Ethics Aptitude Integrity Pavan Kumar IAS (Shashidthakur23.Wordpress - Com)

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PAVAN KUMAR'S I
(,\ ca d l' 11 1y o f ( ; c n c r a I S t u d i c s a n d P u hI i c A d 111 in is t r a t i o
11
ETHICS, INTEG"IRTY
AND
APTITUDE
8/4, First Floor,

._.._. . pp. Agar\\af S\\'Cct,
Jd Rajinder Nagar,
e" Delhi - I J0060
624, Third Floo1:~

M ul<herjec Na gar,
Near Agaawal S\\'Cet,
Delhi - 110009.
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
\\'h:H is (' (hi('S'?
,
I' I h il'$ is a S)'SI""' 0 r mo ra I pri nci pks and a branch 0 r Phi losop hy !hat de fines what is good
I~)J
indi' iduals and society.
1\t its simplest, ethics is a sysrem of moral principles. They affec( how people make decisions
nnd lead their li ves.
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as
moral philosophy.
The term is deri veo from the Greek \\'Ord ethos whi ch can mean custom, habit, character or
disposition.
Ethics covers the following dilemmas:
ho'v to li ve a good life
our righ ts and responsibilities
rhe language of right and wrong
moral decisions - what is good and bad? . .
;.;
Our concepts of e thics have been derived from re ligions, philosophies and cultures. They
, inft1se debates on topics like abortion. human ri ghts and professional conduct.
-: Approaches to ethics
Philosophers nowadays tend to divide ethica l theories into three areas: metaethics, normative
ethics and applied ethics.
Meta-ethics deals with the nature of moral judgement lt looks at the origins and meaning
of ethical principles.
Normative ethics !s concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for
what is righ(or wrong.
Applied ethics looks at controversial topics like war, animal ri ghts and capital punishment
\\'hat use is ethics?
Ethics needs to provide answers. ~a5Geafte J rf;fif!Qii=

.~~ .
If ethical rheories are to be useful in pract ice~ they need to affect the way human beings
if a person realises that it

that persoa1 not to do it.
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

Hut hutnau ht.inp:-;
, . o tkn
hd~av irrntio nall ,v
c t' cv( n w he n tiH.' Ir

- th <:>y follow Ll<.:
I i r ' -
p ut .111!, 1111
. . . k r. ng a l )O t ll rn ora I .asst
. IC S
I 1~\('\ c t ..c.. t.lu c.s dot:s provtck good tool <.; fo r. tlun
Er h ic.s c.' :ln fH 'O\' idc
:l
lll<>ral map
~l,>st
uthaarguing.
na <; ia forwhile
startca
~;.
111<\ral issues get us prcuy worked up - think of aborti.on a nd
do ethe
our
lke ause th ese arc s uch e m o ti o na l iss ue s we o ft e n le t o ur hea rts
hrains jwa go with the n ow .
sophers
can come
in th~re'
s
3nothcr way of tackli11g these issues, a11d that,s w 1 crc .phila ocoo
ler view
of moral
t ley ofkr
,. us c th.cal rul es and prmc
. .tp Ies tI1at e n ab le u s to t ake
But
I
problem '.
So
' cth 1cs pro vrd
. es us With
. a m oral map, a fram ework that we
di Cficuh i ssues.
can use to fi nd o ur way through

:\
E thic - ca n pinpoi nt a dis ag r eem ent

lls 111g thl.! trame\\ Ork o f eth1 cs. two people w ho are argUing a
moral issue can often lind that

I I
" 1at t1cy d rsagree
a
out
rs
JUSt
one
parllcu
ar
pan
o
1
> u ,
.

1
t' tl e ; -s..-e and that they broadly agree on
b
e \ ery thing e.lse.
That can take a lot of heat

- rcsoh'e their probl em .
out of the argument. and
sometime~ even hin( at a way for them to
But Stllll~times ethics doesn't provide peopl e with the son of help that they rea ll y
Wa!l
E thics doesn't ai\'c

riab ht answcrs
b
Ethics doesn't always show the right answer to moral problems.

Indeed more and more people think that for many ethica l issues there isn't a single righl
answer -just a set of principles that can be applied to particular cases to give those involved
some clear choices.
Some philosophers go further and say that all ethi cs can do is eliminate con fusion and clarif)
the issues. After that it's up to each individual to come to thei r own co nclusions.
l~rhics can gi\'e Se\'cral answers

Man) peopk '-ant there to be a single right answer to ethical questions. Thev fi n
hard to fi ve with
genuinely want to do tht> 'ri ght' thing: and ,
ambigui~y
be~ause t~ey
tbry cant "Ork out what that nglu

riptanswer
duna is. they like the idea that 'sorncwltere' th
veral righl an
,..IWIII!t!n
thenL
\'t 1
or iu
re 1!1 one
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

F\w others mo r:tl ambiguity is difticult because it fo rces them to l k
...
.
.
.
a e responstbtbty
ownd101CCS and actiOnS. rather tha n fallm g back. on convenient r 1
u es and eustoms.
fo~
the
tr
Ethics a nd peo ple

:
thic is a bo ut the 'other '
Ethics is concerned with other people

At the heart of ethics is a concern about something or someone other than ourselves and our
own desires and self-interest.
Ethics is co nc~ rn~d with other people's interests. with the interests
interests. \\'ith "ultimate goods", and so on .
So when a person 'thinks ethically' the y are givi ng at least some
. themselves.
or society.
th<?_~g.ht
with God's
to something beyond
.i
E thics a so urce of group st re ngth
One problem with ethics is the way it's often -used as a "veapon.
I f a group be li~ves that a particular acti vity is "wro)g" it can then use morality as the
j ustificat ion for attacki ng those who practice that acti vity.
When people do this. they often see those who they regard as immoral as in some way less
human or deserving of respect than themselves: sometimes with tragic consequences.
Good peo ple as well as good actions
Ethics is no t o nl y abo ut the morality of particular courses of action, but it's also about the
good ness o f indi viduals and what it means to li ve a good li fe.
Virtue Ethics is particularly concerned with the moral character o f human beings .
Searching for the source of right and wrong

At times in the past some people thought t~at ethical problems could be solved in one of two
ways:
by discovering what God
.....
right conclusion.
possible
to devise a satisfactory and
conclusions.
conclusions but to 'decisions'.
PAVAN KUMAR~S lAS

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. I ' l V<.: b <.:C ll 111:1( I . l l 1 1
. ul.tr pr(.)bk' rn. But <'1rtu. tiles<.: tlun gs , l <d he n reac t appr op11<11d
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n 41'>. l 0 w ha t to co,
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P~'''')ll lllll st m.lhl..' th~. .rr own .llldl\'tdual
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An t thic~f s t :t ( (' II H'u( ~ o bjcc ti vd y tntc:)

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ethica l s t nt~ment s provide information about (' lll)' tlll. ng other .than human optnJOrts and
~Htitudcs?
Eth icnl r~alists think thar human beings discover e thica l

indcp~nd~nt e\istencc.
truth~. that
already have an
'
Ethica l non-realists think that human beings invent ethical truth s.
The pn..)bfem for e thical realists is that people follow many diffe rent ethical codt::s aod moral
I eliefs. "'o if there are real ethica l truths ou t there (where\'er!) rh en human beings don't seem
w be ,er) good at discovering them .
One form
or ~thical
.
reali sm teaches that ethical propertit;s ex ist independently o f human
he111gs. and that et hica l statements give "nowlcdge abou t t h~ objecti ve "o rl d.
ro pul it ~Hl<.Hher way~ the ethica l propcrtie~ of the world and th e things in it ex ist and n.::ill.Hl .
lhe s:1me. regardless of what people think or feel - or wh~ther people hink or feel about the m
a1 all.
our ethical ' isms
When a person says "rnurdcr is had" whar arc lhty doing?

lhe son of
que~tion that on Iy a phi losopher would .1sk. hut
11n a clc;u tdca of \\hat's f'O ino on \\hen J>c' J)l

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' re , 'd the pcrwn uII ., Ill
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PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
!'1\\)\\ ~O ill<.' o f the different things ( mi g ht be do

tng whe n 1 s
l 1..'\\ltt1u ~~ th.\t ~ 1 .\tt'ml"nt to s how 'vhat I rea ll y mean :
ay murder is bad' by
\\ 1..'
c.. ',\ll
.. . .
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I
I mu ~ht bl" ma!.-ttlg_ a statc m <: ~ t about an e thi cal fac t
"It is '' rong to murde-r"
This i. moral aeal ism
l might be making a statement about my own feelings
"I disapprove of murder"
This is subje ti,ism

I mi ght be ex press ing my feelings
"Down wilh n1urder"
This is e moti vism
----
I mi ght be gi,ing a n instruction or a prohibition
"Don't murde r people"
This is prescriptivi sm
!\1oral rca lis m
.
t-.1oral rea lism is based on the idea that the re a re real objecti ve moral facts or truths in the
universe. _Moral state me nts provide factua l informati on about those truths.
I
Subjccti,ism
Subjectivis m teaches that moral judgments are nothing more than statements of a person's
feelings or a ni tudes. and that ethical statements do not contain factual truths about goodness
or bad ness.
In more deta il : subjectivists say that moral stateme nts arestatemenls about the f eelings.
allitudes and emolions that that particular person or group has about .a_particular issue.
If a person ~ays something is good or bad they are telling us about the positive or negative
feelings that they ha\e about that something.
telling us that they disapprove of murder.

the appropriate -attitude or have the
.... .
or
than expressions of approval
stal(!lllc!lll do~sn't P1 ol'id
s those feeling.\ .
PAVAN
t.AS.
KU MAR'S
.
w rth
"mu;c~c._
..
lUrdcr <II
11
. g - thumb; d own
li ke
saying
\\'hc..' n :lll c..'mnr "''~'
horri
fi e d "dov.m
says " murl fe r is wron oo .. .,s
I
face, or maklll '"1
,1
.. rnun f,
,\..<.'t'h!'' or ttrsr say111g

cr " ' vhile pullmg
:
. a n"
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. " ""'' I unc
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.
" mt
IS
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!!<'
"' c' :u I he
as sa ymg
. feelings abou t s o m <.! t " " g
~rder "''on~
./ } !
th e ir g ives ::an instructinn

So ,, hl..'n S\.>llli..'OIH.' m akes a m ora. I .l u duc
-=- mc nt . they
. .\how
tl e person
thl..'orists also suggest thar 111
. expressing
. , a fec l1n g 1
~lbout how to act towards the s ubj ec t matte r.
I ()
me ndation s .
Pn'scripti\'ism
11 s or rec 0111
e instruct 10
r sav somethin g is bad.
So if I say something is good. I'm recommend 111 eo You to do 1t and 1 1 ,
Prcscriptivists think that eth1cal s tateme nts ar
J'm te lling you not to do it.
e nt : a n v ethica l
. . e lement m any rea l-world ethtca

. l statein
: a n o u g 111
1
There is almos t a lways a prescnpt1ve
, vitli
. a bH
. o f e ff;ort) in0 a statemen
statemen t can be reworked (wtth
t to 1te ll 1ics " .
1
111
r.
tl. or
C'\ample: "lying is wrong" can be rewnuen

. . a.s .. p~..;"Ople OW':= 1l t no
\\'here docs eth ics come from'?

Philosophers have severitl answers to this question:
God and religion
Human conscience and intuition
a rarionallllo ral cost-beneti analysi s of actions and their effects
rhe example of good human beings
adesire tor the best for pe<?ple in each unique situation
political power
God-based ethics -supernaturalism
,. moral
Supern31uralism
rules is God.makes ethics inseparable. froni religion. It teaches that the only so urce of
So. something
is good because God says it is, and the way to lead a good life is to do \\hat
God
wants.
Ills
chink that l!ood and bad are real objective propen tl

