2.

12 Hookes Law

3.1 3.2

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3.1 3.2
3.1 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE
1. The pressure acting on a surface is defined as .. per unit . on the surface.
F

2. Pressure, P =
A

3.

Unit for pressure is . and .

Example 1 : A wooden block is placed at different position on the surface of a piece of plasticine. At what
position the pressure is higher?
Wooden
block
A

Plasticine

A
Answer: .

Example 2 : Which shoe will exert a greater pressure to the ground?

B
Answer:

Example 3 : The diagram below shows a wooden block of dimensions 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm. Its weight is 120
N. On which side should the wooden block be placed to produce a maximum pressure exerted on the table.
What is value of this pressure ?

Weight (F)

Minimum Area (A)

120
0.08 0.1
15000 Nm 2

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Weight (F)

3.1 3.2
Relationship between pressure and force, pressure and surface area
Figure 3.1a, press a thumbtack into a piece of wood with your thumb where as Figure 3.1b, hit using the
hammer.

(a) Observe Figure 3.1a and Figure 3.1b and state one comparison.
___ Figure 3.1 (b) sink deeper compare to Figure 3.1(a).__

(b) Which one is received a higher force?

____ Figure 3.1(b) received higher force.____

(c) State the relationship between pressure and force.

The pressure produce increases with force applied .

A 500 g cardboard box placed on a table in two different orientations.

Figure 3.2a

Figure 3.2b.

(a) Calculate the pressure exerted on the table for

i) figure 3.2a

ii) figure 3.2b.

5 / 12 x 20

5 / 10 x 20

= 0.028 N cm-2

= 0.025 N cm-2

(b) Which figure shows that the higher pressure is exerted to the table?
__ figure 3.2(b)_
(c) State the relationship between pressure and surface area.
____ Pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area.__

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3.1 3.2
Application of Pressure
1. Tools like knives, chisels, axes and saws have sharp
cutting edges. The surface area of contact is ..
When a force is applied on the tool, the small area ofsmall
contact will produce a .. pressure to cut high
the
material.

2. The flat base of each metal pole of a tent hasbia

g

surface area to . the pressure

decrea

exerted on the ground. The poles will not sink intosethe

ground because of the flat bases.

Ice-Skate

Ski Board

Sole of shoes with spike

Tyre of Tractor

Ways to increase pressure are :

a) __increase _force ; __decrease __area of contact.
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3.1 3.2
2. Ways to decrease pressure are :
a) ___ decrease __force ; __ increase _area of contact.
1. A table of mass 50 kg has four legs is placed on a floor. Each leg has a cross sectional area of 25 cm2.
g 10ms 2

Find the pressure exerting on the floor (

Pressure, P

F
A

):

mg
A

50 10
4 25 10 4

50 kPa
=
2. The diagram below shows a concrete block of dimension 1.5m x 2.0m x 3.0m. Its weight is 60N.
Calculate (a) maximum pressure, (b) minimum pressure:
b)

a)

1.5m

P max

W
Minimum area

2.0m
3.0m

60
2 1 .5

P max

W
Maximum area

10 Pa

20 Pa
=

1.

FIGURE 1
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60
3 2

3.1 3.2
Figure 1 shows a Perodua Myvi with a mass of 900 kg.
Air pressure for each tyre is 2 x 105 Pa.
(a) What is the meaning of pressure ?
Pressure is force per unit
.............................................................................................................................................
area

(b)

Calculate the area in contact with the ground for each tyre.
Area =
=

(900 x 10) / 4
2 x 10 5
0.01125 m2

(c) Zamani drives his car to his school with a distance of 10km and find his car tyre
become harder than usual. Explain why this is happen?
Increasing temperature / Increasing kinetic
.............................................................................................................................................
energy

.............................................................................................................................................
Increasing pressure/ Increasing rate of molecule

Experiment : Based on the diagram below, complete the suitable planning experiment.

a)Inference : Pressure produce depends on surface area.

