30/03/2011

Serviceability Numerical Analysis

Dr Andrew Lees
Frederick University
University, Cyprus and Geofem Ltd
Ltd.

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Introduction

Today

SLS Design
ULS Design
D i
ULS Design example

Tomorrow

Work in progress

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Today
Serviceability
y Numerical Analysis
y

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

SLS

FEA well-suited to SLS design

Predominantly elastic deformations
= 1.0
10

More emphasis in EC7 on deformation prediction

Experience
Soil characterisation
EC7 has formalised the process more
Appropriate for limit state (e.g. use peak for SLS, cs for ULS)

Stiffness parameters

Linear (uniform or varying with depth)

Stress-dependent
Strain-dependent
Anisotropic
BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

ULS

FEA not generally suited to ULS in EC7 (still many

issues to resolve)
ULS issues

Effect of constitutive model

Effect of deformations, consolidation
Meshing effects
Effect of stress ratio K0
Experience of ULS design using FEA
Influence of structural elements

EC7 issues:

Effect of design approach (DA)

When and where to apply partial factors?
Are National Annex partial factor values intended for FEA?

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

ULS Partial factors

Material factoring (DA1(2) and DA3):

More suited to FEA

Load
d and
d resistance ffactoring ((DA1(1)
( ) and
d DA2))
Straightforward for external loads (e.g. shallow foundation)
More difficult for geotechnical loads (e.g. retaining wall)
Loads: factor effect of actions
Resistances (DA2): difficult. Some NAs allow DA3.

Partial factors can be applied in two ways:

Continuous factoring:
factors applied
throughout
all
g partial
p
pp
g
stages
Discontinuous factoring: characteristic values in all construction
stages with separate ULS verification suited to -c reduction
procedure for material factoring

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Embedded cantilever diaphragm wall

Double-propped, 8m high, 8m embedment
2D plane strain FEA
Linear soil stiffness (increasing with depth)
Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion

k = 27

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Material factoring: -c reduction

2 50
2.50
2.25

2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25

k = 27

1.00
0

50

100

150

200

250

W ll ttoe deflection
Wall
d fl ti ((mm))

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Load and resistance factoring

'h (kPa)
0

100

200

300

-2

-4

-6

-8

k = 27

K0=0.546
Analysis
output x1.35

-10

K0=1.0
Analysis
output x1.35

-12

-14

-16

h = Kp v/1.4
BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Bending moment (kNm/m)

-800 -600 -400 -200

200

Prop load (kN/m)

400

-200

200

400

600

0
Upper

+49%
4

Lower

+11%

k = 27

10

DA1
cont.
DA2

12

14

16

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Prop load (kN/m)

Bending moment (kNm/m)

-800 -600 -400 -200

200

400

-200

200

400

600

0
Upper

+17%
Lower

+9%

+4%

DA1
cont.

k = 27

DA1
discont.

10

12

14

16

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Bending moment (kNm/m)

-800 -600 -400 -200

200

Prop load (kN/m)

400

-200

200

400

600

0
Upper

+18%
Lower

k = 27

10

+9%

+25%
DA1
cont.
DA1 K0

K0 based on d
instead of k

12

14

16

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Bending moment (kNm/m)

-800 -600 -400 -200

200

Prop load (kN/m)

400

-200

200

400

600

0
Upper

+30%

Lower

k = 27

10

DA1
cont.
DA1 E

Halve soil
stiffness

12

14

16

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Numerical analysis and EC7

Numerical methods explicitly recommended in EC7.

But insufficient provision in the clauses
SLS design relatively straightforward
ULS design:
Many issues to overcome
For now, employ careful validation practices

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Tomorrow
Serviceability
y Numerical Analysis
y

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Tomorrow

Work in progress

Eurocode 7 Committee Task Group

NAFEMS Geotechnical
G
h i l Committee
C
i
Needs a Europe-wide effort

Amend EC7?

Annex covering numerical methods

Suitably qualified and experienced personnel (SQEP)
Link to Geotechnical Categories

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

30/03/2011

Tomorrow

EASIT2 Project (www.easit2.eu)

Defining the generic competences needed in engineering analysis

Preparing
P
i
a competence framework
f
k for
f recording
di
analyst
l
competences and identifying training needs
Launching a Skills Passport providing recognition of achievement
of competences
Could be adopted and modified for geotechnical analysis
And referred to in EC7?

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011

Obtaining Parameters

Guidebook Obtaining Geotechnical Parameters for

y
Numerical Analysis
Available next year

www.nafems.org

BGA Symposium Eurocode 7 Today and Tomorrow, Cambridge, England, March 2011