b l k
., . .
. IS
. good because
parts. -Somethmg
it's no dtes. lat can 1 c 'ro en l!O,vn
..a. t
~~~v~
~
~ o . ats l!oodncss doesn t ftt;l <
I
dial goodneSs or badiJCss can be detected b d

J
mora sense lltat enables lhen1 d
Y 8 uhs - they sa\.J rh u I
10
ececr real rnoral truth
'
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

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\til ~
tllt.f\t1\.
ll.tt
\
t,,,,,c
rmH.\1 t tUl h'\
of w hat is
t~oo d and l) <'t<.l .,u l "-.. SC

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d C l1(
- CV I
( 0 (I
p erSO n who
'
~, ~~\ \' i thin!}S ;.u~ ~ht' thin ~s that a s~n sih lc pe rson reali ses are good if th ey spend some time
~ubj~..rt.
P\ n't ...~t't c(.)Jlll.rscd . For the
intuitioni st:
nh.'J.ll tnllh::> arc not disco ,cred by rationa l argument
mor~l truths arc not
mornl truth ' arc no t di co cred by havi ng a fee li ng

It's nwre a sort
or m
discovered by havin g a hunch
ral 'aha' moment- a reali sation o f the truth .
on ' C<.lucnlialis m
This
is
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l' tlh.'H 11\llld {\)\\,\IdS ll\l)l id . k'\S UC<
1 \'ihl 'lllh~ till'
th~
et hical theory that most non-reli gious people think the_y use every day . It bases
mt,ralit~ on the conseque nces of human actions and not on the actio.ns themselves.
Con ~equcntialism teaches that people shou ld do
what~\er
produces the greatest amount of
good consequences.
One famous way of pulling this is 'the grea test good
for . t~e
greatest number of peopl~'.
The most common te rms of con seq ucntialism are the various versions of utilitarianism,
'' hich fa\'our actions tha t produce the grea test amount o f happiness.
Despite its obvious common-sense appeal, conseq uential ism turns out to be a complicated
theory. and doesn't provide a complete so luti on to all e thical probleins.
r,,o problems with consequential ism are:
it can lead to the conclusion that some quite dre~dful acts are good.
predicting and evaluating the consequences of actions is often very difficult
'on-consequentialism or dcontological ethics

Non-consequentialism is concerned with the actions themselves and not with the
consequences. It's the theory that people are using when they refer to "the principle of the
lhing".
11 le8Ches that some acts are right or wrong in themselves, whatever the consequences, and
people should act accordingly.
1
~-
Yll._ ~ta looks virtue or moral character. rather than
a~ ethical duties and rules, or the
indeed some philosop~rs ot this school deny that tlvn can be

~.,.... ct-.ell rules
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

the ir li ves. and less
. d "v idua Js live
Vi r tuc.. erhics is parti_c ularly concerned w ir h the wa Y rn 1
<'O IIC<' I'Il<'d
cx prc~s tlwir inn. r
in asscssiug particular ac1ions.
1
h d~_-, c. ~ lops I he idea o_f good ac tions by look .mg nt t I1e , va)' v .trtuOus pcor c
-.
f t .,. a
goodness i n the things that thev do.
nd 011 1y 1 1 b < n actiOn

. is n.gh t d.' f .?!that
fo pu1 i1 very simph, virlue c1hics leaches 1ha1 an aellon
a v1rtuou~ person is
.
- wou ld do in the same c .trcu rn stances. a n
that a vrnuous
person
someone who has a panicularl y good character.
Sit uation ethics
Situation ethics rejects prescripti ve rules and argues that .10d .1\ ,dua
1 , l eth ica l decis ions should
be made accordi.ng t.o the unique situation.
Rather than followmg

. rules the decson
. .
maker should foli o w a d esire t9
. .seek thed best
d for the
people irn-olved. The~ re are no mora l ru les or n.g1Hs - e ach case is umque an
eserves a
unique so lution.
Ethics and ideology
Some philosophers teach that ethics is the cod ification of po litical id eo logy, and that the
fun ction of eth ics is to state. enforce and preserve partic ul ar politica l be li efs.
?
They usual! y go on to say that ethics is used by the dominant poIit ica I elite as a too I to eon trol
everyo ne e lse.
More cynical writers suggest that power elites enforce an ethi ca l code on other peopte that
helps them control those people, but do not apply thi s code to their own behaviour.
Are lhcre uni\'crsal moral rules?
~uestions
One of the big

in moral philosophy is whether or not the re are unc hanging moral
rules that apply in all cultures and at all times.
Moral absolutism
Some people think there are such uni.versal rules that appl t
, .
.
Y 0 everyone. 1 hts sort of th inkmg
is called moral absolutism.
Moral absolutism argues that there are some moral rule th

;,
5
an be discovered and that these rules apply 10 e
.
at are always true, that these ni+es
veryone.
n~ aas- acts that break these moral rules_ are wron .

oc dJe consequences of those act~.
g 111 themselves, regardless of the
R universal vie" of humanil) _ there . .
as one set of I
.
lllliversat rules - such as the Decta .
ru es for evel) one
14
rataon of Human Righls
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Pdi11.i()ll" ,. j~,, s of et hi cs tend to be absolutist.
..
[\ lany or us kc l th at the conseque nces of an ac( or the eire

, umstances surroundino it are
tde,am to w he ther that act is good or bad
~
Absolu tism doesn't fit w ith respect for dive rsity and tradition
Differen t cu ltures have had diffe re nt attit udes to issues li ke war

t\1onll tcJati vism
l'd orn l re lati\'i sts say tha t if you look a t different c ultures or different.pert.ods h.
'll
~
. tn 1ston you
ttnd tha t they have different moral rules.
Therefore it makes sense to say that "good" refers to the things that a particular group of
people approve of.
t\1oral relati,ists think tha t tha t's just fin e, a nd disp ute the idea thaFthhe are some objective
and discoverable 'super-ru les' that a ll c ultures oug ht to obey. They believe that rel ~t i vism
respects the diversity of huma n socie ties and respo nds to the different circumstances
surrounding hUJna n acts.
\Vhy people disagree with moral relativism:
Many of us fee l that moral rules h ave more to them than the general agreement of a group
of people- that morality is more tha n a super-charged form of etiquette
Many of us think we can be good w ithout conforming to all the rules of socie ty
Moral relativism has a problem with arguing against the majority view: if most people in
society agree with particular rules, that's the end of the matter. Many of the impro,ements
in the world have come about because people opposed the prevailing ethical vie"v - moral
relativists are forced to regard such people as behaving .. badly"
Any choice of soc ial grouping as the foundation of ethics is bound to be arbitrary
Moral relativis m doesn't provide any way to deal with moral differences between societies
Moral somewhere-ilt-bet\\'CCn-ism
Most non-philosophers think that both of the above theories have some good points and think
rhat
there are a few absolute ethical rules
but a lot of erhical rules depend on the culture
10
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

,
Ahour s upcrnaturalis m
.Strpl'rnatu ralis m (God- ba sed e thics )
I'his theory makes ethics depend on Gocf . I t teeach c.. s tha t:
- ..
the on ly source of moral rul es is God
someth ing is good because God says it is
the way to lead a good life is to do wha t God wan ts
c~l n God be the ultimate so urce of good ?

Supernatural is m re l.ies on revelatio ns from God
.
God .
. drrfi1c u 1l to baseeth1cson .
Throughout history one puzzle has made rt
.-~
ls a thing good because God desires it?
or
Does God desire a thing because it is good?
The Ancient Greek philosopher Plato concluded tha t Go~ des ires a <hingbec<:use it is good.
God's desire does n't make a thing good :. the thing \VOuld be good regardless of God.
If Plato is right then the supernatural ism theory is pre tty
\\hat makes something good or bad.
unhelpful~
becau se "it doesn't reveal
God's des ire would be at best a useful way of di scovering what is good and what is bad.
wouldn't tell us anything more than that.
b~t
And here's another problem:
If God desired something that everyone thinks is bad - would that make it good')
Athei~ts and supernaturalism
Ethical atheists and supernaturalism
How do atheis~s de:ive their moral s? Photo:
Mare~ I,
If supernaturalism as true, how can atheists behave i
P"1[;
111
. -
n a consistently nloral \Vay?

If religion is lhe only basis of ethics, it would seem th
.'
basis for lheir moral judgements, and nowhere to turn ~opeo~le who have no faith can ha\"e no
r gurdance on how ro Ii ve.
..
tdleiscs do behave in a consistent moral wa)' s

'
h
w ere do
11
sue people ger their

. nloa ahty
..
16
.l
11
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
d . .
~
s surd~ strange that they so often agree on matters of right and
IOns un erpannmg
moral rules '
1t
..
. for moral Judgements,
.
u, . llHl"h.lll basts
any agreement on moral rule wrong b- smce. they
:~ have no
s must e co..!.n.c1dence.
.
Ont n:spt)nsc the supernaturalist might offer is that the atheist docs d
.
,trt)fll 10d, even though they are unaware of it. The supernaturalist
en ve 1HS
or
her
ethacs
h
h
b . . , . . .
.
mtg l say t at not
t te\ mg 111 God docs not mean the athetst wou ld have no aware-ness of a G d b
d h.
.
.
.
o
ase
e t 1cs,
and hence t he1r agreement can be ex pia t ned despt te the atheist's different belie rs.
And ance
ath~ist s and believers totally disagree on the foundaf
Constr-uctionism de\'alues God - based et hics
So me who are observant followers of a re ligion accept that God is a human construction and
not a supernatural being.
If this is so, tlien bod-based e thics a re no different from human Iy constructed et hies based on
cultural tradi tions and rituals.
~
Different Gods leads to moral disagreeinent
Since there are many different religions, with different understand ings of God and di ffe rent
moral codes, God-based ethics is bound to produce moral di sagreement.
.
-.
God-based ethics provides no way of dea ling wi th ,eth ical conflicts bet\Veen different
religions.
I
Fearing God a_s a basis for good behaviour
People may follow the rules of God-based ethics because they are fearful of being punished
by God in thi s fife or in some afterl ife.
Many theologians teach that a fear- and power-based relationship with God ts an
inappropriate relationship to have with a loving God and leads to a bad spirit~allife.
Many theologians .and ethicists argu~ that such
for human power and family relationships.
a relationship with God provides a bad model
People n1ay . foilow the rules of God-based ethics simpl y because they '"'ish to behave in a
way that pleases God.
This is a more helpful mode l for human power and family relationships.
......
Discovering what is good

Diseoverin& what is good
,hem
Ho do we know? !2
.
they still face the
~w if people accept that lhings are good because Gpd .desare~
t count apinst
( d
erina what God desires. Strictly speakang thas does no
12
.
R'S lAS
PAVAN KUMA
. s t be accep
..
. ay be JU
S(Jpernaturalism as an inte llectual poS111o n - It m .
hard 10 di scover- but it docs hi uhlioht the di tliculues.
-
<11 c
.
thi cal matter s :
God's wtl 1 tn e
ltnd out
ant -exan tpk~
d to find relev
Dbco ,erin g God's will
There are s~veral ways in whic h believers try
10
reading scripture - both to see what God says. an
listening to religious teac hers
prayer and meditation

.
.
d .
how
sce1ng \vhat rs consistent with God's ge neral a vtce on
ted that m oral truth~

.
to
li ve
listening to the inner. God-d ri ven. voice

wrth
: teachers
concerned
d .rscussron
and followers o f the re 1rgton
.
. t he rr ap proach to
problems.
Many re lt.grous
people usc a combi nation of. these rn
_: moral
1 G 0 d' will set out ab1 , . '

'
It JS
accepted bv mam bd ie,ers that the '' tiYS of d1scovenng
~
give direc1 acce~s to -God's \\'ill. but irwol~c ,, 0 rking throu gh inte rme diaries. H ence the
information is passed through social. cultural. religious and psychological filters tha t can
distort iL
Many hold that God's wil l is o nl y di rectl y known ' through revelation: God actua ll y
communicating hi s/he r \\'ill to the person concerned. However. revela tion as a source of
ethics st ill presen ts a prob le m for ce rtai nt y: h(nv is the pe rso n to knO\\ th a t th e revelation the\
ha,c recei,cd has actua ll y con1c tlorn God?
~
About co nsequentialism
Conseq uen tialism: results-based ethics
The fnte rnet Encyclopedia of Philoso phy
consequentiali.sm :
gives a
plain
a nd
s imple
d e finition of
nr~il!f&~!~~~~~~:~r~~~r~~~~~~,~~~~r!)#''!:'
J~
,1,,,
~rfili '!J~ir#!~~~~.~~!J~~'"!fft!;jrr.:~:s? ':' :':)_;r_~-~:~::~: i ;, r, ~. . ' .. .
eto t!l.im;~ :Ji:Ii.:> '
ill'J1ifl .
'
1il!l
Conseque ntialism is based o n lvvo principles :
lilt(
;;;L:.~,.:;i~~.; : . ..
Whe the r an act is right or wron< de ., d
...
::- pc.;n s onl v on the res 1
The more good consequences an act
I
.
u ls of that act
.
pro< uccs, the bett
It gaves us this guidance when faced tl
er or rnore rigtlt that
\\a l a mortl d.l
1
'
emma.
A pea son should choose th~ action tl .

. . . ..
.
.
tal llla.xuu~~s
And u g 1\'es dus general guidance 011 h
.
SOod con:)~u~n
O\\ 10 Ia \'e:
act
..
13
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
1\'"\pk ~ lhlt lld '" t' so :ls
Dt()~'l
Ill,!
'Ill
rtHill"
t l.)
\
'I
maxi m i s~.. good co us(.!quc nccs
of ~0 1\St'q ll~l llt ~l l ism di ffer over w hat the good th ing
IS
that shou ld be
IIlli "<.'d
tl tilit:lri:wism states that peo ple should maxi mise huma n welfare or we ll-being (which
lht') used to call 'uti li ty'- hence the name).
lf r doni m sta tes that people s ho uiJ max imise human pleas ure.
O rhcr for ms o f conscqucntia lis m ta ke a mo re subt le approach; fo r example sta ting that
pt>ople sho ul d max imise the sati sfact ion o f their fu ll y informed and rati o na l pre fere nces.
In practice peop le don't assess the e thi cal consequences of e ve ry s ing le act (that's called 'act
con~ eq ucnt ia li s m') because they do n't have the time.
Instead they usc e th ica l rul es that are deri ved fro m cons ide ring the ge neral conseq ue nces of
particular ty pes of acts. Tha t is called 'rule conseq uent iali s m'.
So. fo r example, acco rding to rule consequentia l ism we conside r lying to be \\TO ng because
" e kno'' that in gene ral lying produces bad consequences.
Resul ts-based ethics produces this important conclusion .f~r e thical thinking:
No type of act is inherently wrong - not even murder - )t de pends on the result of the act
This far-fe tc hed e xample may make thi ngs clea re r:
Suppose th at by ki lling X. an entire ly innocent perso n, we can save the li ves of l 0 olher
innocent pe ople
A consequentia lis t wo uld say that ki lling X is jus tified because it would result in o nl y
person-dying, rather than I 0 people dying
A non-conseq ue ntialis t would say it is inherently wrong to murder people and re fuse to kill
X. even though not killing X leads to the death of9 more people than killing X
Utilitarianism
Evaluating each decis ion would take too long. P-llflh::l
r i z E '@1!1t
The classic form of results-based ethics is called uti litarianism .This says that the ethically righ t choice in a given situatio n is the one that. prod uces the most
happiness and the least unhappiness for the largest number of people .
The appeal or results-based eth ics
Rauks.tJesed ethics plays a very
~~
large part in everyday life because it is simple and
apJteals
N~~asense:
111e to base ethics 'Oh producing happiness and redueina unhappiness

eahics on the contequences or wllaa
do. .
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

II sc't'ms ea~y to understa nd and to be based on common sense
At f
<.' Onsequcntia lis na
,\:t consequential ism looks at -~very s ing le moral choice a new.
..
/\. particular ac tion is morall y good

alternati ve action.
O r1 1y
lt teaches:
, f , , prod uces more overall good than any
(.ood poiuts of act conscqu cn(ialis m

A flexible system
Act conseque nria lis m is nexible and can take. accou nt of a ny set _o f c ircums tances, howe\'er
exceptiona l.
Bad points o f act con sequcnti:-1lis m

lmpn1 ctica l for real life us~
wh iJe it sounds attract ive in theory, it 's a very difficuIt system to app! y to real I ire moral
decisions because:
e\ery moral decis ion is acomple tely separa te case that mus t be full y evaluated
individuals must research the conseque nces of their acts be fore they can make a n
e thically sound c hoice
doing s uch research is often imprac ticable, and too costly
the time taken by s uch research leads to slo\v dec ision-m aki ng \vhich may itsdl" r
1-...;
h.n_
conseq uences. and the bad consequences of de lay may outweigh the good consequences
of making a perfect decision
bur where a very serious moral choice has 10 be made, or in unusual circumstances.
individuals may well think hard about the consequences of particular mor-al choices in this
way
Bad for society
some people argue that if everyone adopted act conseque ntiali sm it would have bad
consequences for society in general
this is because it would be difficul! to predict the moral decisions that other people would
make, and this would lead to great uncertainty about how they would behave
some philosophers also think that it would lead to a collapse of mutual trust in socicr~!as
many would fear that prejudice or bias towards family or other groups would more strqpgly
inOuence moral decisions than if people used general moral rules ba-red on
consequeniali~m
fOnUtlllefy the impracticality of act consequential ism as a general moral PI'OCf;s,$ ~-

..... a.ve co worry mueh about this
15
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
'\
of a t rend.
In general form, th1s argu m ent says tha t if we allow something relatively harmless today, w e
10
somethmg currently unthinkable q.ecoming accepted.
Th e s lippery s l ope argument i s u sed in di sc u ss ing e uthan asia and similar topics. For
example, people w o rry that if vo luntary euthanasia were to be made legal, it would not be
tong before involuntary euthanasia would start to happen.
T
Rule conscqu c ntiali m

Rul e conscqucntiali m
Rule consequentialism bases moral rules on their consequences. :fhls removes many of the
problems act consequentia lism.
of
Rule consequentialisrn teaches:
\\'hether ac ts arc good or bad depends o n moral rules
Moral rules are chosen solely on the basis o f their consequences
So when an individual has a mora l choice to make they can ask themse lves if there's an
appropriate rule to app ly and the n appl y it.
The rul es that sho uld be adopted are the rules that ,,-ould
adopted by most people.
produ~e
the best results if they were
Philosophers express this with greater precision :
an act is right if and only if it results from the intemalisation of a set of rules that would
maximize good if the overwhelming majority of agents internalised this set of rule's
And here's arfother version:
~~-i0-~~-:rJ:.-.r-~wm~rF._1ii~t:1f~~1mtfittf!tcJ~ :~t~r~~~~~1i-:.1~--fri.:~B_i_~-~~-ft~i~r1F~i5~tri~~fc)ii:~:tL5),~~,
~~:fhh:~-r~~q~:;;~_l~~- /.:_~~ ~p~-- r:.:u~i~~11),!._; ~.~;~-~1)~~ 'l~>f':f~~~;: ~6~~:! '4H~~~i}J.~+~1n~<~-~:r~~r -\~.;~it~;.'!-1~<~'

~~:.0 ~~.:-:; ~;_r;: -A<fiir :::0~ ~~->i,.li~-~, -~'::u~.-~;;-H~Y~~l~II: . -
_:. ... -
"'--
)ni~rrn?~ -~~m i;,~~iD-Di.irb: ij}_})Jilfi~i-Bh~~-~- r~Jji-1~~ _Gn.tt)Jtrffi.Goodpoints of rule consequentialism

Practical and efficient
The slippery slope argum ent v1ews deCISIOns not on their own, but as the potential beginning
may start a trend that results
The s lippery s l ope
Rule consequential ism gets round the practical problems of act consequentialism because
ttae hard wort has been done in deriving the rules; individuals don't generally have to~
OUI ditracult research before they can take action
21
16
ll
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
.
cy :trc muc h' mo re
.
oral decision-makmg 11 I
I
And because individuals can shor1cu1 IICir
m
likely to m:tkc decisions in a quic.~ ::tnd 1imcly way
lo r example. using cheap cncrgv may produce oood sh

...
Ort-1cm1 econom1c resuhs but
.,
1he lo r.1g-1er111 1t may produce bad results for global climate
'
ll:1d p o ints of rule con~tji~C nti:J!Ism
. a lways produce 1he besl r<::s uh
Because rule conscqucrllinlisrn uses genera l rules rl dpesn 1
rn individual cases
, oJ rcsulls considered ovc1 a

those in favour or il :~rgue !hal il produces mor~.: go
long period 1han ac1 consequcn1ialism
1, sc all the lime in everyday life
One way of dealing wi1h 1his probkm - and one that pcop c u
.
to apply basrc
rules. 1ogcthcr \\'lth a SCI o f vana11on
.
s that
- tS
cover a w1de range or
vanat10ns

d 111 t11<;" sane
SttuatiOIIS.
1hcse
are 1hcmsclvcs denve
. way
' as the general rules
HO\\CVCr ,
Other forms of<onscqueu li:l lis rn
c hoosing diffe rent groups of people may produce differe nt consef!uences

a n act that produces a good result for group X may at the same time produce a bad result
for g roup Y. or for socie ty in general
so 1hc ethical c_hoiccs people make are likely to be different according to which group
they use for 1he1r moral calculations
the mos~ co~nm~n solution to this problem is to look at the
suc h as so c1ety m general'
~onscqucnccs for a large group
a lternatively. ethicists can try to look a t things from the stanc)P9int of an 'ideal', fully
informed and totall) neutral observer
i\'cg;H h e Conseq uc n I i:llism
Nega1ive consequentialism is 1he in\'crse

ones that produce 1he least harm.
tn
11 i' ca1>y to bia " in favour o f parti c ular gr:_ou p s
Less Oc>.iule
Choosing di!Tc rcn11imc pe riods may produce different co nsequences
or ordinary consequentia lism. Good
actions arc the
It ignores things we rega rd a s ethically r elevant

I
results-based ethics is only interested in the consequences of an act

I
A person should choose the act that docs the least amount of harm to the greatest number of
the intentions of the person doing the act are irrelevantso an act with good results done by someone who intended harm is as good as if it "a-;
done b) someone who intended to do good
people.
.--\gainst consequcntialism
the past ac tions or the person doing the act are irrele\'ant
Consequenualism has both practical anJ philosophical pro blems:
the character of tht: person doing the act is irrele ' ant
Future consequences arc difficult to p1cdict
the fairness of the consequences are not directly relevant
ir's hard to predict the future consequences of an act
And these are things that m any think are relevant to ethical judgements.
in almost C\'ery case the m ost we can do is predic t the probability of certain
I lowever. in s upport of consequential ism it might be argued that m~ny of the things hsted
consequences following an act
above do inl1uence the good or bad consequences of an act, particularly when li.H mu\.lling
and since my b~haviour is based on my a ssessment of the consequences, should the
ethical rules. and so .they become incorporated in consequenlialisl ethica\ thinking: but ,ml)
rightness or wrongness of an act be assessed on what I thought was going to happen o r
through the back door, not directly.
"hal actually happened?

Me~suring
It doesn't take account of the 'fairness' of the rcsu\t
and comparing the 'goodness' of consequences is very difficult
people don'r agree on what should be assessed in calc ulating good consequences
IS
ir happiness, pleasure, satisfaction of desire or something e lse?
lr's ard lO mca-;ure and compare the 'goodness' of those consequences
how. for example. do you measure happiness'!
how do you compare a large quantity of happiness that

endc ati faction rhar lasts for years'>
Ito~
do )OU rneawreany 'subjecri vc' quality'.'
lasts
for a few minutes wtlh a
We cannot predict every outcome of an event

Simple fo rms of consequential ism say that the best action is the one that produces the \af8e$l
total of happiness.
.....
This ignores the way in which that happiness is shared out and so ~:ou\d seem lO IPIW01
acts that make most people happy. and a few people very unhappy. or \hal raako a few UCI'I&-.
ecstatically happy and leave the majority at best neutral.

It also d\!tra~b
\'alue of indi\'iduals and thear 0\\'1\ tntefCStS IIIII --~

when those are in line with the interests of the group
f10m the
18
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
S how ~ that mora l jud gem e nts co mmunicate dis/approva l
II c-an he .mc-onsr rcnl
"
1111 1 un1 tn
r i<>hls
"'
.
11 1eOccts the commun1ca1io n of approval an<i disapproval lh'a 1 seems
.
to go along w11h
the
'
c vc1yday makinl! o f moral state me nls.
Consider this SIIUtti iOil

: '-1 . oro 11 h .
.
I . 11CX l Stlll,lll
c.:
.
.
I
' fTii" s gr,c.:n I IC.: ,
1
.
Ia
11 lie sa)'S r:u
"1
ll
01
1
4 billron:lrrc n~~ds an org<lll uansp
1 1hc nCXI avat a ) l. L' 1
- :
(i
10 years (Jt'-'tng 111 11
. I
''Ill fund 1000 hlp-replacements a year or
.' .
. 111'11 !housands of people wll
.
' lid , bulllalsolllcans '
means Ml X. who was lOP of the list. wt
tc.
.-
May clarify '.''h a t people a r c arguing ::tb o ut
subJCCII\
is m ma y enable
people disagreeing over the rihtness
.
0 r wrongness
.
.
o"
o f some .tssuc
r
to sec tha t !he cal dtsputc IS no1 about objcc1ive 1ru1h but aboul the'tr own prercrcnc\!S
be '<."r) happ) wtlh thcu nc\\ Iup<;.
.
. .
. 1 ts (tnd his and IllS f<um Iy s
1 Mr X's human ng'
II
r hurnan well -being.
Conscqucnllalism might he uscd to argue 1131
~
1he ovcra amoun 1 0 1
happmcss) should he ignored, 111 order to tncn;ase
l ~cllccls the pe r su asive inte ntio ns h ehind ethical discussio ns
subjcc1i ~i sm ma) also e nable people engaging in moral argument to realise that the\ arc
not
about Clbjectivc 1ru1hs
but 1rying to persuade their opponent 10 ado pt th etr
pom!
. argumg
.
.
0 ( \'I C W
Su hjcel i\'iSm
I disapprove: but surely ethics is aboul more than feelings

!l ad points of s ubj ectivis m
-~he. p10blcm with subjectivism is !hat it seems to imply that moral statements arc less
Stgmficalll !han most people think they arc - this may of course be true without rendering
moral statements ins ignificant.
Subjccti' ism !caches !hal rhctc arc no objective moral trulhs out there.
T
r
d s o ne' can'! he objecJi vely true

There are no obJCCII\'C moral fac1s. here1ore mur er '' r eo

r
1
d
1 1
al stalements describe how the
!\fan) fo ms o l subJCCII\ tsm go a btt urt 1er an teac 1 t 1a1 mor.
srx:aker teels about a p.tr!lcular e1hical issue.
" If I arpro\'e of so methin g, it mus t b e good"
' Subjecti' ism seems to tell us that moral statements gi've information only about wlut
feel about moral issues.
Moral statements .trc jus! factua l stalements aboul the altitude Jhe speaker ho lds on a
I f the simplest form of s ubjectivism is 1rue then " hen a person who genuinely ap
particular issut
So if I say
be
lies.
and that they often praise other people for telling lies.
Most people ~ould find this way of approaching ethics somewhat unhelpful, and wouldn't
think it reOccted the way in which most people ta lk about ethicat issues .
Mora l statem ents seem more tha n state me nts a bout feelings
about such things
(;ood points of subjecCi\'iSm
fteneces the subj ccti\o"c elements of morality
..
moral scatef1lent sn ever} day life make j udgements ("l ying is wrong''), fac tua l stall'nH.'IliS
By a nd large if a pe rson says something is wrong we usually get the message that the\
disapprove of that something, but most of us probably think that the other person i doina
more than just telling u s about their feelings.
it reflects the close relationship between morality and people's feelin gs and opittio~Js -
How can we bla me p eo ple if moral truths a re always subjecti\e?
indeed u can copt with the contradictor y moral views we often find oursel ves wr.;::.tfwg
Of telling
l ies and feel good about it, indeed are surprised if anyone c riticises- them for being a liar,
Moral judgements are de pe nde nt on the feelings and attitudes of the persons who think
"ida
Rdlls Clle e' aluathe elements of moral statements
if the Speaker didn't approve
show lotS Of evidence that !hey do indeed apprO\.'e o_{ lying perhaps that they lda 1:\ o f
Moral s tatements arc just factual statemenlS about the att itude normal human beings hold
And this may ultimately lead us to this conclusion about moral truths:
Ulllf'UC
So under this theory it seems that all the speaker has to do to prove that tying is good is to
o n a particular issue
vi
telling lies says "telling lies is good" that moral s tatement is unarguabl) true. \t \\Ould onh
"L~ ing is wrong". all I'm doing is telling you thai I disapprove of tclli ;:.) :.
Some forms ol :>ubjcc!ivis m generalise this idea to come up with :
,,e
blame reoPc for beha

a \\ay that 'is wrong'. i.e. if "murder is wrong" has no objective truth. theft laow
If' moral statements have no objective truth. then how can we
justi fY punis hing p~opk fo1 murder?
rcatS:baVe fur.. ) don't

2S
dl
WI
20
21
PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

. lnsis of the ohJclltVC truth
. 'f
I
I lor murdtr on I II
,
One a nswer is tint we: ca n J USI I Y pums lm<'n
d 111 1 ,~, houl I nor
.
vc of """dcr II \\C . ' 1
'
'
rlm r m os1 normal ptnple 111 soC tCI). ' 1, o;,ippro
,
,I
' 1Ill th rill the ll t .tJOrl t ) \ l l \\
prch:nd lha t 0111 fll lt ftC' 5 '

I r I we
tf t,tl the re: :lfC 110 ohJl' l i\l' Ill lfotf f.t' IS, ' fl( I IIt.tl I IC t;
til\' 111
I' t) do :;c .uc. rtiHm
' 1 lll!ll,l I fll I)'.CIItCIII ('X J>rc
:.IHillllll' 'IIIII I,,,... ,
s ohjec tl\t
111
til I IC~ ~CIC
I flo
iv i\ nt
lt\ 1!>111 ;., n o
l C:rn pllilciS<lphcr lhnu ht chic; arc tccl
mtca 1 - they th< h I

t I m Ill
oull 1101 I - l:OII\t.:ltccl tntl t.rtCIIICrt:o> that C( ld ....
.
mg t l lat ethtcal
I I I
"' u..: cmpmcall .
td
"
th ' rtlt rlwlll) crucrann of ~~~~ttin \ '.Ill< h mcarntl . I I . .
~ tc~t and thus
lit
the
Wo l } 111
II\C:l0t14glt.-so;
\'.IHc..h "''<lplc , . I
~
u ,c .mguav.c
<md
sc lite '1 lllt1tl t . 11" '1 a person
""'
tal--es 0 .
"r pulhn a hc .uul Jomg "ugh".
~c 1lO I d
cd on the emotive effect of OtQral
o i!JC<'I iHI) rr u c
lnlltt l'll <c
M ~t r :d
M01 ,1l s l.tl c lllc:n t\ .trc: lllc:.lfl illgh.'ss
r hi..
lllt.\lllS
!hal the (11!>1 h.tlt
or lh t s l.llt'II Wn t ' II \\, 1
\\ l Oll!' ( II murJc: r
Fred' add'i
llothllll' (O
the IH11Hiltlr.ll info rtnal it>ll th. ll r rccf has been Ol lln. fl' l c:d
M or.tl Sl llcmc nt :> onl) l'\ JII cSs the spc.t ~<'r'<; lccllllgs .thou t tilt: 1
l ater CIIIOir\ ISis added llu s
1dc..1 In
sue.
:JI<'I
II
),t;t i (' IIH' III '>
alle:rttpl to in0u <'n~< p C:u plc
tlu:o111.:. of htHJtlvism t<tu(ht that

1
1c .pea .t1 1s ., 1,t, try me 1o
I he AlllCIIC.IIl
h.,, c
it .., ,, ., esbnut mo re than J. U!II an expr s
n cllcct
Clrt
the
pcr-.on the~ 'rc talhng '"
c s1on o emotao n
pl11losophcr C 1.. S tc.;\Cfl S( IIl said that the major usc of ctl uc 6 t judgem..:nts...
h uoll\ ism
B~ n prt-.sstng rhc spcnJ cr's k cling.... about a mur<tl issul' mor.tl statements may inlluc:ncc
rmothc r 1 r;;o n's t ho ug ht .111d cunduc l.
\1on tl '> l:tl l m c nf <, a r c
m ca n i u ~ lc\'..
~fl, r,t/ .l> l :ll ~o:tlll.' II IS ll} lei pu~ u , IJl' p eop le 10 J u. or 1101 to d1l \\hal lhC spcakc1 l'li
d1 S3 p(H U\C:!i c,f' )
In EnoOII\'i sm u moral
statement <.~ bout the speaker's feelings

fcl'lin gs with cmoti\'e force.
!)l<tlc ii H.' nl
topic. bul cxprt:sst.--s thos~..:
isn't lih.:l<ill}
on
the
Wht:n an cmotivist says 'murder is \Hong' it's like sa)ing 'down with murder' or 'murder,
yecch!' or j ust saying 'murder' \\hilt: pull ing a horrifi ed face. or {llaking a thum bs-down
gesture at the same time as saying 'murder is "ronf
At fi rst sight' this seems such a biz.<me idea that you might wonder if anyone had ever
seriously thought it One of the great philosopheFS of the 20th century certainl y did
So .., hen people disagree about an ethical issue. Emotivism ma~es it clear that each is tr\ in"
to persuade the o1her to adopt thc1r altitude and folio ..... their recommendauons as to ho~\ t~
behave. rather than giving information that might be true or false.
motivism \'Crsus S u bjectivism
This version ol emotivism gets round one of subjectivism's biggest p oblems. Consider this
example
When one subjectivist says lying is bad , they're giving the infonnation that they disapprO\e
o f lying If another subjectivist says lying is good, they're giving the infonnation that the~
approve of lying.
Since, according 10 the subjectivist view , both are reporting their own personal feelings. th~re
isn't actuall y anything that they disagree about.
But since people do sincerely disagree about moral issue<;, there mu:.t b.: more g~ol ing. lln th;m
pure subtcctivis;n allov..'s. and this is incl uded in Emotivism:
27
26
2'3
22
PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
.
"do 't tell lies", ":lu k an
.
. . d I , c giving th~! instrucuon
'
. , tl . t
When an EmotiYist says lytng IS b:t I ICY r
.. 1 II lies" . and we c:tn sc~..: 1' 1
.
the i n s liUCII O il Ul tC
I rnotl\ ist "ho sars ly1ng 1S good 1S gtvlng.
then.: is a clear disagtecment between them.
Or to put it at its simplest: 'Good' means 'good' and that's all there is to say about it.
B:ul p oints of Emotivis 111
. rss our fee lin gs~

~ moti' ism s:.ys that moral statementSJ USt cxp ~..:
the theory that kd the
'tl philosOilhcrs because
Emoti\ISIII has become unpopu I:lr WI 1

r
from favo ur.

n in"lesl 11:1S
.a 11 ~.: 0
Fmoti' ists to thin!.. that moral s t:uements were me 11 "
'
.
. . n."tlh no mo re than expressing one's
1 <:ss tcchn1cally, if expressing moral JUdgements IS '
oral Jud ncmc nts.
r 1b s for an!tung a1lOUt 111 '
"'
personal opinion there doesn't seem any usc.u
a 1s
' ~
. . .t vc'ry satisfyin g. Even (most)
In practical terms. Emotivisrn fa lls down because 11 lSI1
. . .

e. rcssions ol lecl 1ng.
phiksophers think moral statements nrc more t1lt\11 JU S 1 " I1
b ,
\nd it's pc:rfectly possible to imag mc an eth1cal de a t~.: 111 "
Moore objected to something called 'thl.! naturalistic fallacy'. which states that moral truths
can be analysed in terms of physical or p'>ycho logical things which exist in the natural world
Moraltnllhs were moral truths , and that was that.
Moon: was a university professor, and his 1dea o f what things were good, such as friendship
and the appreciation o f beauty, was limited by his quiet and academic life. His writings didn't
demonstrate ~hat his theory was likely to he lp deal with serious ethical dilemmas.
Other lcad in ~ intuitionis ts were II A Pritchard ( 1871 - 1947) and W DRoss (1877-1971}.
I11cl1 ndtlicr party has an e mo tio n

Ba d points of intuitionis m
10 c\prcss
t th c, c.
xpression of an aui tude or
Non-philosophers a lso lhtnk
there 1s more to ct h.1Cs t11an JUS
1
t'o1
and foundation fo r shart.:d
311 auempl 10 mtluence behaviOur. 1 he) want a elter e~p ana t I
!otandards of morality !han Emoti' ism can provide.
Ba d p o ints o f intuitionism
Philosophers object to intuitionism because:

they don't think that objective moral truths exist
Abou t intuitionism
they don't think that tl~e re is a process of moral intuition
lnruitionis m
there's no way for a person to disting,uish between something acw:llly being r\<?,1\l :hi 11
fn1UHion1sm leaches tluee main things:
merely seeming right to that pe rson

if intuitionism worked properly, everyone would come to the same moral conc\usivns. hut
There are real objecl i ve moral truths that are independent of human beings.
These are fundamental truths that can't be broken down into parts or d e fined b y refere nce to
they don't
Objective moral truths don't exist
anything except other moral truths.

Human beings can disco ver these truths by using their minds in a pa rticular, intuiti ve way.
Intuitionism does not mean that all moral decisions a re reached by relying on intuition .
Many philosophers don't think that there are such things as objecti, e moral truths. For them,
moral statements are not factual state me nts about how the world is.
lntuiion enabies the discovery o fth ebasic moral truths, and everyday moral deci s io n-m aking
l?urthe rmore . it might be claimed that we could ne'er knoll' the truth. cvc:n if it l'"sll:\1
an
objective ly, because knowledge requires testing in a properly scie ntific fashion. an,\ th.11 ' '
then im.olves thinking about the choices available and making moral judgements in
ordmary sort of way.
no t available for moral statements.
A letsdmg UK intu iti (>ni~t was the Cambridge philosopher G E Moore ( 1873- 1954) who set
out his ide;:ss in rhe 1902 book Principia Ethica.
Mora l intuition doesn' t exist

Intuitionis m says humans can find m oral truths for thcmselvc.s. Phol\.Y Jl'nathan Ht\lts
T he idea that human beings h ave something called moral intuiti\)n is superticialh
but does n't easily stand up to ins pection.
Is it another sense like s ight 01
. ') ,, ro b<l~l)
'I
I1canng.
not.
. the .,,,,rnl truth-:> th '

smc~:
intuit ton should detect don't seem to he out in.thc physical world
29
18
ttlf'~t''
m
2S
24
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
.
. .. nist'i usuall)' tUic that out_. 100 .
Nor is it a process of rt11sonu1g, L><:cause nlliiiiO
.
.
"I ? 13 I although human l>l' lll l'.'
'
1 ( kdiii!'S
Perhaps 11 shows IIscH. 111 mnral t, mOl lOlls, J"k
mental 1nlc,
' of g lllf I. . llk g internal
.
. .
r,,l , . ld lw thl' ll'SUII 0 1liC:l 111
ccn<llnly have such lcdtngs. the l lC tngs cou
.
, , . 1 or<ll rules.
.
I . Ii"hreakln t: ohjcCII\ C n
of conduct or brc:achtng culwraltu lc<>. raltl;r I Mil o
.
.
ccming righl m ~.r nol be lhc sa me as being d ghl

work ,.,;ith
\\'hen an inlllitioniSI ponders 3 p1 00IC111 I Ilc;, 011 I ), tl Ill. I"LS they have to
Vi ,tuc c1il ics teaches

<H l'
tlwi r
/\11 action is onl:t nght ir it is an acuon that a virtuous person would carry out in the sam.;
c 11 cumstanccs
feelings, 1houghts and nllitudcs
at moral lllluition<;,
\\"Ill
1 I 1l eSe ClliiiC)
1 Sll 1lJC ct1\ C. 1t11
,1.,.
, , _,.... the ullulliontSI arnvcs
\ r
'Of"lflg
wh1ch lw then puts forwnrd as objective 11111hs.
I)
But how docs the inwitionist gel from rhc subjective to tht: ObJCCttVe
Pcuplc rc:tch diffe rcnt cthicH I cn ncJusions
presumably th.:: same for everyone. Yet

diffl'rent people come to dt fli!rcnt conclusions laced "ith the same ethical problems.
If th~rc <trc.: rc:tl objc:ctiw moral truths. then they
Ml'
Some people say that these moral truths arc 'sci f-e' idenJ'. but this just leaves the problem of
dfti:rcnt things being self-e,idcnt to different sch es !
\ 'irluc
1\
vi11 uous person IS a person who acts \ inuously
1\
pc1son ac ts vittuously if they "possess and li ve the virtues"
1\
virtue is n mora l characteristic that a person needs to live well.
Most vit tuc theorists would al so insist that the virtuous person is Or)e who acts in a vinuous
way as the result of rational thought (rather than. say, instinct).
The lhc(' questions
The modct II philosopher Alasdair Macintyre proposed three questions as being at the hean or
moral thinking:
Who am I?
e thic~
Who ought I ro become?

Ch:trnctcr-based et hic<;
A nglu acr is the action a vinuous person would do
I low ought I to get there?

111
the same circumstances.
Lists o f th e virtu es
Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks ar the virtue or moral character of the
person carrying out an action. rather than at ethical duties and rules. or the consequences of
particular actions.
What ..vould a vinuous person do? ~

Most virtue theorists say that there is a common set of virtues that all human beings would
benefit from, rather than different sets for different sorts of people, and that these virtues arc
natural to mature human beings- even if they are hard to acquire.
Virtue ethics not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions, it provides
guidance as to the s~rr of characteristics and behaviours a good person will seek to achieve.
This poses a p_roblem. since lists of virtues from different times in history and different
societies show signi licant differences.
In that v.ay. virtue ethics is concerned with the whole of a person's life. rather than particular
episodes or actions.
g()()($
The traditional list of cardinal virtues was:
person is someone who lives virtuously- who possesses and li ves the virtu<'<;.
Prudence
ll's a useful theory since human beings are often more interested in assessing the char~ctcr or
another pcrl>Cm than they arc in assessing rhe goodness or badness or a panicular actio11. -~:
Justice
fonitude / 13ravery
11us subP-e i.lS rllat the ,.. ay to build a good socie ty ic; to help its members to be good p~lplc .
rad.cr rtaau lfJ usc l<tw~ and puni$hrncuts to prc\'Cnt or deter bad actions.
Uur ''wouldn't he helpful if a penon had to be a :-;ainr to cotuit as \'irtuous. for virt11<.: thcorv
tv be re II) useful '' necdc. tcJ suggeo;t only a minimum set of characteristics that a ,,.,:;on
f)(' :d 10 po
111 order fO be rCf?rdcd <t'> virtu(,us.
Temperance
The modern theologian James r: Keenan su ggest~:
J usticc
Justice r~quires us to treat all human heings equally and impartiall~

31
21
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
I hi'> r<ll,t :rpplrc'> to u , too We shouldn't treat ou rsel , . , _

1
J
vc:; <lS a means to
11
'i louie re.,twtt our rnhcrcnt '"orth
11 us
. can
.
be u\cd .1 our ov.. <'n<l'i. rno;tcao
u tl nrn :l\ra .,,,<ick and uthe r be ha,r<urs rhat damage
.
' ~ an argu'!!.t!.!.L :)J!.:ti n ~t
\\ e
lrddlt'
'IC'IIC
.
I . lostr to us \Vith speer<~
1 ,,kl rt\ r'JIIIfl'S rhnt "c tr eat 1wup c c
Sdfcurc
~
\\'c l.rch IMVt' a unique responsibility to c.u c <11
OU"<;1VC'i.
tr vch
oursel vcs . .1lt'.:-.
I he rdca al '>o <,lrnw<; up in <.lr;cu<>sro ns of animal ril-.

6 "ls, with the
rrghts 1
:.!.!.!!!.!!.!.,l rrru ' t h e t na l ed a\ cndo; in lh <: rn!.cl\'cs.
.... . ' It
1clca
that f 1
I
lc~ have
Dot ! rinc uf duuhl t effec t
phy<,rc.lll}, .and sprnllr.tll)'
Pr mk-n cl'
I hrs doctrrne sayo., that rf doinv som ethin~ morally good I . .
.
J tice ridclity and Sell -care.
lhcprudcntpl'r-.onmusta lwnysconsrder us
,cs to require lliOre olthc
.
.
1 . t1lrec
otl~.:r
1
1he pr~~tknl pcrs<m nrus t ahwry::. loot.. for opportun r
c tlu c all) OK to on II provrding the bad side effect wasn't ~as adn:rall} bad Sldc cffccl, it'~
foreso:tw that tire h;rd <ffec t wou ld prohab;y happen.
rntcn e 'I Ius is true even rf you
l"his rnipht seem coun ter-intuitive, but the principle is used .111
.
scrrous
\ ' lrlllt'S
rmpor H1111 rssues ;,, ethics.
Good poirrts of virtu r ethics

I t c.:cntrcs cthi e-. o n th e person and w lu11 it m ean s to he human
<II gumcnt
about :,()me
Eut hana!> ia
...
It rndudL''i the whok tll'a person's lili:

H ;ld pt1i11h of' irlttC tthi<'l>
I d'l
11 ciiii.'Sn't pmvrdt dear g w dancc 011 what to do an mora
tn ' IS
' em '
.rlthough rt docs pro' ide general g uidance on how to be a good pe rson

vrrtuou~ person wo uld know whm to do and we could consrdcr them
This printiplc
b common ly r efcr'rcd to in cases of c uthan<1 s1 ~ It ISU SCd tOjll">tl(\ tlcCasc
1
.r
\\ I1ere
3
ullCIOI
1.'1\CS
drugs
10
a
.
I'
d'
.
.
.
. , ~
p.Hrcnt to rc te\ c cstressmg symptom<> C\ en thmtgh he l.nm' s

domg thrs Ill<I) shorten the patrent's lit~
pn:sumabl)' a llltall)
.J
<:tllt.rhlc
Hlk
mudd to g urdc us
1hcn: r:-. no !!crh:ral agreement <HI "llill the virtues are
,JnJ it
111:1)
be that
all)
l'hi.o; is. becaus~ the d octor is not aimi ng directly at killing the pallent - the b.td tcsult ul the
pat rent s death rs a :;1(/e-c>ffect of the good result of reducing the patient's pain
1
1 in,,hk!,;tl
list o( \ iriUCS \\ill be rcfatr VC tO t1C CU (lll ~;
dra\\ 11 up
Man~ doctors use _'h i~ doctrine to justify th e use of high doses of drugs such as morphrnl.' for
the ~u rpos...~ of relrcvtng suffering in terminally-ill patients even thou~h thl!) 1-.no" the d tugs
arc likely to cause the patient to die sooner.
Some I threat ( onccpt<;
Thi s is not a blanket. justilication. The doctor's action must still be appropri,nc: morr on
what factors arc needed to usc the doctrine of double effect as a defence for euth:u\otsia
An t.nd-in -ihclf
l he word "c11.d" in rhis phrase has the same meaning as in the phrase "means to an end".
Kant said that rational human beings shou ld be treated ns an cr~d
111
in lhc111selvc, and not as a means to something else. The fact that we arc human has valul!
rhe phih>soplwr Immanuel

ll~lf
War and l"ivilian deaths

In motkrn "'arl'arc it's diflicuh to ensure that only soldiers get hun. Despite the
of precision weapons. civilians arc often hurt and killed.
dfccti,enc:~s
If a J.e1son i :w cnd-inthemsclf it means their inherent value doesn't depend on anything -~l o;c
n doc n't d<:pcud on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other peopk'\~'lv<
The doctrine of double effect is sometimes put forward as a defence. out it doe5 not alwa)
appl) .
"'
betrer \\e cxi~t so v.e have value.
l'or exampk. if' an arm~ bast' in th<.' middle of a cit) is oombeti and a le" \1\ihan li\l
ncarh~ a te "llcd.as ''ell. nothing unethical has \x-en done. ~ausc the anm ~
~
k git imalt' t~\1 ~ct and tlu: J~ath uf civihans was not the intention of the bombins. (e\cn thou h
their d<.ath could lw prrdictcd).
Mo r of u a cc w1th alt;,t - though we don't put it so formally. We say that we <: .11'1 th;
1nuld u~ other people. "hich i~ a plain l.nglrsh way of sayi n~~ that we shouldn't
J>C Jp1 a a
lll<:CJI,, to
c,u,
(J\\11
end,.
' .
28
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
vcnpon s of nwss destruction,
.
.
. b
d I defend the usc o f ' '
.
1 he doc11me of double effect can I c usc 0
. .. or hiolog1cal wen pons
,. bomblllfi or c 1crlll<.: .11
' . .
c fil l ' " II a r ~cy wn rr ld r i .. k
such ns n on-prl'ci.,ion nuc lear weapons, arc<~ . .
1
u s~d
11
1 a b or( wn " h en co utrc1 u.rn ~ . .
gcn.:rn.
... cavllnn
.
d
lllfl:JIC Ill e 11l'( 1 111' 11

'
111
t h e rtffi1 1rt r- some s1ncc these nrc so rn IS<
.
,Jg:tlllsl a IX)Jllllatron
l, ill i n~
111
t"l 11
I'
l>ul\ lta,,,l "' l huulu l u~tr:tl
I) \ hU h\ IH ~h. olI {(I'll ' I I
c:lll'l ht rcgaukd ns a sc:condary resu lt.
..:nlt-..-:qu<'lll <''>
A hort io u ' w h r u th e m ot hc r's li fe i.; in d a n ger
. 1 1llh of hc 1 u11bt;rn child f'or

In t':t'\l''> whe n sa ving the life of a p1 cgn~n 1 wornnn causes llc
'"''
'f,
exampk', pcrfo;rning.nn people :ugue tlwt this is a case of the doctrine of double cl cct.
,s rl1crc ly tile sidc-cllec t of medi ca l treatment to

By th'' .1rgwlwnt. the dcn th of the "oettiS
"
save chc mother's lif'c.
CJ fth ('
clt ..:lhtv oil<. nH\1;-:11\I.:d \\llh \\h:J.t 1)\:tph: """"' \\ilh th,
''
nl llll:rr ''-'""'
ll"hl t\1111!'
t>o ll h,cauo.,c
llunt cln
11'-,
\\ 1 """
\\lltd lh<lll
th..: ''I'll\ thing
thalli,!"
th..;\
h l'li iiiO.,l'
H h
;11..; \\ (IIII C
l mk '"' ' 1111111 ,, 1 cthu;o., , 11u um't\lt stif~ an action b~ '>hll\\ing t!1at it produced go(1d
Other people tllkc .the more traditional vic;w that this is a case ofsc lf-dclcnce agains t a threat
(nlh~ 1 1 a tluear that is innocent and unao,varc that it is u threat).
C rit id \ 111.,
l)u lh<'
dhil''
cl mtiu c o f doub le c ffccl
l'&III SC llll\.: 111
.. ,,I, tell j.,. \\h) it's .., 11n..:ti mcs callt:d 'non-Conscqtu.:ntialist'.
<'
1 h..: \\(lid 'dc<lnll>l(\~icu l ' come~ froan thc <.in.:d. \\(>td

Dut~ b:~ ~,d cthu ' ar-:
We M~ csponsibk for a li the anticipated consequences of' our actions
1'' ''"II ~
c/('1>11 .
\\h<lt rcor\k ;an.: talk in~ ab<>llt \\h\.!1\ th-:~ al;i'cr l\1 'th..:
\'11111..1pk
nl the thule
If''" can fo~e!Scl' the t\\O cfT.::cts of our action we !1ave to take thl! 1110raf responsibility
for both effect~ - \\e c:ul't get out of trouble by deciding to inwnd only the effect that
. , ., tint ,, 11 n..: ach ar..: right ,,r \\f\11\!! h..:ci.lu..;c nl lhc son~ 111' thmg'
Dut\ . I'<hClI 0.:1 1lll:' I c,,~,.1 '
'
~
.
J h 1
th..:, :uc. ,11\d pcllplc haH! a dut~ tu act ~t<:C<rding.~~. rcgan.lk-." tilth-: g_lH\ llr '''
SUIIS US
c,,j~..,cqu..:m:c..; thai m.t~ he pt(ldu~:cd
lr11cntHH1
IS
irrelevant
Some people t:lke rht: \ 'lt:W that it's s loppy mora lit) to decide the righrnc-;s
of an .tct b~ looking at the intention ofrhe person \\hO carries it out. They thwk tlr.lt son a<.:
acl5 :uc ohJCCtl\ el~ righ1 or \Hong, and 1hat rhe intenlion of the person who doc!> thcn
irrele\ ant.
\\'hich 1~1~an-; 'dut)'.
1:0.
Out most legal systems regard 1he intention o f a person as a vi tal element in deciding
whether rhey have commiued a cri me, and how serious a crime, especially in cases of
causing death.
he slippery s lope
The sl1ppery slope a rgument views decisions not on their own, but as the potential beginning
o f a trend.
In general form, this argument says that if we allow something relati vely harmless today. we
may s tart a rrend that resulrs in something currentl y unrh i n ~abl c becoming accepted.
'Jhe .slippery slop e a rgumcn l is used in discussing cu lha nasia and simi lar topic~ For
example, people worry that if voluntary euthanasia were to be made legal. it wouH not k
long before in\'Oiuntary euthanasia would start to happen.
1
34
...
31
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
30
f...,tnl a~l..:d tlth,l,. \\;1', .111\tlllll(' 111.11 C\O:t\. bud\. <.l. >UIu' ratwllalh
i l"rc .
" 11 I' tI 1111)' 1h,11 ,.,. lluHttht -.all ltnl tilt' l'sl ,, ., . .
1
.
~
u" a gout '"" .. . "' <:
h ad
(,lltlfl :11111
.1
'' '
' '' "
01 ' s "tH<I I h~
fHIIIIh
..:mph;t't'.:' th.: 'alu..- oi"L'\'L'r~ human httn:_
1l c-.11 ct to all hwnan b.:in"'
Dur' ha-;cd ..tlll(':li :.' ..;1\: ms tend to locu-. C'll !'"til}' cqu. 1
"'
' I oo ultohc
"t' <.' lll<llht: tnta<.:shll
.
1
'I u -. pt<' hk-. ,, "''" lllt hlllll<lll 11:;Ilh tt Iore.:-. c ltoc ''"
a ,,n~k p ..t..,< 111 .:' tn "h~.n t hosL' an.: at mkb "i th the ll)tLrcs!' <'I' a 1arg~.t ):! lllllp.
~,1\'
'I>IIH,; ill' I' di'C
Hi\\ a~ S
\\ lllllg
1-:.tnt~oul dut\ hn-.o:d <.' thics ""' s

g<liHil'tlthL'lJtH.:no:c.:'
rh..:~
that sPtllL' thin!.!.' should n.:\ 1.:1
pro<;u.:.:. Thi ..; !\l..'<.'lll'
h~. < 1c n~c . no tllallcl' "hat
~~~ rclkct th.: ""~ ~llllH' human h.: ings
C.)tht t .'""':C'' Ithat \\.: nltghtthink of"" gotd nrc 1101 ah"l\- ' ,."'111\11. ..._ I1.... (1liS'. I-11
) ,.
L<llll' " 111 " 1td1 th,., llll f hl ~, ...m It b, mnr:lll~ uttd...-... ira\-11..:
\Ill ~ llH a go<ld " Ill' " .ts a t t ~ ht m:tHn. n:g.artllc~s ott h..: t.:ons.:qu..:m:t.:s
.:ould h ..: atcutd . j, .111 ... , en hcllct lit to th.. ""~
:'"" tdl,
\\C
h <ti <lllL'l'd
''
:.:
..,ltll:Ilfl 1.~~1 \ 11.1\

. I ll\ I\ ,111 , 11.\ t llll
J"-<1111 th.:n
pull<ktL'd "h,tl till'-. tn..:unl liu h111nan t.1111d u..:t 11 \;I;
thlllk
l<""'u dur' h.1 .....:d ..:tlw.. ... muddied tim. I<' :.til<"' \iltHILI' 1.h1ttl'' II h..:
h\ 111\<t"llll' ' I
i It 1
thllll..
Uut "ha~ S<lll nl a..:lt<lll \\ l>uiJ tht \ he'! Kantwught that an actmn c ould onh .: 1, 1101 ;" th,
m:tu nol :t ~ood '~tlltltl ' <tllsliccl th.: test nl th..: Catq;.nn,,111mp.:ralt\ L .
\ ..: 11.11111~ .
C'Clll'>O:<Jlll'lltiali-.ll.'tluc.tlth.:urics l't ing a degree.: or uncettallll~ 10 .:ihic al J .:c t<;illll mak ing.
111
tlt<tt noon .. can he ccrtain about \\hat C<nscqul.'nccs '"" r.:sulll <tn a purtic ul ~u
;u: 111111 b ...Lau-..t th ..
lutur.:
j,
i.l'.: ,;t lu ... -. dnn'i -.uth.:t
I )uJ_:.
r he {
unprcdicwhk
r'ro lll till-..
p~thh:m hsau-..c th...:' arL ~.onccm...:d " tilt 1:1
tl .ttl ttLti<lll i~ < right action. then a pci'<Hl shtuiJ dll 11 Jl' t'"' a \\Pl'
.tl'ltl>llth.:-~ -.huuldn't tll it- and pnn iding there I!\ a clear :o;cl <11 nwralt uk!'> to l(llltn\ then
ta-..,:11
;s...lflll
.t
p..:r-.on 1:1..:.:-d " 1th u lll<Hc.ll choic.: should hc abh: 10 tak~ dccisi<lllS "ith n.:as(lnahk
c.; cllaint)
Of <.<>ur-.....: 1hi "h!' aren't that clear I..' ttl. Slmll.:li nH:s l.'<IIISl:4U<.:tll ial ist 1hclHi.::-; can pn" i<.k a
Hur lkg cl; o( <x'rt1111ll) . i (the wnscqucnccs arc casil) prcdicwbk.
Ju,lh.:f'lll<lll.' IUit.:-bao.;cd
tftt..:tll
hi
CtlllSt:qliCOI iaf is111
pnnidcs pcopk \\ ilfl
:.1 o;c l of' f\1 k s
II WI .:nabk
ckals 'dtlt intentions and moti' cs

to v. hcthcr an Ul..'l is c an i.:-d oul with
'lhid ur h.ulllltcntilln'>. most people think thc\t: arc hi11hh rc lc' Htll to moral
Ih
If
fu
1.1
iltd"<' llt~trf,.,
l.cll L.:llttco; <'an indmk intt:ntion 111 at kct:-.1 2 \\<I) S...