b)Hypothesis The bigger the surface area, the lesser the pressure produced
c.i)Aim ; To investigate the relationship between surface area and pressure.
ii)Variables
i) Manipulated : surface area , A
ii) Responding : the depth of wood sink in plasticine, P (pressure)
iii) Constant : Force applied ( mass of weights )
iii)Apparatus & material
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3.1 3.2
placticine, 100 g metal weights, wooden support , wooden disc (different sizes ) and ruler
iv)Diagram
~~ same as diagram in the question ~~

v)Procedure
1. The wooden disc with surface area 2 cm2 is put under the wooden support.
2. Placed 100 g metal weight on the top of wooden rod as shown in diagram above.
3. Measured the depth of wooden sinks in the plasticine using the ruler
4. The experiment is repeated using different sizes of wooden disc, 4 cm2 , 6 cm2 , 8 cm2 and 10 cm2.
vii)Result

viii) Analyse data

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3.1 3.2
3.2 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
Density

1. Density (

mass

volume

) is defined as ..
kg mper unit . The SI unit for density is ..
-3

Density () =

mass
volume

m
V

2. Change of unit example:

800 kg m-3 =

800 kg
m3

(800)(10 3 )
(10 2 ) 3
=

(800)(1000)
1000000

800
1000

= 0.8 g cm-3

3. Example 1: Calculate the density of a stone of mass 250 g if its volume is 100 cm3.

m
V

250 g
100 cm 3

2 500 kg m-3

= 2.5 g cm-3 = .

4. Example 2: Abu with mass 60 kg, when he is totally immersed in a tank of water, the water level raise
1 liter 1000cm 3

by 55 liter. (

Density, =

)
m
V

60,000 g
55,000 cm 3
=

1.091

= .. g cm-3 = .. kg m-3

The Pressure in Liquids

all
Pressure in liquids acts in ..
directions.

1 091

Pressure in liquids _ increase __ with depth.

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3.1 3.2

Shape and size _ does not___ influence the pressure

The higher the density the _ higher __ the pressure.

The pressure in a liquid is the product of depth, density and gravitational acceleration.
P=

The above formula can be derived from the following steps:

Ah

Mass of a cylinder of water, m = V =

mg
Weight of the cylinder of water, W = ..
= Ah g

A cylinder of water
A
h
Volume
V = Ah

The pressure of water at the base of the cylinder of water is,

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3.1 3.2
Water pressure, P =

F
A

W
A

m g
A

Ah g
A

gh
=

Example :1. An air bubble is at a depth of 5 m below the surface of a lake . What is the pressure of water on the
bubble if the density of the water is 1000 kg m-3?
P=hg
= 5 x 1000 x 10
= _50 000_ Pa

Example 2. The figure shows a high tin with a length of 100 cm is filled to the full with water.
If the pressure caused by the water at point P is 8000 Pa, What is the value of L?
(Density of water = 1000 kg m - 3 )
h

= 8 000 / ( 1000 x 10 )

0.8 m = 80 cm

= 100 h = 20 cm

Example 3 A balloon is situated at 10 m below sea level, what is the total pressure experience by the
balloon ? [ The density of sea water is 1100 kg m-3 ]
Total Pressure,
P = Atmospheric pressure + Liquid pressure
= 100,000 N m-2 + g h
(1100)(10)(10)
= 100,000 + ..
110,000
= 100,000 + ..

Atmospheric
pressure at sea
level :
Patm = 1.0 x105
Pa

210,000 N m-2
=
210,000 Pa
= .

Example 4. Given that the density of mercury is 13600kgm-3. Calculate the pressure of mercury at a point 25cm
from the mercury surface (g=10ms-2)
Solution:
P

=
=

gh
(13600)(10)(0.25)

34 kPa

Example 5. The figure shows a glass tube filled with 50cm height of liquid M and 30cm height of liquid N.
-3
-2
The densities of liquid M and N are 1000kgm-3and Liquid
2500kgm
M respectively. By giving g=10ms , what is the

pressure of
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Liquid N
y

50cm

30cm

3.1 3.2
a) liquid M at point x
b) liquid M and N at point y
Solution:
a) P =

gh

(1000)(10)(0.5)

5 kPa / 5000 Nm-2

b) P =

(gh)M + (gh)N

(1000)(10)(0.5) + (2500)(10)(0.3)

5 kPa + 7.5 kPa

12.5 kPa

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