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CHAPTER 15
Respiratory System
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Table 15.2
SOUND
Adventitious Sounds
OCCURRENCE
Q UA L I T Y
CAUSES
Fine
High-pitched, short,
crackling
Collapsed or fluid-filled
alveoli open
Coarse
Collapsed or fluid-filled
alveoli open
Wheezes
(sibilant)
Expiration
Inspiration when
severe
High-pitched, continuous
Blocked airflow as in
asthma, infection, foreign
body obstruction
Ronchi
(sonorous)
Expiration/inspiration
Change/disappear with
cough
Low-pitched, continuous,
snoring, rattling
Fluid-blocked airways
Stridor
Inspiration
Obstructed upper
airway
Friction rub
Inhalation/exhalation
Low-pitched grating,
rubbing
Pleural inflammation
Rales/
Crackles
Ronchi