111 drdn'l
flll.:'ltt ll< Jo a paniculc.tt " 11111~ all it
\\:t\
an <tcnd...:nt pt:rhap-. .
f llJIIortc.JI putnl u( \ ic\\ \\C mi;.;ln think that thn hadn't dulll' all\ thin"
u( 'till; I m I hi:.
ul
~..:Ill .. to lit \\t ilt utJiu;H\
-.:<111 he hamcd n:m1l\\l~
!V>
lhntl,tiiJ' <thnttl dhtl'<:l
:1" 111 indudl' t1 th:utin11
,i,Lil
is-. 11 ~.
lmpcrath c
~ant \ \ Cts ton o f duty-based ethic., "as based on something that he c.1lkd 'th.: .:.ttl'~lllh.~l
tmp..:lati, ..:' \\htch he tnt..:ndcd In he the basis of<tll.othcr rul.::' (a 'calcgo11 c.tl 11np...;.lll\t.:' 1, a
ruk th<1t1' tnt~.. 111 .til t..tll. llll\SiallL<:' 1
I h.: c.H.:gnncal 11llp.:ratl\..: comes 111 l\\o '..:~i~.1ns "hich ..:ach ~;mpha~rs..: dd lcr.:lll ~1:-tfl\.'~" l'l
the ..:t~ll.:),!lri c<t l unp..:rati' ~. Kant is ckar that each of th..:s..: '.:-r'>lon-. is mc1.:h a ,111 tccnt ":"
of.:>.pr..ssing the sam..: uh:: thcv arc not ditli!rcnl ruks
.
Mural r ul es
tal c lllnr:tf J..:ci.,ion:. hascJ Onlh.: sort of ac ttht:) art: C<llllCillpl:llillg.
<. ofJSCI.JUCIIti.tli :-;t rhcoril!o.; don't pay direct allcntion
a t c~u ri l a t
ruu ~ l
hl' unint!'>alisahlc
<o-
.\
.3
32
PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
tl ~nu <Jtell't "illing l~1r th~: cthical1uk ~ou daimw b..: foll~'"ing to~ applied ..:qu~lh hl
Bad puin ts cf clul) -hascd crhirs
absolutist
,..., 1he.: <lnh
I III te ru'"
sch ,t>SO
budd . jj,, or c,nptwns to till' tuk.
Out' -h..-.c~l
-Itt
It~'"' l<l
1.:1lu~:-.
"a~
"l 'llll" thln " '
!_-' ''it h. <;(1~:::--"lh.u d< n'l

(,,.. ''lp<din
'
alit", " h 1h.tt ma"e the.: "culd ;t lc:-' g<1<ld pl:lcc
. '
.
.
. It . it can lead to como.;~s of act1on
B..:cau:-.l' c.Jur' -ha,.:d crhK" i:. nor 111lcn:~tl'd 111 l1u: n::;u :>
.
.
11
h
)r
n,~s
nf
th~
"orld
1
thm produce <1 1cduclt<>n 111 1110: O\ c1a I
.....
!l.hht
tiH.:Iudtnc-
c.. \ 1:1\IHW
.
.
. p-:opk \\Ollld l111d
thi:>UtJnl 1II
1 . , t,;'
nil jJ '-'"I ol"c.: rhic-..:
1 h,;ll ll
\\till
\llU
th..:tl'that
ruk '"nell a qsltd motll
1.
an't C.:<lllllllat
1 1
.
( r11 1
"c
'<sliJ tnltral__tuk and m;.sk-: .111 l"'\CCI)tiltn to it l(>r 111 , '"II an <1 nc.., 1anu1' and
t"ru.:ncb
So fell o..:xampk Ir I \\<Indo..! I ~\hclht:r I should brca\.. 3 promise. I Cclll lest \\ ht:thCI this is ri~h
h~ ao.;king tnyscll ''hcthc 1 I ''nuld want thcrl.! to be auni,crsalrulc:: that SH)s 'it\ OK 10 br;ak
prom ~'>..:s'
I dn111 \\,tnt tho.:re to hl' a rule that kh people.: bro.:a" pmmi:;c~ thc:y lll<lko..: H' nn. 1 can
tlllscludc th.n :I \\C>uld h..:'' mng. fc11 n1o..: t< brlak th..: pron\1~0: 1 h;l\..: made
Still.<.."
tho..: cth1cal r"ule )<tu claim to hc li.>IIO\\ ing cannot logic all } be mao..: a uni' crsal ruh:. th..:n
tl i" not,, , .~1li<.lmora l rule.
1I'
Dut~-1-la.scJ o:thics doesn't deal \\l.ll ''"ith the cases "llo:rc duties arc in C(ln lli ct.
So. t"m~.:xa111plc . 1f I "crc thin"ing philo-.ophicall~ lm1g.h1 1o..:alt::-~: thata lllll\l.:f'<JI 1 uk th,1t
'it'-.. C>!.... 1o h1 -..1!.. prom.-...:-.. 111 orck1 t<' !!O..:I <>nc, "" n ''a~. '' 1uld mta;1 th;.~t m> .. ,no.: "uulu ,;\ '\."r
h..:ltC.:\t: anllthc pn::-on'-.. pr<ttni"..: and -..o all pn>mi'l."!> \\ould lets~: thc.:ir '"luo.:. ~ 111 ..:.; th..:
C'l'lo..:nc..: ul pr.lmisc-. Ill :--ltt:IO..:t~ require' thl' acco..:ptancc ,,l'tho..:ir ,,tluc. tho..: pr<l<:\I<.."O..: nl
prom1~ing \\otsld eflcctivcl~ ccasl! to cxisl. lt \\Ould 110 l0ngcr be possitslc w brca\.: a
prom1sc. let alone gd ones tmn "'a) b) doing so.
Montl tulc:-. muo;l r cspcc! human hcin:,!s
lmm.lllu\.'1 f-..:1111 tl 72-1-f ~W-ll \\a:-. ill guahl~ 1Hh.: of the gra:.lk''>l phi ltl.:>tlphcrs of all time.
J(al\l tiHllll;htlh:ll all human ncing~ SIHlttld \lo: trt:tll\."d
<t'> J'tcc ollld equaftll<.."nlh<."l':- nr .I -.har..,d

'crsHHl nf tho..: GllC~<,rical 1mpc.:rati\ . . : rdko..:t-.. th I
~.:mph.t:>i'll't:- th~. irnptlf\anc.:o..: ~~r lrl'ating. p..:opk pwpo..:rl~ . It aho ucl...nm\ kdg.c-. tho..: 1..-l ., a
intclllion in mor..tlit \ .
h,ull thought th.ll it \\aS f1t1S'>thk t<' dc' dopa cclllsistcnt moral s~ stem b) usi11g rcas<lll .
Ollll al o..:omnHII11\~. anJ tho..: so..:conJ
ffreurk "~~In thin!.. .:.rl1out thi:. -..aiousl~ and 111 a phtlo~llphicall~ rigltlllll::- w. !llh.' " :,.
,,,,uJd n..rl"c th..tt thctl" \\CIT somc.: mont! ht\\'S tha t all rati<ttWI beings had to
1
l 1"-~ "mpl~ h..:cau:;e th..:~ \\l"tl' rauunal !ll:ings. and thi-. \\Ould appl y 10 any rati(.)na l being:; in
any uni' cr-...- that might c' c:r l''< ist
or
wu~111. the~
...
.. ...
_,- _
............ _.. ,:- ... -- .. . -- . --_ ..... __.
-. . ..... -,: .-- -.- _.. .
. . .
~~(s~~tlj~t'f~;
tt~ h\{manitY, both in
oWQ: persO,ri arid iri that of anotherral-ways as an
- ..... "ttl:, .... .: ......... ..,
~~:
samuel J. Ketste , _KaritsSear(h io~ihis~ re~e ~fm~{. !i;iMor~ti

t,;
, ICJUgJll
~::::.::~ ~-~~--;: ~:"f~<,.':~
your
t-
.. ' . ~ . . . .
~~,_ - .
'
~. !>_-_:-
::iofi~};-~::J.:~;:. tiH
lo<1k at ~he c<~;bcqucnc<:'>
or (I
'.
.
111
1
~
" 11 <1 dmn the rt l!hl th i rt~
1
1
" aa
a ~ovd \\.s~ ;Ill c~~;l;OI i<JI JMI I of ct hrr~
'
s pqh:u of in term<;
-:- ': . :- - . ,.. . -_.-:-.
. .. ' . ._.
-~--_.,::_-~~\-:--~
~h
--~~
. ..
.. --
an
Thi-. rc:-.,,natcs -..tn,n g l~ \\ ith disapprm ing- 1.:\'tnmcnh "m:h a-. "h~., tt~'t u""'~ h..:s .. nnd It
undnpu.-.. 1h-.: 11k.t that "tho..: ~,.nd l "<lll nc' 0..:1 _lll slil~ th~. llll';tn-.
Uilll)
Kalll is saying that pl.!{lpk should a.t"a~ s he trcm<:d as ,atuablc -<I' an cn,i "' thc:nh..:h ..,
and shtHtld Jltlt JUSt be us~d in orda to ach1cn: somo..:thing cis<: IlK'\ "hlluld lli.ll lx lt h. t
nwn i put :1tl.!d 11r hull ied i ntn doing thing-..
-.cd ltimsdl'in Cl philosophic:ll and quite diflic.:ult \\<t) . Kwu hdin~d th~it
rd Ctmcrhmg th;u \\ nuld hdp p~OJlk deal \\ t'ttlI II1\:. 11101 .<1 I ( I I I1.'1lHll<h p f
,,. ldl.' ,tllul ll'i \\ itil a u-.clul ~ukk lo acting I ightl~
ar.: u
-~.
as a
rP~~ i9 .~ jf~itrarily wed by this' or that \\ilt lri aU his actions, V:hether -they are directed to
-~.- ~if.o~'j99~ei rati9riai ~.eings, he must ahvays be-regarded at the same time as end ...
;.".:-:
. . ":- _(
_-;_- .- :_
'.. . .
- .
:__..' .
. . . ' . ' .
.
.
liiimanuetl{iui ,T he Cat orical 1m erative'.: '-~ L .. _ -~ -~ :..>,.
that 0...:\CI ~ rational hUil1JO lxing COU ld \\Ofk this OUt for
t(l Jcp..:ml on (iod or their conlmunit~ 11 1 <lfl\'lhine t:i">L' Ill
h>
'.
~=-Ill~--~~- ~i.f&~!l~ral, e'!'ery rational being exists as an end in hi~lf and not merely
t,stl.;! tpllllli<>li<..dlJ~)
Llh.:IIJ"'-h~.:, ml '(t did not fll't:d

dJ \r..:r \ ~~.s \\<.~s ~ight :snd ''hat \~a' \Hong. Nor did the~ need
(IJ .Ul:JCL 0
.IJ(l \\,iS dotng the at:lton .
.._~-:_
~ .. - .
eiid~and1ieverrnere1y .asa1neans:
beings
but any
t.t.....,.~--
!>.-~ ...
Tli'( ;... ~ #i~':ppnc:fJ)fe'otinoiajity :\voiiiCi haf~-in:.extremetfWid~sio_iie: o~~ ih'#~~ii.~eta~~~%:

only to'au rational human beings
to
'other rational
-~vhomlibt._eXist (forcd
example~ G~angels, andintelligent ~xtrilterrestrials.- : . :. .- :<.-:~ :. -' ~- .- .:-;: :~>>":::/:.{;
not
~""-~ .., --~- -~
l"l iL'Il lll t! .I fll."l''>llll
hi
g_l'\
\\hat
~ktt:t\ tiH.:" 111.' 1'\'lllo ~o...'l
~(Ill
\\all\
"'"II ynu \\ant

5
..
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

"-<~~ll Jt,~sn'r 11a111 1o1
l . . . I J l til
sa_> th:H p.:op I1: c:ut I 1l: II:>'-'
;" th,, ,fl' .tf,o !>.:itt 1n:.n~d " ' an end
111
II OJ<II h~ lill~ . f<l II SI.' ll Jll' l SO li , J<,
lou,.
N A~I ~ UT.tE
rh, :H ,~II ,.,
()
J
1 It th 1n 11 . , .., h , ' L' Ill ''-' 1.11 drrl' tl 'n11
lh<. ,,nf~ t!<IOd t.:awn lor c1111~ tIt' 11!' t
,.
'
h.td ,cm, o11hcr , ,;r:.on fp,rhllfl:. ~<HI J rdn'l. .;,ulllt!JIIlllrrdn h..:cau ~"" 11 '-.,.._. toto :.eartd 11111
"
''""" :law~hr
lxc..'.ll,,t' ll
I!,. I
11,1.., loltll d1111 11111 hi)
lh~ll
11.1\ Ill" :111n1h, , ., , 1 , ,

1 1 1 1 11 1 11 l'fl :t'
.dUll
1'
I\
til, IIJ'l'l.lllllllod IC:t,tll
th;tl \IIUIIIIUfd 11111 ho11.: ;r( ll'd Ill , lllllltotfl)
dill~ dol-.n'!
fPI' IIIII
' I If'
an
,I t !Hill
Inun
r <lnd l\,1 ~
!I,'IIH' 1 i!,!hl ' ''
lll lll~
I .J
II 11tn :111 l'c 1 ~~011
I . -1
I "' c :nd
I ."'
I ,(,
1r ''"do '>~lltll'lhutc b~.c:w~,. II\.' "11011 il'-, Cltll du11. and tl dull' i-; th~ k<.:1 ..:k 1ll<.:ll l 111 Plll'
J~,c 1 '"'11 w <~<:1. lh,:n 11.: h.t\c a..:1cd rigfllh. l'\CII i1 '"' ll<lllh.:j 10 do th,: .:.tc t or "~'L' h Ht ....c:tn.;d
not
hl
du
11.
ur "hlll~ll.'r.
IH\11
I ..,
"'
;t('lltlll
----
( )( ,, , . .... , 1 '1.'"
l lltiiHI\1 ,
1h.11
AND SCOPE OF ETlll C
1n
Sca t e ll c,)f
Mota l
IIII Hsc l f/ ll c r~c ll
P tcc cp t~
1111: l >y n:llntc:-nfMon"i t y

' I " "'' (
I ,. ,
I( 1..' y
th ~.:
~>n s latH
Lh,
~-," n
:111d
th ~ Va t i ~tblo..:
tn M<wn l tty
L;p
\\ I l l lJ ..,
\lttiH: t
R .: .tdin ~:-.
"fllis llllll ; 1111 1:-.

:-\,J t' \111 _;!. funl :t
ul
a nd
Rcf~, cllcc:-.
11'\li'Oductng the Stud c n.ls to th ~ phi l osophtc~l llt:c d f\11 l : tllll.':-,

