 63
ltrs to 630 ltrs
Type AE
DN
nozzle arrangements
for vessels from 1000
ltrs to 6300 ltrs
Connections (DN)
Nominal
Jacket 3)
Reactor
Supporting
Volume

Structure

(Ltr)

N11
N12
N16 3)
Drain
N2, N3
N5

N14 N15 n19 K
M N1
N9, N10
N4
N7
N6
n8
b
1 63
500 40
80
50 100
40 80 80 50 752

1 100
500 40
80
50 100
40 80 80 50 752

1 160
600 40
80
50 100
50 80 80 80 852

1
250 700
40
40 80 80 150 50 80
80 80 952

1
400 800
40
40 100 80 200 80 80
100
80 1056

1 500 2) 1000 50
50
100
125 250
100 100
150 100 1356

1 630
1000 50
50
100
125 250
100 100
150 100 1356

2 1000 1200 50
50
100
125 350/450 100
200 100
1560

2
1600 1400
50 50 50 100 150 350/450
100 200 100 1780

2 2000 2)
1400
50 50 50 100 150 350/450
100 200 100 1780

2
2500 1600
50 50 50 100 150 350/450
100 200 100 1980

2 3000 2)
1600
50 50 50 100 150 350/450
100 200 100 1980

2
4000 1800
50 50 50 100 200 500 150 250 150 2210

2 5000 2)
2000
80 80 50 150 200 500 150 250 150 2414

2
6300 2000
80 80 50 150 200 500 150 250 150 2414
Nozzle N4 and N5 or N7 for thermowell or baffle. Sight glass L = DN 100
1) Assembled weight without supporting structure. 2) Not to DIN. 3) Jacket connections to DIN 28151 A1/A2 and B1/B2. Connections N16-N19 are
for use with agitating nozzles, the quantity depending on reactor size. 4) Head room required for removal of impeller agitator.
Back to Contents
Design
One-piece design that meets

the following standards:
components
DIN 28136 : Reactors type BE
DIN 28146 : Paddle-type baffle
DIN 29145, part 8 : Leg
DIN 28145, part 4 : Supporting ring
Glass Lined as per DIN EN ISO 28721.
Division I.
din
REACTORS
BE
Maximum allowable working pressure :

l Maximum design temperature :
2000C
l Minimum design metal temperature :
-28.80C
Custom designs for enhanced pressure
and temperatures are also available.
l
Glass
All our reactors are lined with Pfaudler

glass WWG 9100. This glass is extremely
resistant to corrosion and mechanical
stress. For specific applications, special
glasses are also available.
The Cryo-Lock agitator was designed to

offer flexibility and optimized mixing.
l Impeller changeover is performed
inside the reactor without having to
remove the drive, shaft or cover
l Large selections of agitators, including
multi-flight arrangements of turbines to
suit your process
l The manhole is the largest opening,
reduced gasket lenght, higher pressure
resistance and fewer leakages
Jacket
Turbines
Standard jacket is provided, however the

option of half-pipe coil jacket construction is
also available.
Support
Side brackets are provided, however support

options of pipe legs or support rings are
available.
Agitator Systems
Standard: Cryo-Lock agitator with baffle.

Cryo-Lock agitating system utilizes the
cryogenic fit between the glass shaft and
the glass impeller hub for a precise fit.
CBT: The Universal Curved Blade

Turbine provides high shearing
effect and radial flow
l TBF: The Efficient Turbofoil agitator
provides high axial flow with relatively
low flow disturbance, and low torque/low
power input
l FBT: The Flat Blade Turbine provides
high shearing force and low radial flow
l PBT: The Pitched Blade Turbine
provides medium shearing effect,
and combined radial/axial flow
l
DIN Reactors be
Back to Contents
RCI: The Classic

Retreat Curved
Impeller in its latest
version provides
strong radial
flow and a relatively
high flow disturbance
l ANC: The anchor
agitator for highly
viscous products,
provides low shearing
forces, tangential flow
and high torque
l
Manway cover with sight glass

DN100. Glass Lined protection
ring for manway opening. Opening
device for manway cover.
Quick change seal

arrangement Faster replacement
of the mechanical seal
without the need to
remove the drive.
l
10
Filllook & Glasslook Easy access for reactor

charging & cleaning.
l Glass Lined
instrumentation to
measure:
- pH, rH
- Temperature
- Liquid level
- Conductivity
- Glass monitoring
l
GMP Reactors
Our standard GMP reactors

include the
following SS 304 accessories:
Drive hood,
lantern, C-clamps,
fasteners, split flanges, side
brackets, lifting lugs, jacket
nozzles and sight/light glass
flange.
Spares & Service
We know your business demands

more than just quality products.
GMM Pfaudlers Spares & Service
network is dedicated to keeping
your process running smoothly.
Our team of highly trained

technicians looks after that and
most standard parts are shipped
within 48 hours.
Preventive Maintenance
Regular maintenance of your

Glass Lined equipment increases
its life and reduces downtime.
Maintenance Contract to ensure
that your equipment receives
maintenance regularly from our
committed and highly trained
team.
Back to Contents
side view: be 4000, head layout 3

Sweep Diameter (mm)
Capacity
DN RCI CBT CBRT
TBF PBT FBT ANC
630 1000 720 480 480 480 480
1000 1200 720 480 480 480 480
1600 1400 840 735 735 760 685
2000 1400 840 735 735 760 685
2500 1600 960 735 735 760 685
3000 1600 960 735 735 760 685
4000 1800 960 735 735 760 685
5000 2000 1100 835 835 990 890
6300 2000 1100 835 835 990 890
8000 2200 1100 835 835 990 890
10000 2400 1300 1040 1040 1220 1090
12500 2400 1300 1040 1040 1220 1090
16000 2600 1350 1120 1120 1220 1220
16000 2800 1500 1220 1220 1420 1220
20000 2800 1500 1220 1220 1420 1220
25000 2800 1500 1220 1220 1420 1220
25000
3000 1600 1420 1420 1420 1220
32000
3200 1600 1420 1420 1420 1220
32000
3400 1700 1420 1420 1420 1350
40000
3400 1700 1420 1420 1420 1350
40000 3600 1700 1420 1420 1420 1350
Head Layout

Type BE
Total
Jacket
Heating/
Nominal Volume Volume Cooling DN
(ID)
Jacket
*

Volume
Area
dia Motor
2
HP (K.W.)

(Ltr)
(Ltr)
(Ltr)
(m ) d1 d2 h1 h3 h4 h5 h6 e
480 480
480 1060
685 1250
685 1250
685 1440
685 1440
685 1630
890 1810
890 1810
890 1950
1090 2100
1090 2100
1220 2300
1220 2500
1220 2500
1220 2500
1220
1220
1350
1350
1350
-
*
RPM
n
1)
Total
Weight
(Kg)
1 630
850
170
2
1000 1470 255
2 1600
2310
375
2 20002) 2600 415
2 2500
3500
520
2 30002)
3760
550
2 4000
5390
650
2 50002)
6710
770
2 6300
8190 920
3 8000
9365 900
3 10000 11770 935
3 12500 14500 1100
3 16000 18700 1250
3 20000 22860 1460
3 25000 27720 1675
3 25000 28085 1955
3 32000 36190 2740
3 32000 36820 2790
3 40000 44820 3420
3 40000 45770 3465
3.8
5.2
7.4
8.3
9.8
10.5
13.2
14.9
18
18
21.1
25.5
28.5
34.2
41.6
38.4
47.7
44.2
54
55
1000 966
1100 1310 1400 90 3548 666 1470 3 (2.2)
96 1600
1200 1163 1300 1560 1650 90 3886
705 1560
5 (3.7) 96 2200
1400 1363 1500 1800 1900 90 4347 733 1775 7.5 (5.5) 96 3200
1400 1363 1500 2000 2100 90 4547
733 1775 7.5 (5.5) 96 3400
1600 1558 1700 2060 2160 90 4607 775 1775 7.5 (5.5) 96 3700
1600 1558 1700 2215 2315 90 4762 775 1775 7.5 (5.5) 96 4000
1800 1756 1900 2500 2635 90 5265 990 1960 10 (7.5) 96 5200
2000 1950 2100 2550 2680 110 5328 1030 1960 10 (7.5) 96 6500
2000 1950 2100 3050 3180 110 6008 1030 2140 15 (11) 96 7000
2200 2156 2300 3000 3130 110 5958 1190 2140 20 (15) 96 7600
2400 2360 2500 3180 3315 110 6233 1323 2230 20 (15) 96 10000
2400 2360 2500 3780 3915 110 6973 1323 2370 25 (18.5) 96 12000
2800 2750 2900 3705 3840 110 6922 1683 2400 30 (22) 94 15300
2800 2750 2900 4385 4520 110 7602 1683 2400 30 (22) 94 18000
2800 2750 2900 5235 5370 110 8452 1683 2400 40 (30) 94 21500
3000 2920 3100 4755 4890 110 8344 2020 2780 50 (37) 94 23000
3200 3140 3350 5280 5415 110 8869 2020 2780 50 (37) 80 26200
3400 3328 3550 4875 5010 110 8464 2020 2780 50 (37) 80 26300
3400 3328 3550 5795 5930 110 9384 2020 2780 50 (37) 80 28000
3600 3528 3750 5365 5500 110 8954 2185 2780 50 (37) 80 29000
* Based on density 1100 kg/m3 Viscosity 100 Cps RCI Agitator
DIN Reactors be
11
Back to Contents
head layout
NOZZLE ARRANGEMENT FOR VESSEL
630 LTRS.
Head Layout
Type AE

FROM 8000 LTRS. TO 40000 LTRS..

FROM 1000 LTRS. TO 6300 LTRS.
DN
Connections (DN)
Nominal
Jacket
Reactor
Supporting
Volume

Structure

(Ltr)

N11
n12
N16 3)
Drain
N2
N5

N14
n15 N19 K
N1
M
N10 N3
N4
n7 N6 n8 n9 b

2)
1 630
2 1000 2)
2 1600
2 2000 2)
2 2500
2 3000 2)
2 4000
2 5000 2)
2 6300
3 8000
3 10000
3 12500
3 16000
3 20000
3 25000

3 25000
3 32000
3 32000
3 40000
3 40000
1000
1200
1400
1400
1600
1600
1800
2000
2000
2200
2400
2400
2800
2800
2800
3000
3200
3400
3400
3600
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
-
-
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
320/420
350/450
350/450
350/450
500
500
500
500
500
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
125
125
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
250
250
250
250
250
250
250/300
250/300
250/300
250/300
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
-
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
150
300
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
200
200
200
200
200
200
250
250
250
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
-
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
300
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
1356
1560
1780
1780
1980
1980
2210
2414
2414
2614
2868
2868
3200
3200
3200
3750
4100
4300
4300
4500
Nozzle N4/N9 or N5/N7 for baffle. Sight glass L = DN 100

for use with agitating nozzles, the quantity depending on reactor size.
12
Back to Contents
Design
One-piece design that meets the

following standard :
components
DIN 28136 : Reactors type CE
DIN 28157 : Impeller agitators
DIN 28146 : Paddle-type baffles
DIN 29145 : Part 8 legs
DIN 28145 : Part 4 supporting rings
Glass Lined as per DIN EN ISO 28 721.
Division I.
DIN
REACTORS
CE
Maximum allowable working

pressure :
l Maximum design temperature :
2000C
l Minimum design metal temperature :
-28.80C
Custom designs for enhanced pressure
and temperatures are also available.
l
Glass
All our reactors are lined with Pfaudler

glass WWG 9100. This glass is extremely
resistant to corrosion and mechanical
stress. For specific applications, special
glasses are also available.
Jacket
Standard jacket is provided, however the

option of half-pipe coil jacket construction
is also available.
Support
Side brackets are provided, however

support options of pipe legs or support
rings are available.
Agitator Systems
Next Generation Mixing
A vast range of agitators are available

to meet all your mixing requirements
resulting in:
l Improvement in mixing performance
l Reduced batch times
l Reduced power consumption
l Reduced costs
Manway cover with sight glass DN100.

Glass Lined protection ring for manway
opening. Opening device for manway
cover.
Quick change seal arrangement Faster replacement of the mechanical

seal without the need to remove the
drive.
l Filllook
& Glasslook
Easy access for reactor charging
& cleaning.
l
Standard: Impeller-type agitator with

baffle.
DIN Reactors CE
13
Back to Contents
Glass Lined
instrumentation
to measure:
- pH, rH
- Temperature
- Liquid level
- Conductivity
- Glass monitoring
l
GMP Reactors
Our standard GMP

reactors include the
following SS 304
accessories: Drive
hood, lantern, C-clamps,
fasteners, split flanges,
side brackets, lifting
lugs, jacket nozzles and
sight/light glass flange.
Spares & Service
We know your business

demands more than
just quality products.
GMM Pfaudlers Spares
& Service network is
dedicated to keeping
your process running
smoothly.
Head Layout
Our team of highly

trained technicians
looks after that and
most standard parts are
shipped within 48 hours.
side view: ce 8000, head layout 4
Preventive
Maintenance
Regular maintenance
of your Glass Lined
equipment increases
its life and reduces
downtime.
Maintenance Contract
to ensure that your
equipment receives
maintenance regularly
from our committed and
highly trained team.
1)
Type AE Total
Jacket Heating/
Nominal Volume Volume Cooling
Jacket
4)
Total
Volume
Area
(DN)
ID
dia Motor RPM Weight
d1
d2
d4 d6
d7
h1
h3
h4
h5 h6
e HP (K.W.) n
(kg)
(Ltr)
(Ltr)
(Ltr)
(M2)
1 1600 2010 335

1 2000 2) 2305 375
1 2500 3055 460
1 3000 2) 3350 500
1 4000 4870 600
2 4000 4870 600
3 5000 2) 6040 715
3 6300 7535 860
4 8000 9365 895
4 10000 11875 935
4 12500 14500 1110
4 16000 18200 1260
4 16000 18880 1250
4 20000 22860 1460
4 25000 27720 1675
4 25000 28390 1605
4 32000 36000 2635
4 32000 37050 2965
4 40000 45050 3525
4 40000 45920 3405
14
6.5
7.4
8.6
9.4
12.0
12.0
13.5
16.6
17.9
20.9
25.4
29.5
28.3
34.2
41.6
39.7
47.3
45.7
55.5
53.5
1400 1363 1500 840 150 770 1596 1615 90 3975 950 1580 7.5 (5.5) 96 2900
1400 1363 1500 840 150 770 1796 2115 90 4175 950 1590 7.5 (5.5) 96 3100
1600 1558 1700 960 150 770 1845 2175 90 4260 1000 1600 7.5 (5.5) 96 3500
1600 1558 1700 960 150 770 2000 2330 90 4415 1000 1730 7.5 (5.5) 96 3700
1800 1756 1900 1100 150 770 2285 2615 90 4700 1185 1950 7.5 (5.5) 96 5000
1800 1756 1900 1100 150 770 2285 2615 90 4700 1185 1950 7.5 (5.5) 96 5000
2000 1950 2100 1100 200 770 2325 2680 110 4830 1255 2350 10 (7.5) 96 6000
2000 1950 2100 1100 200 770 2825 3180 110 5460 1255 2650 15 (11) 96 7000
2200 2156 2300 1100 200 770 2985 3330 110 5750 1405 2800 20 (15) 96 7600
2400 2360 2500 1300 240 965 3170 3535 110 6045 1550 2950 20 (15) 96 10000
2400 2360 2500 1300 240 965 3770 4135 110 6715 1550 3450 25 (18.5) 96 12000
2600 2550 2700 1350 240 965 4080 4435 110 6770 1855 3750 30 (22) 96 13800
2800 2750 2900 1500 240 1160 3705 4085 110 6590 1940 3400 30 (22) 96 15000
2800 2750 2900 1500 240 1160 4385 4765 110 7250 1940 3950 30 (22) 96 18000
2800 2750 2900 1500 240 1160 5235 5615 110 8090 1940 4650 40 (30) 96 21500
3000 2944 3100 1600 240 1160 4755 5135 110 7610 2275 4200 40 (30) 96 21550
3200 3410 3350 1600 290 1350 5280 5685 110 8090 2320 4650 50 (38) 96 28450
3400 3330 3550 1700 290 1350 4875 5285 110 7690 2450 4350 50 (38) 96 28450
3400 3330 3550 1700 290 1350 5795 6205 110 8610 2450 5100 50 (38) 96 33600
3600 3520 3750 1800 290 1350 5365 5775 110 8180 2550 4750 50 (38) 96 33600
Back to Contents
head layout
Head Layout
Type CE
DN
Connections (DN)
Nominal
Jacket
Reactor
Volume
N11, N12 N16
drain N2 n5
3)
k
n1
M
n10 n3 n4 n7 n6 n8 n9
(Ltr) N14, N15 N19
1 1600
1 2000 2)
1 2500
1 3000 2)
1 4000
2 4000
3 5000 2)
3 6300
4 8000
4 10000
4 12500
4 16000
4 16000
4 20000
4 25000
4 25000
4 32000
4 32000
4 40000
4 40000
1400
1400
1600
1600
1800
1800
2000
2000
2200
2400
2400
2600
2800
2800
2800
3000
3200
3400
3400
3600
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
350/450
350/450
350/450
350/450
350/450
350/450
500
500
500
500
500
500
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
150
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250/300
250/300
250/300
250/300

100
100
150
250
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200

150
200/250
200/250
250
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
200
200
200
200
250
100
250
250
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
100
100
100
100
150
100
150
150
150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200

150
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Supporting
structure
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
200/250
200/250
250
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
1780
1780
1980
1980
2210
2210
2414
2414
2614
2868
2868
3000
3230
3230
3230
3850
4200
4400
4400
4600
Nozzle N4 or N9 for baffle. Sight glass L = DN 100

for use with agitating nozzles, the quantity depending on reactor size. 4) Head room required for removal of impeller agitator.
DIN Reactors CE
15
Back to Contents
NEXT
GENERATION
MIXING SYSTEMS
Reduce processing time and
save costs with GMM
your specific mixing

requirement. Using
a fluid mixing design
software to simulate
the performance of
your existing agitator
system, we can
recommend a
Cryo-Lock agitator
design that will
optimize your mixing
by reducing batch
time and power
consumption and
improving product
quality.
pfaudler mixing systems
Liquid nitrogen cooling enables

the blade to be easily accessed
and removed quickly.
impellers in a
Cryo-Lock
BE vessel can be
changed in less than two hours

compared to two days or more
for standard impeller in a
CE
vessel design.
There is also no need to replace

a Cryo-Lock agitator shaft when
only the impeller has suffered
damage.
This can be changed
inside the cleaned reactor

without removing the shaft,
drive, motor or access cover.
Replacement agitators can also

be stored economically.
For more information on BE
vessels, please contact us.
having to remove the

drive, shaft or cover. The
Cryo-Lock family of
agitators were designed
to offer flexibility along
with optimal mixing.
The different impeller
configurations in the
Cryo-Lock family were
designed to meet the
needs of different process
conditions, Cryo-Lock
impellers may be used in
more than one of the five
basic unit operations:
Blending/Heat
Transfer
l Suspension
l Emulsification
l High Viscosity
Blending
l Gas Dispersion
l
GMM Pfaudler offers

glass lined mixing
systems for all your
process requirements.
Our team of highly
trained engineers will
design an optimal
mixing solution for
The Cryo-Lock system

utilizes the cryogenic
fit between the glass
shaft and the glass
impeller hub for precise
interference fit. Impeller
changeover is performed
inside the reactor without
typical flow patterns
curved blade turbine
16
turbofoil impeller
Back to Contents
Improve Product Quality and Yield

Reduced Process Times
With some products, switching to a turbofoil blade from a standard fixed agitator can lead to
mixing times being reduced by half while pumping capacity is almost doubled.
Reduced mixing time
Increased pumping capacity

2,5
1,0
0,8
2,0
0,6
1,5
0,4
1,0
0,2
0,5
RCI CBT PBT TBF

1100 835 890 990
Blade Type
P/V=Constant
RCI CBT PBT TBF

1100 835 890 990
Cyro-Lock Family of Agitators

Blending Heat Emulsion Suspension Gas
Transfer Dispersion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ANC II Two-piece Anchor

