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5 PLEOMORPHIC XANTOASTROCYTOMA
Suatu neoplasma yang mempunyai prognosa baik. Jika aktifitas mitosis
menjadi dominan, dapat berubah menjadi dominandan meningkat menjadi
anaplastik astrositoma. Lokasi paling sering di supratentorial pada
meningoserebral, didaerah serebral khususnya lobus temporalis.
Gambaran makroskopiknya menempel pada meningan dan sering
disertai kista, kadang bentuk nodul dengan dinding kista. Gambaran
mikroskopik tampak campuran sel-sel tumor pleomorfik, bervariasi dari
astrosit fibriler biasa hingga berbentuk raksasa yang multinuklear. Istilah
xanthoastrocytoma mengarah pada fakta bahwa banyak sel-sel dari neoplasma
ini memperlihatkan akumulasi intrasel pada lipid.
http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/types-of-tumors/astrocytoma.html
Astrocytomas are tumors that arise from astrocytesstar-shaped cells that
make up the glue-like or supportive tissue of the brain.
These tumors are graded on a scale from I to IV based on how normal or
abnormal the cells look. There are low-grade astrocytomas and high-grade
astrocytomas. Low-grade astrocytomas are usually localized and grow
slowly. High-grade astrocytomas grow at a rapid pace and require a different
course of treatment. Most astrocytoma tumors in children are low grade. In
adults, the majority are high grade.
the astrocytomas. Two other, less well known grade I astrocytomas are
cerebellar astrocytoma and desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma.
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Description
Pilocytic Astrocytomas generally form sacs of fluid (cysts), or may be
enclosed within a cyst. Although they are usually slow-growing, these tumors
can become very large.
Treatment
Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, if and
how far it has spread, previous treatment received, and the patients overall
health. Treatment methods for the various types of astrocytomas are briefly
explained below.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma: These tumors are often removed by surgery
alone. In adults and older children, radiation may follow surgery if the tumor
cannot be completely removed. Or, the patient may be watched carefully for
signs that the tumor has returned.
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On this page
Brain tumours
Astrocytomas
Grading of astrocytomas
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Causes of astrocytomas
Symptoms
Tests
Treatment
Your feelings
Added information
References and thanks
We hope this information answers your questions. If you have any further
questions, you can ask your doctor or nurse at the hospital where you are
having treatment.
Brain tumours
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The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). The
brain controls the different functions of the body, how we think, feel, learn and
move. The spinal cord is made up of nerves that run down the middle of the
back (spine). Messages from the brain go back and forwards to organs in the
body through the spinal cord.
Cells in the CNS normally grow in an orderly and controlled way. If for some
reason this process gets out of control, the cells continue to divide and form a
lump called a tumour.
A tumour may be either benign or malignant. Benign tumours may continue to
grow, but the cells do not spread from the original site. In a malignant tumour,
the cells can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and may spread to other
parts of the brain.
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Astrocytomas are a type of glioma. Gliomas start in glial cells, which support
and protect nerve cells in the brain (neurons).
Astrocytomas are the most common type of glioma and develop from a starshaped cell called an astrocyte. They can occur in most parts of the brain and
occasionally in the spinal cord.
People of any age can develop an astrocytoma. In adults they most
commonly grow in the main part of the brain, the cerebrum and the chance of
developing one increases as people get older. The cerebrum is made up of
the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes (see diagram
above). Tumours in the cerebellum are more common in children and young
people.
Grading of astrocytomas
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Grading is about how the tumour cells look when they are examined under a
microscope. The grade gives an idea of how quickly the tumour may grow.
There are four grades - grades 1 and 2 are low-grade and grades 3 and 4 are
high-grade.
Low-grade astrocytomas are usually slow growing and are not likely to
spread. Grade 1 astrocytic tumours can sometimes be removed with surgery
and are then unlikely to come back. Grade 2 tumours can sometimes be
removed but may come back after surgery.
High-grade astrocytomas are more likely to grow quickly and spread to
other parts of the brain. It is common for the tumour to come back after
treatment. This is known as a recurrence. Further treatment will probably be
necessary.
The four grades of astrocytoma are also sometimes known by names:
Low-grade astrocytomas
Grade 1 pilocytic astrocytoma
Grade 2 low-grade (diffuse) astrocytoma
High-grade astrocytomas
Grade 3 anaplastic astrocytoma
Grade 4 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
Causes of astrocytomas
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As with most brain tumours, the cause is unknown but research is going on to
find out more.