lii'Moi:JIIa\\ ~1110 ht..l\\' lh<.: h u lll<tll f\1.:1':-.oll tiiiii,..OI
b l tl.: r <.h :s~ u SS tOII
h L ('II'< H. ..::-.:-. l>f' g nnvth ll lltllt S thc cth t ..:;.ll \''ll' lll C tplt: ~. Ot sc u s~ i ons p clt ..t l l ) l l l to th.:
dyn:ullii..'S '" "H'' ni tt y s und cnakcn to s hov..- 11ov. )II t he one hand n ew sttLI<Ilt"ns
<.:~til f6t n ..:,.,. r .:s pon :-.:s f't'(>tn nHH:tl po11H of VtC\'1.' a11d o n thc other han<l cc "'
fu n dat n.'ll t ;d -.. ,,1 <.! t iii C:-o I Cfl'l:tll\ Lh<: s arne in SO n11 aS thcr<: t ;-. SOlllCthlllg or t
cutn i\Hll t hull l<lll ll <tun: ac..kyu :Jt..: l y unt.l.:.s toou .
1.1
-.
l NT R O D UCTl O N
l.t" t 'u s b..:g.in ou s 1udy o( N;,ttu e ~nd Scope o f F.thi cs by unden:>tandint~ what \\'c..'
mean hy rno n tl ' "'" But t\Vo t hings n~ed tn he clati fit"d bc l(wc we nti sc tilt' C)th 11 Hl
wtth whi<..: lt \VI..' are <:Li llt.:cn H:d h ..:rc . F trst. the tnoca l la w is called 'l<l\v onl)
nH: ta phon..: :tl l y. ,)r i r one p r.:::f~.:rs. ana logic31l y. T h .:: p aim3ry mcan ang, l)r 1~1 "' ts ,,
ruk <'~' ~<..:t i~ '" pqunul gat c d b y h i tn i h cr \vh o i::; in .. h aq~c o f a conlll\ltnaty in' tc..v
o f rh c .... ,,,nnhH~ gO\)d". T h is is called pusi tivc law. lfthc lcg.as la t o t ts l'OilStdctcd
to bt (lod , it i s di v in e p osi t ive law: i f the lcg.as la to r is hurn an pct::.l'" and It ' '
h u nH t n pos iti' c I H\v. 't l un'la n pos at iv..: law ~..:an futthcr be suh<.\ a\. ide<.\ C\l'\70t dang'''
" h al t h t.: cu tntno n gl.H)d :.ai n 'll!d <tl . (e .g. . ~..: i v il \a'l.v. c ricnin<tl h l\v. conlllll'l ~.~:d I"'
c..:tt.: . ) In a <..:a:'<.:. a po ~ tt ivc b t \v l ay~ O l)v,n r\llc~ to h e u b sc r vcd hy h uan.ut P' a:-.1Hl
It t!'- p rL~ c. 1t pt 10 t\. Th..: n th ..:r~..: is an u thcr sen se o f taw w hi c h as qu ilt.: dtl'f,., 11t In
th1s ... ..; ""'-' tl tS a 1\ u nH tl :t cxp r..:ssi n g :1 c.' ) ll ~ lant o f h e h nv au ur o f th"' l'" .tnd 1
p.: r s(ltl:-o . S11 ".._. h :l\ 'l.' ph ys 1ca l ' '"" t incl udin g linvs s tudt t.:d in phyMcs . du: n11 ~ 11'
h u lo gv. L' l <.: l . p:-yc h u h.,g.i ~..:al ' """ sociol<)g.ical l ~t w, e tc . t $nwc the ntl\:-t.ll\t ''
h ch a v to u r .crn (lll J:!. huanan p e 1so n s is h!ss li ':t:ll m u .t f( 1resc\!ahlc t h .a n ll&al ' n '"tl
) than g.~ at i s m o t ..: u f a statistica l con s ta nt). As dis tinc t fro m p usi ti vt.l,aw. tltt \..and
o l'l aw as ..:a lkd n u luta l lav.' . It ~ s d csc ripli'IIC. 1\. c u n olso b\! called au cs' ''I" ~
to lh<: I..' X I\..' Ill i r ll i:-. l'On ::.idc r cd ~!'.wi ll ed h y God and ind u dc~ t he da v m ,,, 1\1
Ia\\', <t ll d c.k s ..: npti vc tc.1 IIH: cx l t: ll l 1ha\ &h i~ di\'inc will is lh c uh unUl l
,,t ll
c., .. a:-.t:ll\1 ul h .. ha 'l. co ur 111 t hin ~' a nd huan:.an pcn'''" ~ l " ' "'c' "'' nu.ll at l
l ' l ut l.' -.. ptl t H b
._.,,, l' tl ) th.: tth ...r to ~ ht. pus lli\'C law '" " ' u th\! n al\u.al l.a
)t\ ' '
36
fttCt
~~~~"'' '"" tt I Cl..,~
. ~ 1110 , ,11 la w 11H Ilick ' ll<l t Cln h
, 1M 1nl rl"' ' ' ' np I" '
" " '"Lor ly lt uun. 1\qtn n.l-. <lt .llfl"lll.ht" hc tw ocn rhc ' lir~l prul t:plcs' (l( lh c
"""''"'I' \d11d1 ,.,,. " " t ' ul.111 llll\11 11\..:l} knllw n h y all . and \llu ch c anno t
h .t.kwol ""'" th, h 11111.m lw.n t .and tlw "-t:UHHI.ny ill\0 m w .: !-(lc..: i li~ prm~ 1 ptc ~
w h 11.h IIC ck ' "''" ll o111 lhl lcu 111n .,, 11 hy way nf' t.:um:lu o;ion frnm prcm 1 sc~
w h :n "nnplr t:d h c:1.: 1\ rh at 1111 , 'e'-OIHbry prnlC I(lk ~ rc qu1rc re llcc \l on . lhoma..
llllluc.:nt . :ul uhc.: y " ' \ \' I till g . .; I I. I I h t:, l' l'''''~ u
!-JlCIk So l the (\ If fiUJfr y lllVHIVcC(IIl appl y lll" ~ C I I\:1 :11 principles IO COI\e iCIC C:ISO:S.
h .: I' ,all Ill !! ah.: s p.:..:d i c.:a iHHI' I 1h.: 1110" 1,1\\
I. vt: n 1h <H ~II flii iii.. IJ IIc::. " l11; 1he th <:111 <: II <: a I or practic al c an b e evident in
. I ' l d ch l'l o f the llll)t ,d C.: Clll ~C.: i OII SIH:ss
1lc lll.'l.' 011 1 quc:-liC'IIl' I l<l\\' .n .: 1Ilt: gll ~
' '
lh~' ll ht:h I.'S. th,v lll:ty II()( he ;Clt'VIIklll (Co II ' And thi:- i-: due. <JCCClrt.ltn g tl' rhoma~.
f
ccplo.: ;Ill(1 \\' 11:1 1 IS the.: C :tii ~C ll f lh 1:-,
p:ull c ul.n1 .1ed and co nc re t i.IO:d 111 :.p..:c " I11 ~
U \\ 11111<' pc :-.tiOI'oiUih 1011 th o; P" 1 111 htlll l:lll p c M ill

1 1
.
( ,11 11 ' :d u e. \\ ..: ca n 1:t 1:-<.: !111:- qu.:... lHin ,.,
d ll k rc lll' C wnong m en n tc m'" 111
CC "lnnn :111 p c.: r:-.u n :. :;cll - n :all /a loon a~ :-,,Hil t:/ 1:-. Jll'lh,lp._ t:\l'll m ,ne c'pl1o. 11 111 Ill '> lhlCllllle that ..:vcn th o.: st:Ct11lday
~
Io 1111\\' '- I I ' 11IC.: m ora 1 va 111 ..: p ' tl "v, 111t.:II
hwm 111. ho w ~: an this m tHill vnh rt.: d c.: tc.: 1n u n c s p c.:c rli <: 1110 1a l va l11c:;'! A nd why rs (JIIIICIJ) k:-. \ dli Lh l1ke lhc f11 11ll:tf)' III C ~dfe\'H}C nt Ill lhCm scl \'CS- fC(\llin.: a
th ere d is:tg c.: n rc lll ns 111 w hc lh t: s uc h and .;u c h :r11 nc ti o n is a 'good ' (m u ra l cc tanl all H i ll Ill u l thu 11 :_~1 11 and cx p t:c n<:c T l11:- i::. t ucr o f th..: tcniary principk:,
\\. h 11.:h r t-qlltll~ !-ludy and d"ctu -.vc thought Bur a ll m oral principles can be d erived
v:1luc.: ) 111 n cll' 1
Irum scl t-cvl kllt pn11upks 011c n owblc d lll 'clcncc hc lwo.:cll Thomas a nd Saure/
---~------------------ IS th:(tthC.: f'(l t lllCI cl t:II VC~ th O.: C()IICICIC p111\e 1plcs Ill :J way COfrC!:pOndm g. tU' hUill:lll
1. 2 MORAL I NTU lTION I S !\'l
pcl'~()ll ':-. n ;ttur;tl IIH' flll:t ll \111'>, ' lh..: I.H I<.: > d c:1iva:-.. lhem 111 a \\':ly Cl.)l fCSflOild ll\g_ lt'
a
l..: ~: d '):-I e ll> I ' " ~:1111 .: .1 lit ~-...: p r..: < o.; J)I !S ha \ t.: rh .:n 1111tn..:d1at.: 11111'111 I he: !:!'''""
,\II ' d t:t> lltolog u: al' .th i.'IIIIC.:' ,lg tl.'t.: lll:tl lhc.: .: m u"t .:x r-. t :-urn c.: nd <: l lt law \\hrc h
0 ( IHIIIl:lll ll:tllll t: l h.; llCt:d olf C'J)I:I ICil \.C .llld tC0..:CllOil 1:. Sllllllad y
indeed
c: u fo rc..-s m o r:t l v:t ltr l' :~ nd t h :lt its n:l iUI:l l tt) h u rn a n pcn.o n . iut tll tr\ dy '
t: \ t: n mcu a: IIIS I ~ t l'<l upon h y .:untc.: mpun 11 y c t tu c i ~J s . \V hy this g rca t.:r II ISI!Stc n..:e''
T h.;IC I S the n an c leme nt oi' llllli!IIOII . IIl ii II o rth <!lll ll(l lll:lllt;l how th ..:y <.:tlll< <'olfC
o f 11 ancl th c: w~Y th c:y apr 111at: h 11. who:t hc r a!S ' <.:1111\<: te rH: c' ( Oc.:khamJ. ' I u gos '
1.3
H U M AN PE R S ON I N SEARC H pF HIMSELF/
(S rcuc:-;J. moral scns..:: ( S ha lk-.h u ry). th l! :,: ru rr c a tq !orrc.;<ll impcrill i\'C (Ka nt).
' rcg ht e;l,, lll tTh o llla :- \q w n. r:- a nd \u. tro.:/ ) 11 11' ..:km<: n l tl r'rrwr:tl ' llllurlllm' rs
II E R S E LF
.tbof() und 111 th o.: r,h:oh<;K.tl th t'III K., wh t..: th ~ llllfl l ~t:rrl y 111 o: n :-n ._..._ phclll ) It
" 1111plrn l" lilllnd Ill lht C.:IIIICI:pt ol . IIIII tii \ /(/ : ( I lli 0.: \1111 ' l. Ill I ha t ,, r . t'll.il ' lllf 11//U.
\A' hat w e art: d c:t llll t! \\l t h h c.:rc 1s w :.ec \\hcth .:: a !;Cnc ral pn nc1pl..: su..:h a'
(AIISIOt fc.: ). a u cf t: xp lit:ll ly Ill tho.: COIICt:p l o r ' 11 g h1 l t..::t ~O il . ( fl obhes). Ill the
l.cnou:. p ron11:-..::- ~ho u l d nN he logh tl y hrt,kc n i:. ~cl f-.:vidcm ' and thc re f<lfc IJe
' c lm :..::u: ntio us !(!cl ings of m.a nk ind ' (l'vf rll)
C0t111lt: ll :un ong the ' fi r :.t p1111t: 1p h:s ' 11\l ~IIII Vcly kuown b y .:vcrybody l fyc:.. how
r:. 11 d c 11'..:d fHH1l th o:: \cry li r !>t ~dt'-cv 1dc nt pnn ciplc.: th at ' good r:. to be d o ne .
A nd 111 fa c t the m o re th e id e a o fm o a l o b lrgati on is p rorn ncn t i n a u c ll u cal
t:\ il w h ..: a\ t utkd ''' t .. it m c1 d~ b y a l.111ll o f' ln gi~tl dcduc.:timf! And if it i!S ,ct ftheory. th e more e xp lic it b ecom es th.: r.:cou rsc to thrs cl e m e nt or n lu !Iro n (or
C.:\'Id c nt ' t O lbt..:l J' h ut llllt k nown by a fl . 1:; it b Ct:aUSC o f S\l rnC aCCI.it:n tal rt:a:.llO
dn~.ct p ..:rc tp tion J. T h is cl..:m c ll t
' 11 11 11r1 itlll rs s tron g ly c mp hasi 7C d h y m c t,1~ uo:h :rs i gnc.~ran <:c w ' bad habit'! Fina ll y. irit is not 'scl r-cvid c nt ' how i:; 11 th;n
~ th~ c r s r_!> \\' ~~o maiurarr~ t hn t nwral r_~ n g tra !,!<: rs .' <lhj cC II \:e ~ ~h~ thc.:r..:fore
h uman p erson h J s todn y com.:: to a g ree tha t s uc h a g,..:n c.:ral principle is co rr.:c t
lllf O tln .III V~: 8ut ht:rl' clg:uu. th.:y drfl o:r a ~ It , \\'h:l th t: ' vbj t: t: t o f tht!> mor;d
( that it is :tm orn l value r ?
ntttitltln ~. T his dr lfcn:nc c 1:; ..:xpli11 nahlc by rh.; cJi f'l'c rc n ..:c in their m c t a - c <hical
th~:o ri .:s n;g ... r d in g. th e m.:ani11g
nw r;.tl good. I knt: c for s o m .: . this ubj.-rt i::
To ~pea k nwrc s p ec dic t~ll y nf' th inke rs lik e Thomas A quinas. Sut~rcz and Ross
the 'rig ht11 css o f' specific a<:ts ' ( C anit l. Prit: lwrcl) lor o th ers it is a l.:ind o l:ntu a l
;tre \\' t: Ill sa\' th;1t the.: e'(<tmp lcs they gi ve 1.11' lirs t pr inciplcs (or uf p inna {uci<
prope rty. -simp)c a nd in d efina ble in no n -m o ra l lcrm s (M oo rl:), for o th~ rs . it i~ a
duti es 1 :re ,;lt:illll l<) s er\'.: 'm e n : ly a.;; c x:tmpks or ~1rc w..: tl) say th at th.:y :lre
m c.::11H ' ~'be u ld tt<kd :unon ~ th o.: t't r~t pnnc iplcs the m :;c l\ e !S'! In the lir<:t cas..: w e
ge_n c 1_a l p r inc iple(<. g . th e rh t p r i n~ip l e o f u ti lity' tt :-.<:1 1' - S idg \\'id: l <lf a ~:r t,,f
.. . I
, . I" I ,.
.
.
r nll t: l pk~ c~ : th '-'. . ,.,.,. ,.,.,( ,.....
co uld p ;.;rhap:. dt:.ag r ..:c tha~ the c.:xam pks they g. a\'0.:: arc g.\lOd e x ample:. but ~till
lUt; ull lll' ;o. <) It 1.! II } . l l'fl:ll :l llllll. l!l':l lt iUd t:. Jll ~il l \' <'.
ill!rt:.: \\'ith thc 11 d o c tnn c;: th a t th l!l l! ..:xbt fi rst painc iplcs intuitiv ely known by
h ..:n dkcn c.:c. ~c l f'.- i mpr(lvcm .:nt an d llO n - ma ldic.: n c c
R os-, 1. In c t hc~. the
c~c::ry llH\11 . T h ..: que:-.t11m w ould h e th e n w hich a rc lh.:~c li~t ptinciplcs. In th e
plu lo.;op~y w hi c h Jlls is l:- o n the ncnss ity of mora l int u it ion i!> c.:;rl h::d l,..:titi..:al
fnluiiHJnl "lll.
~
~ct:oml c.:usc.: to que ~ lio n the uptncss u f the e x a mples wmrlc.l be to qucs tilm thc it
d oct ri n t: rtscl ( lrr.::;p ..:ct i'\C u f'wh a t s u c h thinkers ac l\mlly mean we have goi\U
But e ven 1hc m os1 in~i~tcnt (lf<a llmnr:11 plll l~"oph.;r, o n tills de m e nt ol~nruiti 1 ,1t
~tu d~ t h e pmh k m 111 u ,-: lf
rh ~ lan;-:11fl: 0
'
.
no d ,1ntl , I\ 111d ._., d I " ' n n,,,
l
t
lc u(: ~ on(~: '1'' '
. I
f <!ll~, .d :uHJ ' 1:, 11 .11; I 11 "
I
I I but "' '' Jl" tllul.n . 1111 1 " " ' t II:
.
I th . lh'lllllh: :- Hill I.
1,111 ~'11 '!!~' lh<! 'il,' ll :.~ tl
" '
tl 1 11 .,. lu: t1ullth d du ll<l t l. dlrh.;
I I I
r o lo . , lv tltll l .tl ~ "' '"

fli<I.<' Pl'(<.:!! 1.; f)llt: JICI <I'
"
.
l llllflll \. tlll l:lt..: t\." (ll t:t:q H:- \\<: <t t .;
Sc nndly.
111
-----------------------------------------
or
or
..
..
'." he m v ra l c_lll.l!"Cio u s n <.ss. 11.u ndy Ka n1. no t 11111y due:-. 1101 deny, bn r. on 1.
t;Our~t}. t:~pltcllly s_t <II\.'S lha t the lllo>ral .rud.gn ll'llt 111dudc:-. d .:m c nb ckrl\<~1
l~um cxp c n c n cc ( w_luc h arc therefore ' 11 1,0 , feJ 111 r 1 as 'op pos e d H
71h e a 11,.,11n
t: e rnc nt) K <mt d c n rcs

.
thc pu ':-hrltt v uf d e '' " 111c., f1J rtrul
'- II :Ill(1 t: Uih'l'((l I
p~cccpl' lmmthc nmccpl uf fll:Jl:ll c al reason alo ne hll tlu:-. the s t u dy oflnu
na ture 1<; n ccc: ,;~:t ry
ur mo'
I r I h~ I' : Ill \ Jllllll l p k th.tt Colllllll t ,,e llt: llle d .H j,. tht: 11\Ullt:c.l~h: ll;tl;l
C.:l>ll:O\. Il'U'Il.;-... I r th t::.t: d,lt:t l.: il llll\11 b..: d c nt t:ll the~ al..: sclf-c\ ilk,n l They oUC
:.ell - ' 11k11t 111>t ;t' pr iut. apk -;. that ~ ~ :~:-. l'ot~uula.: hut ''" dala wlk:th~r lh.:y. :u \'
thc.: mat,.:allv fo nnul:ll t:d N not Th.: immc.:<liatc ont\log.ical loundauon ol tlk:
nwral "'bli g<~l'-'" b hunH\1\ illlcr-rc l:u cdncss and that the nonu tor mor.ll ~o.>d
tas c.Jis ttll l'l fro m th e motal 11~ht) i~ human pcl'! '(\n as 3 :.oci<ll hcil\g.. W.:: ha\ c
1 I'' cc.:c pt w 1m ;I' 1:.
11\111
. , \;\
a,.,,..
uin:n th~l ""
... lv
. to
alsCl rc.: ll.:etc.:d how tho.: unl ): mura
........ . . . .
....... 1 ....... ,
I . th:ll h t tlll:lll p-.' I~O il

.,1 1 l e v ~; ts
. 1-1 d CHI 11 nto.:..: 1110 1'
nee : 111 oth ...:r p...:~..-<: pt~
, '" t~ch ics
n tn<ll be
Jlll'll
'-'. . d ~uca I t)t.;l
. ,u~) 11 c
~df- o.:, H.Icnt nn d l: 1
.
.
u
,;t
~oln
c
iH)
\\'
n
1
111
1ll ttH.ll V l t 1ll.l 1 ' 111
()I II l.t" 1
,
-.h cHtld bt.: hun'<ll 1 ( "~ ' .
.. 1- n ti nn!' o f tho..: 111 '
IJ n ; a l i 7..: h i t ll'-.clt t
..
,tltn<
,pc<et
1'-
1un " 110U
(" h.Jt " 'C ~IIC I1..: 1 C <;.
"'.
' Ill tl lll l a )l\.: "
.
. ,.
huncnta l P1 ~;1.:'othl: tl tn\' ll lHH tills un<
hcrs dfliS human.
.
- f . n ' rSlll\ is h.::o.: on1ing
. .
c)ming . I uman .'-':
. . '.
.
.
. . 1rt1ccs" o l hCl:
.
1 h11n,d l dt.:, dv p ..
Hun1'lll con~ettll t ~nc:--.. ' " Ill '' I
hi" uwan; IH;:-:-- o
.
II
ll1ur.J~ .JIIll mun: him :a; lfand in th~ prolc_c~~ cl t: the q uc~tion w hat h e ts . \llll<llt
' '~ h "~"0" " the
., k tn
. ._ hccn C<.,ltHtnU<Itls I Y "
"". un'"I f
r.;l( The 1non; 11<.:.
'-'
I ' c '1,,
''"' 11 1.
I ,., 1\) SC 1\<.; ~
I
pcl..;on ;, in a nc,c r-..:ndin g :;..::~ C o . u . l li' h rsclf :s hun"' ~ ll person I ~ c lliOic
, b .
c-.. con ~a; ious of htntl'C
'-' .
. rt t)r . 111 aspect ol hum <n
'
n1orc 110.: " 1I t: c.:-.<1111

.
. c1 usllcSS IS " P1
hc '-..hc j..,. hun:.d fhcscll. l\1 or;d c0n sc , . nes h i ln::.d li'h erscll th L' m ot\: h\:
1 rstlll 1t:~o:OI
t.on!-citnt!- n~::-s . Tht tnttrc; 1Hll1tan I '-' . .
I I b This l ead~ tel th t:: ctn.:rgcn~c u 1
.
f I th '~ hc,.hO ll l c; .
1.5
Ite r\:
\Vt.: t.:Xill11111 t.: l\\o qu ~: .;tion :- 1.vhic.:h :.arc int 1n ntcly ltn' .1 1
1
<
o.Cu,. II .tO '-'\ ~ li\IUI I. II )
v t.;IOil
S n f hunan
p ..:::-on I \) 1.vha1 ..::-. 1..:nt c;u '"C "a)
tl-.1 1 lllt)IOI 1II Y ( I 1\,1\
. .... l 1I .
. .
.
!'< pt:CI ca ti C'III o t th <: tnC'II:ll Ia''') ::\lc uni\'cr~t
ll v. val'1 d 1r..
....- a 11 11un"1" p c t-.\lll" 1o
'vha t cxtc nt c an 'vc s<ty t h al they a rc unchangeable'! 1f (11\C n 1:untmns th~:i 1 u 111 "c 1-..al
v:~lidity one;: i::, c ha ~gc::t.l with ~~b~oh~u s m Wtth hohhng lhe 0 p mion of J Slattc 1 ~o~tu 1 .:
<1 1 hutTHtn J?CISon m con1 p:H ~blc \VIth present da y thcoric::- a ho _uttnan's llyn.11 llu.:
and evolu tionary natun.:. II on the other hand one were to 111 aint;u n 41 rd.Jtt\ c
va l1d ity one '-''tluld f;tll into a philosorhic.:ally untcn:..hlc 1nnral tdat l\' l~m Can
the dilcmlllCI be OVet COilH: '?
fhc E.,\I IUl iOnar) natur..: ofhum:111 person a nd ll fht l' human ..:onM: IOlt~nc-.-. h ;,,
_l un_g . bccn rct.:o g n i?'.cd on..: way tll a no thct. C hade;:s D ... r"in g<~'t.: tht: thcoa-y "'
..:v o luti on a biolo!,;ical h a:'i!';. /\ n Evulutio nary vit.:\\. or the wurlt.l and ot'hum.tn
J'I C I ~ O il is today <II the l>Hsis Of H g t c at deal of seicnttfic pllllll-.oplllei\1 au (\
thco logi c alt htnkin g . Thc . th111k in g of s u c h human p ersons ::1:-. l' it:nc 1etlhard de
C hard in and of AtHobindo comes of cour:..c s p ontan CO\ISiy \ll mmd
"he: hcl:ntnc~ co n~cHH I S o \V " ' " .
I I , conduct of h uman p erson .
., "'- ' nnorc dc:r Y 1 lc
n 1 ur~t l precepts spec 1Y111 o ~.: c.:

f m the firs t fund a m e nta l m ora l
a l ,alucs) o w t o
.
Hence th e mon ll pn.:ccpts ( mor '
, . lt/ 1 "., se lf (th..: mora l va lu e.: p ar
,hou ld b e hun sc.; 1..::
.

'
precept that human pcr ::._on
.
. lf n H:rc lne tlatc tll k t el c c.
.1 '
, ., ltH!ic<~ l deducuon ol t
excellence;: not hy '" ) o t tnc.:lc..: ~
. . 1 .. jed conc l u::-tons lll as
1 . I ll r no t Stlllp 1) .t::- 1.1 ::: '
rf 1t f(lllllt:r :u..: td ll t ClI Ill t 1'- ~ ~.:
I
th idc1, wtl ll r ... , c
,
., 1 t.)" c ha:; !.!Ot to l. o ' " '

.
llnpltcitl ycl: rd ;lt cd t tll h <etrpr... mtl'<e .. -. "'
.
(' itt ~ th e im plil t tl : u.;
.
'
I
t tl . 'rch tH.'tll o r t l<.: cxp II.
l
td ca". It c:ulllOI l 1C <I cnH:u I w
li S
, .
I ~ l: t n ' I is h c..:rc pre ' t: l
.
I .. ( fthc concrete to 11 ~.: :l ) $ 1 ' t.:
clc:u to the unck<u to t Il t.: unc t:.tr 1

h
conscious ness
(
o I tv dc v c i Op ln'~ lllna n
But it is prcs..:nl in th e scn s<: t h :H a con IIl l i l:..~ .
- ~ s
more t h<.ttl
, l" ts kvelopmcnt. cxtstc n<.:c..: 1
1s tel~ltcd to its swgcs p:l!it an adju,.t..:d to Clltb
I:- .
The hi gher we proceed Ill the scnlc or Evolution the
"C
the;;_ Llni\'crsal Oc:daration of Humun Rights "'hl ~h "' :~ ctpl ~)t<:.\ c

u . 4 N :iltun~
(j n c ra l A!';'t; lll bl) tn

... o .
without a Jis~~.:nt111g voi<;c 10 the ntCu
,~..;
10
1gnoran ec of1he moral precept s is th erefore not necessarily Lh: result of perverse
c~lslOrns as if this result wer e ctccidcnwl. I t is a faci of cxpcn e ncc that pel' ~sc
c;;ustoms not tHlly weaken the ...vi ii w p~rsue the tnor<~ l good hu_t dark L' IlS t h e 111 111~
w rcco!!ni7.c wh:Jt the tn<.lral goo d t S. r->J UL t IHs. 1s
. m o c cas
,-. blc nn al
' d ,v po,
- .
.
andivid~~~l Jc\d . Here we arc plac ing oursclvc~ on the lev el of m ankllld _'"'' ~ 1
hr~H.,rical progn;ss. Thi s ignorance and the \aricty of mura ls can be cxpla'!'cul
human histot ici1v itself. that is, by the hiswri ca l progressi ve dcvcl opn1 c nt ofh
hum;m mcwa l r..:onst: iou snt::!-~ .
H~>wcvcr. we mu~tnot cas tly takr..: it lor g rante d that thi s dcvdopmcntl w~ Jl v.:;
;Ji td ~Vci:W hC I C bccu a llllcar rrog r.:ss. It lll;JY ha ve ~u ffcn:d ~etb<.H.~: 1\'\.l'l
and rc;;rco;!'. V/c;; nee d nol go into that. \V Iwt I f; nwrc pctttn c nt h~rc to ,tsk
wf~hi!r ~\c ::.hould n.:asunably suppu~c that human p c ason has 110\.'li .tt t.nncl
sc;.mc o f lti:. lt.:r :.clf-{.:onsc ious H!S:. aud ofhis/h c 1 moral c0n $Ci0thll1' . .. ';'/It
fC.c ~n.shlc In s upp.o~c a.:1.urdtng to Ul- ts th~_t h cish c lws not . A pall II 0111 tl
d c.cltUh."4:11ltut l" (..di..:tlhc futur e. t~ullentpur.uy morulptohlcin <"lftli, 111 ll
f ,.tlx tun lun g~; 111 :t ~ta;,Jt c" l ~llt ,,II \\'hcthcr one .-..h ou ld Utll!-1<1 1 Jill' t,ua
UJ .J huna;.ua p " r ).Oit . , lu; ,.o <.:clll<:d \\ll llh.: ll':- ltb~.-ralitHI lllll \'<-'11h'lll 111d t
1\0 Il l lfCI wh:t t II r m~.il s cll\d d~ tllcrit s 6.11(' th:ll Wllllll'll ha ve liCit Ill 'II ll t.:ll
lulf I tun~n 1 rW11' C\c rywhcrt.: 111 th.: wcrltl One could thtul; of tl\illl Y
fl)r
u~
{\)
.,f
. tl
I )lncnt (lrh llln<~n <.:l>ll'-c iou<..n c:-s
~~ rc sa vi~~~ eth< lU I t h L' pt Ll1 c:o;-.t>.: .;vc o t
.
. tl . . . ' tl '
. . , 111 c c 1n cl<.; dV un c t:..l l llu 11:

ntl lht.:l..:forc u( I)IOI.JI C(lll:'l.' lllUSill:'S!:- 1:- II P'-' l
,
.
fi
.
.
J 1 nn pr~on I (HH.U li... IC''

tll.'vdopnlL'Ill tt f murab frotn th~ C<I\'C- nl:tll t O llHit l::l n. llll a
~ ~
. . .
. . tJ
:- lan;rv
C:lS I C I It bccom~:s
Obt:li n ev ide nce of purposd'ttl :lC.: II OI\S directed l OWil iU the g_OC'Id Ctthcr Oft~)<.:
in divid ual or of the species. This p'ttrpo!>cful activity lo ms p:.tr l oi the ~truggk
f(u existence wag ell het ween indi ,itlual m c rnhcrs
the ~nc ~IXL' t o:s Cll hct'~ c lll
ddli.:rcnt " p ct.:ic:--. Butlhts ty pe ol c onduct is ;.H.:<:<Htlng to Spent:<: n ~tnp.:rkcth
.::voh cd con d u~o: l. In :.a p crli.:ctly CVlth c d ,l:<llld u..:t whit:h ,, cth l l:. tl t.:untlul t 111 tlh.'
J"' l'~) pcr Sei\SC 0fthc WOrd th i~ Stru ggle J'l)f' l'XI~tl:llCC \\ t\1 yidd pl:lCC ltl cnupCt.llll'll
and mutual h elp. Eg.o s m and clftru ism will be both tran ~ccntlcd Tht:- k.1lb
Spen cer t o tl istmguish bct\,Ccn absolute and rd~llivc ethiC~. Ab::.olutc L'lht..;s '"
an ide al code of conduc t formulati ng. the behaviour o f th.:: co1npktcl~ ;~uaptt.d
hun1an pcrson in the compktd y cvnheu !'lX:Idy. Rci:Jtivc e tht.:s ''the ncal\:-..t
app1~)X imat 1011 tu thi s ideal an;ordi11g to th~o: murc tr less Jll'l feel I) t:' tlh ct.l-."ct-.t'
lug..:.
If wh<t I "
TI-IE DYNAI\1I CS OF MORALITY
in wluch hunnut p e rstlll happens to li nd him her

Spe~ccr adopts the utilitarian e thic al principle. In f<tC t he takes h;,ppmc::.s lo h e
the ultimate t!nd of li fe and measures l h e rightness m w.nl~lt!ne":- nf ,,cli~U\:-. h-.
their conduciveness to this end. from a nascent s t ate whcnth1s ullltlan.m p an pk
[ -..vas dl!p cmknl on non-eth ical (e.g . <tuthoritanan) bcltcfs tl g.t.u.luall) Jcvd~ ()Cd
to b<!t:omc independent and as sugg.cst~d by the theory l'fCH'lulltln. 11 '"" conumh.
Ill cvn h c :1nd rc<H:h an H.k;d '"'"'-
llapp1nc ~s however tllpcnd' (Ill the fulftlmcnt uf :--nme \:undiiHuls An~l th\:
cond1 t ion s arc the observances ur ccrt~un pnm: tplc~ and ruk'
determine hum3n wdfatc. S tlcnccr ackno\\'kdg~s the cxa~tcnc<! ol nl\-w\11 mN"'<>t'
,-.. hi ch h owever arc the s lowly oa~ani1cd 1es.uh:;. ofcxpcnc ncc 1 c.t'wed b ''
tacc. In othr..:r wo1ds .m tnducli<.'n from cxp~rt~th:c h.m<kd ''''''" tlnm"
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.: fr.:,u ~; r x: ll c 1m ' '''"'"'"' 1 , o iJ\.rou.ly 1 o n c r c t i / cd and p a r 11r ulaci / Cd in .p et rli~
IJJtr.ll pH:-.: pi I \ 't " " ' ' "'c :r vtn <;~:J;_~c; o f ltulll<JO rnum l c<m .~HIIr \ nt<.., d1f l\:1c nl
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lh .( tf,JI,I 10 h e Ill CWII Ofllllly h i lr uman f eil!ot) ll :tnd Ill he COII d lll'IVC 10 th e ,cf f
r~,;;,fr7.<ciHHI ol hu n w ! 1 pc1:.cm a ... h urua11 . llur hum a nrn 01 al cclllsciou:.llcss ha~ h ccn
t:\lllvmt I l11 s <. h .1nrc l a kl<, drl krc rll f<> II IIS S(l llt C o l w hr \'1 1 an ca ~ i l y
ur11k t hlilftdilh lc ;11uJ :dl tud 110 re:tl pr rr lll c m w e tltics !>ClfllC :u I.' 11 0 1 :<O ca..,i ly
l,cuccJ.Jiftm
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I'X 1'. t :, !IH ' 1 (' l'o 110 Ill II \ I r .;cl 111111 :t\ 1\CH 111 (OI lla.i'- 111111.tl 1)1111 1pl<) IIlii \O.'I., tl to,;
ruu . n c,. lr. ucc 11 dc vclop111Jj. the dtfkr c ul s l ll !;l'!'o o l

rlu ~ I, dupor11ur t .111 lw cc, r111:rhly r onf, rd-. h : d a. t he v :u :rhlc 111 hum. III cvo lultnrl
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'd o .. ~.= "' ckbllt C '"'" ttrn,
I d(( in ;Ill ~. phl tt:~. l ) f kuow kd 1' l! a tunc <If qu~l'tmn ~
s ' l \~ n\, d. Ill
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w l c d ~ c rf P"l~
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.
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UNJT 3
ETT-TTC S TN T-TTS TO RY Of.' I N DIAN

P TTT LOSOPTJy
wh all."'-..: r n, :~v b e thc rcli!.!.i<'ll , it c o ntains w ithin itsct r , . ,

.
.
..
.-H l C SVSh!lll (I 1 rnur;1IH\.
the g ur d.n rcl.: <.l l li S fo ll ow.:es. A nd th u.s lndi:m e th i c~
.
tl
..
hl c rn \
,
' "' lll u t:.p..;ns a
o l' l lind u ec lt g.eo n ;,md other

or Indian orici
~ ~ l.' a'n d
. re lic.ions
.- n ln-
u 1au
ct 1H<: a I 1u..:a
p renc ep k::-. . 11 c \'.;ey muc h lou nd 111 the
V c J <I S a nd in o thc 1 Inti .
1
IC\ 11 II CnltUI CS cll\l 1 I ll

oth c 1 tca c lungs o t the lnd ra n r cl rg 1ons .
.
.
and
f c1r
C nut c nt s
30
3 I
I lit I <.ld lii: I I OII
1.2
Sot.p c c s of Moral l c.k:~rl s i n Ind ia
O bjcc t l\'c s
3.3
Et hics. l1s Mc:tn lll! in l11d ia n T r <tdi t io n
3 .4
Eth i.;;s 1n Vcd rc Pe r iod
35
[;till cs rn l ) ltor masa <:: /ras <md lti ltu.' os
J .6
Way o f R rg htcous nc ss in the G it<1
3. 7
3.X
E th ic :t l Co n c clll .~ <> I. I I fi
. ll Iu 1 -ra u11r.o n
Eth rc:- Ill . O u ~ld hi :- m
J .Y
.l:11n<1 l: th ic s
L rk c rcl1
g 1<ln a nd aet. m o eal ity tt ls o i ~ <m in!'litu tion
o fli lc f.<>r ..myun.: A.u a t 1o pt 1n
IH:il
u r V I C\V
. d c B y th ls m s ll tu tron of m ora llly on..: 's a c tions frumth ~ n l or<.~ 1 po mt
m eg ht b .::_ hi ciiHkd a ~ go <>d o r h ad . ri g ht o r ~vron g , praisC\'- Orth y 0 1 b lam..: rul e tc
' ' .n d a g a 111 l~y llHHa l11 y o n.: m ay be c n ~ i t l cd to j ud ge <u h~rs a<.:tion :~s g.oud 01
h.1d. 1e g.h t oe WH'ng . In th1s sen s e m o rality ca n b e rc gard cu a:- a partic ular wa y ~.1 r
l ook m ~ HI 1ssu c:. of c iHu actc r and conduc t. lt is in this sense llf m o r.111\y. that w e
ta lk o l h llllHln bcmgs a s ll'l(lra l a ge nts but not of an imals. we e~ l so lalk <.lf m lna l
<.:onc e p ls , la w s and p1 ine iplcs e tc for a m ora ll y good or mora ll y 1 i gl~t ti f~ .
M _o ra l1ty m c<Hls c o nsc ious liv ing " ith in th e fra m e or cc n a rq princ 1pk:- ,,f conduc t
la td clown b y-tho,.: rcga rckd a ~ a u th <lrit i<.:s. So iil gcncralnllua ii\ V ;,:-; ;m m ~ titut 1 ," 1
t'f l ifc c o ns is ts 111 the.: awan;ncs~ o f a t) impo 11ant dis u nc tion bc.:t~vc<.:n w h ;1t is an d
\.Vh <t l o u g h t to h e . Su m e n ~ h o ul d li ve not m e rely in the li ght lf w ha t is h \ll abo
w h ~ll ou g h t Ill bc . S pcc d i c;1ll y ~pect ki n g morality is thcr .~~van:ncss o f a liv tn g
bo scd 0 11 a di s tinc tro n be tw een o u r a niina l d e mands and the de m a nds ~'lf the
hi ~ h c 1 f<tt: u lti c s ~) f' h u man life . 'l.vh id l m a ke th..: huma n dis unc t from the annn :1ls
..' .
3. 10 Le t u., S un1 up
~)
3 . I I K ey Vv'ord s
3. I 2 F unhe r Rer<
, an d Refe ren ces
J"rngs
3.0
OBJ E C T TVES
To ~I\ t I 1I L ' ' l lltftllt-.
lr<Hill l<lll .
S in ~.:c
o ( pflilti:-, CI I>h ~
!;;<=IH:nd .:: 1i 11 11" <=
t,- c th rcs
1 11
th e.: a nces to 1s n t'llind u s in India w e re s pir itual in nature lh c y lixcd thc 11

anc n te ntl on a Ide b~.:yo nd d e alh . Thc,;y r~gardc.:d th..: hunlan s oul tmn...: r lh.lllgl ''"
a n e tern a l c n uty <.:<.>-e xi sti n g \.\ith th.:: S upre m ..: B e ing . T hey b.::t.cvcd lh a t cv...:ry
human sou l goes l\) th e roun d o fbi.-ths , re births a nd reaps the fru its of act tons .
Whe n a sou l c o m es to be a:<so c iatc d ""ith the g ro:;s m a te 1ia l body. it i=- h o und to
perform e..:rt:\ln deeds a nd in e011fOnllity with laws d ivine , rc<l(l:. thc ft lilts the re of.
T ht: b c lic.;f ts that. 1f g ood d c <."'<.b a n; p e rt(mncd . happiness c :;uhs and 1f c '\ il
d eed s a rc p e r forme d . mis e r y fa lls f<.l the l(lt of th e:: d oer. The.: h uman :-out "-' c e
dies: it c~t n n ..:v...:1 rc 1n mn w ithout d o in g action:: mlll <.:~1 11 11<.:\ 1..:1' daun <.:>-. cnlpltuns
from re a ping t h ~ fru its of ils dee d s . It reaps a s it sow~ . Any mall u ll111Httd y loo k:for ha p p ine s s wh ic h is ttle fruit or Ku rmu a nd s o h<.: s hould ncccssat dy "-1ww
w hat is g o o d nnd what .is b ad. Every law 'giver <md cn. 1y thinker o f lndta 111
a n c ie n t p e rio d fe lt , the s upre m e necessity of fr.1ming. q;rta in m les or <. (mduet
a n d of present ing th e ultiti,a te e nd to w hic h all the life o f a huma n being. 1::. t o ~
di r c c t<xl in th is l<::;so n on fndi a n ethi cs we w ill be d eal in g. wi th the Himlu cth t<.:s.
s ome <.: th i~., ;d noti<.lllS t.l f B t1ddhis m a nd J a inis m .
l nd iun
TI> c rwhlc thc n l u nder~t lll I I

.
.
.
<
(
I l e c t f ll t:a f t:(lll SC I OU S il eSs O J' fnd . . d
To c::n u m .
.
lct. clll
C:l cll <: van n us e thica l <.:o nc e Hs ofd "f.. .
.
' . .
rd lg ro us tra ditio n s .
I .
I ft> IC::Il l fn diUn r hdos orh ic a l unci
3 .1
I N TR O D UCTI ON
M o l-al con sc iou .. ' . .

. . .
.
~ llc ~s I ~ clll untle n i:tble fa .
:--cn s lh tl l!y IS S(lfl1e lh in!..! c s scnti<t l fc . h c_l o r h uma n cxp e lit!n ce. T h e m ontl
god s <*lc bdle n :d to . :-_ . .
Ol I e reace ful s o c ie t v and til. ' E '
~n cur ll cll<: lo res tor~.: ,. " '

.
c v. Ol "- :. ven
~own throug h t h e c~n r uri<.:s manv . , ,. . ~ ::: 'lteou~ n <.::-;~ etnd pc;~cc in th e soc ic ry
llll~r~e~rcd ~~~ the r~u io n a I gr~und ~ /,~l ~~~~l-u s lc~c hcrs , t~ nd ph i los oph crs wcr~
:Jrc_sCJrb
l cd " ' the Dhur,,asastros arc \.Vei l ~ ~t ~ty.l l h t: cas te dut ies
t he Hindus
o l t!u ate the life oftl
' I rc u ale d CO tl ll n- d
I.
,
th (;
d .
l C c o mmun ity. Eth c. . . .
' ll . s, w llc h on: m e ant
e OIUil allons of t h e mora l bc havio t 0; ::; ciS a_Sp ec u i<Hivc sc ie nce is b a sed On
m o r a c odes are b
d
nan but., s b .
.
. .
.
. ase on rel ig ious b e lie n
_:
u s t<IIHi a l ponion
th
\q; te:~kc lhc fndl<ur clhi<.:( too
.
. _s. s o c l<tl c u s toms and tr . .
e
Cll ~;tom :-. <tlltllra di . . . .
tht: mora la y is VC I'V mu I l .. ,
.ld JII On s . \ Vh e n
lt o n s o f Ind ia n rc lig ron s .
.
c 1 )ctsc.:d on c<.:rt<t in bclic ts,
or
3 .2
or
I I 1:. IHI C lit ttl II . ,.

.
h.: ound:ltl<.llb of In,-.
. .
a nd lhe lheolcwi
-..J
,,
.
. l II l . 1"11 1 c.: th l<.:!-> c an h. ".... ,,,
,.,,lll! 1l( I
C' '-U
c 1IC 1.s Il
I
de-.ls :.fnd pri ru.: inf . I . .
~ to n n of w ol s hiJ;
. II l lc ll1 c,;taphy !;r, :.1
.
, . cs I a.u <lu cctcd
. .
.. pr.tycls ~n<.l .
I
.
n d 1an elh cs we c
d
man s l1 1i.; in tJ 1,. : . ,
n t1c fonn o f
<JOIIOI c ny tl
... SOCie ty \V I
c' rlucs and lfindu 0 ,
c tnlt ma lc re i aLi
w n w e s p t.:ak o f
'a"> orher dig iOn . l:lh 1c

ons 1l ip lllar rwcvri ls I ,
s an<J rcilg io .
'
>c t w een
nell<: :-:.o ~..:1o St.: I Y rd a tc <.l
..-.
.
S OURC ES OF IV10RAL IDEALS IN IND I ~.--
Any huma n b e in g in the socie t y_is calle d to live <ind lead a llloral lifc . To I td u
m o ral Iii~. he need s certa in guid el ines a nd pr inc iples
m orulit y to d tl ,. ' U\ 11\
dee d s a n<.l to abs ta in fro m cenain d eed s. Wha t is the prim a1-y ~t.''urcc of m Qa <~li t)'
in ln d ia '? T he ;m ::;w c.:r could be the a utho ritv ( l f the Slripturc~ c~pc.."\:H\11\' Th t o l
the V0d a s . aftct the \'cda~, the a lnho r itv ~f the Sm,.,is '~ :tcc-:ptcd ,(t \ t s
( SI'Iili' ) ond the S m rtrs (1 )/wrmasastra.~ o f M anu) t&~ken \(\~~the' "" I
rc.;ua rdc <.l <I S lhe s o u ret!
m (\ra litv . Of the~e (WU (Vella:. and Snull \ ) th .
ar~ rcgnd c d a !' ~upcriur. In lhc cv~nl of a conllic t bet w~cn the hHl, th
the Ved as prevail$. Ocsidc..c;. S n1ti,,. Sm rtis an<favactic.:.c;. of ~:oood p:opl
a nd rca~on a l::;o pl ay a role in the mauc~ c.l fmorality n,~ um ct cons
or
or
44
' tltr.t <..:Vl'll rh t.: d ..:~ i.-~ ari:- ing- Oltt Of'
.. r
II "llldC.: l(llllOI ,d lt }. 'lght W ift
.
c:
1
1. . rvc as rl :-Olll \:c.: t
1 1,1ht \Viii ordc tc nttlll<ltl<n
" ) ::.t:
., ,.- ~ w ll v: 111 th e t Htught:s ll('

:::.
.
_
(}
1
n
1111\C!-.
c.:.
c.:ccn
t
1
1... Ill h .; u.Jcntdtc d ~111<1 UCl; t '" 1
.. r<l . 1 1 \ '<.:rV 1111potl:1nt plac~.: . .
c.:l
1s
1 t: h s h ccn tl t:l u
C<ndlu .. and 1\wohutdt.. ~ o n sLrc r c
' .
..
, tlt v u d tllllllnra lll y .
1
.
.
.
,.,
UC"'I011
<;
l)
1
II
H
ol
t
.,
'
..
"IVIn " th(.' final vc.:rdt<.:l n;g<u<1111 c:- q
.
is the
SO lii 'CC ;t lld
.. rII ~,. 1 . Iu.s

t~S( o(mOiol
nt ~an :-o
.
.
h~')l.'d
3.3
cc-..
:, .
ETJ H CS: rrf S MEANTNG TN INDIAN TRADITION
ThL lndt:tn 11:1 m l(lr tll<lr<al IIV <tnd eth ics is ttfwrmu /)flttrlllu t:C'Iltl'S 1'1'\)11 i
l"<.lClt 'dhr. \\lllt:h lltlans tol;<, ld to~~..thc:r . /\n~l thu, the lunc.: tt i..H I tt',/ltu n ua t:-.tc l
hold the furman ~o<..:1<.:1v lol!cLhc:r few its Sl<thi lil\ ;utd gn n\ tit ({ ~ht l.:OIH.luc.:t s
cssentHtl f the human-so ciety is to s ul'vive _, "fnc,; dharma in Hinduis m i;:; l.:Oex tc n s ivt: wrth moiality. Olu{rnta in lhe- Vcdas ,c fc rs to the h i gh c~l truth <~n d
power a nd it i::; vcrv much undersrood as the pcrforma ne~ ofVcd ic sac ifi ecs a nd
other tual~ in rite ~Jcdas and Dharmasastrus. So Dharma is unde rs tood in Ve das
;ts duty p;tt'-C.X<..:ell c n ce Dharma is ctlso genera ll y und c scood s lh~ duti .:~
hunwn s a ecotdllll! to (lnc~ 0\\' 11 cast e and !'-l<t!!t: tf I IIi.: C1{" -" '"ru,,u /)ftunll (f)
And thu ...
his dut,: h e \\I ll ac.:hi t:vc t:tl h cr
. f;tndu thinkers sa\ ifone
I
or
rn~n,
doe~-.
..
heaven or a bt.:llcr brrth in the next lite or even prosperit y h ere an d n ow. T h us the
Hindu <:onccpl of'dlwnn(, ha~<: been rccogni~cd b y its very c lo se assoc iation o,;vllh
rirualistic and casrc- oricnred duties . A nd th e ptircly m ora l sens e o f duty is .
overshadowed. Uutyet the Hindu thi~kers advoca te and rcc~)rnmcnd th e pracr i cc ,.

of mornl virtues a rHJ moral no nns. w l)ich mak e cl man as man . Th ese m o ral
vrrrucs ~e ca ilcJ SmlltaratJ(f /)hanna ot uni v~rsa l uwies. I kt~ Lc th t: tc: nn dhon11a
in Hinduism lut s two connotat io ns I) pertonnancc or r iLu<tl S<H.:rifi <.;cs ;..tnd dtttr'
<u.:cCJrding lo one's own casLe and the s.;cund is th e prac tice uf' tnora l v irtues ;mellhXIIl $t So when we s peak of dh arma a s morality, 11 indud cs " " the dut ic-; or~r
ougltf L( pert(), m and all th e virtues he oughL to prac ti ce t(l :main 11/(1/, w1 or
fibc <Hion
3.4
..-
------------------------------------------------------~--~~----.
E'TfJJ CS
IN VEDfC PERIOD
Whcu we speak (Jf lndan ethics. its early beginnings have to be traced f 1 Cllll rite
Ve das. r~arrtculady the l{rJ' Veda . One of the central ct hic:ll c oncept s of rl u: J{ ig
V~da I S ' Ia (.;Ouc..:cpricm of uui f yi n g onlc r or tHo.-;11 1a w. pe 1, :tdtt 11, :t 11 1h 1"I''
J h t..fml" pt 1111 h<J "i\: C II ri~f: (() 1\\'() Olhct illlpCIII;.JO( I.:OIIc-c pt s. lftc- l'CIIlf''ld 0{"
Oluo 11111 and the 4..0IIt.;Cp l uf Konn11. The con c.:cpl /)/1(11111 (1 h ;h ~ut ~" d il (n ~Ill
=- .... ""
I 1 111 11101 - 1JII}'
. I'. h<lll1 ..rlll(ltlll
; 11 HI. o,;cl: 1:d r ca'-c111 i 11 ,1
1, , 1
-
; ,. ,. . fH <.:-.t tolh Jll 1., ,.
T1tc Vt.:I\"C.:<Hll'c.:pl ol 1 11 < ~
'
1
11
1 h 1,.; 1lt.:Cil ' ~

'
<:Both 111 BuddiiiSill :wd Jauusm rc;a~o
'
tl c" ' , .. ewcl~ One is <.1d 1 ~~ J1

1 , - t "> lace a m o ll" I 111 ~-- 1
Jams m nght (;lith IS.1VCI1 1_'<::_ 11 .:. I , 'd ' c~ld V.:(ll lfl of' the pn;ccpl$ b cf(\1(.'
to us~ l11 s rca!WII "' <Jsc.:crt:lllllltg the 'all _n y
C" S" '' is n e ithe r d is allowe-
of "n c rson a 1 r .. "
f3 ld hu
fo llowmo lhc nt In l3u ddl H!itn 100 Ll1 c u sc
,
I
"'
f,
flowe
d
but
C\'clt
t
te
ll
<\
1
nor d espised Th.: four noble lruths :.re to >C o
U<.
.
.
.
~
"
lllUCil,.;
kc;d
ftlrlt::lllOVIn!!uOll'lL<;
.
..
~ . .. 1. .
:WyS whe t C.:VCI thCI t: is d iSHg_rc;c;mc n(. QUC:S(I()n. <.:<
. gtvcn
.
l >Ct(CI'Ili:J <.:C l.''fl CI..' I(dl\
I n nodc111 I ltndu thoucht . c::.~son ts
. Ill tft<.:
t<.k<J:-. 0{
- u lor l1..:111
I
.
Vrvc:ka n:tnde~ and ( -rilndl
rt::t:-llll
1.:-o. I\Ot tltt: '-(IU I'CC ~ll 11101:11 t dC<I~.
. httl
1 - rnatt
c 1:-o
of lllo n litv
vet they hdrc;vc nth.:
role uln :a:'<.ln ntttc;
. .l kncc.. llt .:. p nnt:Hv
;.ole i:-; g"cn 10 Vedas and S mrtis a s the l'und:~mental :-o\.1u1'eC {l l nHtral ll y tn ln d a;,_n
but
b es ides the m . a ll th e ahovc m c.:nuon
cc1 S\lUrcc.
" S ''
l -~o p h _
ved
cr;tdirwn.
. . tlt c tr
mles in deciding rhc quc:s rion of m ondity a n d immoralit ~. in lnd ia 11 rradtltOn .
-
1110
UI\'C'!,!.I.:IH nc atl tngs . but generally it ls ki\Own as duly. The CtlnCq)t Kwrnu
s ig111 lies rhat the c 1'> a uni I o n n moral la\.v, governing the a c u o n s o f Ill an und the
1C\V3 t d~ and th e p unis hrncnts c.tppropriatc lo their <tction!'. R /(I ~ the fclundat<.m
o l llt.;:~c 1wo concepts The tno1c i tnport.ant and cs~~nlial clcm ..:nt 1n the Vc ...lic
<:th 1.:s 1.' that o l lnve and ''-'Orshtp oll"ctcd lO t!lc H.l.'>d~ i 11 c umpi<.:L...: ~ubnH s-. "
IV1o~;tl cdu c\1 law" t c lh :ctc d in the right pcrfc>nnan~.: ol s:1cr 111 and '-\ll>t l~.:
''-h\> p<.: lh>l lll ~lll c"c s...: rificcs.<ttHI t h e; ceremon ia l dut 1 c~ 1;11 <.1 dw..'-n , thc
11
,..,u,ptlii C-.. wou ld .1c ht cvc the l:;Oa l tlf ctcn1al happin c:.~ 111 h cav...:n Sc the ..:tlu c-..
ul the V~.: <111.. I ltndus ts pnmarily a god-orientcu ethi C!>.
10
The h igh est goal o r ltl c for the Upanishads is n o longer happiness as in thc Rtg
Ve d a , hut l1herat 1011 from bond<tgc lO the transitory existence <~nd Lhc rc-auammcm
or the; innct CS!>cncc o f lite soul. The Upan ishauic ethics is pritn;llil y atmanccntric and mtc ll cctuali s ti c. The Upanishads declare that the Vedic :-u..:ificc:; arc
t O ! a ll y 111 ck,a ntlul the IC.:'-l ltt.:aliOn o f nrnks o . And ~ll lll:lll is <.:uns lall\ly c"hliiiCll
tn ~cck hts tndi v HJuallibcrallon.and 110 1 wony about ulh~r Stl~t~1l. mora\l)b\tg,i\tton.
Thi s k ind o r philosophical . indi v idualis m definitely tindc rmincs the value~ or
s ocial mo.ra l ity. P()t' the Upanis hads. lht.: idct}tilic~Hiun and Lhc rc<.~lizatitm of the
sci f with Brahm:lll is very impo rtant. In thi s nH; taphy:sic.:al realm only we can
~pc<~k or U pani s h <dic c.:thi t.:s . T h e oldest Upanis hads S<1y ~h<ll the pcrl\:c~ sag.:_ is"'.
sai nt who btun~ e vil uway and ht: is fret: from c.:vit. S(, I! is 10 thc ""'Hdam:~ ut
ev il. we can :;cc th ~ dear noral tcac h inc;. in the Upan1~h~"-'' KathJ l:pa1H:-.hall
dcclat~o:s 111 1.2.24 ch ~ll h e who is ~1hvays impure i:- born again <md al:;ain that ht:
rai ls to r each the h ig_h c:-t goal. Good conduct i~ very much llCCC:"."ary ror the
a tta inme nt ~r man $ ~1l!l<.1physical good tidcntitic;Hion <., f th c.: :;el f with Hrahman)
A'nd m a n w h o is w 1se ,:,. morall y " g<.lOd tnan whose nature :rpruxunatcs to the
'> ...,4 : ch Ut) X <l 1 ) So
th~.: U 1''"":;\wu:- <~rc cka n
. ll) l.: Ill() cJ t:' I { K <.1 l U t) 1 ( I 1\.'
sa::?ing. thm thl: m an w h o has wi~t~um uocs llllt si n . ~ ~~ t.:C<l:-oc' w do C\ tl llld

th 1ough his wi"dom h e annul" the ev il of his formct \li e
ETHICS lN DHARMASASTRAS AND ITTHA SAS
ur tvb nu and otht::t J)hcu:muS(IS/r(IS an; th~ m~un 'uurcc b~)~\~:0.,\)~

... socta
. l llH1r3 1.tty. -1-1~ ~, l.l p::mt:. lnd'
l) lllh Hindu ntuali s m <md
. '--- mrh~,s. r ~:~J
I ' \(;
. b <~ t.1111.1
l '-<
1 mdtvtdun
Ii b era ti<.'" of th t: individual, but the Alanusm r lt :-u
.
..' ..tl\'
:. tu
d
.
.
.d
t
I
.
t
1
a
tanllh
and
a
:-ub-1..
M.tc
<~~''
S r.. ial Slruclun;s Thouc.h llldl\' 1 ua 1. one 1<.: t.'ng:- ~::
. \
..
-~1...
..
..
,1 I s anu so the HuH. Ul>Ot.:t.l 1

h e i s al ways take n c m c by the huntl y Ill wht~.-' ~~I..
.a
...... rdati ve
.
I
l'v{ ~ lutt<:s arc act:cph!u lll'-""
morality-is relativistic
o n severa counts .. an . t
:
. . .. I
uictlv l'<:lati \t.:
/)
) Tl tuuc.:s ol a pc~un at~' ~ 0 ~
to time (>~tgn) and plat.:e ( C.'W ~~ l ..

) M
h" ~kt:at:t.:ll ~,;c at~un
1
1 h ta"C ol La k lrl "HIIII(I at1 u
f.
ln hi ~ l'ai'IW ( c <t~$) anl t c ~ c::
( / ./ ., lor"IV~t\css(hlrwuu). sd
1 1'1 , 3 1 cont c ntanc nt l " ' "
vinuesa s untvcrs:t . ll:Y c
.
. l ' t.ll:a"\:tnu,,fthc .-en ...l.--s

r .. ( ' [("\ a) dcanhnc"s
( \(Ill((/ t.:
con rro l (_ll/uiiTJa), non- s tca tn.,. us . .
,. \ c
me :\tman \ vtcllnu).
The ins titutes
'u ::-
n,
.
. d
1111) kn owkd~c o t lt.: "' 0 \:
n t<.!.ralw l. \A. ,t:- om ''
( ,_
l (VI Ql -9~\. Thcs~
f " ml!Cr <111.11( 11"
t r uthfuii\C$S (sathya ) and abste nllon lO

St //< ':'
/ )lwmwl. \\ hid1.:~n heuallled
. ._a\ dlwrnw (. m Wt ,,w
. 1
. v i rtuc~ a rc ..:nmmon. liiH' cr.
. \ . . \hcu "" n 'l~ \:t '"'
.
E .... mlth<.: Punma... '" ._
mor:.t I it y T h u!' the J)/w,mwwsrros. - p~~..:~ '
. tl 1\: r""" \h~
al
'"s a common ( "
uoal but they seem \o s hare mo.c ot 1~-( 11
; drivet
'lQ"''
e thics
--~-----------~~
3 .6
41
~-----~~~Tm~ -----
\1\'i\Y OF
R I G HTEOUS NESS I N
. ..
-- -
TH ~ (; I TA
!....__
i h~<.:ou s a \." tll>ll:-. 1s
lit e
R J,tv tll rcH"' " ~~ 11 1l.: 0 1 1 eTht: 1 o..: ali ~a uon o l the S u p rc tll t: <.: . 1
.
,<: C 1ca . /\ ~ IHlJl ~~~ , . tu l>t~
, ' lf c l 1rc i dli CC ildli!fl i C I ~O 11 1 .J

c~. nrra l wdl- kn 11 ch c n1 c l)l 1
c:
r
.
11 1 chc f/ 1 0 /onttf"t" " ' "'''
1
>( [Judllnoi ntllta . 0 ace .
p c1 fo1111Cd w1th the 1c .1 I 17-'111 0 0 t
. 111111 , l . tci tlll an d . !I

cl IIH l)ll"h l 1C \ lH 1(111 . I L
, ' 1'
; ~ ; td \ , ~cd en t11 :1kc a <' 1gcnt ~C "
:-. r1<. Ill ,, 1, 111.
.
I'c- m u. I <.:S II'C \\1.,til '. 11 . 1 ~.,~.
1 . J fi n a ll)' I lOI II
~liii C IItlc r 1'10111 a u nc hmc nt tks n c Sf)rtll !;~ 10
.
. .
.
I .. ,1 f n1c tntli'Y an<1 l1111lt ,I ll
cc11 ne,; n lfallw tion lrom l fll <tlliHIIOII o:-.s '
.1
1 1
r
11 I..111U '- ul b o nu..tg<.:s
1::- flc.l""' > c
los" ur IIIIOd h e fH.:ris ltcs. S o llhc nlfl()ll (() Ill cl
~ d
. . ' ..
..
.
.
. . d c r llllHI till.: l.u ld an ' I C~,; \C.:I !'.t.
only hv th e rctli z-at o l ol th t.: ll1 :rh t H <H I 01 :.un e n
.
'
1
1 1 lih.;nlli<HI IH1111 a ll k rill1s n l
th<. 1Cal1 z<t 1ion o( t he Brnhma n 1'> o nly I 1roug 1 1 I t,;
d
1
1
' lll' l t: hnH.:III t <'l t lt c I ru1t o 1 I 11c
blllld:I"C!'. A c ti<.ms :uc l(l b e p c r l o n 11c ,,.,, H lll .tn ~ '
_
"" ..
' I'
lJ 1
ana Thu" ( Jiti\ C1 ll plw!-17t.'"
i!CIHlllS. 11 11 ~ IS OIIC O f lh C lli C:tll$ 0 :11C:IIIllll1! I fl 11111(/11
v1 Gtlllllfl y uga ,.or t l' l; 'ltttllltllH
,,
rOI!H : tn <.
_, tl l' th ~,; S ur) r ..:n 1c n t . ...! .

t)Ot I1 on r..fii'J11tt
v
y
G
"
.,
1
,
..
,
...
, .(tl'tll ( t Yo a si n1 r., l v m c<.~n s
c:
b ut yet "arnut ooa s s u pcn or 10 nana 1 og... ... . . "

<t m o d e ofrea l i zir~ the Orah rnan through d evot iona l m e dita t io n un the ~~<-11 ~ 1 <..: o f
God. :tnd the pntc t icc o f one 's ow n du ties wi rhout a ny a q ,{lc.hm c nl. One w tll be
hlc~sed \Virh Brohma)ogo. whic h will lead h im n ot on I/ I t'~ m o ral s u cc..:ss bnt
:tl:.o u1 chc rnfi n it c s pirtt11<tlj0y
........ /!""
:tnd p eace
rh t.: l <.: is ;IIHH ft c l Wll}' J"'I <Jillt>l t'd by t h e Clt :t l(l (111 : 1111 till.: llltiiii;Jte rc.dr :llln:l ' "
lite and l1bc rauon t'rorn the cycle o t'b nl h ~ nnd dc;11hs . w l11d1
kno"'' " :.1:' /'\'(Irma
H>ga (f>a lh of act ivi ty). T h e Giw h a s d escribcd th is \.\'<lY :!S rhc lll Cth od nr
di$ inlc rcstc d ac t ion (;Vi.\llkarnaKarma ). To illIa ill 'lrl()k.W o n e h as l(l b e ecd rrQm
t he bo n tl;tge . to one 's O\\;n ac ti ons. So r hc Gi ta sugg~,;:. r:. the gol dt:ll r u le thu l
<~ c l iun .s s hou ld b e d <mc w llh t he ~ ri rir (lf n <lll - <t ll<tchmc nt to rht.: ir fru i t ~. Roth t h e
epit:~. uiha~as h ave a l>undll! of t: thi ca l anu m o r al t:mk~ and iniliiKtion:-- . The
f" 't.' llt:. rl gurdd111C:0: v t' t lu: t::'~cnli ~d ~1 1 11ca l itlt:als a nd :Jwu g lu :-- Pt' l-'l inuutr;.~di.t iun.
1"
r.
3 -2_ E THI C AL C ONCEPTS OF l.ll NDU TRAD l T l ON

D ot. I i n t.:
o l Karuur ...
I h t. d .. ~ llo .,,. n I
K fll' l l/11 ~~<t i t:~ I h ; 11
'" '' o\\ n h..:d . a IJ<tn. C:-l :;prun!!

-
,._ h<ti C' c::r a llli111

--
" 'tl'(',, 1.. 1 ,,.

. ~.-
1 -
1
1
t.: 0 .ll' ~''" ( lC::f\11111
ll t.Hil " "' O\\ 11 at:t 1o 11 ,., ,;.,,,. 1 , 1
1 \:lHHilll {lt;v
.1
Ill
hi S I)I CV I O II S li re. Karma 1$
f'o lll c a tegori es: I) Sou lhitu Karnw .. ,.;hl c h m.:an c;
tl.' c ~ccurn~la tcd pa~ t acuon$. 2 ) p,.u,ubdlw ~u mu . whic h means the p:nt of
s~'.' <.'"'U. /.:(lr11f(~, .thi S I'<!~U I~ Ill the pr~::;c nt btrlh itsel f. T h is is 41 1So t.:alh;d pr..:-
or
::"
....
V ' I p,l(
dcs t lli:IIIOI\ 3) A rtytiiiiCIItfl 1\:(lrmo. ~ ht eh 111Ci1 n s present wi llful a c t 1 C>n ~ o r frt.:<:

\V III 4) A grtnu Kormo . w hic h n1cans the imn1cdi:11c n ;sult!- ..::n 1 s~d h v ou 1 pl e:-.cl\l
a<. t inns Kat""' :-.i1nply lllC<In:-. <:tt:tton . .'\ nu this Kor11u1 IHu:-.t :-..: 11111 \!:'> th;-11 w hat
1:. .l;il llc d th e ..:u n s..::qu <.:llt:t. of an <~ <.: ti u n i~ rea lly 1\ t.l l " scpar; 1 t~ tllln~ hul 11 1s a p <1rt
o l t.h ~ a c uun a nd it c annot b~ d ivided from 11. The con :-t.: 4 u c 11cc is 1hc part of the
acton. w h1e h belongs to rhc future but yet the pat 1 '=" <lnnc in the p 1c scnt. \1,/halc,er
<t nwn sows h e s hall reap.
\ll
Tea ll \ m ig ration of So u l
'1 h e doe h iuc <lf' Karma and t nJn~n1i gt'<H i on <>fsou l ac :;~1 clusdy bound up together.
A ftc 1 th t: c.lc ath of the body the life of the iiH..Iivit.lual I S cont i uu..:d "' :-1nnthcr body
and :;.O on 111 indc liniu.: scric$. Accordrn~ lo tht s theory. the s oul thou gh pu" '"'t\
bksscd "' its d( geL<> entang.leu in th e Sa111.wro t cyc k c,f.billh and rcbrth ) ll ts
bceaus..: (lfthc J\urma 11 passes rhrou g h mnumcrablc births (tr:msnu g.r:~ttOn) hefole
11 r ega ins its ori ~i na l s tate .
S up 1c m c Gutls (PIIrllshnrth as)
The dominant intc re::a of' the Indian t hou g h 1 is in the h igh t:sl value ofhu man lili.:.
T h e re arc rour valu es. wh ic! give me a ni n ~ to h u m:lll \ 11'..:_ They arc calle d
Pt~rushartlws . They are as foll ow in ~ I ) Diu trill(( 2) Artlw ~) Kama 4 )u~t,J. q, _
Dhurmu is u s u ally dislin gu ishcd inlo s udharc11W dlurrmu ~md , urnu.,hnllrlfl
dharma . sadlwr(mo dlwrn w rcfen ; lO the d u ties o f the u lli,ct-s=tl :;c<.pc and ,ulidll)"
There: are- ten e<1rd in a l virtu es k n<wn a::; .wu/lwrc1n a d lrantl cl ~CC<lrdi ng. H.> M<.IIIU.
c nduran<.:e. p a tience: sc lf-~u~ lr<ll. integrity. plirity, and c ~train t u f scn:;.cs. wist.lmn.
learn in 1;, a nd truth , a bscnc:x o f anger o r non-vio lence. ThO:: l'Ctru asrcm w d h a rma
re fer~ to the dutic's of p ersons acc ording to the caste;s and the stages o f life. T h us
d h arm d is c~nsidercd to be a m eans value fo r a uainin g pcr!'Nl ality in tcg.nttion

in t he spiritual level ur libe ration .
Th e le n n arl htt gen e t-idly indic a tes t he a tta inment
l l f idl <:S
a nd '' otldly
prusp c rit y. adv~1nt~~c. pro fit <md v.:ealth. Kwu<.~ is a t.:nmlu~h\.7n:-.i\c term," hich
incl udes ''" d esires: d esi res rdn~ii'g. from the c nn:ings ,,r tlu: 1\csh an,\ t h e
?"
_,'
":
y ea rnin gs of the s pirit. Jn Hindu tho u g h t the re is always a clca cmpha~is

th..:.
e njoy ment of scculcu pleas ure $ along '":ith the cmphas.is o n the. rcahzau~ ol
s pi ritual vnlucs. The unique n ess o f the con cept o f kamCI and e nJoym ent 1" th~
Hindu ethi cs is that a ll of the m w c l'e to b e aclat~d to th.: S(\iaitmal ~oal ol hunMn
ex is te n ce <md ~o tht! l ndinn eth ic::; insist~d on ~~ rc uulatc'l cn.iuymcnt In C'l: cl"\
sc ho ol uf philoslphy in India the tir$l thn:~o: {~,-~.~j,.,,.,hu' ;,u c trc.th.d ""' 'h'
in :; Lrutn c nl a l v ah.1 cs. w hich lliH:\: lly nr indirct'll) 1uunm h.: the ""' CINUf
Puruslwrtl~as - tile highest values of hun\a.n lltc namdy nual.;~tl "",Uu ~ Dlto
kno wn ns by ,)thc r names s ud\ as: mukti. (lpm 'tlyh . k"i-nl' u ;md "'' '""'" Tb
I S 11\tlll\CilC

1y b 0\llll1 Uf' Wll
tl th\:, "1' a 1,..
... n, ""'
.. u a ' th.: "''K:'"'~ ot
"" ~
..l .I ll C nlliOI\
lransmi g nllion.
49
Sltulltunnfl
By thts t erm
\VC
m C<lll c:tc Il
l , ,d, v , du ~. 1 1,as 10 nr<w"

..

C'
10
Iu s best accotdttl ~ to hts

II d
II
.
1
,- lJ "vidu31 "t (l\.Vth IS t:a c vttt lrtt "'t'
0\\ n dharmn. t hat is to s:~ y the pn ne t P co 11 1 t
~
..
1
1 I ' 1 11 11 -:r~nl..:nt ;u1u s l a 0 ~ ,1111 1 1 1ltttt , tt
S 1 adlunmo t ~ 111 t c l :lt ton to an tn < t Vtl lll s C t .
.
.
.
t
t ll'- u l thn; c f''"'o.\ . I 111. -. ,,. ,

.
til(.: b t ~Cd ~>n 'Wtrn a a nd asramo. I I S llHH 1C ttl \.:It
~ f"
''
'

d 1an105
' (t 1.11 k n cs~:- ) 1 h c"t:
thr..:c qua
tltcs at~ 111\tn
(puntv). ruiu.\ (vtrtllly) . a n
.
.
.
11
in cnc""h Individual in varying prOplllli On !' a nti thu S tim, va rytng p~l~pOttl v ll o J"
l .
f - ' "11'
ll YP c :> o f nctionS:\Ild O (I O lll ~~I sles
qu:~llucs IS rc~arded :IS tl\c l:lStS o ..,, Ctc n
.
.
. 1 on t l l C'_., C tl1rcc c h_' ssrfi
Th.: concept ofSvadlturma s very tnuc 1 (l,tsct
. c:tt to n s.,,,
l1
it is wdl promotctl by l mJian ethical code that il"the ~oc i ~'.Y i s ' ~' lunCtt <.ln s ~' l 'Olitly
thcre should certainly b e a hicran.: hi..::d anan gc mcnt nl l unt: tton !' <tntl dutt cs 111 t .
f'a rn tulIt tt nu 11
In llindu Clh ics. we lind I"Cif"I)/ISI"(}f1111 dharma as a soc ia l stra tifica tion. base d Oil
above s:ud gunas. pro fession and bitth. A ll houg h thcorcticn ll y it is jus tifi e d to
he1vc s u c h a t:l ~rssili c.ltionQfpcopk in 1h c n amcofthcir propcn~ity :111d quality
they p<.)~~cs in 1cnns <' I thei <ttticudc. cash:! sy~ tem in lt~di<tll ethics r~m<11ns ; 111
ssuc It has been v.;ry muc h pnu.: ticcd and all e thica l print..:i p lcs and t..:odcs ,llt:
based on t l. By way ofproli.:ssion on e~ c asH: is dct.; r mill\:~1 in some \vays , b oth
in thco,-y and in p ract ice. T h is looks somehow line a nd rationally justif'tld Y<'l
social mobility in lhc lndder of catcgt)rics of l?copl.:: is n o r vc-y mu ch, pr<tLir..... !
and ir is not ensured . Even if n person develops .<wllva g una nnd bcconcs a
reacher of seipn1rcs. he I s he can not bceom<! ;1 Bmhmin for the v e ry rea so~ ' that
llindu Rite.; - Som .\ l.aros

<->. t.: t olin::. 1(.\om the c .:: tllral them.: of the B _._
.
I h r; .
r.mlll:lntcat tel"1 ,
'
c.: '-- tc: ' t H.e:; not only ph:;es c god s htu . 1 . fi.
!;JQn and phtiOM"'Iph y .
.1 . . I
'' ::;o t:<;cJ thc.:nl I I
I
1roug
1\ ' :-.co <lt<Hh.: d I It<.' ""I"" t;ltll Vc.:l . . . . . .
' I \; !<o.tc.: t I 1oc.:c.:s ar . th . !:> .
. l th
..c nl the:""'"
( " chy.t ntu,t( , Bc.:,.. oclcs all th.:::-.\: ri t t I . I
c.;
~.: tol\1\a sac.: ro~o c.;c.:",.. .tnd thc:
.
'- , t :-< l lcrc: arc: tll"tt 1
'- ~ C ~llll C.: nt s known a s S atn s ka , -1

' Y p c.: :-:una l lll l.ono.!v
1lCsc Samsk
.
'
t .t:-.
. .
pur tf rc auon and the y arc lhc eerc mo .

r
~ras arc religious <l ~ l:. () f
II
.
.
tiles Or sancttfyinu tl b d
tnt c e e l ol the llldtvldual. so that the person ma be
o lC o y. mt nd and
o f I h e communtt y for lhe pet fo t m<~nc. of th y come a full-pledge d member

'
' 1
m c.:nlal <lilt. tude i s the mo~ t itnpnt!O.IIll
cc; r .esc s .acra rnents
.. ..sam.-u
pa"' 01 I he
. . I) C .
011<. ltt~n . The most tmnon
S
....
,11 c.;
(II f>/,afl/,o 11 (flll Ol I.:< IIIC.:entillll [>
I'
,111( ' llll::;l"ll <IS
<
,.
um.t ul uuu, ((~ nslllin '.
' I
I)"
.
. HIItOrllho,,tJ_I'ttlltll/1 (P:.~nill"ol"lh c lnir) /,I
,,
. . .
ga" a co sprtng l.
:.
..
u
u
r.urmam
(1"3tnh Cc.:r.
) ':'1/
k llf "U IIOn1 Or ll ~lllllrt" C.:C I"Cil101lV 1\'t ffo
.
<.:lllOcly Cl/11(11
:::o

'
unwnum : tak m (; the.: child out of 1 ' 1
~o tl_l<ll ~~ _ma?' sec the sun . AllllltfJ/"(1.\IIUm: the first fccdin" of the child~~\; lO u se
food (ttcc) in the s i x th month, Clllldakaranam: the ..-~
f
..
llh solid
1
K
d'
f>
o l Onsurc ccr ctnony

arn 0 1 'E.' nmn : rcrcm g of ea rlo bes. Vidhvaramham (be
fk
U
.
.
.
~llltH ng o
110\\"lc.:dl'e )
pan(l_l'.onam ( l tHtt<Jtt<m hy a l cachcr) . S ftma varthmvtn. v;,7tthn 1\1
''
..
,,
~
an"'!:;.~ 1.
/ rntv<\lt
or I
un c r~tl Ri g hl ~
he wa~ n~.11 hon1 a Brcthmin . .-\!thoug h ~hc;orc ti c; dl y II in du clh ics pre a c h ...:~ i~.
in ,o;uc.h pnt~..:ticc remain s only ~Ill utopia . Ont: s bi nh .joti d c: t..:t,11 i n cs
~o~.: ra I nobility
CVC t)thing :n caste systems. A Suura is dc.:nicd or th e ight c.)r um..lcrtaking

put iticatory itc in the fo rm of. i nvcsritu t"C ofsacr...:d thread (Upan:tyana), which
is supposed to give a man his second binh . He is not a ll owed to perform Vedic
sacrifi ces or tead or listen ro the Vedas. Scn:rcs'r punishments were pres c ribed
anu ca t-racd our. if a Sudrn even daaed ro tec ite or lwd a c h ance co h ear th e Vedas.
r\ R a-ahm in unconditionally d eserved th e g.n:!atest honour <tml a ll_k inJs of gi fb.
H e cou ld nut bc_givcn cany corporeal p uni s hment. He was cxcm "p t from th<..: st<.~tc
taxes. n,c severest punis luncnL<; were p aescribed fo r the o ffe nder or a Brahm in.
H ence. Hindu et~liC.<; rcga;ding ' aruadharnw is sti ll a com csted and contmvcrs ial
moral a nd socia l code . .
SUt_!;es of Life (A shramrt Dharm a)
According to Hindu thought the life \.vas divided into four s tages or Ashromas:
that of the Broltmacari(Studenthood). the stud ent who is bound to t..:dibacv. The
second slage is Grilwsthah (the householder), and the third is Vanaprasll;a (!he
forest dweller) and the la st is the Sa11nyasin (the m~ndicant). A m an s h ould pa~
rhrough 1hcsc stages regularly and no mnn s hould e nte r nny .sta ere pre matuJ;:, y. A
man a tical having s rudicd the Vcd:\s or rwo Vedas o r eve n o ne Veda in duo order.
wtthout t>ca king celibacy mus t e nte inw dlc hot;scholdcr order. ~nd wh e n the
huusehcJdct ~s wrinkles in his s kin <m d wh itc ne=-.s in his hai 1 and sees his
gretnd son. only rhcn he mus t ctitc to the fo;csl. A-flc1 h:.Jv in g.,p assct.t t h~ rhfrd
portio~'of ltfc in rhc forests and having abandoned auachmcnts. the m<Jn wa
?san ~~ric. which is the fourth port i_on of lile. This .success io n is regarded a:::
un~,
lanr for Chc due dcvelot>mcnt o I llv
t 1, 1( 1. .."' lld Ll 1cpropcror d c nn"
:~
....
l,[
:>OC tCly
,,.,.l1
::>
3.8 . ETHICS IN BUDDHISM
.. .
The Budd_h a :thoug ht ten meritorious deeds for us to pe rform in ordc1 lo ga_m a
happy and peaceful life as wt!ll as to dt!velop knowledge and understand"'l' I he
ten m e ritorious d eeds arc: I . C harity 2.Mo-ality ).Mental Culture 4 . lh~' ~~nceo
- Scnnt:e
an 1H! 1pmg.
ot11c~- 6 . St1anng
a11c ., ..,.,. .. with uthc:~ 7. I~<'JO" '"
<W rcsp ed ~.
tl h.: Dhumma 9 - L1stcnm

''-'
in the mcnts of oth e rs S.Prcacluns and tcac1ung
~
.
. one .s vtews.
Dlwmma I 0 . Stnughtc
nmg
I\,.. ora1cood u~t bcnelits all B~nw:-.
'' ''"
,
\ac\!
to
\lthc:rs
and
m
~pu ~s
""hotn one comes into contact. M e ntal cu nare b nncs I \: .
.
.'
harm''"Y m S\lClcty SCI"- J(\"

th c 1~1 to prac tice D lwmma . Reverence gwcs n se t\l
L
50
.
11Hprcwcs the ltvcs o ( ot I1ccs.
S l1a ring
lll C II b
""I ' 1l
o thers sh ows th <H nne is
' II
cOQI <Il!C!> oth c1 ~
-.
R . . ing i n others 111Ct llS en
.
conc~n1ed <tbout oth er.> wcllare. CJO IC
. r . "ng to thc !)/1(111/n 111 i ~ ; 111 11 cHW ill f<Kto1
t o perfonn mo1c m e 11l$. Tcadung. I Stem
.
S . ten in one':- \ ' l l" \V S
hoth the tcac

'h C l .111 <f til'
l1 <: I C IICI ( l,ll g 11
"'
l ot h apptn<::-:s
tor
v
'
-tile
I>
'"lll
lY
l)
(
1)/zamma
.
enables a person 10 !'how co 0 1Ild"S
t.:
.
-= lC <~et <'f tr~c c h:H icv
leaves bC\lh the g 1vcr nnd t he rcc1p 1e1H ln ! c . A n:al c h arit
.
'
-
y lll Ust PI OC<.:Cl\ fiOIH l h
whole p -:1~no a<. <Ill act o t h 1~ hoc.Jy. h ca 1"l and mi nd It 1 ld
"
.
.
s ' OU
11 01 he 1n ..:t
. ..
::;cn c to:-tl y hut 11 !>hould b e a "Dan<" '\.Vh cn a 1~rslm n 1., '
'
, .._r (.l0\1:-> f><tl1<1

he; "IV.;'-'
a s a 111..:a11 s nl <.:llllt vaung chan t y;~ :; a VIrtue . h 1cdt . . .
.
. .
""
:c;c lli s hncss.

ll~.;s ones crav~t1g an~ol Ius
,r
.
.
I I I ' r~ ld Jhi s t arc adv ised to b ( ' Li
T h c t can: ten d emc1 11 0 1ious d eed s f n1111 w liC 1 I ~ ~ ~ ~
1 . . I J I ion and th ey w tl l b t11 1g

H). Thc:-c d eed:- u1c roo te d 111 g n .:<;d. h a trct. a nu t <.; w ;
.
.
.
. .
d' d 'd
tl rc'scts I .Actt o n. so
su ll ~ nn to o rhc 1..; 1 h csc t ~ n d eeds arc 1v 1 (.; 11110 1 c-
. l th \...
<I''
I ,n vc I ()I A 11i111 a l-;

Th.:: Hudd
h i :-a ~ arc ~nco'u rag.ed to extend love f<11 cl 11 1IV I ll" ...
.
n.: I I1"S 'W i lhnll t

1
n :sttl
t:llng
()nly
Ill \ Iuman b cin"S. Si ne~: cvcrv livi n" b.
1
.
"'
""
<:
J
c:- Clllg_ )(lS a ll l:;.hl t O \:lUSt SO
ll 1s I1Ul11 g.h1
. lo1
_ .us lO. take awav
.. t h e Ide llfany livin ..
:-. h cin"o II .
:-. Ull 1.("r 1-t.."\t U ' h \
<.kp11Vc 1hc 1r ltVIIl -!! nghtl'. If we bel ieve th at anima ls. w.,~ 1c c 1ecl 1C d.._
''Y $\)IHeOI\C
l ot. m e n . 11 would ''-'llow that m en were also
c rcntd
t'or ~u 111n1;1 1S ::-.111CC
'$l'\ll)C
an11na ll> do c~ t human fl esh . B udd his m says th e c.Jestn 11.:tion of C\ny c rcatmc
Oody 2.""Verba l Act ions J. Actions o f the M in d. B od ily act ions arc k dllll~ o f
1 SCX \1 :1 1 I ll 1Crcou rse
2 F our verba l acti OI IS

I I. V IIl b C lll gS , SH::t flll f?. . :'Illd llll 1C\V>lU
:\l'c. Lying. S la n <k. l l:tr.> h S peech. and M eaning l ess T a l k. 3. T~c oth ~r ' '.1 cc
actions of the m ind a ":: Covcwu::;ness 01 bein g dcs irou:> c::;pccmll y u l th mgs
belo ng m g to others. ill -wll, w ro n g v iews.
rcptcSCill S a <ll :>turban ce of the universal o r de. M an's ct-uclty tow;11 us animals is
anothc 1 cxptcssron of his uncontroll ed g 1ced . Our own existen ce on this e<Hth
may not be gu;:~ranlecd i r w e do n o t t ak<; ste m m easu res for the s urv i val or '-'thcr
creatures .
13 urld hi$c mortlltt ) j udges nn nctio n good or bad bas ing o n the inte n tio n or
n$)(1 \';H tOn f.n m w h ich ir o iginn tcs. l f :t p erson p erform:> an ac tio n o ut o r g . ccd ,
h .llll.'d . ddus io n, h i:-. ne t in n i s c o ns id c::rc d t<> be bad . O n Lh ~.
., oJhC:: r h;tnd , i f h e
pC1 filn n ,-; <I ll
:H: t ion
$U t
o f fn'\c.
d l<! l it y
:l ll U
wisJo m . h i ~ ac tion is good .
f . OVC.
dw IIY <ind \ \ 1sdom ;u <: k n own as the "t h t.: th ree ( io olr R o(.Hs. " I kn.: Lh ....: \V lll d
'toot re fe rs lO thl.' 1111 enuo n 1i 01n w h ich thnt act io n o rig inC\tcs.
In Buddhism a pet-son's fi r-st dury is ro cl e anse h im o fthc 'm enw l d cfilcmcn l:.llf
;;rr:.::u. h a cn!d <md 1gnorn n cc. Th.:: ea!'on fi.)r d o ing t h is t.: k an$ing is not hct.:aus e
uf tl:;1r o r Jr..:sin: to p lease ~um c Oivi n c beings. I f this is so. th<Jt v..'OlJid mcan th;Jt
the p..:t son 1s s ttiii.H: kin!! in w isdom . H e is u nl v act in !! o u t o f l ea r l ikc the l 111k
<:lti lu whll 1s ;l (:ud ofbc~ing punis hed to r b.: 1ng n:.~ ugh~y. / \ 84ddh i!'t :- huu l cl act
<HII ofundcrs wnd1ng and w isd o m . H e p c rf(um :-: gOt)d n e t ion s beca use h e t c;dc 7cs
th<ll by so d o cng h ~ d c \c lo ps h is m o ral s tre n g th . whic h provides fo unda ti On fo r
.spc ntu:.l _gr owth , leading lO l ibe ration.
J'i\t p r ecepts
Tell ing c.~ bo u t te n m critor iuu:o:; a nd te n evil actio ns. the Buddhis m in v itcs thl: lav
B udd h ists to ;td o pl fi ve precepts \ 'Oi utHarily co fo ll o w in orde r 10 l ive tO !!C ih c1 t;l
CJviltzcd C\.llllmuniti~ with mutual trus t anc~ respect. Fo lfo , v,ing rhe sc fi vc ~)reccpts
hdp:. rhc lay Buddhisr ro make a spirirua l jou rncy rowards li beratio n . These fi ve
prcc~pls ~trc r'urcly volun r<try one s . A g ood Budd h is t s h o uld re mind h im sc l r to
loii<Jw t h e fi ve precepts dai ly t hey are <tS fo ll ows, l takt! th e tntinin g ruk to
rcfr'OJn f rom Ki ll ing li ving cre a tu res, Taking ~:V h i c h is not g ive n: Sex u a l
m ,s.;,mducl: Fa f~;es!'ec~h. and Taking intoxic:Jting drugs and liquor. T h e p t CcC.:fll"
~rc the b:.src practtcc m Buddhis m. They arc also an indil\pc ns ab k b a-. is for
pco,,fe '"'~ho w!sh _w c u ltivate their miJlds. W ttho ut som e basic m o ra l c ode. the
JlOWCI o t m cdHarson can ofrcn be appl tcd for "~ Orn e w rong an<1 sc r t~~ ~ h mn tr vc .
1 hr:~ fi\ c rd iains is c alkc.l a s Panca-.:ilu
K i11dness and t:h.:~rit y
n .\:
l o nl Huc.ldlt:a J1f Upo:.c!. Universa l l <JVC ()[' " Mel! ,. n I .

Ut\ , , ~ on If'; eulfiV"'f""
-'I . I
y l liS, 1 .0 1 d Hudcl h:t
.. " a >oun u c c;; te art rowatd 01 11 1
luutry B uddha ~avr. thar 11
f
.
>C II tg!'.. S p~ak lll[' ahn11 1
~
te c~,_c nce o I rue c h;u,ry - 1
e"X
IIOf". :IJJVftHnu in fCCU(I I r.
fh
' ti
. IS () !~I VC t;Ornelhlll1~ Wt th out

0
"
o
14 r
c g 1 t. A c haru lJJ .
..
.och peo1,Je feel t~tdcbced ,. 0 1110
t
a t:: pct ~on should n o t m ake
t or use c l.:truy a c ,
.
J
{/
Sl
cwe 1 the m I h.: ~ hou l d not eve n expec t othell> to he "r<Hcful Tl
.. a way o f excrci ~in g c.:onuol
..
3 .9
'
JA I NA ETHI C S
Like BudJh is m. J ainis m C\l so reject!' Vedic cere m o nialism a n d ::;acn ficiali s 1 . n tl
also tl t ::~kcs a h imsa to b e the m ost important eth ical v 1nu.:: and com.cq, ttly
d enou nces the Vedic sacri fices. In the observance o r n hunsa. J a i msm 1 athc1
surpasses ever\ B u d d his m . In the o b servance o f a::;cctic r itua ls also. Ja.illiSill g\H.:-.
t'urthcr th a n Buddhis m esp cci;tl ly iu the ca se of m t,nk::. Th..: JICIIH:WIIulwt rlll.\
and tnrat11 rts fo rm the e th ics of Jainc.t tradition. Ri g ht ko(.lwle d ge. g ht iaith otml
r ight c onduc t a re known a s Trirotn(l.<o - o r t h e th;ec gem s
.l au\1s1 n Rg ht
knowle d ge is the d e taile d w g nitiOn
the rcalnatu n:: of eg_o and non-Cg(. ." lm;h
iS free fro m doubt , e rrOr uncertainly e tC . lt can b e Obtamc d On l y .b y ~I'
ing_
or
or
care fu ll y rhc te achings of th e omnisc ie n t 7irthankaru" or te ac h e rs w h~ ha-...~.

a lread y o b ta ine d liberation and therefore a re {i.t t O lead othe rs out o f b on ::g.:
Th.cn t hat p relimin ary faith s hould be supporte d b y right k nowledge <~1.~~~~ " tlll
having ri gh t fai th b ased on gen eral acquaintan ce (samyog- darsww) m s~tpfK'Ht
of righ t k.n owlcqge. Right faith docs n o t imply tha t one must bl rndly folluw the
nrthankaras. B ut on e mus t have the right a uirude o f respec t toward s truth \ J1"1 h c 1
b y s t udyi t1g. the teachings of the Tirch a u kara.<; o n e can s tren g then h i$ het.d llut
the~e t W(.) arc rent.kred useless un kss they a rc followed hy rig.ot uus pt :tt' ll l~
R igh t (;On duct is rhc thi rd indispcn ~at>rc (~amyag-caritnl\ con (.hlu'n nfhht' li Hl '
It is th i:; th a t e n a bles o ne to sto p the influx o f new k <rnm:-. and abo lo e~
o ld o n es. It consists in the control o f passions. sensc:s. thou ght . spc~~h '-'''
con d uct is the re fo re d escribed <lS re fraining fro m w h <ll is h armful "'
w h a t is g.ood . R ig.hf conduc t c uab ks mcullO libc1<llC h imsel f f1om h'-md
Jama prescription fo r l-ight conduc t . O ne tnUSl foll ow the live!: g~<:al V<."'~
the pnt~ca -molw-vrttlll f(, r the pe rfectio n nf rig.ht \:Undu..:L They all'
.\'ath vo111 . .f., t <' I'CIItt. /Jraluwwn tn am w ul :ft >arigrulu t. 1/um~u ,~cnu&e' ul ,u
fton~ all injunci lo lilc - eithe r trnsa or
0(."
11
ab"'"'
falschoN I. h IS speaking w hat is \& uc, good and (llcO&l'an l 4 "'('' 01
abs uncnec
Iro m s tcnhng.
/lrt 111nucuy u"' llC rt nu , ~ to ab stm cncc ""'''
and casmt I pleasures. One mus t re frain himselffronl km""' ot any lonu ah
stlunm "CI _,Sa i \'C lllt ' "'
'"
'he'
S2
l JN JT 4
-1 I
llltcudu\:IColl
1 2
I pet etc 11 -..
-I 1
!\t c-..h)l k
~I
I htlctl.h
.ko.;ctl~'
IS
lciiiii.Oillll'l
I <)
John Sru.1n Mcl l
l -----
Ill cl..:
1 II
..:1
.J
r:-:~ y \\ 'n ~tl'
I k~l ll llhl('ica l a ppt n;t~ h ~ltntpttsc-.. a rmhc1 h~o:tcr..lg.cncnu " !;;f,lUf' t' II'Cllf'h: ,, 1\l\).C
11\ l' lllllllllll\ 1:-. that Ill\.')' lnok \I()CICI ll\\lclll :u,; tCC\Il'o fiiJIH lhc f'OIIlC o( \IC\\
of " d\lly" or ' ohlttatwn" In other word:.. II c). 1hc moc;~llv "nchl" . rathct than
the cll~lrally "goocl" wluch i:- tht:ir c:oncem The key que~~""' t~ 11- th~o:m . tlwn 1 ,
why the mn1 :~ II y " n g ht" :-houlc.llx.: M>. in other Wt>r<b. '-'-'IUt m;~kc~ " tlut y'' ;1 "llutv"
So.cnc or th~ rominc nt phclo:-.ophcr!o or dcontolog,y arc Ockham. D\11 \...hi.;m . K.tnl
and
K.1111
I I, Sucn l :p
1-t._,,dcct~'- ;~tul H,: ti.L'II( ~_.....
Futoulotiol/s of Fthu .;. ' ' ritt~n

.. . . l I IVI' CI rl)fl ) ' l t.:h<:~ (\) c tlll l.' ' - II\,,
II
I
'" .;r ' ' ' " , ..._... , _..... 1!.!0. titer ..: ar..:. )IUat v ~p~:.1"11 1::-
'

. l 1<.lll
1t l.1l l Wl'
" tl and tckolu:.!
;-.. ht..tt._, klll)\\'11
:1'-- the <fl ..;tfiiCIIOil 1)L'I\\.l:\.11
c "
~ tc:!l L' tha.'
., h.: (j,._.._k \\llld f~)t .Ill end. in th._ ~.;11<..<: lll' a ;.!tlal Ill bl.' <t:hi._- ,l'~t. ,.. ., ,,in.
I h rtl.'~.. ,._.,,__.,tfu:.!~ .d cth''-' Cllltlp~l., ;dl t h o . . . c k ind -.. 111' L' lhlt..' :- '' lliL' h ............ th~o
l. 1 ,,.._., 11 , 11 " ' 111111 ,drt\ 111 t ..: 111 ~.-.. , 1 1 "h..:thL'I .til :ll.'l lllll li.tllill s till.' l ' ' ...-,:dlllll:ll ..: nd ol
Rch~ ptHilh Ott!. 111 a .dll ~~ c.J I .wc~rk
htllll<llt (d e. 10 !..!'-'th:;.tl .Jntf of 1\llll al a..: tn 11~ 111 p;~nit" l tl<~r. The word '<.kuntolog_11.:al'
,, "'c:o 11 11.:tf tn.-till. Bnt 1 ~1 llh>r:d 1 ~t. J..:-..:my Hl'lllham ( 174~- 1 X32 ) . li on1 til..: ( rnk
'"ord. dttm. l;t..:ralh-. rhm \~tlllch 1' bindng. Dcon~olngit.:al cthit'S views the morally
~,u)(f lit t .... ,-~,~ ot' ~lo nlg cHlc..s duty O c:outoll>gy would he the st.: ic..nc<.: or' nH>ra l
c.lut11.:~ \\'l.' shall ~cc th:u th..:~<.: twq :lrpH)achc.::~ differ nH_u~ in c mph;h ts 1ll.u1
.ruyr l llta~ ~~--.~. thc.:y arc.:: rHII m utua ll y ..::-..clusv~ \\':tt c a- ti ghl cornpatlm..: n b
-
I ...,
-----------------------------------------------------I NT I~() OU CT IC)N
(1.
s larl with l t'kli i<>!,! IL'ilf :t pproad l [ve t )o;lllCC 1\r jqork. pr:tc tical l y Lll~ s.:nrir~
\\c;M\.'IIIIr,,dllllltl Ol pfttlti'-Of)hl/111~1 ha:- .to.:~c:ptcd
hh C.:Olll l.'llliOll l hatlht:
hwuan nd r. happrn~o :- .. Nc\\\ 1111 -.. c ould h~o: LJn<k r,l ctnd . t~ l.' tlh c r
1':\t
ulil111.111!
ltf...J\ ,
111 1\\ llh .1 ~ Iron s ir'-'"' on rlldl\ tdu <J I Ill' J)ll \ ;Ill' h .tpp1nc..-..-.. Tl11:-. 11 1 111111 l :11\
uukr ,.,.,,,,., '"'' l1111hn \\;ry-.. ;,~, pk.t'lll~' (hullltH iutlt~ ll<lll ll\\,11111 k !'-'.;
'''"' th\: c m u u ... ll>')lllph...:-...) 11 1 whtelt c;a ...~.. we h;l\ 1..: cite , du<l h ..:dolll '>lt C..: ~- h
., c.w h'- ~~"n a-. '-<:IIH;all/~t lttll l a nd 1h1:-. ,.., tile t 11dw;11011 i( ;~pprt.H Ia
llfht: ..eh ui.UI\ c: u,.c~. "'flJHrh'-.'-lltor~..- from rh~ ~tantlrouu 01 ochn:. ol
t.UIIliHwut
1\qucna ~
4
_ ._2_
~ ._0 _ 0 B.l ECT I V ES~-_ . . . . . : . - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4.1
P.:rl>o nal Utihtari<~ni!.m \Bcnlh;u\l)

Sucial Ulilitrianc).cn \Mtll)
FPICUHUS (C IRC A I V C EN ~f\.JRV B CE)
De tc k h c rm
td
!.11\c lctk
l kntlt:Hil
-1 10
1),1,
c ---------
l:.lluc:al E!.' llt:-cn

G lldf/IIIIOIIIl/ ( 1\ I :).tutk)
,'\quina'
I 7
.\~ s 11
~ I
l k~lonc!-l c-. {Ep::~.~;, 1i:\)hc~ )
I htllll:c:- llt"> hhl.':-.
I llltlttc
.........., ..
l .:h:oln:,:i~.:al Ethcc~
\\'cllt;un nl 0...:1-. lt, u n
'
I (,
12
---
--
Olnn r, v..::-o
- ---- TJIF TIJSTO H.Y OF

ETII TCS IN
"' OS()PliY
\ VESTERN prJJL
----- -
1. 0
..
--
fhu .. th"
ult'""..:rltiv. ntiVCIIlll'
1.. 11 nh\: JI 1II I
'.
:
l'l 1 a II I (l ll1 a 1, &.;
. ..
l.pr ucus l'llUg_ht tel ~ l iminatc.. :11\ unplc~~-..anl fcdmg.:-.. l1kc fc.n and '"''-CCIV"'"''
1hc contempo1ary psyc h~ and ponHllt: t:m(ltmns oi ,,.... 11 h~nr. h:umt'"' ,, 1J
pkH Slii C Nell ~11rp1c:-.ing.l y. he:: s ummoned hts followc::s 10 me-:1 1n ' hc<tc..l\1\u\
g~u d e n ( Epicuc c::am:-.m i!'o. thus. sometimes ~:tllcd, the Phtlo).nphy ur th.; ( II tl-.:n l
and sc..:k alter pleas ure Tl11). '"'"" mH the baM: 'win~-wocncn-and-song 1-..n~lnl
lhm~ that th e ! .nglhh ''-lllll ' l: pl\:Uh:;m' lit)\\' implies. butlh..: llppcc ... .lliou '''tit,
11l'hJcr i lllc.l hi~!IICt' 1 dinCI\lCIII'- c..lf lt It:, :-.liCh 3$ fncnd!'.htp :Ill . 1\llhiC. 31\d I h..: \t\.:c
I
M,lr.;cn cr. he ;t, ~s-..cd th..: qul.':-1. not im the lkt:llltg.. 11 athchw~ 1h111::,. hut th;u
pk<l:>lll c; \\ hlt.'h Clii:;.IH b:-t fc..ll ~I l di:-tcmc . Ill Cllhcr \\'Old).. :lb:-..l'lli:C ui I'"" .Ill c..\
'-l.'lt:niry ()I mend l Grt:c:k. tlfonictl. ralhcr th;\1\ pleasure- gnlllllcHII('ICI ,,,.,, h1-..
a11n I'll\\' It/at"'' was hl b~o ~ouglu . litsl \lf;lll . hy tctmwal ol all l <tl'l.: k.11-.. '"'h
a:- Lhc
ell' c..kalh aml the k.cr ul thc goc..b Such IC<IfS. hkl.' all\ 1\:l.'" \\\,'1\,'. 111\l
conduCI\'C.. to (1/(II'XI(I Indeed. h ... ),(1\'1. tht: htgh~t virtue or all\\) he ''''""'n"
di:-c..:nmtc.:IH. the ahiltt\' tc..' . . . II'C.: up a nd estimate the 4uahty .lllc..\ b:-tn1:;.n~:-' lll
plc.:a:\ltr~ nnd pain c.:n$h;incd in vanNtf- p('l-.:=;ihk ac:ti.on-... ::;,, ""to m:untam ,1 hh:
in tl_IC.: b..:~t PUl>Stblc: state.: ot'cii(JI'.\'1(/ . \Vhal is tciC.:\'illlliOtll::-l::.l.pu .: lll\1'- 111'-1~1\11'
that lh ~ c.:tlt:t ton \,f mm a ht~ 1::- conllut:i,enc:!l-:- "-' l)llr lnu n:tn f1n.1l t'llc..l
rca.
4.3
ARISTOTLE (l\' CENTURY RCE)
d no h lc:.t of th en
dnrll ( ,nphia), the l u ~h.::. t :w
I c h j ,.. ou r l:t:-1
IIIIUrii\'C IO SI '!hl (110 111) ;Ill d WI::.
.
, f r" JII IIC..,-; W 11
'
~
II .
111 :rtt:un th e II li t: 1' , .
.r ,, 11 t o lr \'o.:
,,If It r::. wrs dom wluc h cna > c:. '"
.
. . f k u~c t fu: !' '"u'" "
I rum t h o.:'~ lu ,t P"" "- ' Pic ~ w hu: h ,, n . . 11

. <>" t;l , l y P '"Ill" ., 1111 1 I I
'"'l." "'t ' " r ' ' l' tk t r\c -.cund:uv a nd
.
.
" '- ,a " "
m o re '>(ln t lr ~; '""' . \\ lud tl

I1 l
" ' """ c r!>:rl aud tmd t.ut~ mr '"'I)(" l .acl.:."t th. . .
.
'
'"'" ' 1 '-' '
c;;Cifc;;ll l. .rfly "<' " \1'-<:Ct>l rht.; I n \, , ..,.
111 :u fap l ttlt\ 111 111 flolttr<. u la r l'lnerc;h; t: OJe" "1 I
~ "
t u ,, I1IC M T III H iory l
I
1 1
clu l'l'l' nne tn al wa y, te ll the truth a nd 0
I lln t,;rp" w " ' 1
'
eve r llllc l I al.ch()od nra y be 11\av 1\
w I rc n an \ IIIJII St :ll'l' eso.,or
10 tell h e111 I .
~ "r c 111 !. ltrthcr ,J\ IHd u w 1111'. r.

l urth l.' llnw ..: how 1\quenas c xplaen o., how thc r .
..
'
t: :-.ppc.oe !- In he va oraut.c u"' "'l' the
11r1ra I pr a t: li e..::- o f p e n p i~.: It is dul. 1o '" ., 1 , .
'
' I 1 ll l:' IIIIIC IIt:lh (ll\ fn1111 1111' 111 ~ 1
(1111 \Ctpk' eh u~. u ll kn o \\11 111 c..: rta in p.;nnk t h . .,. .1 e;.
I'
" 1: t: (llc. \ 1'IIIIIC: ('k:l"'.(f, l(\1 1 :111.J
l. \ll l llfll JlloiCIIO.:e:. a, e th 11.:a ll y MIUOtl \- inelf v w ' I I
f
'
' c,., I II I II \ 111111 lnCil iiCIIlll 1\4Uin ..O'
rath e r tl wrnu~ h ll cat m c n t u f the v enu .::. 3111 0 11, , ..., 1 <.1
.
. .

., 1 t we mu.l u raw a lt c n\hlll
10 p rude nce , w h rdt c;a fcguards 1 hutni!\ti
fron 1 11 tt: rIfa11 ~ o r 1cua 1ll'.lll an11
c cth ic;
~.
1111l cx eh elny
.,
l lfc tte.tf e th u.:!. par ~xu.:

. 1 In r~th c t
l k ;u lh.rl 111 ' " 01 I~ (C
<
f tO II Ill' ' I; Il l
.
J
t
h II ' ' .:on Ill " ''
I th .
Ill II ,rll ' ' l h ll 1,1\\ Ill llf>l n. ll llll l . HI \\
1 lll' Ill )',:till' II
\
l'lld It ' '
..
" ' '"" "'' ' ' " ' l o l k
n r. u.ef e r ~l un,.,, '"
'' nuP' I h.~,, '' '"',n n c.
h. . I
<
. II
rl Hiltf h acl ue..,,. ,.., I on '
11
"
uly and w rlle ng ly. a s s u~;I '
,.,,,,., .;,,.. ,,,o u, fv onr,ndn 11';rtntIt: hum rn :t c-".:"'
I() 1~ 1101 .uh.:C Ill
the
''"""one
s r.:l.. ~ cvrl kno w rn ,
' C II \C I 1t.1 1 lllll) II C'
I;
'
74
4.4 _]_T~H~O~M
~A_S.!_A~Q?_!U~J~N~A~S~(~I2~2~4~
- 1~2..:_':.1):,__~~-==
l'htllll:l\.\qurll il:.
' ....
:t
w:r::. .n ~ uah ly t h e !' r ..:.Hcst c.
h ollc
"'""":try <tfthe
chc llliddk a~l.'"
t.: k (llOl!IC:tl
1 lu::. l),,nwtr c :rn 111o11k . ha:.en,:: h " nHH :tl phtl <>:.(l ph y o:~
. c 'lll>~l" of
1 ( '
1 tl ult ll ll ' ll t' end 111 'upr ~o: 111 c
nu/,,m,,u, ol \ "HIIk
<~ a:- 1 ~
r leu h u n
'I
. \1 (Hill '> hll\\ o; \ o,;
..
h 11111, 111,. t.r,.,lll,kl.'<l. ol .ell h t' lll!!' l I I " ( 111" 11:m c< ut l.
. wid
. I'
. fi . S\lllCIIl:tlll rtl 1 \! 1 1I - C l
to J\O.:r th:ll only \\. rlh til l' fttlp of ( rot :- g r:u.:..: a rc.:c.:.
.
. I
' \I le lc God h:l~ 1 ran
\1 l.' au.un 1w r (ull'-"' .::n.::Orllll \.!1 weth titer Ia~ t ..:nt I. 111 IIH.; no,;
..
.
1 c b u t t a tlu.:t a V t!i Wll
I!II ,Ill C I C',IIhlll 1101 a kentf tllf ~e t ,tl e :-IH.!:If l }' j)I C t 1l' IC 1111 111l:l I1I1
.
f . . . y h ' lll l! anJ dt l'l.'CIIIll!
n l c r c:lll\'l' d..:vd(lprncn l, c n .;l11 11h :d 1111 Iec cI }'ll:tlllt:-lll t l ,; \ 1:1. '-' . . .. .. .
.
II ,., ll hl' '"" " 's m:n ult.: "t
r11 1111 :- cull tltl\\cllng l n o t h ~ ""'d'. ( tilt I ' l't t:lll.e "' c ' '
::-
.
.
. ' lll l ' ' ' 1111, 11alt11a l 1:"'
I e 11 II\\ II ll.lllll t:~ Ill t:''l
111 lite IIJilll ti i i:J \\ , 111 I1111 II 11111111
11\ the tltr -L:It human r..::es o 11
,, ...~.~..:"rhk colnun.en' p .lft lv 1I uoug It iC\ \.I<~ t rnll . llll1p .11
,. , ,._.,.,..;u
4.5
I lt es n tl.'(\rc\a l I 1 ""''' ran It ear. au 111 \ ' Cl c rah: l: llc tll~J \ll 1 hcnu.;.m
tl n.
.
1
It: ,.- 1"\1 1
rna 1n ly 1e!P' n -;ehk I o r ha n ng c'tahles h cd :1 d ccp rnoh:d ..:ruprrical 11 e nd 11111,
He11e ~h plulo ... ophy a lt c nt a~..: tha t wuulcl he callct.hef>c>n and drcv dop.:d h y 1 11d ,t:
Ik eI. d e y and l lum<: some live hunclrcd year~ l:n c 1 , , .,. a l.lluntt;;rhla.c;t 111 th e
ent<.:lkt.tualeo;, m I) ( 1\quma s. he c:hampmncd v t>lun ta""" ' Od;ham app~:a 1 ~ 1., h e
ft ccdn m ::mel \lllllltputc: nc.: (a-. he u nd ..:e ~hl~<l

l hu' h e ecl u-..;d h> ' \ul <;ll t/t: lhc \\ fCHtnc ..., ol huma n ~'"'" , ,
~ll' t lllll ll t ~ lr.un .1ny t11hc 11.: nt qu:1lt1y tnt h en hchc..-.. hut wholh .m d .:ullh:h '"'II'
I h l.' (et:l.! tk l.l..,!lll tl l ( iod . Wllti..C llllllllfl.lleiiCC W ,('> :tlh u lut c h~lll\! 1 C~lt tc. l~ll Ill,
hy '' h ,el \\' t ll tl d hc lu g.e...all y l'l.lntratl t <:ltll~
-
I..Ott..:cen .:cl w et h u p h Cllcleng C od s
I ( H 1d " " ' ll.'fll 'n l la \\ c>r ..... t..:rn a l
l hc iiOIIll flfmor:~lll ) l nel\l]WII :l,, thcn . e,. u t ull:e t~: ~
~~' ''"'
111 a t al l <.<" ' "
.. I h 1" Ill \\'ltrk

out " '
b111 lllllt l.! pr cnHn.tto.: l ~ 11 ' ' " h um:rn 11.!' ' ' ) 11 \\ Il l. , .
_
1
I
I
\\'"c
nt,u
l.;
1
ha l w h rdr
I
I
rm;> lr 1 .u rcu h ln l.'t lll l,dh el'lklllll:!ll" \\ ta tt l\.' 11.1 111.1 '
tl e,
I l' ll; r l tll. l I I.II\ . '' ' le , l tl\t: r ~..dl' "tl vhv
rth tie ~., d l.' lll.llll I' ell Il
'
.
I
I
1
I
I
It
I IIIII . .... . ... ~IJ<J I I y l><ul
1 rlll u ,,; of !June:111 l l.':1" '" ' ' mtu:e \ :,!cHIC. I 1.11 \\ Il l
'

r-. 111, rut!cll lllll\ \\
()~\ H1H:\ l r.
IClr 1\qliHI:lS. chc: norm
h 11111.t11 ii C.I (l llcf 1101
, \ , (UIIl.l". 10!->p 1n: d

prat l ll'll'. n ; a
t) f
;n;ralecy (" n;wr;al lao.\'" ) i~ 1 1111'11 1 ~!<.: 10 lh.::
an CX I I IO '- IC (.'llllllll~lnd 0 1 :lllyt lnn g
cl!--1.' C
llltSidc of
I ~ul <h:kham ~..:c lll \ tctt'<l nl'll !>-t: lhc wh,tlc: t ssu~ hy :;ev m~ a pia.:..: l\.1 \"loth {;,,,1 c;
urd ctcd (10\\ 1.:1 ;e!'> \\ell as n ghl n:a:;utl. ' l hc ltt t lllCt rclcts t ~ Gld '!-> In:.; dc. ~"'"
\\ h c r..: b~ IH: h :l\ t::-ta hl t, h cd the a c tual Cl$'ltal Ill Jcr (lpl lll!!, \$ m ake \.0:1\ ;I ll\ oll: l"l"'
right and ochce " eung I k wou ld har~ll y make a g..:nc t.ll c h :m !;C tn th,, m.tlh' r
,\ 11 lh"' seem s Lo cu n ll e ~l \\ tlh h i~ ulhc t nuu un w h tch -..1ys th;u " '"'" '" ~ \'Ut"l
a..:t s hou ld i!lsu b .: '" ..:onlo rmity " tlh the " n g.h t rc:l'lll\ .. l nc.lccll , he ~,,.;, 01lun"
\\' ll h the l'(lll\11\lllli\ICt\ IC\al a!>-Slllll(lliUO th;a(,l p 0.:1!->\lll h t)h\tg..:d h l ll>llu\\ \\h.tl
:tl'l.'\1rtlm g_ In hI :> SIII..:Ci l.' 0:011 \' IC{Il)ll . 1"- Ill 1..'~111 1\li ii\I IY \\ tlh ll . 1.7\'CII t\ h l.' '-' Clc..' Ill
..: n ''' I h tt tlu s last e1..ka seems to d,l mllr..: .:1cd tt HI ~ kkha m ':-. hl'.lr..l th.m " '' h, :m
I t it tl h..: th ..: t d1~ u p cah.: tl up the po:-,tbtht) to ,, IX.'' ' "'' ''lu ~h'IC' mn ,t., ~;\:1''
di Villl.' ICV< Ialml\ ( h ll\\' c bc. C\ CC!)l lhlllllt! h l \ 1\ 11\C CC\d;tt mn l..'~l\lltl W \! CUIII(' h t
!...now w h at tS rtg.ht ;tnd \\ h .tt as wwng.. ' U H:t..' ( im.l ln:d y \kt:tl.lt:' ' "'"'- ~\.'\ th\:1\"
it .
by An ~ llltk. Jrs t ingu i~h..:d hclwccn "spcntl a !n..:" and

loflllt'f '""' In do " 11h th ..:elt l.' lh: a l knowkdgt.:. I h..: 1<111..: 1
~111 tht.:
n hl ~ pe ~n:-.dy. mnra l .:ondul'l)

,uhd1 \ 1dn l tn tn '' ll ll >rt d is .:ur:-in.: '"
.u:;u m c ul .tll\ l.. p:111 tr.wo. r:~ cum:alll y ) :end ; 1 lllllh.' llll ttt ll\ t.: a s p e c t (intd/ectw)
~he i t iiUIII \'t.: p:U1 1ll ~rec u lall \l' 1C.1-.on fume:- hc~ 1:111(1 w uh those has it " lirs t
p nnt:tple;.;" i1 WJib u pon 10 t:llrry oul 11:- c ct~ ~tlllin~ p 1o r.:c:ss (e.g . 1he prin.:iplc o f
uJ IIIHy and t:wtradiuwn J. Thc .;;c 11u llis" arc :-c ll-t.\'itknl and do nol _rcquirt.
' '~ frout" : mtkc d a<; l i rsf p1 11tn p l..:' l ht:~ l'OI II Ilnt (1.: p roved hut a rc t ht: i111pi Kit
pw pct "'''"" ol all ar~u lltl'tll:t l tc lll and p l(lofLht:d ll\ r:t ll o Iti l ht: sa m .: w~~ . llt.:t t.'
r . J<;(, ~lfllt: " '=>ell :.~.., dt: nl. li r~l pnlll lpft:o., nl p1 :1dlt'.llr ca -;on. ~a l kd 'a ndcn' t' .
h 1:\ , ,gutwl ,uuf :l\ott f n tf'' AI.Jlllll.t\ Ct lblh.:m rhl III '>I PIIII <.. c pk~ u f l h .:
n lltr 1f I
Th :th.. H lll~'lll lllllrd l'Jo..rmpk 1:-.. o l l'Ollf' l', ll.'k\anl IU lnll t :tb
U l ' " "' ,,. 1 1 'f,;,.. ;,,_ ll<':u ing in otll(;r :-pl11.: r"'' ol :t\'11\' II Y Aq1111W\ ;uld ,
tiJu r..tttoo . I''' " ' ~ l an~,,. fht: ll ' :11 <: lh .. ~. \'. hwh wr l tunt,ul\ :.hall'\\ Ill I all
h 111 fh pwu;
o f ~ 1 (-prr.:!.C r\ itflllll c. cu t~.; o.,ud1 'I hen llll'(r,; ac rh o~c \\ ~
''" an.nwf J'lfrt<. n:;uiunor ll; pr r)dllt lt u n '' 1111( o l fi ll' n111.1 11 11por1 ; 1111 pf
rf
If u lfK..,(; " &.: rho~ \\ ludt :u: f'Hr.-. I< hum.m, :tlllllt.' l>ntck . lhc 111oral
t tc: q KJtCd be ' hac :m: :tl!'ft '.ll m l:tr chl tc ;tfi(Jt h :.w h "" rh~ llt: l ' d lfl lrvc 111
Mkl kt d '" L~tH\4 ANtill ( 111d fl,..., . .cs \$' :-l~ttll M:~o:. ;.hmrlcl rmt It(.'
\\ll h ' " " '" , ,f :t n h lrl.' pr.a t: lllalunp .Htl :lltll lll.
l un lu: rmnr..:.
ead1
,,f the-..:
l't>Uid ht
'f'''
s~o:t:nb hl he a
l.l.: t 1a 111 co nlradtt: lloll h c t c
!'l)r moral n g.htn..;s" the n
11 ' '
11 n ~hlll.".htMI .. .:an '"" ~"""
" ' '''"''
nul QU ite dq~ nlit'nl O.: \du..l\d\ ' '" \Kk l ~ lh.
l'll lll(l.;
-L6
TIIO!\L\S HOBBES (1 5KN - 16_7_

9)=---~~'"'"
In 111, d .a"tl.' blH'" / ,., wtiJCm nam~.,l alt..:1 tlw ~tg,mu~ nu"'"' O.:' "~"""'"'" ut '"'
IH'''" ,, , ( i,n~.~ts ami " lu.:h "as lu!' nn3"1! tl l the ,,II l"''" "''ul f-10\U: l ~
" " lu.., t.k sntpl ttlll nl " man in tht. 1'1 '-"\: ~,,,,,. ul nalue..: thM '" h:t. hum.
haulicll IUl!Clh t: t 1\1 ~~I U Jl :Olll'\31 ~llllCIUH."~ ;,n,llll\tl"."' - ' " wu..t k
... hccr hd l
I /rr"""
...
___ ___
\ VI L Ll /\ 1\1 OF O C KII AM (\290-1349).;,_
111 '"'"'l' tun~
man l~han,t untn n.tn hl.c h:ft~.._.
/,. """" II If ill$ lrul\.'.:,1 th.Al ' " \\ " '
ht\IU,IU'
'"~"'' tt-:
.W
It
56.
~tt tckHl ' C:lCh
1ltll ll'ttl:-.
If(llll '
c: Tl
h "Ill' hli"CI..'
' .
im "~'-' to pn..vcnl. hy shcc :-U f'ICIIOI I '..
h <'thcr {(l :;hi cds.
~c
1
. 1 tv ;ultltc:u1ng '- c
. . r. .
uthct ~'<PI<)(llt,ttlllC. ..:;u:h othc.;r.. P 10fX:
.
. kr wt:- the sa ... t 111 n
,
. . o.;urc o l pc:.c..: Cllll1 Oil
'
.
.
prtu: c<..:h hJd lo p :ty tn allallllht:- 1:'.'-!'
..... . , r-vth ing
for hnnst:ll.
. 11 .1 1I lc:;n c IO ros:-t::-S C\ t:. J
l
.
~om of h1s ln:cdom rnlllu:- run l
oct\'ating p1'1nt.:tp C
<!d
. kasurc wa::. I1lC nl
Ltkc: Cricurus. H ol>J:lcs \\';IS :l h Ollt:-l. r. .
I .. . ' t ' n thc ((Hill of" rca c.:..:.
d .,_ 11-c for p c.t:-.ur... \ '
for hun1on. It was the narura II Y 1lUI1l1lll '-
. . . . . T\lt.: the n. c n ;tc tcd
. . I I d I11 m W o.;c:t up the :-.t.llt. 1 1h . s .
flil!lllllriy and a longer hie} I tal c
.
. .
)awo.; <1f"n;ttu rc.
. conhncc
'' tl 1l . 111 l
v; 11 it\lls bw::. ttnnakc hmH.IIlS t1CIl:l \ c. 111 ,tl
. .
to:h
.
. . .11ltl rt.:fc\"illll (() f ill S ror'-1 10 '-
tint
Ci"l l;11\ "''uld coJtl y th..:mm mot e pt~..us~.: '
.
I . I . II ower ami aut 1wn I ) ::.o '
114Hitlll The: :-I .Jie WCiultl need IU be 111 \:CSIC< \\I( 1 a r
' I . t .. I
lu . b. lblc lu curu I lC na u t.l
nouc \\oult.l d.Jrc lu c h.tllc.:n!!C 11. Then only ' '"llll
1t '- '
.
p
... l c; ., ncc..:ssarv cons utu ..:n l
ui"!.!O..: ,,fhumartslO rnpc.lc.>ot <~nd 1yrnnn1ZC. owCI t:-> t 10
.
,
1
.
l
, 1 . ar fo btddcn not
Ill
ofbw
In cll<.ct. 101 HobbL-s. acttc.>n $ an; bad 1ccause lll:Y \: 1
.
,
4.8
I h ~ :;:tg.t: 11 f Kunc~sb...:q( \\a:- lu l.nv .. a . . .

'- maJo tlll t1at:t
1 _, .
COnlc..:mp,Hary w..:stcm tiH)U"Ill Th . .
. ~~~~ 1 IC u'- ".<.: 1opnct:nl u l
::-
c St:\:\)11(1 volu me.: 1 1 h . f
lltiO"V t"ll"l hc.: Ctitl(lliCS.. wa. tic, I
'
'' ~m<>u~ phllo-.ophtc3l
c-.
::.
'l'tc.:\ I n new and
. 1
e thics Rtcht :Jl th ~ o n set o f 1 .. .
rc"" Ull\1l-..;try m c;tt!ht" llll\1
H :-. c.:tlltquc ol practtccl

.
h
system th;-cc is btsed on a. " I

..
, ru-c:-.on c rCJCCt ~ .t\1 S\o<:h
'
lt:tc.:r.onomous source tint is
norm ou 1.._,u'c the 11uman per.-nn

.
"V\' ere we tc
on some
. pnnctpk or
.
.
.
l matnlatn such <t po em uf VIC"- he

lclb u :-.. tn etT..:cl . d <t p erson had Ill rcj..:clthat n o c11l . I tl . I .
.
.
-
1
-1
1cn l 1<:t c would be 110

l)ot:-. I S I ~; p111g h11n or h ..::r 10 h e ;t m ural per - Tl . anc
1 , h
0
1
:-. ' .
Ills. lc.; <:!!IllS by notiiH! al tt en
ll "- there ;uc notllnly some: a -pri ury (hence mH v..::r:-.tl tnd
.~..
)
'
n ~.:cc.;'-'<ary ('1111
.tlltOOliOl()US pn 11Cipk~ .
tp1<''- t\ l
For Kan~. lhc only ching that can be called good without qual.ftc;u 1on is a.
~good wtll" - all other goods: such as health. wealth and t on~ J. fc can he u.-.cd
lor had ends: they :.trc only rd nti vcly good''. Now. wh<lt pr~.~i :-.cly j._ ;1 ,.,lC\0
JI ""J
.II
..
'-\"1
: \ \\ t
\V lllch act:. for the ~akc of duty a ton~: t :ulll no othct 1 1m 1H:I j, a
),!Otld wdl Th1:-. 1:- pcrhap:-. Kant ":-. way c\ftcllcng u:-that a !!ooJ \\ ,11 1111\"' 1 ll ;1. \
out ot" :-.d 1"- tnl..:t c:-t. (k thai il:-. It lll <t y. the.: k md uf l.111gu. 1 g~ he u'~d h, 1 ~ l.'l, tl :-.
d~wtrirtc a ,-c ry .. rigonst' appearance. Thts ..l1uly is rooted in \he 1 > 1 b w
1t sd f. w luc- h . en turn, s mnni ti.:st nlornt ct,nsciousncss (il(l iH>I sy111h~t 11.: 11 ,o,iKal
(ttdg.meiHS). !'ow. univcrsalily"" is thl' very form of thc: 11\ortll law - Sl) tlll~C
again. a ccna 111 rigidi 1y ts to be 1.'>-p.;ct.:d o f it:-. "c;tl c~o K;~l"' dt:mau,t:, .111 w 1 n~
the J1lls:-ibtlll y (If e\~C(lt 1(\11~ WOUld till \"loknct. tu ~~~' ..\1111 \ "0:1 ~.tl .. futl\l ,II" tit~
nunn.tl Ia\\ . Tltc lit :-l g~llt.:t.tl humulal1111111t"th\.: h.t:-lt. t.Jt<..:~llt..iltmp..:.cll c ,,
lor 1-.: <utl. t lllll::.t act :-.u..-lt t h:.~t tll) \\ .ty 11f .J\:1111~ "uuld h~.ctHll..: : Utllh .11
rruc..:dul..:. Tt ~~.- .... arc \Hhcr fOllll\tLct ion:- popubntctl by K:tni. I.":-.I"IC\'I.IIh
,., I.: I
lr~:ll .1 person mcrd y as a nKan ~. lnu thc:) alway' c:nshnnc.: :-.01 1' \ 1 ,, ,
l\111\"t.:t ,;tl11y :1s const illllin:- of it:-.' cry form . I k dcnvcd 1hrc~ 'pll!<ltrl::lhs hom
tl11. und..:n1ahk J:tnof th\.'l.<tt..:gonc.tlllnp..:t"<lll\t: hum;m hl'l'd(\11\ th.:unt nt~H.Itl~
Ill the -.ou J <tlltflh C 0: " !--l..:nc..: uf(inJ Tius 1:-< 1\11 \.' lllllt,ldt~thll\ \II \\h tl h 1\td
maintatncu in tJlc ..:arli..:r Crtllttuc: chcrc he hdd that mit: ~_;, nn~ll I' II',. th~., ..
JEREI\1Y BENTHAM ( 1748-1832)
lknch:am "'" the cthKal 1s~uc from a mur1.' rtldtndu:tlt~"l ic p(llnl ot' v1cw. I Its
thai. stnu: ::.OCtO: I\" is nlCtdC up ot" tndinduCtb. II \\"tiUid b.: ljllitt" Ill
1 r:kr '~"\' I h._,. JH1k ,uh_i1.YI ir-,,nth._- pt.-r:-pccciv._ of tllc.Ji,ldlt;tlut iiii Y'...:ck til~
.1 1h.: h."'" : ._rh ....-.-. \ ~n,,d 1~1\~-. lut lk u rham. ~~ un.: 111 \\ lud1 111tl11~ "
&: Un l~'lf u::-;ulcm~ 111 pka,ur...: ot h;rppinl'"
he p~1ny \\ ht15-..; illtCIest t:-. n)fK\.'rtH:tl.
Orawrn~ :tpp.ucmly on llohllL':.. he lake:. ir as il clc:lr d:uum that the :.<:Ck1ng o f
lllt'3surc- and the: ;.~\oitl.anct: of pain arc the chief human mot i n:s in _
d e::cision
ma~ 10(!. Yc:t, he c:rnphasi7.cs. he is not ~~king merdy of sens u al pkastire hul
otr:.!l.tlh:ll: \', ,1:-
"'I
e~ls.&t Ur.Jt
<
:-.f1L'~\tla tt ' L" k 110\Vktlgc.. 111 us. hut :;i m i 1:\r principle~ ~lf pr:cc l~ealli:no"-kch:.l" Ita a"
~~~uch a.-.. th~.:-.c <lit: a_-rntu_~ th~y c on:-.ututc an internal norm or moo~tlllv~m man:
. s~
the cntcnon ol
miter wav round . The $Ourcc of. moral n ghcncss. 01. w.ron~nl:
.
..
.
:
1 1 - ,,,, . ,.,, ,rro~itivc(onl)law.