PBT Pitched Blade Turbine
FBT Flat Blade Turbine
MFT Multi-Flight Impeller
RCI Retreat Curve Impeller
TBF Turbofoil
CBT Curved Blade Turbine
Performance Characteristics
Unlimited
Impeller
Options
Impeller and baffle

configurations
can be adapted
to serve all basis
process operations.
In addition, other
factors, such as drive
speed and baffle
arrangement, can
be altered to enable
most impellers to be
used in more than
one of the five basic
unit operations.
1. ANC II Two-Piece Anchor

low shear
tangential flow
high torque
for higher viscosity fluids
can operate at low liquid
levels
2. PBT Pitched Blade

Turbine
moderate shear (higher
flow-to-shear ratio)
combined radial and
axial flow
relatively high drive speed
3. FBT Flat Blade Turbine

high shear load
pure radial flow
1
2
3
4. MFI Multi-Flight Impeller

where single impeller is inadequate
for high viscosity fluids
lightweight solids in narrow vessels
6. TBF Turbofoil
low shear forces
high axial flow at
relatively low baffling
low torque
low power-consumption
4
5
6
7
5. RCI Retreat Curve Impeller

versatile, general purpose design
high radial flow
wider baffling required
insensitive to viscosity variations
suitable for low liquid levels, small batches
7. CBT Curved Blade

Turbine
high shear
radial flow
wider baffling required
with low viscous fluids
17
Back to Contents
Improve Power and Energy

Efficiencies
Minimise Downtime and

Maintenance Costs
Increased Energy
Efficiencies
Gas Dispersion
Replacing a Standard
Impeller with a CBT
agitator can triple the
gas absorption rates. On
the basis of 1kW/m3,
630 m3 instead of 220
m3/h.
Safety and Environmental Protection
Suspension
For solid particles
distribution needs, the
Pitched Blade Turbine
(PBT) at 4.2 kW can lead
to energy savings of 3.7
kW over the Standard
Impeller, representing a
considerable cost saving
during the year.
Further cost efficiencies result from Cryo-Locks

unique one piece design which means the single shaft
stays in place so only the blade is changed. GMM
Pfaudlers Glasteel reactor technology means vessel
and agitator life is maximised for mixing corrosive
substances.
All these factors contribute to minimal downtimes
and maintenance costs.
Effective system design

means power input can
be reduced by achieving:
l Optimum heat
transfer
l Uniform dissipation of
energy
l Low energy demand
energy saving of up
to 35% have
been achieved.
Power
Applications and
Advantages
Homogenisation
A high performance
agitator Turbofoil
(3.2kW) needs 35% less
energy compared to an
Impeller (5.1kW). On
the basis of BE 6300,
1000 kg/m3, 20 mPa.s
Crystallisation
Replacing the anchor
(ANC) with the double
stage Turbofoil can
increase output by 30%.
Power Diagram
The system is corrosive resistant and considerably

reduces the risk of leakage caused by replacing
gaskets. Cryo-Lock II enables gasket size for BE 6300
vessels to be reduced by 2,500 mm compared to the
CE 6300 versions, resulting in a 60% reduced leakage
rate at vacuum conditions.
Performance Effectiveness
Total Flexibility
GMM Pfaudler mixing technology offers total

flexibility. You can respond immediately to changing
market conditions by:
l Reconfiguring your Glasteel reactor
l Modifying or completely changing the
mixing operation.
BE/CE 6300
12
Agitator Power (KW)
10
8
6
Impeller
Drive VBO
8/100
2
0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140
Agitator Speed (1/MIN)
18
Drive VBO
16/100
TBF
Back to Contents
agitating
nozzles
AGITATING NOZZLES
DN
1 Product
2 Cooling / heating agent
3 Nozzle
Factors Influencing Heat Transfer
Agitating nozzles enable a considerably

improved heat transfer in glasslined reactors
since they move the cooling agent faster and
more controlled. Our specifications are based
on thorough long-term tests with water. The
method of calculation may also be used for heat
transfer oils and cooling brine, and has been
confirmed by practice.
fACTORS INFLUENCING HEAT TRANSFER
The value resulting from the thermal

conductivity of the materials and the
coefficients of thermal conductance at their
interfaces may be essentially improved
by favorably influencing the heat transfer
coefficient on the jacket side. In jackets without
agitating nozzles the cooling agent moves
nearly axially. The relatively large cross-section
provides a low velocity rate. which is especially
perceptible with large reactors. Considerable
quantities of water are required to obtain
only 0.1 m/s. This results in heat transfer
coefficients of far below 1000 W/m2K and
correspondingly low heat transfer figures on
the outside. Calculation according to VDI
Wrmeatlas (Manual of heat transfer), section
Gg 1-6, boundary condition 1. The provisions
otherwise commonly used in apparatus
construction to provide a controlled flow are
unfit to be applied to glass-lined reactors.
Guide spirals, for instance, are too expensive
and only practicable with larger reactors.
AGITATING NOZZLES
19
Back to Contents
The Solution: Agitating Nozzles

Their principle of
Operation:
coefficients on the jacket

side of more than 3000
W/m2K. This results in a
30 to 40 % improvement
of the heat transfer as
compared to reactors
without any additional
devices in the jacket.
The costs for providing
such a favorable heat
exchange is relatively low.
The pressure and volume

of the cooling agent are
used to produce a rotating
movement of the whole
jacket contents. The
rotating movement has the
same direction throughout
the jacket space and varies
only as to its intensity.
They are as efficient as
guide spirals; in some cases
they even surpass them.
Considering the pressure

loss which rapidly
increases with higher
rates, we offer agitating
nozzles in 5 sizes. They are
designated according to the
jacket nozzle diameter they
With comparable reactor

dimensions and material
characteristics, agitating
nozzles reach heat transfer
nozzle dn40
00
14
11
00
00
18
80
10
12
17
60
10
9
zl
oz
00
mm
00
16
cin
pa
es
4
g=
le
zz
No
15
w1 [m3/h]
w1[m3/h]
The heat transfer

coefficient can only be
calculated if the mean
velocity rate on the
surface to be cooled is
known. To this end we
have carried out extensive
measurements in our
standard vessels. The
results obtained are
compiled in the following
diagrams.
nozzle dn50
12
7
6
5
fit: DN 40, 50, 65, 80 and

100. (The two largest
nozzles are only required in
special cases.)
g=
in
ac
sp
14
00
12
00
14
10
13
80
12
60
0
0
40
11
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
d1 [mm]
10
9
w

d1
h
20
required cooling water quantity per nozzle to

obtain a mean flow velocity of 1 m/s in
the jacket
outside diameter of inner vessel
vertical nozzle spacing in jacket
8
0
500
1000
1500
d1 [mm]
2000
2500
3000
Back to Contents
The recommended flow

velocity of 1 m/s in the
jacket has proved suitable
and economic. A higher
flow velocity improves
the heat transfer to a
negligible extent only. In
extreme cases, however, it
is advisable to use the
optimum heat transfer
fully. The mean flow
velocity required in this

case and the cooling
agent quantity to be
supplied accordingly are
in proportion. The curves
are only valid for reactors
of 1000 mm diameter
and more. With smaller
reactors one nozzle fitted in
the vessel center would be
sufficient, provided that the
nozzle dn65
distance between the inner

vessel and the jacket allows
the installation of a nozzle
at all. Another diagram
shows the proportional
increase in pressure loss
with the rising quantity for
all 5 nozzles.
nozzle dn80
26
24
e
zzl
No
22
0
40
g1
in
ac
sp
mm
12
00
14
14
12
12
1000
1500
2000
2000
80
10
0
2500
600
400
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
d1 [mm]
d1 [mm]
required cooling water quantity per nozzle to

obtain a mean flow velocity of 1 m/s in
the jacket
d1 outside diameter of inner vessel

h
vertical nozzle spacing in jacket
water quantity and pressure loss

70
DN100
60
DN80
50
w [m3/h]
00
16
400
00
10
18
600
500
12
w1 [m3/h]
w1 [m3/h]
16
20
80
18
10
0
No
00
1
ing
ac
es
zzl
22
10
20
m
0m
40
24
DN65
40
30
DN50
20
10
00
DN40
.5
1.01
.5
2.02
.5
3.03
.5
p[bar]
Water quantity w [m3/h]

Pressure loss p[bar]
AGITATING NOZZLES
21
Back to Contents
Practical Application and Example

Practical Application
the nozzles. Therefore, it

is advisable to place them
vertically one above the
other in order to also
simplify the design of
piping.
Our diagrams indicate the

functional relationship
between all the factors
influencing cooling agent
requirements per nozzle.
But how many nozzles
are suitable and how
should they be arranged ?
Nominal Diameter
Smaller nozzles require

less water to obtain the
same mean flow velocity.
However, the pressure
loss as well as nozzle wear
Arrangement
The mean flow velocity is

not changed by staggering
are increased. For this

reason, we recommend
not to exceed the following
water quantities per nozzle.
When selecting nozzle
diameters the prevailing
operating conditions,
i.e. the available water
quantities and the
admissible pressure loss,
should be taken into due
consideration
Water quantities
Size
DN
40
50
65
80
100
FLow rate
m /h 9 17 35 43 60
l/s
Number and
Distance
Such considerations also

determine the number of
nozzles. Fewer nozzles
installed at larger distances
require less cooling agent
but they are subject to
2.5 4.7 9.7 12.0

16.7
an increased pressure loss

in comparison to nozzles at
smaller distances.
Identical distances between
the nozzles result in
identical efficiency ranges.
The lowest nozzle should
be installed as low as
possible in the cylindrical

part of the jacket shell to
allow the cooling agent to
also rotate in the bottom
section.
PE/13 GMM-04/06 www
Practical Example

Number of nozzles
Nozzle spacing h

n
[mm]
3 4
1060 705
5
525
Nozzle dn50

w[m3/h]
p[bar]
14.2 12.4
1.00
0.76
11.5
0.68
Nozzle DN65

w[m3/h]
p[bar]
20.3 17.8
0.44
0.34
16.6
0.31
Nozzle DN80
w[m3/h]
p[bar]
21.5
0.36
17.5
0.24

l
l
l
l
22
Selection of nozzles for BE 20000
Outside diameter of inner vessel d1 - 2800 mm

Distance H - 1350 mm
Available cooling water quantity - 62 m3/h
Allowable pressure loss - 1 bar
18.7
0.27
Back to Contents
Recommendation
4 nozzles DN50, 2 nozzles

outlet (top and bottom)
l Actual pressure loss
p = 0.7 bar
l Required water quantity
per nozzle w = 12.4
m3/h
l Total demand WG = 4 x
12.4 = 49.6 m3/h
DN40 is not to be taken

into consideration as water
quantity exceed > 9 m3/h
H = Distance between the
two farthest nozzle.
~
~ 500
In case H < 400, one

nozzle is sufficient to move
the jacket content.
Agitating Nozzle Overview

Agitating nozzles for factory standard apparatus
Reactor Series Nominal Diameter of

Volume
inner vessel

[I]
d1 [mm]
H*
[mm]
BE
630
1000
BE
800
1000
BE
1000
1400
BE
1000
1200
1200
1200
150
2000
1400
295
3000
1600
220
4000
1800
470
6000
2000
1455
8000
2000
1455
12500
2400
1475
16000
2600
1725
20000
2700
2115
DG
100
600
DG
250
800
DG
500
1000
DG
800
1000
DG
1200
1200
75
DG
2000
1400
210
DG
3000
1600
270
DG
4000
1800
370
DG
6000
2000
700
DG
8000
2000
1350
8000
2000
1475
14000
2500
1715
20000
2700
2115
25000
2800
2770
32000
3100
2805
AGITATING NOZZLES
23
Back to Contents
Agitating nozzles for factory standard apparatus

H*

Volume
inner vessel

[I]
d1 [mm] [mm]
40000
3100
3805
100
600
200
800
300
800
500
1000
800
1000
Agitating nozzles for DIN apparatus

H* Nozzle

Volume
inner vessel
arrangement
to din 28151,b1

[I]
d1 [mm] [mm]
AE
63
508
1 x DN40
AE
100
508
1 x DN40
AE
160
600
1 x DN40
AE
250
700
1 x DN40
AE
400
800
1 x DN40
AE
630
1000
1 x DN50
AE
1000
1200
1 x DN50
BE / CE
1600
1400
1 x DN50
BE / CE
2500
1600
1 x DN50
BE / CE
4000
1800
350
2 x DN50
BE / CE
6300
2000
700
3 x DN50
BE / CE
8000
200
700
3 x DN50
BE / CE
8000
2200
600
3 x DN50
BE / CE
10000
2400
600
3 x DN50
BE / CE
12500
2400
700
3 x DN50
BE / CE
16000
2600
1200
4 x DN50
BE / CE
16000
2800
900
4 x DN50
BE / CE
20000
2800
1350
4 x DN50
BE / CE
25000
2800
2250
4 x DN50
BE / CE
25000
3000
1650
4 x DN50
BE / CE
32000
3200
1800
3 x DN80
BE / CE
32000
3400
1400
3 x DN80
BE / CE
40000
3400
1500
3 x DN80
BE / CE
40000
3600
1200
3 x DN80
* H = Distance between the two farthest nozzles. In case H < 400, one nozzle is sufficient to move the jacket contents
24
Back to Contents
Design
Glass
GMM Pfaudlers glass lined

cylindrical storage tanks
meet the following
standards:
DIN 28018 : Dimension
DIN 28105 : Dimension
DIN 28005 : Tolerance
Glass Lined as per DIN EN
ISO 28721. Design as per
ASME Section VIII,
Division I.
Operating Pressure :
-1 / +3 bar
l Operating Temperature :
-10 / 500C
Custom designs for
enhanced pressure and
temperatures are also
available.
l
GLASS LINED
STORAGE
All our Storage Tanks are

lined with Pfaudler glass
WWG 9100. This glass is
extremely resistant to
corrosion and mechanical
stress. For specific
applications, special glasses
are also available.
When required, non
standard sizes with higher
temperature and pressure
rating can also be supplied.
Horizontal Storage
Tanks
Circular manhole is
supplied at the top of the
cylindrical part,
500/600mm.
TANKS
Vertical Storage Tanks

Circular manhole is
supplied in the upper
spherically dished
end, 500/600mm.
Support : Pipe legs or

support ring.
Support : Saddle brackets
Horizontal Storage Tanks
Horizontal Storage Tanks

Nominal*
Capacity
Total
Capacity
(Ltrs)
1000
1600
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6300
8000
10000
12500
16000
20000
25000
32000
40000
(Ltrs)
1250
1750
2300
2800
3350
4400
6290
7100
9045
11050
13250
16750
22500
26100
34875
44150
Main Dimensions
Niminal
Size
DN
1000
1000
1200
1200
1400
1600
1800
1800
2000
2000
2200
2200
2400
2600
2800
3200
Nozzles on
manhole
cover DN
d1
966
966
1163
1163
1363
1558
1756
1756
1950
1950
2156
2156
2360
2550
2750
3140
l1
1800
2500
2330
2800
2500
2525
2870
3200
3330
4000
4040
5000
5600
5600
6400
6300
l1
1000
1700
1400
1900
1800
1400
1650
1950
2050
2700
2400
3350
3800
3800
4300
4000
h2
700
700
800
800
900
1050
1150
1150
1250
1250
1350
1350
1450
1550
1650
1900
h4
1530
1530
1730
1730
1930
2180
2380
2380
2620
2620
2820
2820
3020
3220
3420
3870
A
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
B+C
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
Discharge
DN
K
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
Weight
without
Support
~ (kg)
830
1190
1340
1540
1740
2150
2890
3040
3930
4530
4830
6130
9230
9980
13580
15380
* Maximum permitted filling level 95% of the total capacity.
25
Back to Contents
Vertical storage tanks
Vertical storage tanks

Nominal*
Capacity
Total
Capacity
(Ltrs)
1000
1600
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6300
8000
10000
12500
16000
20000
25000
32000
40000
(Ltrs)
1250
1750
2300
2800
3350
4400
6290
7100
9045
11050
13250
16750
22500
26100
34875
44150
Main Dimensions
Nozzles on
manhole
cover DN
Niminal
Size
DN
1000
1000
1200
1200
1400
1600
1800
1800
2000
2000
2200
2200
2400
2600
2800
3200
d1
966
966
1163
1163
1363
1558
1756
1756
1950
1950
2156
2156
2360
2550
2750
3140
* Maximum permitted filling level 95% of the total capacity.
26
l1
1800
2500
2330
2800
2500
2525
2870
3200
3330
4000
4040
5000
5600
5600
6400
6300
h2
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
460
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
h4
2670
3370
3200
3670
3370
3395
3740
4070
4405
5075
5115
6075
6675
6675
7475
7375
A
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
B+C
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
Discharge
DN
K
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
Weight
without
Support
~ (kg)
830
1190
1340
1540
1740
2150
2890
3040
3930
4530
4830
6130
9230
9980
13580
15380
Back to Contents
HEAT
EXCHANGERS
WK
Design
The inner vessel is glassed outside and the

outer vessel is glassed inside. The equipment
is provided with a jacket.
heat exchangers wk
Operating Pressure : -1 / +6 bar

Operating Temperature : -25 / 2000C
Custom designs for enhanced pressure and
temperatures are also available.
l
l
Glass
All parts in contact with product are glass

lined with Pfaudler glass WWG 9100. This
glass is extremely resistant to corrosion and
mechanical stress. For specific applications,
special glasses are also available.
Nozzles
All Condenser nozzles are supplied with

loose split backing flanges drilled ANSI 150
as standard.
Cooling Area Type

e
Weight
h1 h5 h6 S2 T K ~ (Kg)
(m2)
d1 d2 d3
WK 2
420
488
320
200
1120
1250
1420
4 25
100
50
450
WK 4
600
690
500
220
1600
1765
1965
4 32
100
80
950
WK 6
700
800
600
220
1900
2070
2305
4 40
100
80
1200
WK 8
850
950
750
300
2000
2210
2455
4 50
200
80
2150
WK 10
1000
1100
900
300
2200
2420
2675
4 50
200
80
2450
WK 12
1000
1100
900
300
2500
2720
2975
4 50
200
80
2750
WK 16
1000
1100
900
300
3000
3245
3500
4 50
200
150
3850
Note: Installation of agitating nozzles increases heat transfer
Subject to change
heat exchangers WK
27
Back to Contents
Why Glasteel?
The benefits of Pfaudler

glass lined equipment are
well known :
l Glasteel is resistant
to most corrosive
substances even
under extreme thermal
conditions
l Glasteel is essentially
inert, so it cannot
adversely affect product
purity or flavor
l Glasteel resists the
buildup of viscous
or sticky products,
which means better
heat transfer, less
frequent cleaning
and higher productivity
l Glasteel is strong
fusing glass to
steel produces
a high strength,
corrosive resistant
composite

Now, A Glass for

the World
In recent years, because

of the expansion of the
chemical process in
pharmaceutical industries
worldwide and increased
concerns for safety and
quality control, Pfaudler
began investigating
new approaches in
glass development that
would lead to a glass
composition that could be
made available to all users
of glass lined equipment.
l Increased resistance
to acid and alkali
corrosion
l High resistance to
impact
l High resistance to
thermally induced
stresses
l A formulation that could
be easily produced by all
Pfaudler manufacturing
plants
The result is Glasteel