Symptoms
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Symptoms of astrocytomas can develop slowly or more quickly depending on
how fast the tumour grows and where it is in the brain.
Sometimes the first symptoms are caused by increase in pressure in the brain
(called raised intracranial pressure). This may be caused by a blockage in the
ventricles (fluid-filled spaces of the brain), which leads to a build-up of the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is the fluid that surrounds and protects the
brain and the spinal cord. This increased pressure may also be caused by
swelling around the tumour itself. Raised intracranial pressure can cause
headaches, sickness (vomiting) and vision problems.
Common symptoms of astrocytomas include headaches and fits (seizures).
Other symptoms relate to the area of the brain that is affected:
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frontal lobe may cause gradual changes in mood and personality, weakness
or numbness of one side of the body
temporal lobe problems with coordination and speech, and it may affect
memory
parietal lobe may cause problems with writing and weakness or numbness of
one side of the body.
Tests
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Your doctors need to find out as much as possible about the type, position
and size of the tumour so they can plan your treatment. You may have a
number of different tests.
The doctor will examine you and do tests on your nervous system. This
includes checking your reflexes and the power and feeling in your arms and
legs. They also shine a light at the back of your eye to check if the optic nerve
is swollen, which can be a sign of raised pressure in the brain. You will also
have blood tests taken to check your general health and to see how well your
kidneys are working.
A CT brain scan or MRI brain scan will be done to find the exact position and
size of the tumour.
CT (computerised tomography) scan
A CT scan takes a series of x-rays that build up a three-dimensional picture of
the inside of the body. The scan is painless and only takes a few minutes. CT
scans use small amounts of radiation, which is very unlikely to harm you or
anyone you come into contact with.
You will be given an injection of a dye, which allows particular areas to be
seen more clearly. This may make you feel hot all over for a few minutes. If
you are allergic to iodine or have asthma you could have a more serious
reaction to the injection, so its important to let your doctor know beforehand.
Watch our video about having a CT scan at macmillan.org.uk/testsandscans
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan
This test is similar to a CT scan but uses magnetism instead of x-rays to build
up a detailed picture of areas of your body. Before the scan you may be asked
to complete and sign a checklist. This is to make sure its safe for you to have
an MRI scan.
Before having the scan, youll be asked to remove any metal belongings
including jewellery. Some people are given an injection of dye into a vein in
the arm. This is called a contrast medium and can help the images from the
scan show up more clearly. During the test you will be asked to lie very still on
a couch inside a long cylinder (tube) for about 30 minutes. Its painless but
can be slightly uncomfortable, and some people feel a bit claustrophobic
during the scan. Its also noisy but youll be given earplugs or headphones.
Biopsy
To diagnose an astrocytoma you usually need to have a small sample of
tissue removed from the tumour (biopsy). This involves an operation. A
neurosurgeon makes a small hole in the skull and passes a fine needle into
the tumour to remove a small sample from it. A CT scan is done at the same
time to help guide the surgeon to the exact area. Your doctor will explain
whether a biopsy is necessary in your case, and what the operation involves.
Treatment
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Your treatment will depend on a number of factors. This includes whether the
tumour is slow growing (low-grade) or fast growing (high-grade), its size and
position, and your general health.
A team of different specialists will plan your treatment. This will usually include
doctors who specialise in treating conditions of the brain (a neurologist or
neurosurgeon), a cancer doctor who specialises in treating brain tumours
(oncologist) and a specialist nurse.
Your doctor will explain the aims of your treatment, its benefits and
disadvantages and the risks of treatment. You and your doctor can then
decide on the treatments that are right for your situation.
If you have raised intracranial pressure, it's important this is reduced before
treatment begins. You may be given medicines (steroids) to reduce swelling
around the tumour. If you have raised pressure due to a build-up of CSF, a
tube (shunt) may be inserted into your brain to drain off the excess fluid.
Consent
Before you have any treatment, your doctor will tell you about its aims and
what it involves. They will usually ask you to sign a form saying that you give
your permission (consent) for the hospital staff to give you the treatment. No
medical treatment can be given without your consent.
Benefits and disadvantages of treatment
Treatment can be given for different reasons and the potential benefits will
vary depending on the individual situation. If you have been offered treatment
that aims to cure your cancer, deciding whether to have the treatment may not
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs, which destroy
cancer cells. It may be given alone to treat an astrocytoma, or with surgery
and radiotherapy.