mor . luv.' IS''
hat IS the law ~ays, w l~t 1c:r 11 ut: l J\ lilt' :J ~
The eth~cal rc~tc.:hing!- ofl lobf)(!s h;wc: hcen qual1fi~od in various ways. Some call
'' --Ethtcal Egotsm';. in as much as it is based on the a llegedly natu_ral_anti
rca' .....h.c hum .. n uf"'..!C Ill sed. plcasu1c and sclr-piCSCtYation Oche rs p1dct ttl
duh ,, Social llt~litat~aniSill .. hccause 11 !!rounds bw tlnthc tlc$ trc vf hurnans h)
lt\1.' rr pca .....: :111d h:tnuony \\ith each utl1cr. A rhin.J , it:w is th:tl it is a ki~1d of
lf: .1ll 'o~il 1 \ t:>lll .. h..:c:tu:-c 11 posi 1:- Ji \ trtq )()\\'Cf ( pr (i< t.i _.. n-i II I :ts I he ullllll:tl<.:
~flHIIlll c>f nwr.tl got\ll. :t:> ch,: ::.ok cntt.:tnln <'f tnl ra llty
4.7
IMMANUEL KANT (172 4 _1804 )
\liuch c.~rL~"' ~rom an1dlcc1Ual ~tudy and bene' 1>lcn1.
truths from pure rca.-..un. wh.:rc.ts "' chc s..:cond ni1t4uc h .. :-ay' th.u pa;adt<.,al
reason Can and lliUSt pOstulate.