9100, Pfaudlers first
international glass,
offering an unmatched
combination of corrosion
resistance, impact
strength, thermal shock
resistance, non-adherence
and heat transfer
efficiency. Now Pfaudler
customers, regardless of
where their processing
operations are located,
can purchase a single glass
system and be assured of
getting the same high
quality worldwide. With
Glasteel 9100, Pfaudler
sets a standard the world
can depend on.
PFAUDLER
Worldwide
Glasteel
9100
Technical Data on
Glasteel 9100
The remainder of this

brochure provides
technical data for Glasteel
9100. In addition to
presenting chemical and
physical characteristics,
this material describes
performance under various
conditions, identifies
testing procedures used
by Pfaudler researchers
and provides a variety of
other information derived
from Pfaudler research and
experience in the field, all
of which is intended to help
the user.
Together with the chemical

process industry and
with the cooperation of
Pfaudler divisions around
the world, Pfaudler
established the criteria for
a new composition:
A non-crystalline
structure
28
Molten glass is poured into a sparger during the frit manufacturing operation.
Back to Contents
Corrosion Resistance
ISOCORROSION CURVES FOR ACIDS
The resistance of Glasteel

9100 to acids, water, alkalis
and other chemical solutions
is presented in Figure 1.
Based on the isocorrosion
curve (0.1 mm/year) of a
number of hydrous acids and
alkalis, it describes in general
the resistance of Glasteel
9100 to these substances.
Isocorrosion curves for
specific acid and alkali
solutions are included in the
sections that follow.
Hydrochloric
Acid
HCl
200
180
160
0.5 mm/yr
C
140
120
SiO 2 Inhibition
0.02 mm/year
250ppm SiO 2
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
100
10
20
Sulfuric
Acid
220
0.5 mm/yr
H2SO4
180
0.2 mm/yr
140
Characteristic Resistance Curves
SiO 2 Inhibition
Characteristic Resistance Curves
30
%HCL BY WEIGHT
VOLUME TO SURFACE AREA RATIO (V/O)=20
0.02 mm/year
250ppm SiO 2
100
Acids
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
20
40
60
80
100
%H2 SO4 BY WEIGHT

300
Not Resistant
Not Resistant
200
Resistant Within Limits

100
0
Hydrous
pH Acid
01
200
Nitric Acid
Fully Resistant
23
45
A cid
67
(H 2O)
89 10 11 12 13 14
A lkalin e
Hydrous
Base
180
HNO3
160
C
Figure 1: Characteristic resistance curves for acid and alkaline

solutions (isocorrosion curve 0.1 mm/year and 0.2 mm/year.)
140
Outstanding acid resistance

under extreme process
conditions is a primary
characteristic of Glasteel
9100. In the charts
that follow, we present
isocorrosion curves for
acids most commonly used
in the chemical industry:
hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric,
phosphoric and acetic. These
curves are the result of a
test procedure that includes
a parameter especially
pertinent to glass lined
equipment in service, i.e. the
ratio between liquid volume
and the glass surface
area. The test Conditions
according to DIN151174
(see Test Conditions section
on page 8) meets this
requirement.
1
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
120
SiO2 Inhibition
Acids
0.5 mm/yr
0.02 mm/year
250ppm SiO 2
100
20
40
60
%HNO3 BY WEIGHT
Phosphoric
Acid
H 3 PO4
SiO 2 Inhibition
22 0
0.5 mm/yr
18 0
0.2 mm/yr
140
10 0
0.01 mm/year
200ppm SiO2
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
20
40
60
80
100
%H3 PO4 BY WEIGHT

Acetic Acid
22 0
CH3COOH
20 0
SiO2 Inhibition
0.08 mm/year
100ppm SiO 2
18 0
0.5 mm/yr
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
16 0
20
40
60
80
100
%CH3 COOH BY WEIGHT

DIN: Deutsche Industrie Norm.
29
Back to Contents
SiO2 Effect on Glass Corrosion

0.6
VL
mm/year
VL=
mm/year liquid
phase corrosion
rate
ppm = parts/million
0.4
0.2
50
ppm SiO 2
100
Figure 2. SiO2 effect on glass corrosion using 20% HCl at 160 C.

Note: We present this test data as a guideline only. Extrapolation or
interpolation to actual conditions is next to impossible.
Isocorrosion Curves
for Acid
Regent-grade acids were

used in the laboratory tests
that produced these
curves. In a practical
operation, these acids are
usually of a lower grade
and are mixed with other
chemical species. Other
factors such as velocity,
phase type, (e.g. liquid,
vapor, condensing vapor,
splash zone, hardness
and size distribution of a
particulate phase) can also
affect the corrosion rate.
Depending on a variety
of complex interacting
factors, increases
(catalysis) or decreases
(inhibition) in corrosive
reactivity over the pure
chemical rates should
be expected. It is for this
reason that statistically
oriented testing using
the identical recipes and
operational parameters
to the actual process is
strongly recommended.
Chemical Inhibition
There are variety of

chemical species that will
inhibit the corrosion rate
of glass. However, these
are very recipe sensitive
and general statements
cannot usually be made.
An exception to this are
chemistries that involve
the element silicon (Si),
especially when ionized,
e.g. Si4+, SiO4.4. As shown
in both Figure 2 and
on the isocorrosion curves,
relatively small amounts
of dissolved SiO2 can be
highly effective in reducing
the corrosion rate of the
Glasteel 9100 system,
thereby greatly extending
its usable range. It has also
been shown that colloidal
silica additions to recipes
containing the highly
corrosive fluorine ion (F)
can drastically reduce the
corrosive rate.
Water
Pure Water
Pure water in the
liquid phase is not very
aggressive. Its behavior
resembles highly diluted
acid and corrodes only the
surface layer of the glass
(ion exchange process).
At 170C, a corrosion rate
of 0.1 mm/year can be
expected.
30
But because this water

is an unbuffered, pHunstable system, even
a slight alkalization can
change the situation. If
there is a shift toward
higher pH values, the
diluted alkaline solutions
have to be consulted for
orientation purposes.
Glasteel 9100 is highly
resistant to condensing
water vapor. However,
to counter the possible
danger of the condensate
shifting to an alkaline pH,
it is recommended that the
vessel contents be slightly
acidified with a volatile
acid, e.g. hydrochloric or
acetic acid. It is also highly
recommended that the
unjacketed top head be
insulated or head traced to
reduce condensation
formation.
Aqueous Neutral
pH Media
With these type media, e.g.

tap water, salt solutions,
corrosion rate depends
greatly on the type and
quantity of the dissolved
substance. Carbonates
and phosphates usually
increase the rate while
alcohols and some Ionic
species, e.g. AI3+ Zn2+ Ca2+,
may reduce it.
Back to Contents
ISOCORROSION CURVES FOR ALKALIS
Alkalis
As alkali concentration
rises, corrosion rate
increases. Also, the
temperature gradient for
alkaline glass corrosion
is steeper. The result is
that concentrated alkalis
require more definite
setting of the temperature
limits.
The corrosion rate of
concentrated alkaline
solutions cannot be
expressed by the pH
value alone. For aqueous
solutions of alkaline
materials with a pH
value of 14, the particular
concentration must also
be considered to establish
appropriate operating
temperatures. Other
factors affecting alkaline
corrosion are the specific
reaction and the dissolving
ability of the chemical, the
influence of the nature and
amount of other dissolved
substances and agitation.
Isocorrosion curves are
presented on page 5
for sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide,
sodium carbonate and
ammonia. They take into
account technically
relevant parameters
influencing the rate of
corrosion; for example,
the volume/surface area
ratio, inhibition effects
by calcium ions, alkaline
concentration and
temperature.
The information in the
graphs is based on pure
alkaline solutions.
Under actual operating

conditions, even very slight
contamination (tap water
in sodium hydroxide, for
example) can cause major
changes in the rate of
corrosion. Other factors,
such as product velocity
and splash zone, can affect
the corrosion rate as well.
Due to these interactive
complexities, meaningful
testing is strongly advised.
To eliminate the influence
of the testing equipment on
the rae of corrosion,
procedures were carried
out in polypropylene
bottles. For solutions
above the boiling point,
autoclaves with PTFE
insert were used. By
comparing the results with
control experiments, it
was proven that the testing
equipment did not have an
inhibiting effect.
Other Chemicals
Table 1 provides general

information on the
resistance of Glasteel 9100
to some other chemical
substances. The data based
on practical experience and
laboratory tests.
NOTE: Pfaudler provides
this information without
obligation, and we do not claim
it is complete. We strongly
recommend testings for any
exposure not listed in Table
1, especially for combinations
of chemicals. Pfaudler also
recommends performing
corrosion tests or contacting
Pfaudler even for those
conditions listed, as details of
individualized processes may
accelerate or inhibit corrosion.
31
Back to Contents
Corrosion Testing
Practical Scale
Corrosion Testing
Standard
Procedures
Although the older test

equipment and associated
procedures do not
completely eliminate
inhibition type effects
caused by a reduced
volume to surface area
ratio, they still can
provide, by way of
a detailed standard
testing format, valuable
comparative type data.
This procedure is suitable

for all acids up to the
boiling point. It gives
quantitative data for the
condensing vapor phase.
For above the boiling point
conditions, Pfaudler has
developed a pressurized
autoclave along with the
associated procedure. This
has been standardized
in DIN1 51174 and is
discussed more fully under
Test Conditions.
Salt Melts and

Highly Viscous
Liquids
Testing dishes must be

covered by glass and
heated in a dryer, oil or
sand bath. Qualitative data
is obtained.
Alkalis
This procedure can be

used for all alkalis to
provide quantitative data
for the liquid phase.
Water
This procedure is used at

the boiling point to yield
quantitative data for the
condensing vapor phase.
32
The cutaway view of this glass lined

demonstration vessel shows a fin
baffle and Cyro-Lock agitator in
position, Some of the other available
Cyro-Lock impeller configurations
are displayed at the foot of the
reactor.
Acids
According to DIN-ISO1 2743, Sheet 1
Procedure
Samples
(Test Plates)
According to DIN-ISO 2723
Test Unit
According to DIN-ISO 2733, Sheet 2
Water
Procedure
Samples
(Test Plates)
Test Unit
According to DIN-ISO 2733, Sheet 2
Alkalis
Procedure
Samples
(Test Plates)
Test Unit
Liquid Volume/Glass Surface

Area Ratio with Vessel Filled
60
VOLUME/SURFACE AREA (ml/cm 2)
Acids
40
20
51
01
52
PRODUCT VOLUME V (M 3)
Figure 3. Liquid volume/glass surface area ratio

(V/O) with vessel filled
For safety reasons, we need to

know the maximum possible
attack of a pure acid on glass
coatings. Inhibiting influences,
therefore, must be excluded.
In the last few years, however,
when glass lined vessels were
increasingly used at the limits
of their ranges, Pfaudler tracked
down a phenomenon that is
also of major importance in
connection with corrosion in the
vessel: the ratio between liquid
volume and glass surface area.
The graph in Figure 3 shows
how this ratio changes with
the size of the vessel. This new
understanding required a new
set of test conditions for practical
corrosion testing.
Test Conditions
(DIN1 51174)
Under the new test conditions,

very small dumbbell shaped
immersion samples, completely
coated with glass so as to
precisely determine the weight
loss, are exposed to reagentgrade acids for 24 hours.
These samples have a glass
lined surface area of 11 or 25
cm2, depending on the type
of dumbbell used. They are
immersed in large acid volumes
(500 ml) in autoclaves with a
tantalum lining to prevent any
SiO2 inhibition.
The isocorrosion curves shown
for hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid
and acetic acid, were obtained
under these severe conditions.
In addition to the glass coating,
other component of the system,
e.g. repairs or seals, must be
carefully evaluated for suitability
as they may have lower
resistivities.
Back to Contents
Resistance of Worldwide Glasteel 9100 to Chemical Substances

This data is provided as a ready reference for those in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
AGENT
CONC. C
RESISTANCE
acetic acid
- - sp3
acrylic acid
0 150
1
aluminum acetate
melt 200 1
aluminum chlorate
w 110
1
aluminum chloride
10%w bp
1
aluminum potassium sulfate 50%w 120 1
aminoethanol
0 170
1
m-aminophenol
0 150
1
aminophenol sulfonic acid 0 130 1
ammonia - sp5
ammonium-carbonate w bp 1
ammonium chloride
10%w 150 1
ammonium nitrate
w bp 1
ammonium phosphate w bp 1
ammonium sulfate
w bp 1
ammonium sulfate
w 320
3
ammonium sulfide
melt 80 1
ammonium sulfide
w 140
3
aniline
100 184 1
antimony (III) chloride w 220
1
antimony (V) chloride
100 150 1
aqua regia
100 150 1

barium hydoxide
w bp 2
barium sulfate
w 150
1
benzaldehyde
100 150 1
benzene
- - 2
benzoic acid
0 150
1
benzyl chloride
100 130 1
boric acid
w 150
1
boron trifluoride ether complex -
-
2
bromine
w 100
1
butanol
100 140 1

calcium chloride (free of CaO) w
150
1
carbon dioxide
w 150
1
carbon dioxide
w 250
1
carbon disulfide
100 200 1
carbon tetrachloride
100 200 1
chloride bleaching agent w 150 1
chlorinated paraffin
0 180
1
chlorine
vapor 200 1
chlorine water
w 180
1
chlorosulfonic acid
100 150 1
chlorpropionic acid
w 175
1
chromic acid
30%w 100 1
chromic acid
w 150
1
AGENT
CONC. C RESISTANCE
chromic sulfuric acid w 200

1
citric acid
10%w bp
1
cupric chloride
5%w 150 1
cupric nitrate
50%w 100 1
cupric sulfate
w 150
1
cyano acetic acid
w 100
1
cyanoacetamide
0 100
1

dm-dichlorobenzene
100 220 1
dichloro-acetic acid w 150
1
dichloro-propionic acid 100 175 1
diethylamine
100 100 1
diethylamino-propanol 100 150 1
diethyl ether
100 100 1
dimethylamino-propanol 100 150 1
dimethyl sulfate
100 150 1

ethyl acetate
100 200 1
ethyl alcohol
100 200 1
ethylene diamine
98%w 80
1

fatty acid diethanolamide 0 105 1
fatty acids
0 150
1
ferric chloride
10%w bp
1
ferric (II) chloride
w 150
1
ferric (III) chloride
w 150
1
fluoride in aqu. acid sol. - - 2
formaldehyde
100 150 1
formic acid
98%w 180 1
fumaric acid
0 150
1

gallic acid
0 100
1
glutamic acid
0 40 1
glycerine
100 100 1
glycol
100 150 1
glycolic acid
57%w 150 1

heptane
- - 2
hexane
- - 2
hydrazine hydrate
80%w 90
1
hydrazine hydrate
40%w 90
1
hydrazine sulfate
10%w 50
1
hydrochloric acid
- - sp2
hydrogen peroxide
30%w 70
1
hydrogen sulfide
w 150
1
hydroiodic acid
20%w 160 1
hydroiodic acid
60%w 130 1
1. Good resistance 2. Contact Pfaudler 3. Not resistant 0. All concentrations up to saturation in an inert solvent
w. All concentrations up to saturation in water, unless otherwise noted bp. boiling point sp. See page (of this brochure)
33
Back to Contents
AGENT
CONC. C RESISTANCE
iodine
0 200
1
iron sulfate
w 150
1
isoamyl alcohol
100 150 1
isopropyl alcohol
100 150 1

lactic acid
95%w bp
1
lead acetate
w 300
1
lithium chloride
4%w 80 2
lithium chloride
30%w bp
2
lithium hydroxide conc. w 80 3

magnesium carbonate w 100
1
magnesium chloride
30%w 110 1
magnesium sulfate
w 150
1
maleic acid
w 180
1
methanol
100 200 1
methyl ester of
o-hydroxy-benzoic acid 0 150
1
monochloracetic acid w bp 1

naphthalene
melt 215 1
naphthalene sulfonic acid w 180 1
nitrogen oxides
w 200
1
nitrobenzene
100 150 1
nitric acid
- - sp2

octanol
100 140 1
o-hydroxy-benzoic acid w 150
1
oleum (10%SO3) 170
1
ortho chlor-benzoic acid w 250
1
oxalic acid
50%w 150 1

palmitic acid
0 110
1
perchloric acid
70%w bp
1
perfluoro cyclic ether, anhydrous -
-
2
phenol
100 200 1
phenolphthalein
0 100
1
phosphoric acid
- - sp3
phosphoric ethyl ester
100 90 1
phosphorous acid (F-free) w 80 1
phosphorous acid (F-free) w 100
2
phosphorous oxychloride (F-free) w
110
1
phosphorous trichloride (F-free) 100 100
1
phthalic anhydride
0 260
1
picric acid
0 150
1
poly phosphoric acid
w 140
1
potassium bisulfate
melt 200 1
potassium bromide
w bp 1
potassium chloride
w bp 1
potassium hydroxide - - sp5
AGENT
CONC. C RESISTANCE
pyridine
100 bp 1
pyridine chloride
0 150
1
pyridine hydrochloride 0 150
1
pyrogallic acid
5%w bp 1
pyrrolidine
100 90 1

sodium bicarbonate
w bp 2
sodium bicarbonate, 1N w 95 1
sodium biphosphate
50%w bp
1
sodium bisulfate
W 300 1
sodium bisulfite
2%w 150 1
sodium carbonate
- - sp5
sodium chlorate
w 80 1
sodium chloride
w bp 1
sodium ethylate
0 bp 1
sodium fluoride
- - 2
sodium glutamate
w 150
1
sodium hydroxide
- - sp5
sodium hypochloride
w 70 1
sodium methylate
0 90 1
sodium nitrate
w 320
1
sodium sulfide
4%w 50 2
stearic acid
0 160
1
succinic acid
w 200
2
sulfur
0 150
1
sulfur dioxide
w 200
1
sulfuric acid
- - sp2

tannic acid
w 150
1
tartaric acid
w 140
1
tetrachloroethylene
100 150 1
tin chloride
w 250
1
toluene
- - 2
trichloro-acetic acid
w 150
1
triethanolamine
w 250
1
triethylamine
30%w 80
1
triethylamine
w 130
3
trifluoracetic acid, anhydrous -
-
2
trimethyl-amine
30%w 80
1
trisodium phosphate
50%w 80
1
trisodium phosphate
5%w bp 2

urea
0 150
1

water
- - sp2

o, m, p xylenes
- - 2
zinc bromide
zinc chloride
zinc chloride
w bp 1
melt 330 1
w 140
1
1. Good resistance 2. Contact Pfaudler 3. Not resistant 0. All concentrations up to saturation in an inert solvent
w. All concentrations up to saturation in water, unless otherwise noted bp. boiling point sp. See page (of this brochure)
34
Back to Contents
Physical Properties
Temperature
Limits
A. Introduction of
reactants into a vessel.
B. Introduction of media
into a jacket.
Although Pfaudler glasses

are modified to make them
adhere to steel, and the
firing process incorporates
helpful compressive
stresses in the glass layer,
they are prone to excessive
thermal stresses. There
are definite limits beyond
which damage can occur.
The limits for condition A

are determined from Chart
A; those for condition
B from Chart B. In both
cases, the safe operating
range lies within the
polygons as outlined on
the charges. Wall
temperature is plotted on
the horizontal axes of both
charts.
Safe operating
temperatures vary with
conditions. Because
so many variable are
involved, temperature
ranges are given only as a
guide for standard vessels,
including those with halfpipe jackets. Operation
below the maximum
temperature and above
the minimum is strongly
recommended.
Only two conditions
must be considered when
determining the
temperature limits of a
Glasteel vessel:
Reactant Temperature
(Chart A) and Jacket
Temperature (Chart B) on
the vertical axes.
With Chart B, it is also
necessary to know the heat
transfer film coefficient of
the jacket media. Three
curves are shown : one for
steam (8500 W/m2K) and
two for typical heating oils
(1500 and 1000 W/m2K).
Chart (a)
Vessel Side
250
Lower temperature
limits depend on
code and thickness*
150
TEMPERATURE OF REACTANTS ( C)
*ASME Code limits

low temperature to
-29 C for under
25mm (1 inch)
thickness on
standard design.
DIN Standard limits
low temperature to
-60 C on standard
design.
200
100
50
0
ASME
-50
Heating
Cooling
-100
-100
DIN
-500
50
1001
WALL TEMPERATURE ( C)
50
2002
50
Operating
Temperature:
Practical Example
Example 1.
Determine the maximum
and minimum allowable
wall temperature of a
vessel when introducing
reactants at 1000C into the
vessel.
Procedure: Since the
reactants are being
introduced into the vessel,
Chart A applies: Find the
temperature of 1000C on
the reactant temperature
axis. If you follow this
constant temperature
along the wall temperature
axis, you will see it
intersects the polygon at
wall temperature, of -30C
(ASME vessel) and -60C
(DIN vessel) at the
lower temperature end
and at 210C at the upper
temperature end.
Answer: Reactants at
1000C can be introduced
safely into a vessel whose
wall temperature is
between- 30C ASME/
-60C DIN and 210C.
Example 2.
A vessel with a wall
temperature of 100C is
to be heated using hot
oil with a heat transfer
film coefficient of 1500
W/m2K. What is the
maximum temperature oil
that can be used?
media is being introduced
into the jacket, Chart B
applies. Find the wall
temperature of 100C along
the wall temperature axis.
If you follow this line along
the jacket temperature axis,
35
Back to Contents
Example 3.
A batch has just been
completed and the wall
temperature of the vessel is
150C. What are the upper
and lower temperature
limits of reactants that can
be introduced in the vessel
for the next batch?
Procedure: Chart
A applies. Find the
temperature of 150C.
on the wall temperature
axis. This line intersects
the polygon at reactant
temperatures of 0 and
232C.
Answer: The maximum
and minimum
temperatures of reactants
that can be introduced
into a vessel with a wall
temperature of 150C are
232C and 0C
respectively.
Example 4.
Steam is being used to heat
Thermal
Conductivity
Steel allows the

glasslining to be kept
relatively thin compared
to self supporting glass
equipment. Thus, the
low thermal conductivity
of the glass is
counterbalanced by
the high heat transfer
36
Chart (b)
Jacket Side
40 0
Lower temperature
limits depend on
code and thickness*
*ASME Code limits
low temperature to
-29C for under
25mm (1 inch)
thickness on
standard design.
DIN Standard limits
low temperature to
-60 C on standard
design.
Cooling
Oil (1000 W/ m2K)