You may have chemotherapy given into a vein (intravenously) or as tablets. It
may also be given by placing implants containing chemotherapy into the
brain. This is done during an operation to remove or shrink the tumour. These
implants, called Gliadel implants, are small wafers or discs, which contain
the chemotherapy drug carmustine. The surgeon will place up to eight wafers
in the space where the tumour was. As the wafers dissolve, the drug is slowly
released. This method of giving chemotherapy is only suitable for some
people with high grade tumours. Your doctors will let you know if its suitable
for you.
Side effects
Your doctor or specialist nurse will tell you what to expect. They can prescribe
drugs to reduce some side effects and give you advice on what you can do to
manage side effects. One of the main side effects is risk of infection.
Chemotherapy temporarily reduces the number of white blood cells which
help fight infection. Other side effects will depend on the drugs used and can
include, feeling sick, sore mouth, or possible hair loss. Always let your doctor
or nurse know about any side effects you have.
Steroids
Steroids are drugs that are used to reduce swelling around the tumour. They
improve symptoms and help you to feel better. If you have raised pressure in
the brain you will be treated with steroids straightaway.
You usually have them as tablets. Some of the side effects include:
indigestion, weight gain, restlessness, agitation and sleep disturbance. Let
your doctor or nurse know if these are causing problems or you notice any
other side effects. Taking steroids with food can help reduce indigestion. Your
doctor may also prescribe medication to prevent it. It is very important to take
steroids exactly as they have been prescribed.
Medicines and seizures
If you have a seizure (fit), you may be given a medicine called an
anticonvulsant to help prevent them.
After treatment
Some people may need support to help them to recover from their symptoms
after treatment. This may be from a physiotherapist to help improve your
balance, walking or strength. Occupational therapists can provide equipment
and help you be more independent. Other services such as speech therapy or
psychological support services are also available.
You will be monitored very closely after treatment with regular scans and
check-ups at clinic.
Your feelings
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Being diagnosed with a brain tumour may feel very frightening at times. You
may have many different feelings, including anxiety, anger, fear or feeling low
or depressed. Many people go through these and its important to get the
support you need.
You may find it helpful to talk things over with family and close friends and
with your doctor or nurse. You can also talk to one of our support service
nurses. Sometimes people need more help to cope with difficult feelings of
anxiety or depression. Your doctor can refer you to a counsellor or
psychologist for more support.
Added information
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You may not be allowed to drive for a period of time depending on the
treatment you have had and if you have had any fits (seizures). Although this
can be upsetting its important to follow the advice you are given. Your doctor
will ask you to contact the Drivers and Vehicle Licensing Association (DVLA).
It is your responsibility to contact the DVLA. Your doctor or nurse will explain
what you need to do.
References and thanks
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This information has been compiled using a number of reliable sources,
including:
Astrocytoma Tumors
August, 2005
Astrocytomas are the most common glioma, accounting for
about half of all primary brain and spinal cord tumors.
Astrocytomas develop from star-shaped glial cells called
astrocytes, part of the supportive tissue of the brain. They
may occur in many parts of the brain, but most commonly in
the cerebrum. They occur less commonly in the spinal cord.
People of all ages can develop astrocytomas, but they are
more prevalent in adults, particularly middle-aged men.