.-to 1ft m;an fx:m!!->- hclWt:v..:a. ~<11101 knO\\ prccisdy how tn apply th1 ....r;tnd;ud
n I' 1. hk c-...s-..:c; a. If_, 'h..:nrt.., a mall c r o l ma~ 111~ :u1 operon ht.:l\\ ..:en uwhrp k
lu t JSCUtJ h:: Cll kr<o ;, ldh:tlic c:.~ fcufu ._.. ;tS 3 g111d.:f IIIC Io ri he: COirlllHIIl
4.9
JOHN STUART IV11LL (1806-IR73)
: \111 hnr or" a 11 \:':II"''-' ..:nut kd.
l 1rlttaiUttll "". "-1111 ":1' ..:' .._u mun ,111\."'.'t uu1, 'I ''
1han Ikm ham 111 Iwid mg ch.u ut thl ) \'' "tht.: gr...uc'' h.ll'l'in~o." l" ""'tph h " '''
h..: " 1111.: li.H IIld,tll\'11 nl llll\l;tb .. I """'-'\\'1 hl' "''-'\:'Ult.-d h\ \\ a\kn ha<i. '-"h 111"14' IU
..
Ill\ oh c nut 1u ~ t
.. th.: happm..::--.. ,,f m.anl..md. but .., ,,dh: t . ul .tll M:niM:Ml