Oil (1500 W/ m2K)
Steam
30 0
20 0
TEMPERATURE OF JACKET MEDIA ( C)
it intersects the oil (1500

W/m2K) polygon at a jacket
Answer: The maximum
allowable temperature
of a 1500 W/m2K oil
introduced into the jacket
of a 100C vessel is 257C.
10 0
0
ASME
DIN
-100
-100
-500
50
1001
Heating
reactants in a vessel. The

vessel content are at 125C.
Can steam at 250C be
introduced into the jacket?
Procedure: Chart B
applies. The intersection of
a wall temperature of 125C
and a jacket temperature of
250C is outside the steam
polygon on the Chart.
Answer: Steam at 250C
cannot be introduced safely
into a vessel whose
contents are at 125C.
50
2002
50
WALL TEMPERATURE ( C)
mechanical stressing effects,

(e.g. nozzle loadings) are not.
Since most of these stress type
loads are additive, a combined
lading analysis must be done and
the appropriate safety factors
incorporated. Contact Pfaudler for
further information.
Caution: While pressure loads

are included in the Charts, other
coefficient of the steel.

Due to the chemical
bond between glass and
steel, no interface heat
transfer resistance needs
to be taken into account.
Table 2 compares the
overall heat transfer
coefficients for pure
stainless steel and
glassed steel reactors
under four typical

process conditions.
Note, contrary to
popular belief, that the
thinner stainless reactor
in three of the four
process conditions does
not show the usually
assumed significant heat
transfer advantage over
the glassed steel reactor.
In actual operation, the
usefulness of Glasteel is
further enhanced due to
its inherent resistance
to heat robbing, process
side fouling.
Table 3 gives pertinent
material properties for
both the glass and low
carbon steel substrate.
Back to Contents
table 2 Heat Transfer Coefficients

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (Service U)* W/m2K**
Material of Construction Heating Water Heating Water Cooling Cooling Viscous
(Barrier Material) with Steam
with Heat
Organic Liquid
Organic Liquid

Transfer Oil
with Water
with Water

Stainless Reactor 512
0.656 in. (16.7 mm) wall
353
199
95
Glasteel Reactor 437

0.05 in (1.3 mm) glass 0.688
in (17.5mm) steel
316
185
94
Combined Film Conductance, 1703

hi ho / hi+ho

778
284
114
* Fouling factors typical to process fluids and materials of construction are included.
** Divide by 5,678 for conversion to BTU/hr ft E
Thickness based on 1,000-gallon reactors for service at same pressures.
table 3 Material Properties for Glass and Law Carbon Steel

Property
Glass Low Carbon Steel
Adhesion (Glass on Steel)
>100 N/mm2

(14.5 103 lb/in2) -240 N/mm2
Compressive strength
800 1000 N/mm2
2

(11.6 14.5 104 lb/in )
(-34.5 103 lb/in2)
7.8g / cm3
Density
2.5g /cm3

(0.09 lb/in3)
(0.28 lb/in3)
Dielectric strength
20 30 kv / mm

(508 762 v / mil)
Elongation
0.1% 15-35%
Glass thickness
1 2 mm

(0.039 0.079 in)
Hardness
600 Vickers
100 Vickers

(5.5 Mohs scale)
(62 HRB)
88 102/C
136 102/C
Linear coefficient of expansion 200 4000C
(76 102 /F)

(49 102 /F)
2
210,000 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity
75,000 N/mm

(10.9 104 lb/in2)
(30.5 104 lb/in2)
Softening temperature 5700C (10580F) 12 100 ohm-cm
Specific electrical resistance (R.T.) 1012 1014 ohm-cm
Specific heat
835J/kg K
460J/kg K
(0.11 BTU/lb0F)

(0.2 BTU/lb0F)
Surface resistance
5 104 ohms
(R.T., 60% RH)
Surface roughness
0.08 0.18 micrometers

(3.1 7.1 microinches)
380 515 N/mm2
Tensile strength
70 90 N/mm2

(10.2 13.1 103 lb/in2)
(55 75 103 lb/in2)
Thermal conductivity
1.2W/mK 52W/mK
(360 BTU in/hr ft2 *F)

(6.9 BTU in/hr ft2 *F)
37
Back to Contents
Other
Information
Cavitation
The introduction of
steam into liquids of
lower temperature
can result in the rapid
collapse of the bubble
through condensation.
This collapse, termed
cavitation, can result
in considerable energy
release. If this release
occurs near or at the
surface of the glass, an
impact type damage
may result. Cavitation
type problems may
also occur due to
the exothermic
volatilization of a low
boiling reactant with
bubble collapse affected
by condensation,
pressure buildup or
kinetic reaction. The
partial vacuum created
on the backside of a
agitator blade can also
cause formation of low
boiling vapor bubbles
that may collapse as
they move the higher
pressure regions.
Consult Pfaudler for
further information.
The Numbering
System for
Pfaudler Glasses
Many of the people

reading this brochure
have had or will have
an opportunity to order
glass lined equipment
from Pfaudler. To assist
you in that process
and help you better
understand how our
glass identification
system works, the
following decoding
information is offered.
38
Electrostatic
Discharge
Liquid organic media

usually do not pose
chemical resistivity
problems for Glasteel.
However, materials
that possess low specific
conductivities, e.g.
hexane, the xylenes,
toluene, benzene,
heptane, either alone
or in combination with
other liquids, solids and
/or vapor phases, may
lead to an electrostatic
discharge within the
liquid, between the
liquid and vapor, or
between the liquid/
vapor and the vessel
walls or accessories.
Note that this discharge
can occur even in a
grounded metal vessel.
Addition of static
sensitive powders
through a nozzle may
also present a problem.
The electrostatic
discharge could ignite
a flammable vapor in a
poorly inserted
atmosphere, harm
Pfaudler glasses are
identified by a fourdigit number also used
for ordering purposes.
The first two digits
represent the glass
system. For example,
91 indicates the 9100
series of glasses.
However, you cannot
simply order 9100; you
must also specify the
third and fourth digits.
The third digits
represents color
instrumentation or
produce a pinhole type
dielectric breakdown of
instrumentation or
produce a pinhole type
dielectric breakdown of
the protective Glasteel
glass coating. If these
type of problems are
existent or anticipated,
professionals in the area
of electrostatics should
be consulted.
Abrasion
Resistance
Glasteel coating are

sufficiently hard (600
Vickers) to provide
excellent resistance to
abrasive wear.
The abrasion resistance
of the glasslining
by particulates is
dependent on the
hardness, shape,
size distribution and
concentration of the
particles, as well as
the characteristics of
the liquid medium,
e.g. polarity. Testing
must be done under
actual conditions to
ensure serviceability.
Glasteel 9100 offers
the best combination
the protective Glasteel
glass coating. If these
type of problems are
existent or anticipated,
professionals in the
area of electrostatics
should be consulted.
1 = Dark Blue
2 = White
3 = Green
4 = Light Blue
9 = All Other
The fourth digit represents

factory DC test voltage
permutations:
1 = Visual, no test voltage
2 = 5,000 Volts
of abrasion corrosion
resistance available to
the chemical precession
industry today. Abrasion
resistance has been
measured using both
the ASTM abrasion test
C448 and the DIN test
51152. The results were:
ASTM = 3.9 0.3 mg/
cm2-hr; DIN = 2.5 mg/
cm2-hr.
Pfaudler Makes
a Glass for Your
Application
In addition to
Worldwide Glasteel
9100, Pfaudler offers a
wide variety of unique
glasses to meet special
requirements such as
these:
l Elevated Operating
Temperatures
l Glass Coatings for
Austenitic Stainless
Steels
l Higher Alkali
Resistance
l Increased Resistance
to Thermal Stress
l Reduced Polymer
Adherence
3 = 7,000 Volts
4 = 12,000 Volts
5 = 15,000 Volts
9 = Any non-standard test
condition
For example, an order

for Pfaudler 9115 glass
indicates our 9100
series glass in Dark
Blue with a test rating
of 15,000 volts. Your
Pfaudler representative
will assist you in
identifying the proper
specification number
for your particular
order.
Back to Contents
ULTRA GLAS
6500
TM
glass lined surface for which

Pfaudler has been respected
for years. Technical details
of corrosion rates in
common chemicals and
thermal operation limits
follow herein.
To meet these needs,

Pfaudler has achieved
another Pfaudler first,
Ultra-Glas 6500, a glass
specially developed to be
rated to 343 degrees C (650
degrees F). This represents
a large (200 degree F)
improvement over
Pfaudlers internationally
respected standard
glass. Furthermore, this
expanded heat tolerance
is accomplished in
Ultra-Glas 6500 without
sacrificing abrasion,
impact, or corrosion
resistance, nor is there
any increase in product
adherence. The features of
Pfaudler Ultra-Glas 6500
are the result of changes
in glass composition and
material preparation,
altered applications and
firing procedures, as well
as changes in equipment
design and materials
of construction. These
changes permit trouble-free
application of the required
high-stress coating (see Fig.1)
and provide the highly
corrosive-resistant
Temperature
Limits
withstand without incurring

damage.
respectively the minimum

and maximum product
temperatures allowed (Chart
A, see next page) and the
minimum and maximum
jacket temperatures allowed
(Chart B, see next page).
Certain chemical reactions

require high temperatures.
These reactions, as well
as many others operating
at lower temperatures,
would benefit from faster
heating and cooling rates
for enhanced productivity
and/or a high margin of
thermal safety to minimize
the danger of process upsets
or operator error.
Although Ultra-Glas 6500

has a high degree of helpful
compressive stress in the
glass layer, there are definite
limits to the level of thermal
stress which the glass can
LOW
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
HIGH
fig.1. glass stress vs temperature
-100
KEY
01
00
2 00
3004
00 500
Standard glass
Ultra-Glastm 6500
Only two thermal conditions

must be considered when
determining the temperature
limits:
A. Introduction of media
into a vessel. The limits are
determined from Chart A
(located on next page).
B. Introduction of media
into a jacket. The limits are
determined from Chart B
(located on next page).
In both cases the safe
operating range lies within
the polygons as outlined
on the charts. The left and
right sides on the polygons
represent, respectively the
minimum wall temperatures
allowed. The bottom and top
on the polygons represent,
Key Features: Pfaudler

Ultra-Glas 6500
1. Extends the range of
Glasteel applications.
2. Allows safe and easy

handling of high temperature
processes never before
approved for Glasteel
equipment.
3. Provides potential for
reduced cycle time compared
to conventional vessel glass.
4. Provides extended thermal
shock protection for faster
heating and cooling.
5. Provides increased
operating safety margin
through its enhanced thermal
protection.
6. Is ideal for the higher
temperatures required by
todays chemical process
applications.

necessary to know the heat
transfer film coefficient of
the jacket media. Three
curves are shown: one for
steam (8500 W/m2k) and
two for typical heating oils
(1500 and 1000 W/m2k).
CAUTION: Safe operating
temperatures vary with conditions.
Because so many variables are
involved, temperature ranges are
given only as a guide. When practical,
operation below the maximum and
above the minimum is recommended.
Contact Pfaudler for details.
Ultra GlasTM 6500
39
Back to Contents
Vessel Side (Chart A)

300
Operating
Temperature
Example Exercises
Exercise No. 1.
wall temperatures of a
vessel when introducing a
product at 1000C into the
vessel.
into the vessel, Chart A
applies. Find the product
the product temperature
axis (ordinate). If you
follow this constant
temperature along the
wall temperature axis
(abscissa), you will see it
intersects the polygon
at wall temperatures
of -300C at the lower
temperature end and
at 2320C at the upper
temperature end.
Answer: Product at
1000C can safely be
introduced into a vessel
whose wall temperature
is between -30 and
2320C.
Exercise No. 2
W/m2K. What is the
maximum temperature
oil that can be used?
into the jacket, Chart
B applies. Find the
wall temperature of
1000C along the wall
temperature axis
(abscissa). If you follow
this line along the
40
jacket temperature axis

(ordinate), it intersects
the oil (1000 W/m2K)
polygon at a jacket
Answer: The maximum
of a 1000 W/m2K oil
introduced into the
jacket of a 1000C vessel is
3430C.
Exercise No. 3
completed, and the
wall temperature of the
vessel is 1500C. What
are the upper and lower
temperature limits of
the product that can be
introduced in the vessel
for the next batch?
Procedure: Chart
A applies. Find the
temperature of 1500C
the polygon at product
temperatures of -30 and
2800C.
Answer: a products
maximum and minimum
temperatures of that
can be introduced into
a vessel with a wall
are 2800C and -300C
respectively.
Exercise No. 4
Steam is being used
to heat a product in
a vessel. The vessel
Can 2500C steam be
introduced into the
jacket?
Procedure: Chart B
applies. The intersection
of a wall temperature
of 500C and a jacket
is outside the steam
200
100
0
-500
50
1001
50
2002
hot product
50
300
350
cold product
jacket Side (Chart b)

300
200
100
0
-500
50
1001
50
2002
50
Hot Oil (1500 W/m2 K) Hot Oil (1000 W/m2 K)

heating
polygon on the chart.

Answer: Steam at
2500C cannot safely be
whose contents are at
500C.
Corrosion
Resistance
In the charts that

follow, we present the
Ultra-Glas 6500. The
curves are for pure
acids and bases most
commonly used in
the chemical industry
and take into account
technically relevant
parameters influencing
the rate of corrosion.
For example, the
volume/surface area
ratio, inhibition effects,
concentration and
temperature. In practical
operation these materials
are always encountered
with liquid additives,
dissolved substances, or
300
350
steam
cooling
gases which may have

positive or negative
effects on resistance.
Therefore we recommend
performing corrosion
tests or contacting a
Pfaudler consultant to
assure material suitability
for individual processes.
Back to Contents
Hydrochloric Acid
nitric Acid
240
240
220
220
200
200
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
sulfuric Acid
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
10
20
140
120
30
% HCL BY WEIGHT
20
40
phosphric Acid
100
60
% HNO3 BY WEIGHT
acetic Acid
40
60
%H2SO4 BY WEIGHT
80
100
sodium hydroxide
320
260
20
120
300
10
11
12
13
14 pH
280
220
100
260
180
240
220
140
80
200
180
100
60
160
20
40
60
% H3 PO4 BY WEIGHT
80
100
11
12
13
14 pH
120
40
60
80
0.05
0.11
0.55
10
20
% NaOH BY WEIGHT
sodium carbonate
120
10
11
12 pH
60
60
.001
0.05
0.01
0.11
0.55
10
20
40
0.0010
ammonia
10
11
12
13 pH
100
80
60
.010
0.05
0.55
.1
11
% NH3 BY WEIGHT
.010
.1
0.55
11
% Na2% Na2CO3 BY WEIGHT
%KOH BY WEIGHT
40
0.0010
0.01
C 80
80
120
0.00010 .001
100
100
100
40
0.00010
20
% CH3 COOH BY WEIGHT
potassium hydroxide
10
140
20
The information contained in this bulletin are believed

to be reliable general guidelines for consideration
of the products and services described herein. The
information is general in nature and should not be
considered applicable to any specific process or
application.
The Pfaudler Companies, Inc. expressly disclaim any
warranty, express or implied, of fitness for any specific
purpose in connection with the information contained
herein.
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O) applicable to all charts = 20

Ultra GlasTM 6500
41
Back to Contents
STAINLESS
STEEL
GLASTEEL
4000
Pfaudler Glasteel
4000 is the first
high-voltage test
glass ever developed
for reliable bonding
to stainless steel.
It opens new
possibilities for
pharmaceutical,
ultra-clean,
cryogenic and other
applications.
Glassing
Breakthrough
Score another first for

Pfaudler research, which
has pioneered most of
the major developments
in glassed-steel
equipment. For the 70some years that
stainless steel has been
available as a material of
construction, it has
rejected all efforts to
bond glass reliably to it
until now. After decades
of effort, Pfaudler
researchers have
developed a new glass
formulation, along
with special application
and firing techniques.
Its called Glasteel 4000
and it is the first highvoltage test glass that
can be applied and tested
to guarantee a reliable
glasslining of uniform
thickness and quality on
stainless steel. No thin

spots, no bare metal, no
exposed base coat all
of which can occur with
other glasses on stainless
steel.
Glasteel 4000 glass
made possible the
invention of the
revolutionary Pfaudler
Stainless Steel
Pharmaceutical Glasteel
Reactors. This series
fulfilled a long-felt need
for pharmaceutical
manufacturers
concerned with
meeting FDA Good
Manufacturing Practices.
The highly polished
exteriors of conventional
all-stainless reactors
are easy to clean and
sanitize, which largely
accounts for their
widespread use. But the
bare stainless interiors
can interact with
powerful corrosives in
the process solutions,

and this can both
contaminate the product
and shorten equipment
life.
The Stainless Steel
Glasteel reactor provides
the same smoothly
polished, easy-tomaintain exterior, but
the interior has a lining
of virtually inert glass
that resists corrosion,
abrasion, thermal shock,
and product adherence.
The inert glass will not
contaminate the product
and functions to protect
the product purity, color,
and quality. In addition,
the stainless steel
substrates and Glasteel
4000 linings of the
Stainless Steel reactors
also make them valuable
for other applications,
such as cryogenic
processes and pure
products for electronics.
Glasteel 4000 is not only
used in the Stainless
Steel reactor, it has
already been used in
other series and, in fact,
could be used in any
standard Pfaudler glass
lined reactor capable
of being fabricated
from stainless steel. In
addition, it has been
used to cover special
agitators and other
accessories made of
stainless steel.
CAUTION: Safe operating temperatures vary with conditions. Because so many variables are involved temperature ranges are given only as a
guide. When practical, operation below the maximum and above the minimum is recommended. Contact GMM Pfaudler for details.
42
Back to Contents
Temperature
Limits
Although Glasteel 4000

has a high degree of
helpful compressive
stress in the glass layer,
there are definite limits
to the level of thermal
stress that the glass
can withstand without
incurring damage.
Only two conditions
must be considered
when determining the
temperature limits:
1. Introducing media
into a vessel. The limits
are determined from Chart A
2. Introducing media
into a jacket. The limits
are determined from
Chart B
In both cases, the safe
operating range lies
within the polygons as
outlined in the charts. The
left and right sides of the
polygons represent,
respectively, the
minimum and maximum
wall temperatures
allowed. The bottom
and top of the polygons
represent, respectively,
the minimum and
vessel side (chart a)
maximum reactant
temperatures allowed
(Chart A), and the
minimum and maximum
jacket temperatures
allowed (Chart B).
necessary to know
the heat transfer film
coefficient of the jacket
medium. Three curves are
shown: one for heating
steam and cooling water
(8500 W/m2k) and
two for typical heating/
cooling oils (1500 and
1000 W/m2K).
jacket side (chart b)
400
200
300
JACKET TEMPERATURE ( C)
PRODUCT TEMPERATURE ( C)
250
150
200
100
50
100
0
-50
-100
-100
-50
05
01
HOT PRODUCT
Corrosion
Resistance
The graphs that follow

the present isocorrosion
curves for Glasteel 4000
glass. These curves are
for pure acids and bases
most commonly used in
the chemical industry.
They take into account,
parameters which may
00
1502
00
250
COLD PRODUCT
include, volume to
surface area ratio,
inhibition effects,
concentration, and
temperature.
In practical operation,
these corrosives
are nearly always
encountered with liquid
additives, dissolved
substances, or gases,
-100
-100
- 50
OIL
(1000 W/m2K)
05
OIL
(1500 W/m2K)
100
1502 00 250
STEAM/WATER
HEATING
COOLING
any of which may have