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http://www.artikelkedokteran.com/707/referat-astrocytoma.html
PENDAHULUAN
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EPIDEMIOLOGI
Astrositoma derajat I dan II disebut sebagai astrositoma derajat rendah
(ADR), dan astrositoma derajat III dan IV disebut sebagai astrositoma
derajat tinggi (ADT). Di Indonesia, astrositoma merupakan keganasan
otak tersering kedua setelah meningioma, selama periode 2003-2010,
Departemen RSCM mendapatkan 60 kasus astrositoma dengan 30
kasus merupakan astrositoma derajat rendah (ADR) dan 19 kasus
merupakan astrositoma derajat tinggi (ADT), sedangkan sisanya
merupakan tipe campuran. Untuk Astrositoma derajat rendah (ADR),
dilaporkan pria lebih sedikit mendominasi yaitu rasio pria dan wanita
adalah 1,18 : 1. Pria juga mendominasi perkembangan astrositoma
anaplastik dengan rasio pria dan wanita 1,87. (1,5,6)
Kebanyakan kasus astrositoma pilositik timbul pada 2 dekade awal
kehidupan. Tetapi pada astrositoma derajat rendah, 25% kasus berlaku
pada orang dewasa pada usia 30-40 tahun, 10% astrositoma derajat
rendah terjadi pada orang berumur kurang dari 20 tahun, 60%
astrositoma derajat rendah terjadi pada usia 20-45 tahun dan 30% pada
astrositoma derajat rendah terjadi pada usia > 45 tahun. Lokasi yang
paling sering pada fronto-temporo-parietal terletak pada cerebrum,
dengan predominan pada lobus rontalis (64%) yang diikuti lobus
temporalis (29%).(1,5,6)
ETIOLOGI
Sejumlah penelitian epidemiologi belum berhasil menentukan faktor
penyebab terjadinya tumor otak, terkecuali pemaparan terhadap sinarX. Anak-anak dengan leukemia limfositik akut yang menerima
radioterapi profilaksis pada susunan saraf pusat akan meningkatkan
resiko untuk menderita astrositoma, bahkan glioblastoma. Tumor ini
juga dihubungkan dengan makanan yang banyak mengandung
senyawa nitroso (seperti nitosurea, nitrosamine, dan lain-lain). Saat ini
penelitian yang menghubungkan tumor jenis ini dengan kerentanan
genetik tertentu terus dikembangkan. Tumor ini sering dihubungkan
dengan berbagai sindroma seperti Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, mutasi
Germline p53, Turcot Syndrome, dan neurofibromatosis tipe 1 (NF-1). (1)
PATOFISIOLOGI
Astrositoma adalah kelompok tumor SSP primer yang tersering.
Astrositoma adalah sekelompok neoplasma heterogen yang berkisar
dari lesi berbatas tegas tumbuh lambat seperti astrositoma pilositik
hingga neoplasma infiltratif, yang sangat ganas seperti glioblastoma
multiform. Astrositoma fibriler (difus) mempunyai pertumbuhan yang
infiltratif. Meskipun paling sering ditemukan pada orang dewasa, tumor
ini dapat timbul pada semua usia. Tumor tipe ini paling sering
ditemukan pada hemisferium serebri meskipun dapat ditemukan
dimana saja pada SSP. Astrositoma pilositik lebih sering terjadi pada
anak meskipun dapat timbul pada semua usia. Tempat yang paling
sering terkena adalah serebelum, ventrikel ketiga, dan saraf optikus,
tetapi seperti pada kasus astrositoma fibrilar (difus), semua bagian SSP
dapat terkena.(1)
Astrositoma menginfiltrasi otak dan sering berkaitan dengan kista dalam
berbagai ukuran. Walaupun menginfiltrasi jaringan otak, efeknya pada
fungsi otak hanya sedikit sekali pada permulaan penyakit. Pada
umumnya, astrositoma tidak bersifat ganas walaupun dapat mengalami
perubahan keganasan menjadi glioblastoma, suatu astrositoma yang
sangat ganas. Tumor-tumor ini pada umumnya tumbuh lambat. Oleh
karena itu, penderita sering tidak datang berobat walaupun tumor sudah
berjalan bertahun-tahun sampai timbul gejala.(7)
Astrositoma merupakan tumor yang berpotensi tumbuh menjadi invasif,
progresif, dan menimbulkan berbagai gejala klinik. Tumor ini akan
menyebabkan penekanan pada jaringan otak sekitarnya, invasi dan
destruksi pada parenkim otak. Fungsi parenkim akan terganggu karena
hipoksia arterial dan vena, terjadi kompetisi pengambilan nutrisi,
pelepasan produk metabolisme, serta adanya pengaruh pelepasan
mediator radang sebagai akibat lanjut dari hal diatas. Efek massa yang
ditimbulkan, dapat menimbulkan gejala defisit neurologis fokal berupa
kelemahan suatu sisi tubuh, gangguan sensorik, parese/kelemahan
nervus kranialis atau bahkan kejang.(8)
Astrositoma derajat rendah yang merupakan grade II klasifikasi WHO,
akan tumbuh lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan bentuk yang maligna.