A
Bu1 h.. \\T ill nn 1u add hu1h.: h : ltlll'll\....-nl :.111\1 1"'-'l:''"'" '" lknth m
l
appw.a..h I 1"1 Ill' ~l l t.:'-'-'-' lllhill lhC.:I\.' ' ' .1h1l ,I \1\lllll.lll\\' ,lttl\1\'t
pk,l,tll .._., _ .IIUf 111 11 llht J tiii,UHII.III\\' I \II~
Nt'' h, '" ., ~' ,1 "'
Ill\
,,,
I" nh1.1l '\..-1,,, 1'
,, , :all I k '-'"-'"
arf"-''''"~ "'
111U "'' ("1.._.,,.. ..... 11
l ' lltk.t\111:-. "'
till'
M '
"'= f*: " P'

' '' "' " " . , ,,. tn "'"'""'
lh.M
~
ct"-' ' ''"''".tl "-'''"' "'
t."l l l l " ''-"" ' ' :.....
n n yhud ~ '' ould ..ay
I"~~'' "'-' '"''""".._-..~ hut &Itt.: 'u""'
..,
'8
D~t~khl ~' "' "' ' wd l htou ~;ht out the link b ' t\ . 1
I: \l: o.; Jl 1\1111:111 :.0<.: 1:1 1 ((ll).,ll( \\1 \llo'~'S
a nd 111\H, II ll c.:q; l<>p11l i.'IH ll uwc.:vc.: t hi.' 1 ~ 111 tl
.
1
.
' lh\ , '' ,,... t\

o.'\ ..:11 ::.om..: nl lu ~ hu..:r d1 S1.. 1plc;::.
that th..:1 ,t ' lo
. .u '"''
.... '''""'
'
<.: \<.:<.: on-.. Ill ..: a Ulll\111\lll \IIHic:d) '""
::.t lll.' llll ..:, ::.o.Hi h.: ktnd ol com an on Pnc l>ks ill w k .
1
1
1 1
OJ <.:VI.:I)'W 11.'1 C. I 1,11 ' ' I II l.l l 'i.

Ill th o.: :.dntt ll c.:tl di\'C: ISI\y u r lllOial ::.~:t ll t):. A I I
I
I
,
;, II I IIIOIJ II)' l '> ,lllllll,lll y , 111\.111\ I

o f l o llowmg th~ crowd:" how do-we account r.o r tl c
.o
11
' cm.:rg.cm.c o 1r""'' ,\ ~ '" ceo;
w h o o pe nl y and d :tttnul y ICJ.<!Ctcd an-' cl 11
. 1
'
c
u
1:\ Cll <;Cu I IC CXI !'IIIIr, 1111\l l 'S I> I ;I ~~"C: II
sOCICty 1
').'
4.10 Ei\11LE UUnKHEII\1 (1~5~ - 1917):

I r-.::nt.1rpos.t11\ "'who~: rhtn~in!! w.1 ~ afk,rn l h~ ch..: ~c ullh..: nallual ~C I~ tll"l'"
he ' '.;~ I ~ h;ulcd .ts 1hc f;ulcr cl SlJetOI(I~y One ctl his key wr iltn1s ~ ch-..
I kmcntun Fmm' ,f Nrltgum., hpt' llt'll(<'. "' \dtrdt he ~llcmrt ~ d to give a
rnaacu;,lr~ lf)OSUJ\ tSit c:xpl.uMitort ncn fir t~.: lt~tc,n I tum hi:-. study of lcllcmi ~rn .
'""' a hC' hdd co be rh:: '"i""'''Y fcurn ul ..til rdt!_'rnn:. he ~.:ortdudcd thJI thl
1 f r fw "murc rh;.n lite lrth.JI !'.t>ct ~ l } lllttt c:t \ccJ ~yrubulh ;t il} I rum
tJr katk-d d&.lf rdrcJtu
wur ~tlup .uul chl"tll:t wcrc uuthuw hue v:tttllll'
t
:1 n h f"':'tllc: ;au ~pi .tntl s uhnrtr rh~, m ~ l ve~ w ch~ l.l\\'C. .uul
d
d udtal ((tttp I hr s.mw a1>pru;u It he ahc n11plnynl 111
t Hillb
tl-cn :Mt ntttlun" truiJ>' tli\Oc l.rws cn;t(h.cl by ,, !'" t'll
"'los
.;d.HIy """' pr
J~l
,tlluu
Ill C: ... \
'"''''k:' "nul
1t1c uuunulwu '''' '

fl \ " \lkffl\ 111411 l' .tu llloth' lct 1 ,11111
w.,tdcd '"'"""'"' k~ral
r.tth\; 1
th, 1111114 f1\ "'"''
..
4.11 LET US SUM UP

~------------------~--II 1s qutiC' conunon lo fmd l'\hrcs tlcfml"tl. :ls t.ml W Tnl01 t~s. "' -..: '
llllllltlm:llunlo thi ... tli'Sl' ll'hnl" " l"thu:)l. ma\ he: ,~r"'""'
rhlu...,-rh "":1111,.
'
Ill hi
thl ""'"' \.'
,uulc uumb uf mnt ,llll\'..
\\'1~ tiiUtlllll,lllll~ h;l. ,l, \\\' h , l\\.''l"\.'11
'''till'"'''"' (ern~ h : llll

dd lllllltlll h\'
~.I,' Ill"
II
\\ , . ''" ""' ""''" ' ' ' h

" 1""htt11fiUllh:
' 1\htt .ll '
1 1hu:' II'\\~ ll"t '""''"""'' ,.,_.,..,,.

._lUdl\., :.lh\' ~,-.lde\1!"'' '" ~ "' ~
"'"*"'
\\ wu~I\C'')~.; \)f'l~uman ,1\:l"'"' '"'-' "'- '"" ~~

ha' ,. ~qu.elly S\."t"n, ,,.,m!\ hk~ ~uud ur "'-f' ...,...
'" "'""' umk
''"'"'"'1:!-" ""' "'' '"
..,.,..,.,..,
ou
, , ~sllll in S<II IH.'OOe
. . . I , wlnr ,~.n.;~ th:rl I II L) 1 .
I
rv
1<1
m:tkc
ck:rr
111
prtct:l:-tc
}
.
. sphere
a ;;<lOl
1
1.
I .1111 I liJI
'
IIII"liiiiC:IC:-111\.ILl
.
1
h..:llh!. l>tua p..:r-son.rl :rll tellllll 1
II(
=>
lt 11111 ,;omctlung
~
.
)
1 linition ol .;thr c:- '' 011 l
'" l!!er. .,,. ~tmknl . or tc:nnr:- pl.cy.:r )-()our< L

.
nil at.: I lOllS from
~
I ( I I OJih ) ' "hu.:h 'Ill(1rt::- 1IIIII'
;p; hliiO\\')- r tlu c.:~ b :1 branc.: I 0 p II l)). I' II
human. more
. of. v .r.;w of . thc .rr .;naII
. .... I 10 llCCO IIl C IIHII c u .y
1 h
rhe purnl
> Ill(:; a Jlt: l :>ul

h anc:h l)r phdOSt)r1Y w 11 c.:
litlly alive. We can thc:c lorc say tha t c tlucs ~ I1l<l 1 r,
SllldtCS \\'htt! makes :l pCISCHIII"Uiy fibCI;tl l'cf .
1~
"hy
\\"l'
...
. I
Gl
I t . on front.; u c; \\'ith the
f'ow. anv wo11hwhik discuss ron ot Cllrcs. sooner or a ~,; r . L
..
.
.
tc lin..: the rnc:.t lllll -l!
phra~~ "human a..:rs . We .-.hou ld pause h11 a 111(\lltcnt ro um 1
.r
1 .,.,
13 11v
rh c tc:uacy 11f o ld
a11d 'ICrllfrcan cc ol wh:uthesc worus tmp ,.. IC) arc ,11.: 1l
"
:::
1
c.
1
,
scll(llas rl thou;;ht <uld s till rd cvanl roday. We nnt:-1 n l't:t 10 tS tn g..ri sh h e. r ween
.
could hc: calkd ;~cts or' humans and " lnlln:rn ii Ct~ .. (rhc Lattn mallll ~lln~
rhc:: word pltl\ morl' n catlv tll'/11.\ humm11ts ;rntl ttctw lwm111iS) ,\ hunwn act is an
'' h,,,
:ICI f>tll ltlf\\~CII'cf b y it pc;sun HCI11lf! Ill f'ldl C:tp:tCIIY ; 1;\ h ulll:ln, i.e. OUI of tuiJ
:l\\<ln~IIC$S and lrt;;cdo m - <tlkr all knowkd!!t: and ti ~c c hni ..:~ arc wh:.t characterize
humans :1~ hUrliCIIIS On ly when someone d\H::-. !\Oill<.' lhlll (; knowingly ill_~d rcdy
t::tn he s he OC held aCCOIIIII<thlc fo r lh:l l :ICI and ;tCI..'~)IdingJy, he prais~d Of l>l<tmCd
lor it. I someone: wc::re. unkn0w1ngly. to d1 111k a t:u p of pots0111.:d tea. 11 0 one::
could :rn1"c hi111or hl'r ol'allernpced )-llic rd t: On~. mi<_!hl s:r~ tllill \\'hac h~ 01 sh<.
h:1d don e"~~ obj<.cti\'dy" a !-Uit:1dal ;ll'l (I l' . oi'H ~dl' tt wou ld hnn.:; :tboul the
p cr-:ons death or s~ nou s tllu cs:-.. 11' n1..:drc:d illtcnc rllron ''' ct:c 1101 :>ough t
inun,:drardy). hut ,uoj~ctt \'dy.. h i.' 01 shl.' Ct'uld tl\11 h~. bl;ulH..'u li1r rh~. act. Thi:-.
C:.\ :lnlpk !ohOuld a lso miJkl.' US n;alizc. thi\1 \\'(.' Cillllllll hc hil Vl' J~ If Only "subjective
moralrry WCIC important, since that is rhc :~ rca whL'IC pr:u sc or blame ("mora l
:ccountabil it y'') com~ rn. i fth~ action were: 'objecll \'(..: 1y wr(mg in i~d r it would
ha,c Slnnc bad efl~c rs on the :.tgl!nl - psychologicall y and physiolngica lly - even
After rcadinI tl
'
,., lrs Ch:tplcr
. lllldc rs tand wh~t <r , ~ou would be able to
;el/-ruunJ . \~1:. of h11n1ans, 1ha1 is. acliort!o J<IIIL' llllllllclllilula l lv. unkllO\.\'ill !..!IY
'obJ<.'Ct in~ly" \\ mng :rcrion ,,hik tltll knO\\i;lg s uch an ac~ i-s
\\ron g) \\ uuld no1 <r fli:!c1 one all-round as a pcr.~:on .
(11x:lu<.lmg c.l0ing an
tclor
IS
CONTfNTS.
a (in:ck word l~l( .l.'IHf'. Ill IIH; :\t:lbL' ora
JChll'\'~d .
m<.:am
St) ll'kOI\I!;Y llh.::llb lhl.' :'I lid}
1h~. ~..: r tucr
or L'll d .
!.!ll:ll
((l
hl;
of nlllrJ I d1111t.:~
4.13 FUnTH En READJNGS AND REFERENCES

f~t.L-khwn. Sunon 8t'inJ! (iooJ. A Shw llnlmduc11011 t 11 f:thics 0x((1rd
{ ru\t:r !l.tl)' f'tc~~-. 2tH(!
Hou:hcrt Don;tld M . ;urcJ ();" d Src:wm1
IORf
~'I' nrmg
f.~ 1
Ox lim!
.I"'' 'cw Yur k: :'vfa cm illan.
"
(.;
<l llllld L"
'
u nalysc h uw people lllt t: r r .~ . lOW they arc lormed and

<'Omprch <' ncl h o w rh " ) P c t c~nd expla in lhc bchlvio
cfhanged.
' I ' <'S<'n <'<' of I
'
u r o OU1e.
explain wlw people I I
Ol 1Crs mnucnccs o
b
I~.
undc iSl<tnd I h e co ne; p orr d o n ot help others in dist~~ chavroll r.
pt o pro -~oc 1 1 ...
ss. and
" Jehav1ou 1 an'd ~
a ctors affecting il.
rf h.: t>r 'h.: dtll 1101 do i1 "liJII kn(l\\'lcd!.!l' ;111d lid I cOib<.:!ll. .. It> ll~l' lh..: t im .:
h<mcHutcd liltlllul.t Lrlul's. then. l'lllo r..: ~.:'II<.'L'I'II~d " ' rill :r\'IIOil:' dt)ll\.' a..; :1 rcs ;tll
' '' br.mkcJJ!'-' ;mc.J f11.'t' dtOI CL' <lid)' ~l h,:h JL' il\1110.: lll,t kl_ ll:' h..:tll.'f or wor~1. p ..:r:-.tllb
4. I 2 KE Y-\VOROS
<
Introd uc tion
Explaining Social Be ha .
Nature a nd Co
VJOur
A c
mpone nts of Attit u d
es
. reen Environment ' . T1
. :-llllude (Box 6. 1)
. te A BC Components of an
Attxtude Format
Jon a nd Chang
A tliluoe Formation
e
Alli~ude Ch ange
Tellmg a Lie forT.
Atlitude-Be h . w e rtty Dollars (Box 6.2 )
Prejudice a nd D~VlO~ r ~elationship
St
IScnmmation
r a t egies for Ha ndlin
. .
S o c ial Cognition
g PreJudice
S chemas. a nd S t ereotYPes
1mpressJon
Formatio
Beh a viour of Oth
nand Explaining
Key Te rms
ers through Att .b .
1mp: ession P'ormation
n uhons
Summary
AU~bu tion o f Cau sal it
Review Questlops
Be h a vJour in the P
y
Project Ideas ..
Pro-so c ial Behavio~;sence of Others
Webllnks
.a
F'a ctors Affecting Pro-soci..,.l Bel