Therefore GMM Pfaudler
recommends performing
corrosion tests or
contacting a GMM
Pfaudler specialist to
for specific processes.
43
Back to Contents
nitric acid
phosphoric acid
220
200
220
180
220
180
160
C 140
120
180
200
160
140
180
120
160
100
80
20
40
140
80
60
% HNO3 BY WEIGHT
VOLUME TO SURFACE AREA RATIO (V/O) = 20
hydrochloric acid
20
40
60
80
sulphuric acid
240
180
220
C 140
60
80
100

sodium carbonate
10
120
11
12 pH
100
180
160
80
140
120
60
120
100
100
40
0.0010
80
80
10
20
20
30
% HCI BY WEIGHT
ammonia
40
60
80
% H2SO4 BY WEIGHT
pottassium hydroxide
10
11
12
13 pH
10
120
11
12
13
14 pH
120
C 80
60
60
60
0.55
11
20
% NH3 BY WEIGHT
0.5 mm/year
10
11
12
13
14 pH
100
C 80
.1
H
11
sodium hydroxide
C 80
0.05
.1
05% NA3CO2 BY WEIGHT

100
.010
.010
100
100
44
40
200
160
40
0.0010
20
100
% H3 po4 BY WEIGHT
200
120
acetic acid
40
0.00010
.001
0.01
0.05
0.11
0.55
20
10
% KOH BY WEIGHT
0.2 mm/year
40
0.00010 .001
0.01
0.05
0.11
0.55
10
20
% NAOH BY WEIGHT
0.1 mm/year Fully resistant
Back to Contents
ALKALI
GLASS 4300
Chemical glasses and
glass coatings for
chemical apparatus
characteristically have
superior acid resistance.
This is due to their acidic
components and
structure. For this
reason, acid resistance
is their major field
of application. Alkali
resistance is usually the
inherent advantage of
metallic and polymeric
vessel materials and
defines their principal
application range.
However, decades of
Pfaudler research and
development have finally
broken down these
boundaries.
Pfaudler Standard
Glass Coatings
Pfaudlers standard glass

coatings already have
relatively high alkali
resistance without
compromising their
extremely high acid
resistance. They are ideal
for conventional glass
coating applications and
are preferred for high
acid operations with
occasional neutralization
and intermediate
alkaline operations.
Pfaudler Type
4300 Glass
Coatings
Type 4300 glass coatings

represent a new aspect
of this tradition and
are designed to bridge
a perceived gap in the
application range.
Pfaudler Type 4300
glass is still an acidic
type of glass, but its
primary application is
based on improved alkali
resistance. Pfaudler
Type 4300 glass coatings
are advisable wherever
alkaline conditions
prevail during the
cycle, or as a result
of concentration and
temperature, or where
concentration and/or
temperature conditions
exceed permissible limits
for conventional glass.
In addition, Type
4300 glass coatings
are advisable where
any of the following
conditions exist :
l Protection of alkaline
products against metal
contamination
l Danger of discoloration
of alkaline products
due to incorporation of
metals
l Stabilization of
high-molecular alkalis
sensitive to metal contact
Inadequate redox
stability of the vessel
material in the alkaline
range
l
Compared to our world

renowned standard
glass, Type 4300 has
three times better alkali
resistance. This means
that higher process
temperatures can be
used, or that, under
otherwise equal
conditions, these glass
coatings will have
three times the life
expectations. The Type
4300 glass does make a
slight concession in the
area of acid resistance.
Although it is adequate
for mild service, it is
not recommended
for aggressive acid
conditions. The
isocorrosion curves and
thermal limit diagrams
for Type 4300 glass
appear in the next
section.
ALKALI GLASS 4300
45
Back to Contents
VESSEL SIDE (CHART A)

300
Operating
Temperature
Example Exercises
Exercise No. 1.
wall temperatures of a
vessel when introducing a
product at 1000C into the
vessel.
into the vessel, Chart A
applies. Find the product
the product temperature
axis (ordinate). If you
follow this constant
temperature along the
wall temperature axis
(abscissa), you will see
it intersects the polygon
at wall temperatures
of -300C at the lower
temperature end and
at 2320C at the upper
temperature end.
Answer: Product at
1000C can safely be
whose wall temperature
is between -30 and
2320C.
Exercise No. 2
W/m2K. What is the
maximum temperature
of oil that can be used?
into the jacket, Chart
B applies. Find the
wall temperature of
1000C along the wall
temperature axis
(abscissa). If you follow
this line along the
46
jacket temperature axis

(ordinate), it intersects
the oil (1000 W/m2K)
polygon at a jacket
Answer: The maximum
of a 1000 W/m2K oil
introduced into the
jacket of a 1000C vessel is
3430C.
Exercise No. 3
completed, and the
wall temperature of the
vessel is 1500C. What
are the upper and lower
temperature limits of
the product that can be
introduced into the vessel
for the next batch?
Procedure: Chart
A applies. Find the
the polygon at product
temperatures of -30 and
2800C.
Answer: A products
maximum and minimum
temperature that
can be introduced into
a vessel with a wall
are 2800C and -300C
respectively.
Exercise No. 4
Steam is being used
to heat a product in
a vessel. The vessel
Can 2500C steam be
introduced into the
jacket?
Procedure: Chart B
applies. The intersection
of a wall temperature
of 500C and a jacket
is outside the steam
200
100
0
-500
50
1001
50
2002
HOT PRODUCT
50
300
350
COLD PRODUCT
JACKET SIDE (CHART B)

300
200
100
0
-500
50
1001
HOT OIL (1500 W/M2 K)
polygon on the chart.

Answer: Steam at
2500C cannot safely be
whose contents are at
500C.
Corrosion
Resistance
In the charts that

follow, we present the
isocorrosion curves
for Ultra-Glas 6500.
The curves are for pure
acids and bases most
commonly used in
the chemical industry
and take into account
parameters influencing
the rate of corrosion.
For example, the
volume to surface area
ratio, inhibition effects,
concentration and
temperature. In practical
operation these materials
are always encountered
with liquid additives,
dissolved substances, or
50
2002
50
HOT OIL (1000 W/M2 K)

HEATING
300
350
STEAM
COOLING
gases which may have

Therefore we recommend
performing corrosion
tests or contacting a
Pfaudler consultant to
for individual processes.
Back to Contents
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
NITRIC ACID
240
240
220
220
200
200
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
SULFURIC ACID
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
10
20
140
120
30
% HCL BY WEIGHT
20
40
PHOSPHRIC ACID
100
60
% HNO3 BY WEIGHT
ACETIC ACID
40
60
%H2SO4 BY WEIGHT
80
100
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
320
260
20
120
300
10
11
12
13
14 pH
280
220
100
260
180
240
220
140
80
200
180
100
60
160
20
40
60
% H3 PO4 BY WEIGHT
80
100
11
12
13
14 pH
120
40
60
80
0.05
0.11
0.55
10
20
% NaOH BY WEIGHT
SODIUM CARBONATE
120
10
11
12 pH
60
60
.001
0.05
0.01
0.11
0.55
10
20
40
0.0010
AMMONIA
10
11
12
13 pH
100
80
60
.010
0.05
0.55
.1
11
% NH3 BY WEIGHT
.010
.1
0.55
11
% Na2% Na2CO3 BY WEIGHT
%KOH BY WEIGHT
40
0.0010
0.01
80
80
120
0.00010 .001
100
100
100
40
0.00010
20
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
10
140
20
The information contained in this bulletin are believed

to be reliable general guidelines for consideration
of the products and services described herein. The
information is general in nature and should not be
considered applicable to any specific process or
application.
The Pfaudler Companies, Inc. expressly disclaim any
warranty, express or implied, of fitness for any specific
purpose in connection with the information contained
herein.
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O) applicable to all charts = 20

ALKALI GLASS 4300
47
Back to Contents
PFAUDLER
PHARMAGLASS PPG
Smoother, Cleaner, More Resistant
Glasslining for
GMP and FDA
Requirements
PROCESS
PPG
DESIGN
PHARMA
SOLUTIONS
When the requirements

of the Bulk Drug
industry were recently
studied in context of the
stringent requirements
of GMP and FDA, the
need for a different
glass was evident. Two
of the requirements
of the pharmaceutical
industry are increased
purity in order to
comply with the FDA
and GMP requirements
and alternating alkali/
acid operation. The
process equipment
of the chemical and
pharmaceutical
industries have so far
been characterized
by great similarityespecially in terms of
glass lined reactors and
components. In light of
the survey, Pfaudlers
response was a novel
glass tailored to tile
needs of manufacturing
pharmaceutical
products, vitamins
and fine chemicals.
48
Pfaudler Pharma
Glass PPG
The PharmaGlass PPG

was developed free of
heavy metals, light blue
color, with a smoother
surface finish compared
to the conventional glass
and improved alkali
resistance.
PROPERTY PROFILE OF PFAUDLER
PHARMAGLASS PPG
ADK
20-400
10-7 [K-1] 97-100
IMPACT
RESISTANCE
20-24 NM
DIELECTRIC
STRENGTH
> 20 KV/MM
SPECIFIC
ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE*
> 109 CM
ADHESIVE
> 100 N/
STRENGTH MM2
a rate depending on
the chemicals present
& the temperatures.
Ask for GMM Pfaudler
WWG 9100 catalog for
isocorrosion curves.
The debris of corrosion
including heavy metals
reduces the purity of the
Active Ingredient (AI).
Pfaudler PharmaGlass
is practically freefrom
heavy metals i.e. no
heavy metals can
be dissolved. The
proportionate heavy
metal content is below
the analytical detection
limits preserving the
purity of the AI.
WEAR
< 6 MG
CM-2 H-2
*at room temperature
The properties of this new product contribute
significantly to an improved safety and efficiency of
production processes.
PURITY OF
PRODUCT
Metal Free Glass

During corrosive
chemical reactions
glasslining corrodes at
PPG
CrNi
Pfaudler PharmaGlass PPG compared to CrNi.

Surface structure, magnified 200 times
CLEAN IN PLACE
Smooth Surface
When Pfaudler
PharmaGlass PPG was
developed, one primary
challenge was the surface
quality. The smoother
the surface, fewer the
incrustations is to be
expected.
PPG surface is three
times smoother than the
Back to Contents
The extremely high surface

quality is preserved even
after prolonged service
times. Corrosion tests have
shown that its roughness
after an acid or alkali attack
is much lower than with
commercially available
glass types. The surface
of Pfaudler PPG is much
smoother even after a
corrosive attack - than that
of healthy, electro-polished
stainless steel surfaces.
CHANGE IN ROUGHNESS OF PPG DURING CORROSION

TESTS COMPARED TO ELECTROPOLISHED STAINLESS STEEL
Ra CrNi (m)
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
Ra PPG (m)
conventional glass surface.

This product incrustation is
efficiently avoided, further
more; the time required
for cleaning is reduced
significantly. The benefits
are obvious: Shorter
and fewer downtimes,
the systems are more
productive.
0,10
0,00
before HCI after
before H2O after
before NaOH after
PFAUDLER PHARMAGLASS PPG THE SOLUTION FOR ADDED PERFORMANCE

Resistance of PPG to water

DIN ISO 719*
Sb
< 0.01
As
< 0.02
Ba
< 0.001
Pb
< 0.01
Cd
< 0.002
Cr
< 0.01
Co 0.001
Cu 0.012
Ni
< 0.005
Sr
< 0.001
Zn
< 0.01
Sn
< 0.05
DIN ISO 720*

< 0.01
< 0.02
< 0.001
< 0.01
< 0.002
< 0.01
0.005
0.075
< 0.005
<0.001
< 0.01
< 0.05
Analytical detection limits according to applicable DIN standards

The analysis was carried out on glass grains sized
0.3 < 0.425 mm

0.3 < 0.500 mm
DIN 719
DIN 720
Corrosion curve of Pfaudler PharmaGlass PPG
200C
180C
160C
140C
120C
100C
80C
60C
40C
-2 -1 0
pH value measured at room temperature
Improved Optical
Monitoring
PPG has a light-blue
color, thus increasing
contrast with dark blue,
white or colored products.
The light-blue color also
improves the lighting
of the reactor inside.

Improved monitoring of the
production process and
safe verification of the
cleaning result are now
possible.
Alkali Wash
max. 0.1 mm/a
9 10 11 12 13 14
max. 0.2 mm/a
it is possible to wash
the reactor with dilute
alkali (1.5%-5%) at
temperatures below
70oC. The neutralization of
any remaining acidic mass
will help in cleaning and
validation.
With the PharmaGlass PPG
49
Back to Contents
IMPROVED CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TO ALKALI

Higher Resistance to Aggressive
Substances
One of the properties characteristic of glass is its resistance

to aggressive substances, even at high temperatures.
Compared to other materials, glass is extremely resistant to
acid media. The new Pfaudler PharmaGlass PPG for
the first time combined this property with a significantly
improved resistance to alkali substances. In the alkali
range PharmaGlass PPG is 2.5 times better than chemical
glass while it matches the acid resistance of WWG 9100.
Greater Application Range
Equipment lined with Pfaudler PharmaGlass PPG can

withstand varying loads, thus offering a greater application
range. Changing between stainless steel and glassed
apparatuses is practically no longer necessary. You will
save real money in terms of investment and in your day-today operations.
RATE OF CORROSION
0.1 MM/A
0.2 MM/A
IN
PH -1
125C
CA. 144WC
IN
PH 7
150-160C
CA. 170C
FROM
PH 13
75C
CA. 82C
DEVELOPING THE OPTIMUM SOLUTION

We will be pleased
to give you detailed
answers to your
questions on the new
PPG. Our engineer
can visit you for a
detailed presentation
on the new glass. As a
specialist for Reactor
Systems, we will assist
you with all projects,
from engineering and
production through
installation and
maintenance up to
retrofits. This service is
50
offered for glass lined

equipment and turnkey
projects alike.
Right From the

Beginning
Getting us involved
in your planning at
an early stage could
mean benefiting
from the practical
experience of Pfaudler
companies worldwide.
The use of glass may
add significantly to
the efficiency of your
production we will
be pleased to provide
you with supporting
documentation for
your decision-making
process.
Up the
Operative System
Implementation,
operation and
maintenance are our
issues. Our specialists
and their know-how
ensure the safe,
efficient and continuous
operation of apparatuses
and entire systems.
Back to Contents
FILLOOK
QUICK OPENING
DEVICES
Fillook Simply a
Clean Solution
Three functions in
one thats what you
get with the Fillook
filing hole and handhole
covers from Pfaudler.
The fused- in Glasslook
sight glass ensures clear
insight while offering
increased safety.
Easy filling/easy
removal of product
is guaranteed by the
quick-action closing
system comprising four
tommy screws made
of stainless steel which
do not require any
additional tools. Funnel
tubes facilitate filling of
the reactor. And last but
not least, Pfaudler also
supplies manhole covers
with an integrated filling
hole cover and a lamp
three functions on
one reactor nozzle.
Of special interest
is Fillook for the
food processing and
pharmaceutical
industries, e.g.
for quickly
inspecting
the inside
of a reactor
before and
after cleaning
processes.
The added
benefits of the
Fillook family:
Easy to clean
outside and inside, no
contaminated spots at
the sight glass,
clearance-free
l No gaskets at the
sight glass
l CIP and GMP approved
l Optimized for
pharmaceutical
applications
l Leakage-free with
high safety margins
l Fracture-proof, no
total failure of the sight
glass
l Adjustable opening
angle
l
Closing system with 3

tommy screws made of
stainless steel
Quick-action
closing system of
the filling hole cover
l Easy handling
l Can be opened and
closed without tools
l Suitable for
pharmaceutical
usage
l Easy to clean
l
Filling cover on
manhole cover with
second sight glass and
lamp
Lamp sight glass is

easily accessible,
easy to clean
l One reactor nozzle
remains free for
additional purposes
positive effects on many

aspects of reactor works.
Cleaning is easier. There
are fewer screws and
fastening elements.
The number of gaskets
is reduced. The total
number of parts required
is lower and besides, the
process becomes more
safer. In order to meet all
demands, the Pfaudler
Fillook filling hole
covers are available in
different designs:
Fillook 1 is fastened
to the nozzle with a split
flange.
Fillook 2 for
handholes on reactor
types AE, DG and T is
fastened with profiled
ring.
FILLOOK 1
FILLOOK 2
Fillook Makes
Everything Easier
The different Fillook
design options have
FILLLOOK QUICK OPENING DEVICES
51
Back to Contents
Fillook 3 is a filling hole cover mounted on

a manhole cover.
FILLOOK 3
TOTALLY OPEN: THE DIFFERENT OPTIONS

Technical data:
Pressure:
Temperature:
-1/+6 bar
-25/+2000C
Materials:
Sight glass: Soda-lime glass DIN 8902
Pressure-bearing steel parts: P275 NH
Other components: stainless steel
Surface protection: electroplated coating Fe/Zn8C to
DIN 50961
Glasslining: Pfaudler-WWG, blue or white
O-Ring: FEP-sheathed Viton*
Chemical resistance:
Only limited by glass and glasslining; refer to
publication SB95-910-3GMM-01/02
Fillook 4 is similar to Fillook 3, but has an additional

Glasslook sight glass.
Approval:
Type approval by TUV, No. TUV.Db210/2 or TUV.Db.210/3
* Other materials available optionally, including with FDA approval.
FILLOOK 4
Fillook 5 is additionally equipped with a lamp unit at

the second sight glass.
l Non-dazzling insight, non-dazzling illumination;
direction of light = viewing direction
l No shading-off by agitator shaft
FILLOOK5
5
FILLOOK
DESCRIPTION
SIZES
PART

NUMBER
Fillook 1
DN100 FD-000
for stand-alone nozzle;
DN110
FE-000
fastened with split flange
DN150
FD-100

DN200 FD-200

DN250 FD-300

DN300 FD-400

Fillook 2
DN100 FE-000
for handholes at AE, DG and T; DN150
FD-100
profiled ring fastening
DN200
FD-200

DN250 FD-300

Fillook 3
DN320/420 FD-600
Manhole cover with
DN350/450 FD-700
integrated filling hole cover
DN500
FD-800

DN600 FD-900

Fillook 4
DN320/420 FD-620
Manhole cover with integrated DN350/450 FD-720
filling hole cover and additional DN500
FD-820
Glasslook sight glass
DN600
FD-920

Fillook 5
DN320/420 FD-630
Manhole cover with integrated DN350/450 FD-730
filling hole cover and additional DN500
FD-830
Glasslook sight glass with
20W lamp
DN600
FD-930
OPTIONS
*The actual design may slightly differ from the one shown in all the diagrams
52
50W lamp cleaning

devices for flange
connections funnel
tube in stainless steel
No. 225 680
Back to Contents
GLASSLOOK All You Face is