Tumor doubling time untuk astrositoma tingkat rendah kira-kira lebih
lambat dari astrositoma anaplastik (grade III astrocytoma). Sering
dibutuhkan beberapa tahun sejak munculnya gejala hingga diagnosa
astrositoma derajat rendah ditegakkan kira-kira sekitar 3,5 tahun.(8)
GEJALA KLINIK
Astrositoma, secara umum dan yang paling banyak dipakai, menurut
World Health Organization dibagi didalam beberapa tipe dan grade: (9)
Astrositoma Pilositik (Grade I)
Tumbuh lambat dan jarang menyebar ke jaringan disekitarnya. Tumor
ini biasa terjadi pada anak-anak dan dewasa muda. Mereka dapat
disembuhkan secara tuntas dan memuaskan. Namun demikian, apabila
mereka menyerang pada tempat yang sukar dijangkau, masih dapat
mengancam hidup.(9)
Astrositoma Difusa (Grade II)
Tumbuh lambat, namun menyebar ke jaringan sekitarnya. Beberapa
dapat berlanjut ke tahap berikutnya. Kebanyakan terjadi pada dewasa
muda.(9)
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Gambaran Histopatologi
Terdapat empat variasi gambaran histopatologi low grade astrocytoma
antara lain, astrositoma protoplasmik,umumnya terdapat pada bagian
korteks dengan sel-sel yang banyak mengandung sitoplasma. Bentuk
ini mencakup 28% dari jenis astrositoma yang menginfiltrasi ke
parenkim sekitarnya, astrositoma gemistositik, sering ditemukan pada
hemisfer serebral orang dewasa terdiri dari sel bundar yang besar
dengan sitoplasma eosinofilik dan eksentrik. Bentuk ini mencakup 510% dari glioma hemisfer, astrositoma fibrilar, merupakan bentuk yang
paling sering ditemukan dan berasal dari massa putih serebral dengan
sel yang berdiferensiasi baik berbentuk oval dan kecil. Tumor ini
ditandai dengan jumlah sel yang meningkat dengan gambaran latar
belakang yang fibriler. Untuk melihat gambaran fibriller ini dapat
digunakan glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) dan campuran.(9)
PENATALAKSANAAN
1. Konservatif
Biasanya, astrositoma anaplastik ditangani dengan operasi, radioterapi,
dan temozolomide adjuvan. Beberapa praktisi menambahkan
temozolomide secara bersamaan, meskipun tidak ada data dari
percobaan terkontrol yang ada untuk mendukung temozolomide
bersamaan.(10,11)
Astrositoma anaplastik biasanya lebih responsif terhadap kemoterapi
dibandingkan glioblastoma. Untuk astrositoma anaplastik berulang yang
sebelumnya diobati dengan nitrosoureas, temozolomide menunjukkan
Temozolomide (Temodar)
Alkilasi agen oral dikonversi ke MTIC pada pH fisiologis; 100% tersedia
secara herbal, sekitar 35% melintasi sawar darah otak.
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2. Operatif
Peran dari operasi pada pasien dengan astrositoma adalah untuk
mengangkat tumor dan untuk menyediakan jaringan untuk diagnosis
histologis, memungkinkan menyesuaikan terapi adjuvan dan prognosis.
(10)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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3.1. Definisi
Astrositoma adalah neoplasma yang berasal dari salah satu sel-sel
penyokong di otak yaitu sel-sel astrosit.Astrositomamerupakan tumor
susunan saraf pusat yang paling sering dijumpai. Pada orang dewasa
tumbuh di hcmisfer serebri. Pada anak-anak dan dewasa muda di
serebelum, dan pada umumnya kistik.
3.2. Insidensi
Astrositoma
3.3. Etiologi
Penyebab Astrositoma hingga saat ini masih belum diketahui secara
pasti, walaupun telah banyak penyelidikan yang dilakukan. Adapun
faktor-faktor yang perlu ditinjau, yaitu :
1.Herediter
Riwayat tumor otak dalam satu anggota keluarga jarang
ditemukan kecuali pada meningioma, astrositoma dan
neurofibroma dapat dijumpai pada anggota-anggota sekeluarga.
Sklerosis tuberose atau penyakit Sturge-Weber yang dapat
dianggap sebagai manifestasi pertumbuhan baru, memperlihatkan
faktor familial yang jelas. Selain jenis-jenis neoplasma tersebut
tidak ada bukti-buakti yang kuat untuk memikirkan adanya faktorfaktor hereditas yang kuat pada neoplasma.
2.Sisa-sisa Sel Embrional (Embryonic Cell Rest)
Bangunan-bangunan embrional berkembang menjadi bangunanbangunan yang mempunyai morfologi dan fungsi yang terintegrasi
dalam tubuh. Tetapi ada kalanya sebagian dari bangunan
embrional tertinggal dalam tubuh, menjadi ganas dan merusak
bangunan di sekitarnya. Perkembangan abnormal itu dapat terjadi
pada kraniofaringioma, teratoma intrakranial dan kordoma.