Safety
Safety has top

priority in the
operation of
chemical plants.
Pfaudler now offers
added safety in the
field of sight glasses in
vessels and pipelines for
optical monitoring of the
process.
Our enhanced sight glass
type Glasslook features
a sight fused into a glass
lined steel mount. The
glass and the glass lining
are thus joined into a
single compound.
With the combination
of glasteel and sodalime glass we achieve an
extremely homogeneous
stress distribution over
the entire temperature
range and the glass itself.
Insight according to
choice - Glasslook
sight glasses from
Pfaudler are available in
various designs:
l as sight in a glass lined
steel mount for
installation in the
manhole cover
or nozzle
l one or two sight
glasses directly fused
into the manhole
cover. The option
with two sight glasses
is also available with
a lamp
Universal application
range - The product
only gets in contact with
glass and the glasslining,
with an equal chemical
resistance of both
materials.
The product
is not contaminated.
GLASSLOOK
SIGHT
GLASSES
In comparison to other
metal-fused sight glasses
(Hastelloy, Inconell), the
Pfaudler combination
offers a broader
application range with
higher chemical
resistance.
In contrast to customary
tempered sight glass
panes, the Glasslook
sight glasses yield clear
benefits.
Advantages of
Glasslook:
l Resistance to
thermal shock due
to homogeneous
stress distribution
within the glasteel
compound
l Leakage-free, higher
resistance to pressure
with high safety
margins
l Fracture-proof, no
total failure, the sight
glass remains tight
even in the event of
cracks
l Always clear
sight, higher scratch
resistance, generally
less sensitive to
mechanical impacts
New clear insights
into the process with
additional handling
advantages and
increased safety are
now available from
Pfaudler with its range
of fused-in sight glasses
of the Glasslook family.
To meet different
application demands,
the glasses are even
available in four
different designs.
More Functions Few Components
The appropriate Glasslook for each

application
Glasslook 1 is designed to replace conventional
sight glass fittings. The sight glass only has to be
fastened to the nozzle with a split flange to provide
immediately more safety and more insight.
Advantages of Glasslook 1:
l Safe installation: distortion and damages of the
glass when tightening the flange bolts are excluded
l Fewer contaminated spots, only one gasket at
the nozzle
l GMP - approved design
Glasslook 1*
*The actual design may slightly differ from the one shown
53
Back to Contents
Glasslook 3 and Glasslook 4 feature one or two

sight glasses fused right into a complete manhole cover.
These compact units offer convincing advantages: The
glasses, just like the manhole cover, are slightly inclined,
permitting condensate to run off easily. The view into
the inside of the reactor is thus never obstructed.
Cleaning is equally simple: the glass or glasses are easily
accessible once the cover has been opened.
Glass-clear : selection of options

Technical Data:
Pressure/Temperature:
Glasslook 1:
Pressure:
-1/+16bar
Temperature: -25/+2000C
Glasslook 3/4/5:
Pressure:
Temperature:
Glasslook 3*
Materials:
Sight glass:
Soda-lime glass

to DIN 8902
Steel parts:
TAStE 285 for
Glasslook 1

P 275 NH for
Glasslook
3/4/5
Glasslining:
Pfaudler-WWG,

blue or white
97
97
97
97
Glasslook 4*
97
-1/+6bar
-25/+2000C
97
Surface Protection:
Glasslook 1:
Electroplated
coating

Fe/Zn8C to

DIN 50691
Glasslook 3/4/5:
Aluchrome or

paint according

to customer

specification*
Advantages of Glasslook 3 and 4:

l Sight glasses are easy to clean
l Condensate runs off quickly due to inclined position
l Fewer gaskets, more safety
l Additional glass protects against impacts from outside
l Longer life, more safety, absolutely maintenance-free
after installation
Chemical Resistance:
Only limited by glass and glasslining: refer to publication
SB95-910-3GMM-01/02
Approval:
Type approval by TUV, No. TUV.Db.210/1 or TUV.Db.210/2
* Electroplated coating optionally available
Glasslook 5 with additional lamp.

In contrast to lamps mounted on a nozzle, Glasslook
5 offers not only a larger lighting angle of the light
source, but also a more favourable position of the light
cone. The processes inside the reactor are thus much
easier to monitor.
Advantages of Glasslook 5:
l Three-in-one: manhole cover, sight glass unit,
and lighting
l One reactor nozzle remains free and can be used
for other purposes
l Non-dazzling insight/non-dazzling illumination
l No shading-off by agitator shaft
l Lamp sight glass is easily accessible and easy
to clean
Glasslook 5*
97
Description Sizes
Part
Number
Glasslook 1
Sight glass in glass lined steel mount for
installation on manhole cover nozzle
or stand-alone nozzle, fastened with
split flange
idem, with protective sleeve
DN50
DN80
DN100
225 639
225 638
225 403
DN100
225 498
Glasslook 3
Manhole cover with a
fused-in sight glass

DN320/420
DN350/450
DN500
DN600
225 622
225 623
225 624
225 625
Glasslook 4
Manhole cover with two
fused-in-sight glasses
DN320/420 225 626

DN350/450 225 627
DN500
DN600
225 628
225 629
Glasslook 5
Manhole cover with two
fused-in sight glasses
and one 20W lamp

DN320/420
DN350/450
DN500
DN600
225 630
225 631
225 632
225 633
97
Options
50W lamp
54
Back to Contents
glass lined
pipes
and
fittings
l
l
l
l
As per ASME Code

Admissible operating pressure in the Pipes and Fittings -1/6 bar
Admissible operation temperature -250/+2500C
Dimensions according to DIN 2873
DN mm
25
40
PN (bar) standard flanges

I = each (mm) Length available to
50
80
6-20
1000
100
6-20
1500
125
150
6-16
2000
200
250
3000
Flange connection dimensions according to DIN 2501. Pipes and flanges for higher pressure on request.
DN
Elbow 45
DN mm 25 40 50 80 100 125 150 200 250
d = of
Glassed
mm 68 88 102 138 158 188 212 268 320
area
Weight
kg 1.4 2.3 5.1 5.9 5.7 8.4 10.4 16.4 24
DN
e
Elbow 90
DN
mm
25
40
50
80
100
125
150
200
250
mm
90
105
115
135
155
175
195
260
315
Weight mm
2.8
4.4
5.5
11.3
13.4
19
23
36
54.4
55
Back to Contents
tee
DN
mm
25
40
50
80
100
125
150
200
250
mm
180
210
230
270
310
350
390
520
630
mm
4.2
6.9
9.4
16.9
21.7
30.8
39.2
63.2
93.1
DN
mm
25
40
50
80
100
125
150
200
250
mm
180
210
230
270
310
350
390
520
630
6.2
9.7
12
24.7
29.2
40.4
49.1
76.7
114
DN
Weight
tee
DN
Weight kg
SPACER
DN
s
DN
d
Weight
mm 25 40 50 80 100 125
150
200 250
mm 68 88 102 138 158 185
210
265 320
kg 10 0.25
0.37 0.45 0.75 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.3
15
0.35 0.55 0.7
1.15
1.3
1.6
1.9 2.6
3.4
20
0.5
0.75 0.9
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.5 3.4
4.6
25
0.6
0.0
1.1
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.2 4.4
5.8
30
0.75 1.1
1.4
2.3
2.7
3.3
3.8 5.2
6.9
40
1.0
1.8
3.0
3.6
4.4
5.0 6.9
9.3
1.4
REDUCERS
b2
D N2
DN1

b1b2 DN2

25 40 50 80
100 125 150 200

l (mm)= 140

I
40
(kg)
31
3,0 Weight (kg)

140
3.2
b1
50
D N1
32
140 140
3.6 4.3
160 160
80 35 7.2 7.5
100
37
175
175
175

8.5
8.7
10.9
125 37
200 200 200
11.5 13.9 14.6
150 37
225 225 225
56
16.5 17.1 19.3
200 39
250 250 250 250
21.1 22.1 24 25.4
250 41
300 300 300 300
29.7 32.6 33.9 36.2
Back to Contents
BLIND FLANGE
DN mm 25 40 50 80 100 125 150 200 250

d = of
Glassed
mm 68 88 102 138 158 188 212 268 320
area
Weight
kg 1.4 2.3 5.1 5.9 5.7 8.4 10.4 16.4 24
Diaphragm Valves
N B
C
B
A
Size NB
N d
L
A B C Nxd L H
mm
mm
holes
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
25
115 80 65 4-16 127 105 16
40
140 98 85 4-16 159 140 16
50
165 121 100 4-18 191 150
18
75
200 153 135 4-18 254 205
20
100
230 190 165 8-18 305 270
22
150
280 241 212 8-22 406 357
24
Reducing flanges
DN 1
DIN 2873
DN 2
design a (threaded bore)
125
150
200
DN1 DN2 25 40 50 80 100

40
l (mm)=
35
A
Weight (kg) 3.9
50
A

35
35
4.8 4.6
80

35
7.1
B
35
35
6.8
35
6.7
design b (flush bore)
fitting dimensions: din 2501
100
45 45 45 45

10.9 10.5 10.3 9.5
125
45 45 45 45

13.8 13.6 12.4 11.7
150 45 45 45
45

18 17 16 15
200 45 45 45
45
45

B
26 24 23 22 21

250 45
45
45
45
34
32
30
25
Operating pressure: 6 bars; up to DN1 150 ALSO 16 bars.
57
Back to Contents
Observation Cross
DN
l
Weight
mm
mm
kg
25 40 50 80 100 125 150 200 250

180
210 230 270 310 350 390
520
630
7.1 10.9 13.3 25.2 30.9 41.6 51.3 77.4 116.2
FLANGED 450 ELBOWS WITH JACKET

DN
NB
DN
NB
L INSIDE
ELBOW
DN1
NB1
JACKET
DN1
ELBOW
NB1
a G
40 1-1/2 70
48.3 dai. x 5.08 t. 73 dai. x 4 t. 20
3/4 110 6.5
50 2
80
60.3 dai. x 5.54 t. 90 dai. x 4 t. 25
115 8.0
80
95
88.9 dia. x 7.62 t.
115 dai. x 4 t.
25
135
12.0
100
105
114.3 dai. x 8.56 t.
140 dai. x 4 t.
40
1-1/2
150
16.0
- G = approx. weight in kg. (incl. split flange) - Larger dimensions upon request
L
L5
L5
L5
L4
L1
DN1
NB1
L4
L3
DN2
NB2
L2
DN
NB
FLANGED MANIFOLDS
DN
NB
DN1
NB1
DN2
NB2
L L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
50
50
50
770
115
115
115
115
80
50
80
810
130
135
135
135
180
180
100
50
100
850
140
155
155
155
180
150
100
125
1150
170
185
185
185
260
- Larger dimensions upon request
FLANGED 900 ELBOWS WITH JACKET

a
DN
NB
L INSIDE
ELBOW
40
N1
1
58
1-1/2
105
JACKET
DN1
ELBOW
48.3 dia. x 5.08 t. 73 dia. x 4 t.
20
NB1
3/4
110
70
6.5
50
115
60.3 dai. x 5.54 t.
90 dai. x 4 t.
25
115
70
8.0
80
135
88.9 dia. x 7.63 t.
115 dai. x 4 t. 25
135
90
12.0
100
155
114.3 dai. x 8.56 t. 140 dia. x 4 t. 40
1-1/2
150
100
16.0
Back to Contents
BB
TREE (G.L ANGULAR NOZZLE)

C
DN
NB
DN1 NB1
DN2
NB2
100
50
25
511
109
200
105
D E F
200
150
150
150
50
25
511
158
200
105
200
175
175
FLANGED CONCENTRIC REDUCER WITH JACKET
DN2
NB2
DN1
NB1
DN2
NB2
DN
NB
- SPLIT FLANGE DRILLING AS
DN
NB
DN1
NB1
DN2
NB2 L
50
25
25
140
125
70
50
40
1.5
25
140
125
70
80
40
1.5
25
160
135
80
80
50
25
160
135
80
80
65
2.5
25
160
135
80
100
40
1.5
40
1.5
175
135
90
100
50
40
1.5
175
135
90
100
65
2.5
40
1.5
175
150
90
100
80
40
1.5
175
160
90
125
50
40
1.5
200
135
100
125
65
2.5
40
1.5
200
135
100
125
80
40
1.5
200
150
100
125
100
40
1.5
200
160
100
150
65
2.5
40
1.5
225
135
110
150
80
40
1.5
225
150
110
150
100
40
1.5
225
160
110
150
125
40
1.5
225
185
110
DN
NB
DN
NB
FLANGED T PIECES WITH JACKET

DN NB
L H INSIDE PIPE
JACKET PIPE
40 1-1/2 210 105 48.3 dia. x 5.08 t. 73 dai. x 4.78 t.
DN1
20
NB1 a
f
3/4 110 105
G
10.0
50 2
230
115
60.3 dia. x 5.54 t. 88.9 dia. x 4.78 t.
25
115 115
14.0
80 3
270
135
88.9 dai. x 7.62 t. 114.3 dia. x 4.78 t. 25
135 135
18.5
100 4
310
155
114.3 dia. x 8.56 t. 141.3 dia. x 6.65 t. 40
1-1/2 150 155
23.5
59
Back to Contents
General
Designed for drying and

blending, in one operation,
aggressive or metalsensitive substances, also
suitable for impregnating
and concentrating, for
pharmaceutical products,
synthetic resins and other
plastics, dye-stuff and
pigments, metal soaps and
catalyzers. Compared with
conventional methods,
this process cuts time and
costs of most applications
considerably.
Operation
As the unit revolves, the top

layers of the product roll
down, constantly exposing
new surface areas for faster
drying. The gentle tumbling
action intensifies the drying
process while handling the
product carefully, assuring
an intimate mixture. The
double cone shape balances
the forces caused by the
rotating product, prevent a
substantial transfer of the
gravity centre, protecting
the aggregate from periodic
impact stresses. The
suitable speed of rotation
is largely dependent from
product properties and
vessel size. Standard values
are contained in the table
overleaf.
Operation under vacuum
increase the drying speed
respectively enables lower
temperatures, which
furthermore preserve the
product. Drying results of
0.1% final moisture and
less, have been obtained in
a few hours. The optimum
operating conditions
should be determined by
tests which may be carried
60
CONICAL
BLENDER
DRYERs
out with your product in

our research centre.
Sizes
Standardized from 400 to

6300 litres total volume.
Specially designed units up
to 8000 litres. Best
performance has been
achieved with charges
amounting to 50 - 60% of
total volume. With solid
or viscous products, the
working volume should
be reduced accordingly.
Glass
Conical Dryer-Blender
components in contact with
the product are lined with
Pfaudler glass WWG 9100.
This glass is extremely
resistant to corrosion
and mechanical stress.
For specific applications,
special glasses are also
available.
Design
Base frame for all sizes

upon request. Selfaligning roller bearings
for supporting stands.
Concrete base also
possible. Heating medium
is circulated via the
trunnion at the drive end.
Suction (vacuum) pipe
and thermometer well
led through the opposite
bearing. If no temperature
measurement is requested,
the thermometer well can
be used as an inlet pipe.
Pressure gauge in the
distribution compartment
of suction pipe upon
request.
The stationary vacuum pipe
extends up and out of the
path of the product movement
to prevent clogging.
For fine drying goods, we

deliver a PTFE filter with
cap, if desired. A glass lined
dust precipitator (cyclone)
may be additionally
connected to the suction
line.
Material of suction
pipe: Hastelloy C. Other
materials on request.
Drive
Infinitely variable speed

gear with explosion-proof
motor. Speed indicator
upon request. For
determination of driving
power we require details on
product density and angle
of repose.
Back to Contents
Operating Pressure: All types listed below internal 6 kg/cm2 (bar)/full vacuum
Dimensions in mm
Type

d1 d2 d3 d4

MT 400
1000
1100
430
200
MT 1000
1350
1450
430
200
MT 1600
1550
1650
430
MT 2500
1800
1950
MT 4000
2100
MT 6300
2450
h1 h2 h3 l1

lb
900
1110
295
1625
2410
2200 1000
1200
1565
365
2155
2870
2800 1200
200
1300
1790
350
2370
3325
3000 1300
430
200
1500
2155
370
2750
3620
3600 1500
2250
430
200
1900
2485
605
3315
3900
4000 1900
2600
430
200
2300
2810
850
3780
4000
4500 1900
Working
Total
Jacket
Heat./cool.
Weight
Volume
Volume
Volume
Area
(motor)
(vessel)
Type
(I)
(I)
(I)
(m2)
(HP)
(rpm)
(kg)
MT 400
250
450
110
2.7
1.5
2 12.3
1250
MT 1000
600
1115
190
5.1
1.6 10
2000
MT 1600
960
1620
205
6.8
1.6 8.4
2900
MT 2500
1500
2615
410
9.4
7.5
1.2 6.4
4400
MT 4000
2500
4090
440
13.4
11.2
1.9 4.7
7100
MT 6300
4000
6350
900
17.2
15
1.6 3.5
9000
61
Back to Contents
Kilo Lab Units or Pilot Plants

are used to carry out process
development or process
simulation in the laboratory.
They can also be used for low
volume production of active
pharmaceutical ingredients.
Complete reaction & distillation
systems can be tailor-made to
suit a particular purpose or
designed as a multi-purpose
system using a combination of
corrosion resistant materials
glass lined, borosilicate glass
3.3 and PTFE.
62
KILO LABs &

PILOT PLANTs
Back to Contents
Glass Lined Reactor

Vessel
Light blue Pfaudler

PharmaGlass PPG
l Different agitator
designs including Curve
Blade Residual Turbine
for low level mixing, gas
dispersion impellers and
other configurations
for better mixing
l cGMP design
l CIP provision
l Double insulation with
polished stainless steel
jacket cladding
l
Reactor Top Cover

Standard version
Glass top cover
l Glass Lined, SS,
Hastalloy for pressure
reactions (standard up to
6 bar, special design up to
20 bar)
l
Stirrer System
Inverter duty ex-proof
motor (ATEX optional),
suitable gear reducer,
optional Variable
Frequency Drive.
Bottom Outlet Valve

Flush with zero dead
volume: Glass/PTFE
Reactor Bottom PanRaising / Lowering

Device
Glass Overhead
Assembly
The standard overhead

glass assembly is designed
to contact reactions
under reflux, followed by
distillation. The following
process equipment are
standard:
l Cylindrical graduated
feed vessel for controlled
addition of liquid
reactants
l Vapour pipe
l Primary condensor
l Vent condensor
l Distillate cooler
l Phase Separator for
azeotropic distillation
with re-cycle of any
phase. The design
of the phase separator
permits the adjustment
of interface layer height
externally without
disturbing any
process pipeline.
l Twin distillate receivers
l Interconnecting glass
process pipeline with
high quality valves
l Comprehensive
and rational pressure
equalization process
pipeline for hydraulic
integrity of the complete
system. Single point
application of vacuum
for the complete system
Options
a. Two liquid feed vessels

b. Vacuum manifold
c. System without phase separator
d. Fractional distillation with infinitely variable
reflux
Support Structure
Complete SS construction
Special designs for low headrooms
l Suitable for installation in walk-in fume hoods
l Skid mounted mobile units also possible
l
l
Flanges
Special design high strength re-enforced plastic
as standard
l SS also available as option
l SS nut bolts with compression springs as
standard PTFE coated as option
l
Online Sampling
Continuous on-line liquid sampling from the
reactor.
Heating/Cooling Systems
Single fluid with precise temperature control.
Solid Handling Systems