3.Radiasi
Jaringan dalam sistem saraf pusat peka terhadap radiasi dan dapat
mengalami perubahan degenerasi, namun belum ada bukti radiasi
dapat memicu terjadinya suatu glioma. Pernah dilaporkan bahwa
meningioma terjadi setelah timbulnya suatu radiasi.
4.Substansi-substansi Karsinogenik
Penyelidikan tentang substansi karsinogen sudah lama dan luas
dilakukan. Kini telah diakui bahwa ada substansi yang karsinogenik
seperti methylcholanthrone, nitroso-ethyl-urea. Ini berdasarkan
percobaan yang dilakukan pada hewan.
3.4. Klasifikasi
3.7.Diagnosis Diferensial
Tanda khas glioma berupa lesi yang bentuknya ireguler, berdensitas
heterogen dengan enhancement cincin yang tebalnya bervariasi
biasanya dapat dibedakan dari suatu meningioma yang bentuknya
lebih reguler dan densitasnya lebih homogen (pada pemeriksaan
dengan media kontras).
Bila lesinya tunggal, tidak selalu dapat dibedakan antara glioma dari
metastasis, limfoma atau sarkoma.Pada beberapa kasus, pola CT dari
infark serebri dapat menyerupai suatu glioma. Bila di ferensiasinya
tidak dapat dibuat pada CT polos, ulangan CT dapat dilakukan 7- 10
hari kemudian.
Hal-hal penting dalam diagnosis diferensial suatu infark adalah :
bentuknya reguler dibatasi vaskuler, efek masa kurang dibanding
dengan glioma. Pada umumnya menyebabkan gyral enhancement dan
jarang menunjukkan enhancement noduler atau cincin tipis di bagian
perifernya.
3.8. Penatalaksanaan.
Tumor pilositik hemisfer harus dieksisi sebisa mungkin, karena
hampir seratus persen pasien dapat bertahan hidup sepuluh
tahun setelah dioperasi. Garis tengah astrositoma harus dieksisi
sebisa mungkin, tetapi tumor-tumor yang anaplasia cenderung
untuk menyebar didalam neuraxis, dan direkomendasikan
penatalaksanaan lanjutan berupa radiasi lokal sampai radiasi
craniospinal ditambah dengan kemoterapi.
Semua model utama pengobatan kanker,yaitu operasi, radiasi, dan
kemoterapi, dipakai untuk menatalaksana astrositoma maligna.
Pendekatan ini identik baik untuk astrositoma anaplastik maupun
glioblastoma, namun memiliki prognosis yang berbeda. Dengan
penatalaksanaan yang identik, median lamanya bertahan untuk pasien
dengan astrositoma anaplastik ialah 3 tahun, dengan beberapa pasien
yang masih bisa bertahan sampai satu dekade atau lebih. Namun
demikian, angka bertahan hidup secara keseluruhan untuk pasien
glioblastoma ialah hanya sekitar 1 tahun, dan jarang sekali yang dapat
bertahan sampai 3 tahun.
Terdapat faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap angka bertahan
hidup pasien. Dewasa muda secara signifikan dapat bertahan hidup
3.9. Prognosis
Pasien dengan Astrositoma grade rendah dapat bertahan hidup sampai
lima tahun. Rentang kemampuan untuk bertahan hidup bervariasi,
dimana beberapa pasien hanya dapat bertahan selama satu tahun,
tetapi ada yang sanggup untuk bertahan hidup hingga sepuluh tahun
ke depan. Sebagian besar pasien meninggal karena tumor yang telah
berkembang ke grade yang lebih tinggi.
Pasien yang menderita glioblastoma multiform sebagian besar hanya
dapat bertahan sampai satu tahun, sedangkan pada anaplastic
astrocytoma rata-rata dapat bertahan hidup sampai tiga tahun. Tumor
sering kali muncul kembali lokal dan secepatnya harus diterapi
kembali. Namun, sebagian pasien dapat hidup sampai sepuluh tahun
tanpa adanya tumor rekuren.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Organization.Classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics-tumours of the
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Rich JN.Malignant Neural Tumors.In: Johnson RT,Griffin JW,McArthur
JC,Current Theraphy in Neurologic Disease. 6th ed.London.