Jet Mill Micronizer, Double Cone Vacuum
Dryer, Tray Dryer, Vibro-Sifters, Cream ointment
& Planetary Mixer, Triple Roll Mill/Ball Mill,
Colloid Mill, Multimill.
l
Manual or motorized
Also removable after
lowering
l
l
Safety Devices
Glass/PTFE Pressure
Relief Value
l Rupture Disc
l Translucent coating of
glass components
l
63
Back to Contents
Section II
Filtration
& drying
Equipment
66
funda CENTRIFUGAL DISC FILTERS 70
MAVASPHERE SPHERICAL DRYERs 71
MAVAPAD VACUUM PADDLE DRYERs 72
MavazwagAgitated Nutsche Filters & Filter Dryers
Back to Contents
MAVAZWAG
AGITATED NUTSCHE
FILTERS & FILTER
DRYERS
GMM Pfaudlers Mavazwag
Agitated Nutsche Filters
and Filter Dryers (ANF and
ANFD) are designed and
manufactured with state-ofthe-art technology from Mavag
AG, Switzerland. Mavazwag
ANF and ANFDs are versatile
and maintenance free,
performing most effectively in
Pharmaceutical and Chemical
industries where solid washing
and solid-liquid separation is
required.
All operations of an ANF and
66
ANFDs are performed in an

enclosed system, ensuring
product quality, product
consistency and operational
safety.
Our ANF and ANFDs are
also available in GMP/Sterile
designs, which adhere to CIP/
SIP requirements.
GMM Pfaudlers Mavazwag
ANF and ANFDs are available
in Stainless Steel, Hastelloy
and Special Alloys.
For extremely corrosive

applications, GMM Pfaudler
can offer ANF and ANFDs in
Glass Lined construction.
GMM Pfaudler offers Pilot
ANFD for on-site test work,
enabling the user to gain
valuable experience and
gather reliable process data at
the same time.
Our engineers welcome the
opportunity to assist you in
selecting the right ANF or
ANFD and then optimizing it
for your process conditions.
Back to Contents
KEY FEATURES
Boltless Design
Designed to ensure
boltless construction
l No bolts, no dead zones
and hence no product
accumulation
l Eliminates chance of
contamination
l Quicker process validation
during product changeover
l
Multipurpose Design
Unique filter plate design
allows interchangeability
of filter media without
changing the base
l Flexibility for multiple
products and campaigns in
the same equipment
l
Side Discharge Port
Sintered Filter Media
Filter Base
Boltless Bellow & Blade
Agitator
Hollow agitators made

from heavy sections making
them suitable for both solids
and liquids
l Blade design improves
mixing, heat transfer
and facilitates uniform
temperature distribution
l Low angle blade profile
ensures cake smoothening
l Agitators available in both
2 blade and 3 blade design,
3 blade agitators can reduce
the drying time by upto
30%
Bayonet type design

available as an alternative to
C clamp design.
3 Blade Agitator
Shaft Seals and

Bellows
Stuffing box
l Single/Double
Mechanical Seal
l Bellows
l Scraper
l
Fully automated, sealing

surfaces do not require
cleaning after each
discharge
l Specially designed metal
to metal sealing is available
as an option with selflocking arrangement to
prevent loss of batch in case
of hydraulic failure
l
For contained discharge of

the product a side discharge
port can be provided which
can be integrated with an
isolator.
Online Sampling
The Online sampling valve

is provided to take samples
under vacuum, without
stopping the agitator/
process.
Material of
Construction
Stainless steel
Hastelloy and other exotic
materials
l Glass Lined construction
upto 5m2
l
l
Bayonet Design
Main Vessel
Designed and manufactured

according to ASME Sec. VIII
Div. I.
Control Panel and

Automation
Hydraulic power pack with

electrically operated flame
proof solenoid valves.
Local control panel with
electrical and hydraulic
safety features.
Control panel with PLC is
available as an option.
Interior of Main Vessel with

CIP Washring
Side Discharge Valve
Hydraulically operated
valve with metal to
elastomer sealing allows
for a pressure tight shut-off
after each product discharge
l
MAVAZWAG AGITATED NUTSCHE FILTERS & FILTER-DRYERS
67
Back to Contents
SPECIAL DESIGN FOR STERILE PRODUCTS AND MOBILE UNIT

FOR CONSTRAINED AREAS
Process Advantages
68
Processing of concentrated suspensions
Cake filtration
Cake washing and cake purification
Extraction of active agents from organic solids
Filtration plants with product and solids processing
Filter-dryer plants with solvent recovery unit
Filter systems for sterile applications with integrated CIP-system
Integrated plants with reaction, filtration and final drying stages
Pre-assembled, PLC-controlled systems in modular design
Environmentally safe, totally enclosed systems
Reliable, proven filter design and construction
Construction materials for a wide application range
Optimized filter media selection to meet specific product and process requirements
Back to Contents
Size
Working
Max. cake Diameter Height Stroke

volume
volume D H S
ltrs. ltrs. mm mm mm
S
0.15 60
0.25 140
0.5 400
0.6 500
0.8 700
1 900
1.6 1400
2 1800
2.5 2200
3 2700
3.6 3300
4 3600
5 5500
6 6600
8 9600
10 12000
12 14000
16 19000
30
50
150
180
320
400
640
800
1000
1200
1440
1600
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
8000
450 2900 200

600 3100 200
800 3350 300
900 3550 300
1000 3700 400
1200 3900 400
1500 4100 400
1600 4300 400
1800 4350 400
2000 4600 400
2200 4950 400
2400 5050 400
2600 5050 500
2800 5100 500
3200 5100 500
3600 5300 500
4000 5300 500
4500 5500 500
Features
High Pharma finish confirming to cGMP norm

specially designed double mechanical seal with metal
bellows
l
Tri clover connections instead of flanged nozzles

CIP and SIP designs available
l
Mavazwag Agitated Nutsche Filters & filter-Dryers
69
Back to Contents
Funda
CENTRIFUGAL
DISC FILTERS
The Funda Centrifugal Disc Filter

is used for the separation of solid
particles from a liquid with the
help of porous layers that allow the
liquid to pass through but retain
the solid matter. The Funda Filter
can be operated automatically and
can be integrated with other process
equipment such as pre-coat vessels,
pumps, valves and instrumentation.
Material of Construction
Stainless Steel, Hastelloy and Special

Alloys.
Shaft Sealing Design
Double wet mechanical seal or dry

mechanical seal to eliminate product
contamination.
Key features and advantages:
Completely enclosed vessel,
ensuring product quality,
product consistency and
operational safety
Rotating filter assembly
discharges the cake in
dry/slurry form
Self-cleaning system
Suitable for both batch
and continuous processes
Pre-coating, filtration,
heel filtration, cake washing,
cake drying and discharge
are all done in one closed
system
70
Back to Contents
The Mavasphere Spherical

Dryer is a multi purpose
dryer used in the drying
of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients (APIs) and Fine
Chemicals in compliance with
cGMP and FDA guidelines.
The Mavasphere provides
excellent drying performance
over a wide range of filling
capacities with a good turn
down ratio.
Stainless Steel, Hastelloy and
Special Alloys.
Shaft Sealing Designs

Gas lubricated double
mechanical seal installed
outside of the product zone.
Agitator
Hollow heated rotating
3-blade agitator with
minimal clearance between
agitator blade and vessel wall.
Key features and

advantages:
Minimal clearance
between the vessel wall
and agitator for efficient
and uniform drying
Entire vessel covered
by jacket for better
heat transfer
Wide range of filling
capacities with a good
turndown ratio
Minimal product hold up for easy cleaning
and validation
Eccentrically top mounted
agitator for uniform
mixing and gentle drying
of product
Discharge at lowest point
for complete product
discharge
Compact system with
lower footprint
MAVASPHERE
spherical
dryers
Bottom Discharge
Spherical disc valve for quick
opening and discharge of
dried product with no dead
volume.
Lump Breaker, Dust Filter
and Sampling System.
Bayonet type quick closing
design for body flange,
Condenser and Vacuum
Pump.
Technical data
Model
Working Vol. L1
B1
H1
H2
H3
Empty
Heat Transfer
Agitator Agitator Chopper Chopper
Weight

litrs.
mm mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kg

Area
Power
Speed
Power
Speed
m2
KW
1/min
KW
1/min
TYP100 100
1000 1000 900 1800 900 700
1500
1.5
11
3.5-40 3
1000
TYP400 400
1300 1400 900 2050 1400 1050 3000
3.5
25
3.5-30 5.5
1000
TYP1000 1000
1800 1800 1400 2800 2100 1400 8000
6.4
45
2.5-18 7.5
1000
TYP2000 2000
2400 2200 1700 3500 2600 1700 12000
9.4
55
2.5-18 12
1000
TYP4000 4000
2900 2600 1700 4000 3200 2100 17000
16.5
75
2.5-15 15
1000
MAVASPHERE SPHERICAL DRYERs
71
Back to Contents
The Mavapad Vacuum

Paddle Dryer is a versatile
energy efficient system used
for the drying of Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients
(APIs) in compliance with
cGMP and FDA guidelines.
The Mavapad can be
designed for use in sterile/
clean room areas by
providing a stainless steel
partition wall that separates
the drive unit from the
process area.
Agitator
Our engineers can assist in

sizing and optimizing the
Mavapad to meet your
process requirements.
Stainless Steel, Hastelloy
and Special Alloys.
Shaft Sealing Design

Double wet mechanical
seal or dry mechanical
seal to eliminate product
contamination.
Hollow rotating
agitator with
improved paddle
design for better
heat transfer.
Bottom
Discharge
MAVAPAD
VACUUM
PADDLE dryerS
Twist Close Valve/

Segmented Ball Valve for
quick opening and discharge
of dried product with no dead
volume.
Dust Filter.
Flat ends instead of

dished ends for lower heel
volumes and better
emptying characteristics
Full door opening for easy
cleaning and validation
Lower operating and

maintenance cost
compared to other dryers
Lump breaker, Sampling

system, Condenser, Receiver
and Vacuum Pump.
Key features and
advantages:
Large heat transfer area
(vessel body and agitator)
for faster drying
Technical data
72
Model

Total Vol.
ltrs.
Usable Vol.
ltrs.
RXPD 100
RXPD 200
RXPD 300
RXPD 500
RXPD 800
RXPD 1000
RXPD 1500
RXPD 2000
RXPD 2500
RXPD 3000
RXPD 3500
RXPD 4000
140
210
350
510
820
1130
1600
2120
2640
3200
3850
4300
105
140
250
360
570
800
1120
1480
1850
2550
2700
3000
Diameter - A
mm
525
650
750
850
1050
1175
1300
1500
1550
1675
1750
1850
Shell Length - B
mm
Total Length - C
mm
650
625
800
900
950
1050
1200
1200
1400
1450
1600
1600
1900
2200
2700
2900
3400
3600
3900
4300
4500
4900
5200
5300
Base Width - D Overall Height - E

mm
mm
700
900
1050
1200
1500
1650
1800
2200
2350
2600
2750
2900
2000
2150
2500
2700
3500
4300
4900
5500
6000
6400
6800
7400
Back to Contents
SECTION III
MIXING
SYSTEMS
ECONOMIX MIXING SYSTEMS
74
MAVADRIVE MAGNETIC AGITATORS
77
Back to Contents
ECONOMIX
MIXING
SYSTEMS
GMM Pfaudler offers Economix

Mixing Systems for Stainless and Alloy
Steel Reactors. Our team of highly
trained engineers will design an optimal
mixing solution for your specific mixing
requirement. Using a fluid mixing design
software to simulate the performance of your
existing agitator system, we can recommend
a superior agitator design that will optimize
your mixing by reducing batch time and
power consumption and improving product
quality.
Under the brand name of Economix,
GMM Pfaudler supplies a wide range of
mixing systems to the Pharmaceutical,
Agrochemical, Specialty Chemicals, Biotech,
Paints, Paper & Pulp industries. We design
and manufacture mixing systems for various
applications:
l Blending/Heat Transfer
l Suspension
l Emulsification
l High Viscosity Blending
l Gas Dispersion
Advantages:
l Reduction in Power Consumption without
compromising the mixing requirement
l Improvement in mixing performance like
Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer
l Transfer, Blending or Solid
Suspension, Blend time
l Small and Compact systems
l Easy Maintenance
The agitators offered by us are guaranteed
for the stated mixing performance. If the
specified performance is not achieved the
agitator will be modified or replaced at our
cost.
74
Back to Contents
Advanced Impeller Technology
High Efficiency Impeller
An established industry
standard for axial flow
impellers
l Extremely efficient
creates greater fluid motion
with less energy
l Ideal for blending,
heat transfer and solids
suspension
l
Transition Flow
Turbine
Straight Blade
Turbine
Close clearance design

for operation near the
tank bottom
l Excellent for lowliquid-level solids
suspension applications
l Designed for use
in laminar regime
(Reynolds number < 50)
applications
l
Cowl Disc
Excellent performer in
abrasive solids suspension,
liquid-solid-gas and boiling
applications
l High-solidity blade
design translates into
higher gas rates and
viscosity values over other
high efficiency designs
Customize levels of shear

to suit your process
l Proper fluid turnover
minimizes the need for
auxiliary pumping impellers
l Small particles possible: 2
microns achieved in processes
such as micro-encapsulation
l Traditional dispersion
blades can also be used in
high shear applications
Gas Dispersion
Turbine
Double Helical Ribbon
Advanced design
l Highest gas dispersing
capability at nearly six
times the D-6 (Rushton)
turbine
l Reduced unloading
l Relatively insensitive to
viscosity
Proven the best high

viscosity, laminar flow
impeller
l Highly effective in heat
transfer
l Efficiently incorporates
surface liquids and solids
l For viscosities over
30,000 Mpa
Pitched Blade
Turbine
Anchor
Axial flow design suitable

for wide changes in process
viscosity
l Good for blending and
solids suspension where
elevated shear is needed
l Able to handle higher gas
rates over high efficiency
designs
l
Propeller
Marine style energy

efficient design
l Ideal for small batches
l Handles higher
viscosities than hydrofoil
designs
l
Most economical
laminar flow impeller
available
l Horizontal flow well
suited for low-liquid-level
geometries
l Solve heat transfer
fouling problems with
optional wall scrapers
l
Screw
Ideal for shear

sensitive, uniform
blending applications
(polymers)
l Excellent top-tobottom turnover flow
characteristics
l Use in mildly
pseudoplastic applications
with power law indexes as
low as 0.5
l
ECONOMIX MIXING SYSTEMS
75
Back to Contents
Impeller Section Guide
IMPELLER
NAME AND DESCRIPTION
High Efficiency Impeller

Pitched Blade Turbine

Straight Blade Turbine

Transition Flow Impeller

Cowl Disc

Gas Dispersion Turbine

Helical Ribbon

Anchor

76
APPLICATIONS
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Blending
Turbulent heat transfer
Solid suspension
Blending

Dispersion

Solid suspension
Local liquid motion for

blending dispersion
Keeping outlets clear from solids
Blending,
Transitional flow
Simultaneous gas dispersion
and solid suspension
(like mining)
Np and Nq vary with tip angle wide-blade,

number of blades
Liquid - liquid dispersion

Solid - liquid dispersion
Local shear
Gas dispersion
Intermediate and high gas flows
Blending and heat transfer in viscous media
Heat transfer in viscous media
Back to Contents
MAVADRIVE BOTTOM
AND TOP ENTRY
MAGNETIC AGITATORS
The patented Mavag double

acting impeller is designed
to reduce wear & tear of the
bearings. Other features
include:
No contamination, no
emission and no sealing
problems
No maintenance required,
trouble-free operation for
longer periods of time
Multiple stage impellers
are available for
cell culture and
microbial fermentation
Easy to clean and sterilize
(CIP/SIP)
for cleaning cycles besides

flooding other CIP
concepts can be used:
Oscillating movement
of the agitator head by
patented counter acting
blades
Largest gap between
containment shell and
agitator head for best
possible cleanability
Inclined surfaces
and accessibility of all
wetted areas
Dead zone free
construction in
combination with slots
and holes
Adjustment of the
operating parameters and
of the cleaning cycles
during selection of
process parameters
PRINCIPAL SKETCH OF MDB WITH DOUBLE IMPELLER
CERAMIC
BEARINGS
O-RING
SEALS
MAGNETIC
COUPLING
GAP
FIXING
SCREW
IMPELLER
HEAD
COUNTER
ACTING
BLADE
SPEED
CONTROL
SENSOR
Cleanability
Process wetted components

are designed in a way to
eliminate deposits during
the process phase and that
MAVADRIVE BOTTOM AND TOP ENTRY MAGNETIC AGITATORS
77
Back to Contents
SECTION IV
ENGINEERED
SYSTEMS
WIPED FILM EVAPORATORS 80

SINGLE FLUID HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS
85
Back to Contents
WIPED FILM
EVAPORATORS
Proven by Industry
The evaporator
technology and systems
produced by GMM
Pfaudler can be found
in the wide range of
industries worldwide
including:
Pharmaceuticals
Chemicals
Polymers and Resins
Foods
Fats and Oils
Waste
Solvents
Biodiesel
Lube Oil Refining
Herbal Products
Proven by Application
Companies within these
industry sectors apply the
technology for a variety of
purposes:
Deodorization
Distilling
Concentration
Reboiling
Solvent Recovery
Stripping
GMM Pfaudler produces
the widest range of
evaporator systems to
ensure we can meet
specific market and
customer needs. These
ranges are based on thin
film evaporators and
tubular systems. GMM
Pfaudler can advise on the
best evaporator system
for a given application.
For example, a stratavap
thin film evaporator is
often used in conjunction
with tubular evaporators
to concentrate solutions
to near dryness.
80
Commitment to
Adding Value
Design, manufacture
and installation of
complete systems
Our highly experienced
and creative project
engineers will work
closely with you to meet
your specific process
requirements and
ensure effective systems
performance. To enable
the evaporators to
perform their optimum
capability, we can also
help with the proper
selection and installation
of ancillary equipment
and instrumentation.
Test plant facility
available for trials
Evaporator pilot plants
are available for trials on
your materials and are
available for prolonged
test work on customers
premises. This means
process requirements
can be determined and
evaporator systems
tailored to suit. Process
guarantees are based on
test results.
Typical Applications
Simple to operate
and with proven high
performance, the range of
wiped film evaporators is
suited to processing highboiling point, viscous
and/or heat-sensitive
materials with maximum
efficiency. This technology
involves separating
volatile compounds
by introducing a
mechanically agitated
A worldwide leader in
the manufacture of
process equipment,
Pfaudler has perfected
the use of glassedsteel technology for
glass lined evaporators,
reactors, receivers,
storage tanks and
associated equipment.
thin film of feed material
to a heated surface.
Capable of concentrating
solutions to greater than
95% total solids, the
low running speeds and
wiping action make the
range of wiped film
evaporators especially
suited to liquors which
show a tendency to foam.
Features and Benefits

Short retention times
eliminate product
degradation
When processing a wide
range of products heat
fluxes are minimised
eliminating the
opportunities for spoiling
the quality, taste or
flavour of heat sensitive
materials.
Vacuum operation
improves unit efficiency
Reducing vapour pressure
also reduces boiling
points which increases
temperature differences.
Floating wiper elements
maintain thin film
Wipers create a turbulent
fluid film on the
Back to Contents
evaporator wall giving the

desired film thickness for
effective evaporation of
the process material.
Low maintenance,
reduced downtime and
optimal running costs
Evaporation rates are
achieved at low rotor
speeds, results in reducing
vibration and wear on
seals and elimination of
bottom bearing. On larger
machines, wipers can be
replaced by lifting rotor
without disturbing seal
and drive assembly. On
smaller machines, rotor
top seals and the gearbox
are easily removed in one
assembly for inspection
and/or cleaning.
Energy saving features
The use of low power
motors is possible as the
liquor process provides a
lubrication effect for the
wiper elements.
High Vacuum WFE

Typical applications
For applications
where the boiling point
of the more volatile
components is greater
than 4820F (2500C), a
High Vacuum Wiped
Film Evaporator (WFE)
should be considered.
With very high boilers,
it may be impossible to
achieve separation in a
conventional multi-effect
evaporators operating
under vacuum.
Technical Data
Operating pressure
Using vacuums as low as
0.01 torr (0.013 mbar) can
make separation possible
and/or reduce the area

required.
Internal condenser
U-tube type condensers
are inserted inside the
High Vacuum WFE (short
path). Condenser surface
areas are so the size that it
take care of condensation
and sub-cooling.
Entrainment
separators Specially
designed full-length
internal entrainment
separators for high
vacuum operations
effectively remove
entrained droplets.
Expendable WFE sizes
The moduler concept
can help in providing
additional heat transfer
area to the original
jacketed section at your
plant site to provide
increased capacity, with
minimum modification.
Highly viscous
materials For highly
viscous materials, the
bottom cone can be heated
and extruder blades can
be fitted to mechanically
aid the discharge of the
bottom material. Spring
mounted blades may be
used for materials with
viscosities above 2,000
cps. Maximum viscosity
at operating temperature
20,000 cps.
Capacity From less
than 1kg/hr to more
than 4500 kg/hr of feed
material.
Materials of
construction Carbon
steel, stainless steel
304/316, hastelloy,
titanium, glass lined mild
steel, monel and incolloy.
Rotor speed
Depending on the size of
WFE. e.g. 280 rpm for

1 sq.m. to 60 rpm for 21
sq.m.
Low power motor
Low rotor speed
significantly reduces
motor power required e.g.
the 103.4 sp.ft. WFE
uses only a 5.5 kw motor.
Jacket temperature/
pressure Maximum
pressure 8.6 bar
dependent on process
requirement. Maximum
temperature using
thermal oil is 3570C.
Range Based on heated
surface area 1.2 sq.ft.
(0.11 sq.m.) to 231 sq.ft.
(21.5 sq.m.)
Wipers Centrifugal
wiper blades in PTFE are
standard. Carbon and
other materials are also
used.
HIGH VACUUM WIPED FILM EVAPORATOR

1 DRIVE
MOTOR
DISTRIBUTOR 3
PLATE
2 FEED
INLET
4 WIPERS
HEATED 5
JACKET
6 ENTERTAINMENT
SEPARATOR
7 INTERNAL
CONDENSER
EXTRUDER
BLADES 11
VACUUM 9
OUTLET
10 BOTTOM
OUTLET
DISTILLATE
OUTLET 8
WIPED FILM EVAPORATORS
81
Back to Contents
Specifications for Alloy Units

PFAUDLER
DRIVE
FEED
INLET
PFAUDLER
DRIVE
JACKLET
HEATING
VAPOR
INLET
OR
LIQUID
OUTLET
FEED
INLET
JACKLET
HEATING
VAPOR
INLET
OR
LIQUID
OUTLET
JACKET
HOT OIL
INLET
F
C
WFE
W/INTERNAL
CONDENSER
1 TORR
RANGE
OPERATION
VACUUM
OUTLET
RESIDUE
OUTLET
CONDENSER
COOLANT
WFE
(MICRO RANGE)
OPERATION
DISTILLATE
OUTLET
B
DISTILLATE
OUTLET
CONDENSER
Evap.
Model
Surface No. Condenser
Area
Sq.m
VACUUM
OUTLET
HIGH
VACUUM
JACKET
CONDENSATE
OUTLET
W/INTERNAL
CONDENSER
JACKET
HOT OIL
INLET
JACKET
CONDENSATE
OUTLET
RESIDUE
OUTLET
CONDENSER
COOLANT
Dimensions (mm)
Internal
Jacket
Volume
Volume
Nominal
Area Litre
Dia
Sq.m
1.2-6V - 3.7
0.34
2.65
220
135 505
230 240 880 150
0.4
4.2-12L - 7
0.65
7.5
375
236 890
380 860 2000 300
0.4
4.2-12V - 19
1.77
7.5
375
212 1000
380 860 2070 300
0.8
8.8-12L - 12
1.11
16.6
375
230 1300
800 860 2400 300
0.8
8.8-12V - 27
2.55
16.6
375
212 1425
1230 840 2500 300
1.2
13.4-12L - 16.7
1.55
16.6
375
230 1725
1230 1020 2975 300
1.2
13.4-12V - 35
3.25
25
375
212 1850
1230 1020 3100 300
2.3
25-36L - 075
3.5
98
1000
345 1425
810 720 2500 900
2.3
25-36V - 121
11.25
98
1000
325 2027
810 720 3100 900
7.0
200
1000
345 2275
1660 720 3340 900
16.0
200
1000
325 2885
1660 720 3930 900
0.1
51.2-36L - 75
4.75
51.2-36V - 172
7.2
77.3-36L - 113
7.2
77.3-36V - 210
9.5
103.4-36L - 150
9.5
103.4-36V - 274
16.2
175-60L - 265
16.2
175-60V - 450
21.5
231-60L - 350
4.75
NOTE: DIMENSIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE.
82
10.5
300
1000
345 3125
2500 1300 4780 900
20
300
1000
325 3740
2500 1300 5370 900
14
400
1000
345 3975
3360 1645 5970 900
25.5
400
1000
325 4587
3360 1645 6560 900
24.6
840
1650
550 4225
3340 1600 6890 1500
41.8
840
1650
525 4825
3340 1600 7490 1500
32.5
1125
1650
580 5360
4470 2150 8090 1500

INDICATES HIGH VACUUM DESIGN
Back to Contents
Wiped Film Evaporator

Design Styles
Top Vapor
Outlet CounterCurrent Design
Standard
Vacuum
Co-Current
Design
Features:
Operating pressures
to 0.5 Torr
l No bottom bearings
l Standard size
removable internal
condenser
l Full shell length
louvered entrainment
separator
l Low rotor speed due
to direct contact wipers
l
Applications:
General chemicals
and pharmaceuticals,
solvent recovery, waste
streams, food and oil
re-refining.
Operations:
Stripping, concentration, dehydrating of

moderately viscous
and heat sensitive
materials.
High
Vacuum
Co-Current
Design
Features:
Operating pressures
to 0.01 Torr
l Large high vacuum
design internal
condenser
l Large vapor outlet
nozzle
l Full shell-length
high vacuum chevron
entrainment separator
or open rotor
l Low horsepower
requirements
l Low rotor speed due to
direct contact wipers
l
Applications:
High purity chemicals,

vitamin E, resins, waxes,
plasticizers, and high boilers.
Operations:
Stripping, concentration,
deodorization, separation
and purification of
moderately viscous and heat
sensitive materials
requiring high vacuum
operations.
High Viscosity
CounterCurrent Design
Features:
Operating pressures
to 1.0 Torr
l Full shell length
louvered entrainment
separator
l Top vapor outlet
l Low horsepower
requirements
to direct contact
wipers
l Cone bottom head
with optional heat
transfer jacket
l
Applications:
General chemicals and

pharmaceuticals,
solvent recovery, waste
streams, food
l Used as reboiler for
fractionation columns
l
Operations:
Distillation,
concentration,
dehydrating of delicate
materials requiring
complete removal of
volatile phase to less
than 1% remaining
in product residues
l Steam or nitrogen
stripping capability
l
Features:
Operating pressures
to 1.0 Torr
l Spring-mounted
wipers and
entrainment
separator
l Top vapor outlet
l Heavy duty drive
and motor assembly
l Cone bottom head
for easy product
discharge
l Auger assembly
to assist bottoms
discharge
to direct contact
l
Applications:
High viscosity or hardto-handle polymers,

general chemical,
coating, waste streams,
and food.
Operations:
Concentrations
of moderate to
very highly viscous
products
l Steam or nitrogen
stripping capability
l
WIPED FILM EVAPORATORS
83
Back to Contents
Typical Configuration:
All designs within the range
are available as either single or
multiple effect. GMM Pfaudler
engineers will calculate the
optimum number of effects and
configurations based on the
physical practicalities, capital and
running costs.
Features and Benefits:

Tailored to suit particular
applications
The experience of GMM Pfaudler
staff combined with an extensive
library of evaporator designs,

means evaporators can be
quickly matched to particular
requirements.
Comprehensive service
A total turnkey solution is
available encompassing design,
engineering, procurement,
fabrication, site construction,
plant commissioning, operator
training and project management.
l
Designing the most costeffective solution

At the design stage, factors such
as capital cost, equipments life
and running costs are balanced to
ensure an optimum solution.
l
84
vapour from the process to be

reused in heating, replacing for
steam economy.
Energy efficient
The inclusion of a mechanical
vapour recompressor enables
l
Back to Contents
SINGLE FLUID
HEATING & COOLING
SYSTEMS
Single Fluid Heating
& Cooling Systems
are designed to
be affordable, self
contained, compact units
which incorporate all
the essential functions of
the heating and cooling
process.
Single fluid heating and
cooling systems operate
with only one heat
transfer fluid circulating
throughout the reactor
jacket. The temperature
of the fluid, and therefore
the reactor temperature,
are adjusted for heating

or cooling by external
means. Often in the case
of heating, this would
be steam or via electric
elements. In the case of
cooling, this could be
cooling water, glycol, and
for our advance heater/
chiller units, mechanical
refrigeration.
GMM Pfaudlers
flexibility combines of
these primary services to
be combined together in
one unit.
The modular design

of the systems means
that GMM Pfaudler
engineers can propose
an individually designed
solution to meet the
requirements of even
the most complicated
processes in your project.
This also minimises
installation time and
cost and provide factory
tested systems.
Advantages of Single Fluid Heating & Cooling

Systems in Reactor Operations are:
Accurate temperature
control to +/-10C
without risk to your
reactor
l Rapid heating and
chilling profiles can
be designed, reducing
batch times
l Repeatability and
accurate recordable
l
measurement for
meeting FDA
requirements
l Programmable heating
and cooling ramps for
accurate unsupervised
operations
l No switching
between jacket service
fluids, preventing
cross contamination,
corrosion or thermal
shocks to the vessel
l Smooth, continuous
temperature control,
with no gaps because
there is no fluid
changeovers
l No interruption
of process and no
hot spots, resulting

in higher product
yields and quality. Off
batches are minimized,
if not eliminated
l Savings on expensive
raw materials can be
made because the yield
is maximized without
adding excess
reactions
l Suitable for the
very cold operating
temperatures required
by todays new
chemical formulae and
reactions
l Fully automatic
capability, hence less
manpower required
85
Back to Contents
Single Fluid Systems Design

Cooling Curves
Obviously, there is no universal system because of the

variables involved in the heat transfer function. At
GMM Pfaudler we look first at your specific reactor
systems, new or existing, to determine its heat transfer
requirements. Then we select the arrangement and
design the modular heating/cooling package that will
function more efficiently and cost effectively for you.
Cooling
Times
Reactor
AE 1000
Heater/
Chiller
Heating Curves
In an extensive research program, GMM Pfaudler has

translated and updated many of its existing computer
programs-originally developed to understand
complicated reactor, mixing, and agitation processes
incorporating them into an overall heat transfer design
program.
TEMPER ATURE(C)
These computer programs and the extensive knowledge

built-up over many years is now available to you, saving
time and engineering costs on your project.
TIME (HOURS )
Cooling
Times
TEMPER ATURE(C)
Reactor
AE 1000
Heater/
Chiller
TIME (HOURS )
Areas covered in our assessment of your heat transfer

requirements include:
l Size of vessel and heat transfer area
l Heat transfer area type of reactor jacket
conventional or half-pipe
l Size and number of agitation nozzles
l Pressure drop and fluid flow through jackets
l Types of heat-transfer liquids and properties
l Mixer speeds, agitation design considerations and
process requirements
l Heating and cooling curves time/temperature

With over 50 years experience of producing
Glass Lined equipments for the chemical and fine
chemical industries, we can supply heating and
cooling equipment matched perfectly to the reactor
systems. This is a unique service provided by GMM
Pfaudler.
Cooling
Times
Reactor
AE 1000
Heater/
Chiller
Heating
Times
TIME (HOURS )
TEMPER ATURE(C)
TEMPER ATURE(C)
From 20C
AE 1000
Heater/
Chiller
TIME (HOURS )
Method: On Y axis, select temperature of batch you wish to cool from. Move
horizontally across, to the line which starts on the Y axis from that value you
wish to cool to. Then move vertically down to the X axis, read the time to cool
the batch with that particular heater/chiller unit.
86
Method: On Y axis, select temperature you wish to reach. Move horizontally

across, until you intersect a heating line. Then move vertically down to the X
axis, read the time to heat the batch with that particular heater/chiller unit.
Back to Contents
Optimising Heat
Transfer
Heat transfer calculations
are carried out via advanced
computer programs that take
into considerations all the
variables affecting the OHTC in
a reactor.
OVERALL HE AT TRANSFER COEFFCIENT U
WATT S/M2 C
BE 4000 litre
glassed reactor
with CBT
Toluene
at 20 C in
reactor
Do wntherm J and
San tot herm LT
50% Eth ylene
Gly col
Syltherm XL T
Do wtherm Q
San tot herm D-12
San tot herm 59
JACKET FLUID TEMPER
ATURE C
TYPICAL REACTOR TEMPERATURE PROFILE WITHOUT PLC CONTROL

140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
TEMPER ATURE(C)
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
10
12
14
16
-20.0
-40.0
TIME(HOURS )
TYPICAL RAMPED TEMPERATURE PROFILE WITHOUT PLC CONTROL

140.0
To achieve best overall heat

transfer performance, the
optimum heat transfer fluid is
chosen from those currently
available to best meet the
required operating ranges of
the reactors.
GMM Pfaudler also has an
ongoing programme to evaluate
new fluids coming on the
market to provide our clients
with the best temperature
control system for their
reactors.
Dowtherm is a trademark of Dow
Chemical USA. Santotherm is a
trademark of Monsanto Company.
Syltherm is a trademark of Dow Corning
Corporation. Optimising heat transfer
Corporation.
Control Method
A state-of-the-art PLC
control system allows for very
accurate temperature control,
temperature profiles and
programmable ramping of
process parameters. The
controls can be individually
tailored to accommodate
your full process control system
including all safety systems.
Full PLC, FDS and IQ
documentation can be provided
for your software validation.
120.0
100.0
80.0
TEMPER ATURE(C)
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
-20.0
-40.0
10
12
14
16
TIME(HOURS )
A data logging historian can be

incorporated in the software
package to allow for full
historical analysis of actual
temperature profiles, reactor
system information, and other
relative data comply with FDA
requirements and quality
assured manufacturing systems.
87
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Components Of GMM Pfaudler

Temperature Control Units
The Single Source Reality is

GMM Pfaudler
Heat Exchangers
For those customers seeking a single supply source
We utilize space saving

welded plate heat
exchangers as well as the
more traditional shell
and tube exchangers.
to their new process plant, GMM Pfaudler is a onestop-shop for the complete reactor package.
Pumps We utilize
single mechanical seal
pumps. We can utilize
the latest magnetic
driven pump technology,
if required. All pumps
are sized for the required
jacket flow rates and
agitation nozzles.
PLC Control Systems

We build in-house
advanced PLC and
software based control
systems to accurately
mix and control
thermal fluid flow and
temperature.
Electric Heaters - We
design and manufacture
a range of in-line electric
thermal fluid heaters
that are designed to
have very low heat fluxes
and hence protect the
thermal fluid life.
Control Valves We
use bellow sealed control
valves to prevent leakage
of thermal fluids, and
give very high turn down
rates, thus giving highly
accurate temperature
control possibilities.
Explosion Proof All

the components are
suitable for operation
in hazardous area. Our
system can be placed in
area with zone IIA/IIB
classification.
88
GMM Pfaudler can supply complete skid mounted

reactor systems, including condensers, distillation
columns, pipework, support structures and related
process equipment.
Types of Temperature Control Units we offer:

HC-Temperature Control Units
The HC (Heating-Cooling) range of temperature
control loops uses existing on-site services such
as steam, ethylene glycol, cooling water, liquid
nitrogen as a heating or cooling source. Separate heat
exchangers are used for cooling and heating duty along
with control valves and circulation pump.
HR-Combined Heater-Chiller Unit
The HR (Heating-Refrigeration) range of temperature
loops are based on combining specialist refrigeration
packages appropriate heating equipment. These units
can be designed to operate between -700C
and +3000C.
Back to Contents
SECTION V
TAILOR MADE
PROCESS
EQUIPMENT
TAILOR MADE PROCESS EQUIPMENT
90
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TAILOR
MADE
PROCESS
EQUIPMENT
Our in house design and

engineering capabilities
along with our state- ofthe -art manufacturing
facility with an installed
capacity of processing
6000 MT per annum
and a covered shop floor
area of around 25000 m2
allow us to accommodate
even the most complex
and non-standard
requirements and
specifications.
Over the years GMM
Pfaudler has handled a
vast array of materials
like Monel, Inconel,
Hastelloy, Incolloy,
2RE69, Duplex, Super
duplex, SS 904L, Alloy
59, Brass, Cupro-Nickels
as well as standard
materials like Stainless
Steel, Low Alloy Steel &
Carbon Steel.
Process Equipment
manufactured by us are
supplied to a wide
range of industry
segments which include
Petrochemical Refineries,
Oil & Gas, Mining &
Minerals, Fertilizers,
Chemical Processing and
Pharmaceutical. GMM
Pfaudler also regularly
90
works together with a

host of EPCs, OEMs and
Engineering Consultants
like Linde Engineering,
UHDE India, EIL,
JACOBS, Toyo, Aker
Solution, Leighton and
PDIL.
Heat Exchangers
GMM Pfaudler is the
leading manufacturer of
custom built Heat
Exchangers. We
can manufacture
following types of Heat
Exchangers.
l Fixed/Floating Tube
l U Tube
l Kettle
l Double Tube Sheet
Materials Handled:
Hastelloy C22, Stainless
Steel (304L & 304, 316L
& 316 / (Urea Grade),
321, Duplex, 2RE69),
Naval Brass, Carbon
Steel, Clad Steels.
Dimensions Handled:
Diameter 2 meters,
Thickness of Tube Sheet
260mm, Length
of Tubes 10 meters,
Weight 75 tons.
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TAILOR MADE PROCESS EQUIPMENT
91
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product

GMM PFAUDLER LIMITED

NEXT GENERATION MIXING SYSTEMs

GLASS LINED VESSELS

GLASS LINED Storage tanks

WORLDWIDE GLASTEEL 9100

Ultra GlasTM 6500

STAINLESS STEEL GLASTEEL 4000

ALKALI GLASS 4300

PFAUDLER PHARMAGLASS PPG

FILLOOK QUICK OPENING DEVICES

GlassLook Sight Glasses

Glass Lined Pipes & Fittings

Conical blender dryers

Kilo LABs & Pilot Plants

MAVASPHERE SPHERICAL DRYERs

MAVAPAD VACUUM PADDLE DRYERS

MAVADRIVE MAGNETIC AGITATORS

Wiped Film Evaporators

SINGLE FLUID Heating & Cooling Systems

GLASS LINED REACTORS

NEXT GENERATION MIXING SYSTEMs

GLASS LINED VESSELS

GLASS LINED Storage tanks

WORLDWIDE GLASTEEL 9100

STAINLESS STEEL GLASTEEL 4000

ALKALI GLASS 4300

PFAUDLER PHARMAGLASS PPG

FILLOOK QUICK OPENING DEVICES

GlassLook Sight Glasses

Glass Lined Pipes & Fittings

Conical blender dryers

Kilo LABs & Pilot Plants

GMM PFAUDLER LIMITED

Two-piece design that meets

Maximum allowable working pressure :

All our reactors are lined with Pfaudler glass

Standard jacket is provided, with the option

Side brackets are provided, however the

Standard: Impeller-type agitator with baffle.

Next Generation Mixing

A vast range of agitators are available

Manway cover with sight glass DN100.

Quick change seal arrangement Faster replacement of the mechanical

Our standard GMP

Spares & Service

We know your business

running smoothly. Our

side view: ae 3000, head layout 2

One-piece design that meets

Maximum allowable working pressure :

All our reactors are lined with Pfaudler

The Cryo-Lock agitator was designed to

Standard jacket is provided, however the

Side brackets are provided, however support

Standard: Cryo-Lock agitator with baffle.

CBT: The Universal Curved Blade

RCI: The Classic

Manway cover with sight glass

Quick change seal

Filllook & Glasslook Easy access for reactor

Our standard GMP reactors

Spares & Service

We know your business demands