"
lavrou r
Pedago&teal Hint s
6)
lnfroducfion
Socra l pStJrltolog!} l .'i t/wt bl(l~lc/1 oj J)!>!Jdlol<~I'J w/ udl 11/IWSII{Jf,'tcs l tnro fllr
I ' ' I t . Jl'"CI<ri i>!J ot/lf'l .'> and lire SOCI<li CIIIJIIOt lll h Il l
/}('/l(ll'IOI Ir 0 I Ul{ Ill/( 11(1 S IS f! /I
1\1/ ojusjor in atlillulcs. 01 uaus <?/ tlo'nkiii{J oiJOIII SJH'c!fic t opiC:s nnd fJf'OJ>l<'.
W e a lsoj01111 impt CSS iOII S abOIIl fJC'rSO IIS IIJC 111C!C'I. (llld rtSSI!JII CCI II SC'S f o
t ll e ir brlrtwio ur. Bl"s trles. ow own l>elw v 10 11 r gets ul}lue n cN/ l>y <>I llrt
1/l(/ipjcJun/s (Jilr/ fJIOII/)S. /II SO /Il l' Si fll(lliOII S. people S ll OU' fJI O SOCI(I{
l>cflnt,iow. flwt is. hrlpin[J tlw nrcrly nnd r/1(' disu essccl. will1011t expcrr;,,,
nnytlling in r('fwll. Mriii!J oj tl wsc> socin/IJdwl'ioiii S SN'Ill to })e s ilnpl e. Yd.

c'.\plniiiiii!J ll1e pt ocesscs tllat lie lwlunrl ti iC'sl' IJellaPiOIII sis a conplex nwl er
Tlu s clwpter w11/ d escnl>e the lm siC ul >ns ,('/atNlto nllllllfles. socinl cognition
r111cl pro -social l>ehrwiOIII" a s c>.\ploillecl IJy social p S!JdtOiogis ts.
...
the w:1ys llrcy clo - that is . we a!-;~ig 11 cau ses
lo IIH.: lx:lwviour s h own in s pt.: cific social
SOCI<ll b c hrtviOt ll 1~ <1 rlC('l'SSrtry p~11 t of
~1 t11 a1ion!-;
This proce s ~ is ca ll ed
hum.w l1k. :t11d bt'IIJg SOCI,tl mc;llls IIlll Ch
a ttributi o n . Very ofte n . ilnprcssJOn
mort" lh<Hl m erely he in~ in I he c-ompnny o f
for rn ;1tiOr1 a nd Mtril>utin n s n r c irrllu encerl
o lh e,s. You nwy reca ll (rom what you
l>_v nlti rucl es. Th ese three processes arc
s ludied m Class XI t hal social psycho logy
exn mples of m enta l ac tivities rela ted to the
. deals Wllh all b e haviou tha t takes place in
ga thering :111d inte,prc;tn lion of information
the ac-tu:tl. imag1ned. or implied presC'ncc
nho111 the soc-ia l wo l<f. collcC' tivcly c<~ ll ec l
ol others Take tl1ls s imple example: if vou
socia l cogn ition . Mon'ove r. socia l cognitio n
h<nc ro nlt:ntorisc- a pot>n1 and rec ite it. ~ou
is acli\'alcd by co{:! nilivc units ca ll ed
111ay ha,c no problt:111 in do1ng this wi1cn
sch c m as . Cog niti\e processes ca nn o t be
you are by yourself. Bul if you have to recit e
dircclly seen: th ey h ave to be infe rred on
lh1s poem loan audience. your performance
the basis of externa lly s hown b e haviour.
rnight gel mOuenced. because you are now
The re are oU1er examples o f social influence
m a social situation . Even im agining that that are in the form of observable b e haviour.
people are listening to your recitation
Two such exa':lples arc s ocial.fae ilitation /
(aJrhough they may n ot be physically
inhibition . i. e. I he im provemen t/d e cline in
present} may change your performance.
performance in the p 1escnce of others. and
1his is just one exam pi~ 'that demonstn:Hes
he lping. or pro -s ocial behaviour. i. e.
how our social emironment influences our
respondi
n g to others w h o are in n eed or
1houghts. emotions and behaviour i n
dis tress. In order to u nderstan d compl etely
con_lplex ways Socia l psychologists examine
how the soc ia l context innu e nces th e
\':mow; forms of soc-ial behaviour. and try
indi_vdual. It is necessary to st ucly bot II
to explain their bass. Beca u se o f social
socJa l -cogn i 1i\' e proce sses and social
nflwJJct;s. ,,cr,pl<: fo rlll views. or attitudes
b ehaviou r. Social p sychologis ts h ave s h own
;il)()ul people:. ;mrf ;dJOu l different issues in
th<H one mus t go beyon d common sense .
llc. lh<tr. txi!:>t m rhc: forrn of bchaVJ oura I
f
and
fo lk wis d o m in ord e r to explain how-:.'
lt>nc tn<.ws Whr;, we me(;( people. we m<~kc .
ExPLAJNrNc Soc iAL B EHAvtoun
llllc: c: ccs :Jf)(J." l I hc~r J"~rsonal qualities .

H f CaJicd Impression formatio Ht
n . vvc
1 f
'~a o
n1e11 lcrl in why fJC(JfJle lJehave in
people observe a nd mak e sen se of the ir o wo

an~ .ot~le.rs diverse be h aviours. Thro u g h
~yslcmat c a lld objective o b serva tion s . and
Y adopting scicntHk mel h od s, H Is possible "
Clr:tpl('l G 1\fllt//(lt
'"'fl ' ><')tfrt l Coynil rm
J 07
1
c s tab 11 It Io g 1c a 1 < ill Is <' . a" d <: ff cc t

l'l;lt lOII'>lii(J' lh.lt expl;un SOCiCI I h<l raviotrr
'liti S C 11;1(>1<1 Wlllf!ivt ~ Ill <H'CO\ IIl( o f the
flrlld;lllll ' lll:t 1 ; 1 ~ pcc t " of t hC' topiC' :-.
lll<'llt IOIH'rl ~how WC' wll l bc~ 111 with a
dc <..c ll()ti{)ll or altiluclec;
1o
I
NATUHE A N D CoMPONENTS OP ATTI TUDes
lor a fe w ll lllllllcs qtiiCtly clo th< followin~

II H'IItal CXt'l <I ' W . Tod<y. I row ma nv lirnes cllcl
vo11 te ll yot 11 sc ll : ; 111 my opi;lio n ... or
.. Others ""lV say so a11cl s o. but I feel. .. "?
Wlrat you till in lhe b lanks arc called
OJJIIliOn s Now continue lhc exercise: h ow
i111por1a nl ~ ' " these o pinions to you? The
to prcs o f so 111C of thes e opi nions may be only
n od e r::~. t c ly unpo 1l<t1Jl to you: they an
c;11nply way~ of t hin k m ~. and rt does not
mnl! er much to you that others C\gree or
disagree with your views. On the olhcr
lrnnd . you may find tha t some o lhc r topics
arc e-xtremely importa nt to you. If sonieonc
opposes or c h a lle n ges you r views about
tlrcse to pics. you get e motion al. You may
have m ade some o f these views part of your
beha viour. In other words . if your views are
not m ~ r e l y thought s . hut nlso hav c
emotion a l nncl action com ponen ts. the n
t hcse
. vi<-ws
.
'a rc mor<' tha n opuuons: lhcv
nrc <:Xt~ lnplcs of altitudes .
All dc:nnllions of attitude!> <~!l,rec lll~t ;m
<~lli lucl ( I" a s late oft h e mincl. aMt of n<w!-.
or t hou~hts. re~ar<lin g. some to pte {called
the att1tuuc
' ohjt:ct'). whtch have an
eva luative feature !positive. ncgali\'t' or
neutral quality). It is accompanied by an
cmo!ional compon<:nt. a ncl a l<'nckncv 10
act m a particular way with rcgard to. the
atl_itudc olJject. 11H.: thought colllponcnt IS
rclcncct to <\S thr cog ni ~ ive aspect. the
crnoliona l comporH'nt is known as tht
affective aspect. an<l the tendencv to act
is call ed the behavioural lor c~na t1v < l
aspc:ct. Taken togctl\er. these three <tspcct~
have h(:cn re fe rred to as th e A B - C
com poncn t s ll\ffC'e live Behaviollt al
Co~n 1t 1ve components) of altitude Note that
<1 llitucl<:s ::tr<: themschcs not hch<lviour. btll
they represent a te nclency to behave or a ct
in certain ways They arc pa rt of cog,mtton .
along \V'llh an cmolional component. nnd
cannot be observed from outside Box fi I
presents an <~xamph: of an <HI itmlc \OWil rtb
the e nvironment. showing the relalionslup
between the three components.
Atliludes have to be distinguishe-d from
two other closely related concepts. n.u1H.Iy.
Box
6.1
A 'Green Environment' : The ABC Components of an Attitude
Suppose a group of people in your neighbourhood slarl a lree plantation campaign as part
of a green e!)vironmenl' movement. Based on sufficient infonnaUon aboullhe en"ironmenl.
your 'View towards a green environment' is pos1live lcogniUve or c component. alo111~ w1th
Lhc evaluative aspect). You feel very happy when you see greenery. You ft.d sad ami .111g1y
when you see l.recs bcin~ cut down These aspects reflect the affective (emotional) or 'A'
component of the same allitude. Now suppose you also actively parttcipale m the tn.c.
plantation ca!llpaign. TI1is shows U1e bcha"ioural or a component of your allltud~ 111\\:ltds
a green environment'. In g~neral. we expecl all three components to be t-onsstelll wtth
each other. U1at Is. in the same dirC(:tlon. However. such consistency may not neccssarllv
be found In a ll situations. For example. il is qulle possible that the cognitive aspt of vour
green environment' atlllude is very s trong. but the affe<'Uve and behavtoural romponents
mav be relatively weaker. Or. the cognitive and afrecUvc C1>mponents may be strong *'.d
poS'ttlve. hut the behavioural component m:1y be neutral. Therefore. predlcllnp.
compo11c11t on the basis of the other two m ay not always glv~ us the: corr~t picture l '
nn atUtudc.
r,e
108
P:wdlOIO#',.V
64
\
belief$ .llld vnlucs . Be li efs rdcr l<l ril e
t'O~Ill liV("C'OII IflOIH'IliO f ;'l 1111 II des
' 'utd for 11 1
rlw ground ()II which :Ill litH 1c~ s l 'l lld such
"~ l.wllt'l '" God. or ht'licl in ckrnorr :tcy ;'1:-. '

pohli<':tl l<kOIO/{V Val ueS <Ill' Hllll11<k:. 01.
hl'l r c.:f~ rh nl cnllrnrn .1 ':-.ho11ld' or 'ougl11
:ISJ><'<'l. ~11d , a~ 1nor :~ I 01 c tJ 1lcal v:1 h res. One
<'\,1111pk of :1 v.Jit~e 1:, rh c icfC';'l !hal one.
s hould wcnk l1.1 nl. '" th.ll o ne should
.tlw.tvs be llo11csr. lncausc ltonrsry l.s I he
hcsl. poi1C'v. V,1l11t'~ . 11 c for lll<'d when ;1
pnr lieu /;1 r he ltd or :11 tl lucflo b tl'O illt'S :111
m scp;1 rahlc p:111 o'f th( per son's outlool< on
lr/t' Con sc.qtrcll iiV. Villlll'$ olll' dlffkull 10
ch. 111~c.
\Vh:tl Is I he p11rposc :.e r vcd hv an

.lllllll<k'> \Vc fr11d l h.tl allilwlcs prov1dc :1
bal'k~ro 11 nd 111:11 m.liH.s il easie r l o r n
pc:r son to dccrdc lr uw lo .le i in n ew

-.f(u;rtions For <'Xarnplc. 011r allll l l<k
low: II d s fi1r cr.Qrwr:. mav inclir ccl ly provick
;1 11rcn1al 'l.1wm r' or 'blllc.'pnnl' lor lhc way
rr 1 w l 11cl1 we. s llo11 ld " <'ll;tvc w llerlt'V<'r we
rwc.( one
In Jddilion lO 1he aflcctrvc. C'o~n il ivc
and
hell:wro u rnl co rnpon c rll s. <tftitu d cs <l lso
. 1. trlluclc.s lnllrl~x.cnrph .
. dlqw for 11('1~1111 ,1( 0\V' \IC)" rttrC'I(:'\r I ('SI'.tl r It

1 II rill< <' ?
a rHutr . :1
:l r l(illg of :~ on tlw s:llttr
wou ld he shown 1>V.
.
I
.
I
ltilll<f<
WOIIId
l1<l\'(' II< ll lt ' t
~c: llc . l\ 1w 1 r1r.1 . 1
po~lr ivc nor rwwlt ivl' w d cncc.;
Extre m e n ess Th<' tx trc rn e n ess of .; 111

I <s 110 w JlOSilivc o r n cgat1vc
'l llllll d(' .Il l( l ic'J
'
a 11 :lllilll <1c, i s T~ I\ rn!
- t lie n.. 11 c l c
' ll c""
re~w:t r<
,., IIIIJlh' f!l\'1'11 ahon. ~ r .tllng o l
I ;!> a s cx trCIIlt' a s a r tJ iing o l 5 : lll<'y :-u c
o nly rn r ile opposrte dir cclions (valenc<'l
l~:llin g:, of 2 ;'l lld 4. nrc l csf>. ex t' c~r ~c . A
IH'II II a l alliiiiCf<'. Ol C'OIIr SC. IS l OW( S ( O il
ex I r <' l llCIIl'<;S
S impli ci t y or Co mpi'c~ity (rnultip l<'xity) :
Tl11s J c~ llll e rcl<'r s lo h ow rnany :ll litudc s
there arC' w th in a br oader a tl it u de. T l1illl<
of :111 a t lit ucle as a famrly con l aining :-., v, .
m cm bcr' <til itucfcs. In case of vn rio u s t opc: ..
s tr c h ns lcn llh a nd world p cnc(.;. peo ple h o ld
m:~ny n ui11rcfes rn stcetcl or single <Hli lucf<' .
An :J IIillldC' :-;yst c>t rr is said lobe simpl e if 11
co11l a ins o nly o n e or a
a tt itudes. ancl
complex ifi! is made up of many a tliludes.
Consider !he exa nrple o f a ltitude lowards
hcaltlr a nd w ell - being. This alti tu de syslem
is likelv to co n s ist of sever<ll membr r
rew
I rave.' other pr opcrtic.:s Four s ignificant

features of nllrtuclcs a r c: Val ence (posilivity
or rllgalivity}. Extremeness. Simplicity or
n llitnd~s. s11ch ns ones concep t of physic<ll
CompJex.ity lrnullipltxity). and Centra lity.
nnd rnentnl hea ll h. views <'lbo11 t happiness
Valence (pos rli\'i fv
or
n cga livrly) : T h e
and well- being. <'lncl belie fs about how one

s hould ac hieve h ealth and h appin ess. By
contrast. U1e altitude towards a particui<Jr
person is Jik'ely to con sis t of m ainly one
a ttilude. The mulliple me mbe r -attitudes
within an a ltitude s ys te m sh ou ld nol be
co nfu sed with th e three compo n ents
described earl i er. Each me mber a tliludc
t hat belongs loan a ltitude syste m also has
\'alencc of nn nttrtudc tells us whether an

<t llitudc is positive or negative towards rhe
attitude object. Suppose an altitude (say.
t owa rd s nu c l ca.r resc<t rch) has to b e
e xpressed on n 5-polnt scal e, r anging from
I {Very IJarlJ. :l (Bad}. 3 (Ncutra l - neither
~!ood uc,, b~rd}. a nd 4 (Good). to 5 {Very
J!Oo<fJ I( an 111dividual rates h er/ his view
AB C com ponen ts.
lowards nuclc:ar rc~e;rrcfl as 4 or 5. this i s
clearly a positive aU II ude. 'l11is means tha t
CentraiHy : This refers to th e r o le of a
the person likts 11 rc idl'a of nuclear research
particu lar ~ tliludc In the attilude sy~lem.
aud thinks rl rs somcthin~ good. On lhe
An allilude wilh gretl l<'r centrality wou ld '
ot h c1 J,;wd , If I!Je ratinj:! i s J o r 2. the
influen ce the o ther atliluclcs in the system
aUftude Is ncg;Jiive. TI1is means that the
rnuch ntore than n on cent ral (or pc ripheri:t)
J}t-rsou dislrkc-s I lie idea of nu<:lear research_
altitudes
would . F or exam pl e. ill Ill<'
;mel Uunks.t 1s somrthmg bad . We also
attitude towards world p eace. a negauve
;1llllttdr IIJW;crrh lli j~ll lllllttary cxpc 11 c1 re

1111
I" ' .
'""' l w
<'Ill ; 1, . I <on o r C'('lllr<tl <lllrtuclc
tlr:t l nlluc rtc. c, all orlwr a t liludcs in the
lllllllplt atrtlttdc ' Y'>l<.'lll
A1'1 1TUOI:: FORMATION ANU CHANCE
/\llitud c Formation
Orw IIIIJWrlanr CftJ<~llon that psycholog1sts
.11 e llllc ~c.s t tcl in a n s we r lug rs
h ow a r e
.r I II 111 lf{'~ for rlied ? Like rnn ny oll1cr 1lro 11 ghls
n nd concepts that d~vclop nnd become pan
o( our c-ogn1trve s ys tcm . attrtudc s towards
diff<'H'tlt topt(s. II ling~ <tncl people a l so n r c
fOIIIIC'd a s we rrll cnwt w t l r others tlow<.'V<'r.
tllcrc i JIC' sr><'cilk condiii()IIS lhat IC''ld to Ute
fornr c.l lion o l s pcC'ifr c atliludes
In gene r al . attitudes arc learned

throu gh one's own experiences. and
th rou glt interaction with others . There arc

a few rcscnrch s t udies thal show some son
of inbor;, ::~spcc t of a ltitudes. bu t such
~encuc factors inf1u cncc auitudes on l y
ll)dtn.:clly. a long wilh learning. Therefore.
rnost socia l psychologi sts h ave focu scd on
I h e condilions which lean to the le<~r ning
o f Mtiludcs.
Process of 1\llilude Formation

n1e processes and conditions of learning
may be diffc ten t . resulling in varyin g
altitudes a m onp; p eople.
L.Ro.rning attiL11rles hy association : You
mig ht
109
seen tha t s tuden t s
often
they sec m any positive qualities in that

t eac h e r : I h esc pos itive qua lities get
linked to the su bject that s/h c l each es.
anclullima tely get expressed in l h c lorm
of liking fo r the s ubject. In o ther word s.
a positive all it ude towards lhe subject
is l ear n e d throu gh the positive
association b e tween a teacher and a
s tuclcn l .
110
Chaptrr G Allilrult flllfl .S<witd Coglllfioll
hav.e
d evelop a liking for a particula r s ubject

because of the leacher. This is because
LC'w ning nu 11 1 1
IIC r s >!J berng reu(llderJ 0 ,
Pllrrrshect If ., 1 . I
coli Ill( 1\'1( 11<\l IS pr , ti S I'O fo1

Sltowrng a r>~rll
' I
.
n
C ll ar aUllude . c-hancc:s
ar<: higl l hal S/he will develop th~l

~llliludc furU,cr. Por CXCllllplc. If n
c<:nager does !JC>gasanas regularly. a 11c\
gets lhc honour of being M, s~, C ooc\
1
tcnlth' in her Sl'IJOol. she n1 nv ctcvc-lop
n I10Sitiv(' a ttit 1 cl
<
c towards !JIIfJCI ;uHI
lwnllh rn gencrnl, SinHI<trly, tf ;'I <'1111<1
~onstantty falls Ill b eca u se s/hr c,ol s
JUnk foocf instcacl Of prop(.'( Ill('<Ill'> . I hen
llw chld Is likely to. develop ~~ ncp:lll\'f'
alllt ucle lOw(lrds junk l'oocl . ~IIHI <thO a
posir ivc. :llllludp IOW t'<llll 1:4 It~.:;~ lift,.
food
Lew nin~ ollitudes Lhro11glt rnocleii"'!J

fo/Jservrng o rh ersJ: Oltc:n 11 ,., no1
through associntron. or throug,l1 reward
a nd . punisluncnt. that \\'c.: learn
anrtudcs Ins t ead. we learn tht:'m hv
observi ng oth ers being rcwnrdell o-r
punish ed for cxpresslllg tho11ghto;. or
showing bchav1our of a parltcular krnd
towards t h e a ltitud e ob)cc\
For
exa mple. c:hildren may fo r m ,1 respcc t lui

at titude towards elders. by ob . v,ng
that their pa r ent s s how nsp, 1 lor
elders. and are appreciat ed for 11
Learning altitudes through group or
Cllllural norms : Very ofl en. W<' 1 :11 n
a t ti tudes lhrou~h the n orms ol ~Hi r
j:!roup or culture. Norms arc mwt ill en

rules about beh<n;our tha t evervolll' is
s upposed to s h ow un der S)h'l' t llc
circums tances. Over lime. these 1101 ~ns
may become pa rt of our soci"l <'OP.tlltrm t.
in the form of attitudes . Lc.".1111111g
attitudes thro ugh group <lr ('ltllur.1l
norms may actually be an cxampl<' uf
a ll three form s of lcarnin~ dt'S<'t 1bcll
above - learning through a:)SO<.'I 1tlun .

reward o r punishment . and mud, 1\tng
Por example. offering mont:v.
ts
fruit and nowers in a place of wo1 I up 11
a normaliYe behaviour in some ' c:h~iuns
- - - - -oo
61
\\1 It I'll
Hld tV JCI II. I h
!,C<:
I It :d
. 1 lwl , 11 nu c nc 1 1:, fwttr t,rl)lt

JtJ(lllf.! til (' 1Wl! llllll lll' I
t
.
.
("
. ,, W IJJ(' I l tttll C ,, I
.lri<>IC!;CI 11 '- '

for tlw incl 1v1drtal to fctl tlto~t
lriiJIOI ( .lt l 1
,
(
""
, oronp llt ~r('on . tl11
:-,f I1(' I)C: I01 1"''' 10 1 n
'
.
.
roll- of rcfc:rcncc g roups n t .a U t fllcl(
frJI JllaliOtl t n:-ty -.l~o I>< rr c <JM' of k~r rnu If'.
thro llf!h nw;trrl and pt~nl s hrn cnt
1r, o urs
. II
1 -.,prna y
' ll c h
Jw iJ ,tVIfHir t !. ""!;)t()WII f>y O l fll't ~. I S

ex,,c-clc-d and o,or t: tlly :lJ;provcd. the)"
rn.tv t~lltmn t dy dc-vc lnp n p os t r i vc
;;1 tHudc tow:trcb !>urh bcltavtour :111 rl lite
assoc.atcd fcc.:li 11 gs of dcvolion
V a nrrng tltrouglt exposure to
mjotrnatron: M~nv :tllll u dcs nr<l<-nrnC'd
"' n o;ort:tl ronwxr. hu 1 1101 IIN'Cssn nly
111 rlw phvs tr.tl p r ('Sc:nc c of o t hcrs .
Todny. witlt tltc lt ugc arnou111 of
infornwtton th . 11 ~ hc:u 1g provid e d
through various 111<.dia. both pos tlivc
C:Jnd rwg; tll\'f' <t 11 Jt udcs "re bdng forlll cd .
O_v rtadtllg tltc IJH,g r a ph l c~ of .,dfactwlftscd pcrson'>. <JI1 tnchvidcml m<~y
dt\'tlf'Jl : J'>OSII tv< all tlculc t oward~ I mrd
\H:;d a u cf t1ll l'r ,.. pc c I'> as 1111' nii'<Ht ' of
;a tut"\'ll t~ s ur ccs~o> '" l tfc
;j
n1e follow111g f<tcl(,rs pmvidc lhc conl cxt for

the Je;,n'"'i'. of <llttlllrlcs t la rou g ll t h e
prrA.esse.c rfr rriiJcd ai.KJ\.'(
ForTIIIIJ 011d School Enuiro11rnt>nt :

hnt c tl:-~rly 111 tlw cnrly years of l tfe.
fY-JntJI S ""d t11hcr (;wu ly rnell thers p iny
a SJgnlfiC<Hll role iu sha p ing alltludc
forma IJCirJ.
L a t ~r.
th e
schoo l
em.. irc..nrncnt b ecomes an import an t
1Jackgrounrf fo r a llllude fo rm ation.
Learniug of altit u d(s withi n the (:muly
:tnd dr-r>l usu ally l l'f k ~s pl::1r: by
:ts,r,ci::tlion . throngh rewards and
r' JnJ,hrwnl,, ::tnd IItrou gh nJoddlinJ!.
F~ejr..-rrr tP
Crrmp:. : f<l:ff:r c n ce groups
llldiuJte "' an inrlividua l the norms
regard1ng au.eptable l,t:haviou r anrf

way. of UJfokt o.~ 'IJm~. tht-:y n :flt;ct
Je;;srrung of ~Ult wJr;, thm u f1h group rJr
cult u r;:, I nt;r rw.... A I 11 t J d t;!> 1() wa r d!,
1\tllfiiJu" tr,r,ac, . ,,J( h ;j-; fJ'Jli tlr a l.
relto
and
#, r1 ( ~~~~
gro I(J',,
<X: up bm r ~~ ,c,rral wJ ort,1;r i',','J' :',
fit n dey Jr,r,ttJ H~rt,uP,f rdtrt: 11 t:.~:
I CJ J'IliC'rl .
JI O I Ill
I IH'
f~ 11tl iV
cnviron,tcnt or 1 hrou ~ h r e fC"rC' t t< r
groups. hut through di r ccl pct son ;d
('XJ)('t'i('llCcs winch bring about (1 clrw,t 11
c h ;llt.f!<' tll 0111 <llli luclc towards JWOpl<
<mel ()Ill own ltfc. i-fnc i!, a r crtl ltl1
c x;tmplt. 1\ driver i n t hc <~rwv w t p f
1111 ,,.,_g lt ;1 pcrst,rHd cxptrt<n t<' '"'"

1r;u r~fortll('(( I 11s ltfc 011 o u c: rnis sir,, IH
nnrwwly csc:l pc-d d ca rJ, :ct llho u g lt <'Ill I .
IIH' purp(Jf>( of lti!'. OWII life. h e f!.r!VI' 11p

lri '> J Ob in th e <trr ny . r e t urn e d t o IIi <;
nat 1W: vi llagc in M a II a nt :. h t r a. i'lll d
work<cf activcly as a community lc-<tdet
Tltrough n purely per sona l expcricrtcc
tltis indi\'id u<t l evolved a s trong po ~; tf iw
;,11i111rk tow;,rds community up liflrttC'JJI
I Irs d lorl s c:ompletely c h anged th r (~Jl
of his village.
4.. Media relaled 11!/l.ttences: T cch nolop,iusl

advances in r ccenl limes have m;...dc:
audo \'is u aJ rncclia a nd the In tern et ver y
rXJ\VCrfu l SOIIrCeS Of in fo rmation l l trll
f (~t d to ~ lli t u de fo rmalion and ch~ ~r;.
In ddiliou . school level l cxl bCJOk s 1JI!>IJ
influ c: n cc M lit II d e fo rm a l i o n . 'J 1J('',c
~Juru;s fi r~ l s trengthe n the cog nili vr~
rtnd ~ffeuive ccJm ponen t<; of nllilud':' ..
and ,u b <;eqw.:n tly nray a i51'J afl cc 1 tl.c

IJr-J,~.vifJIIra l cornpuncnl . n,c rncd i<J < '' "
(xrrl tJCJI IJ g()rJ(I a nd b:-.rl ln fh JC~ O Cf:, o n
~ tlil udt;s On one hrtncl. Uw rM;dl i t r~m1:
lll l rrrtrt
rmtY.c.: p(;uple bc:ll er lflf()r 11lf'd
IJ.' IIJ fJI JIf;( lfi (J<ft, ()( C;()lllf OllllfcZJ liOJJ . ()~
I llr: t,f br:r ku l(J , I I H:r<;

(lfl
ri:, t ~Jiti l tHIC", whc; r<

; 111 <rl,e) IJ(' lr;.rrnt, rcl
l(f c rf:r(r ()C}",IIJvc ;Jtlil 11dr., lc1 (;.rr tlt'l;,;,.
,r11 t; l lr;rrlllflrtV
C ll ' :tf( C' IJII'.CIIIII
IIIII II'
C'Yt', lld ~11 1d (
Per,mwl F::<prrir>nces : M ~l llY atlttu dt,

f ( '
ctHIIp<tt rt O II !> .c~o l I 1\lfrturlr> Formntt rm
1\-tll wrrd :u rd llwHf(H t no ( 111 tl rc1 1owr

tl w ;tltrlrrrlt, ll~<tl ~trr bl'lru~ fr1r 1111:tl . , 11
llw dtrt cll l llt IJf lltanw tn tltt ('Xi ', (H HI
: tllrlllrlr', ' I lw tHtch;l ran lw ~~~cl 11;
may IH;
110 d
I Itt ll rtlllf( fJ( ill(()r 111:11ilJII
(.Jr-.,,.,., f, . ltllti /Uit mlll ~)(Iff/ r :IKJIIllllm
,ct I.
IJ('IIl~
I II
1\ l liludc Cl tangc
1>111111 1~ lire pr(Je (''' (Jf ~Jl( tlwlc (IJrrn::tli(>tt,

: r1 tc l ;rl<,t, aftf'r thi, proce!,,. <'lllludcs nmy
lw 1 ft ;, rt Pcd <t11rl mt,cltftr;d lllfOilr~h v;;triOII',
lllllllt' IIC'C,
~''" 'r l tllitudr , f'lt ;;H tr!l' lltc1rt
tlt.llt ollltr[; dr, /\lll l11dc., lh;rt '";.' s till ,. 1
t l tl' fo t Ill ative <; l:r,e, :'!ltd ~~~c 11H1 rc like
OJIIIlieHI'-,, ;lrf' JliiH lr Ill ()(( l!k('(y ((J r h~ll~l
c 0111parr:cl lo <ttlitucle <:. l h~sl ltr!v( IJ<:umw
ltrtllly c:s t a iJl i s ltcd . ~ncl laii\'f lwccmrc: <t p <Ht
c,l lite indivichHtl'<; value!> l rom ' ' r>ractical
fJIJJ n I of view. bn nf~mg <t l>ou 1 t1 c Ita nJ!c: 1n
IJI'CJ(ll f' s
(t( ( tlttdc s
iS
Of
trtl.l; r (;!>l
1w twtt 11 11 ,1 p 0
J> X .
tllllurl 0 -X,:tttthtrl' :,,,,,
>tllltlltl < 'll i' , 1
IHIIJ,II,ut< t 1'
Ir,f, I C' ,<J II V llllcc tI1If' I,.I Jf'I ( I :ilt',t
.
,
'
or a' r r lr fn:rr.rt ''"'
1
''"''' tflc clnn<~
'
>. ., rrr 11ICcllrtrtillll (Jf!,: 11:u 1c ,.
1
. lrnl):,,n nrc 1, found wlwn Ill "'' ''"''''
,rd e;, c,f II p . Q X
IC.
I r1HrrJ~Ic ~rt nrji,~IJvr. c1 r
( 11) lwo tdc~ rc
, . '
,.
pof,t 1rv:. <sntl. ()""' ~lrlc ,.,
ncp,... tt\'t Urtlart('f i, frJitnd whrrr IIi a lt hr ,.
".lfl,.., ~I ff fJCJ'it
'
I 11) twr, , 1tlt : 1
.. IV( . r>r
11
~tcg<'t live. " ' 1Cl o n e sid i, !J()l,JI\ Vt
_c.:on:.tdl:r t h e c:x:Jmplt c,r d t,wrv "' au
tm (PI ha-,
l fJ
uly lc-etdct s. politirians. prrJ<iu<cr ,

f>( ('rJit '>U rn;r 1!-fJCJd ~- <tdverli!.<.:r ~. ad ollwrc,
crJ II Irll t ll
Ull ll",<;
wc find Ollt how altitudes chang(.'
wllal co nditions acc:o u nt for s uc l t

l'l ta11gc. il would n ol be possible lo take
~,tcp<; to bring a b(Jul alliludc; change.
1111cl
Pr orr~ss of Allitude ~hange

Th t ec
major concc.:pts tha t dra w a lle n lion
to some im p ort~ nt p rOC"csscs I n a llit u clc

C" h <~ ngc rll c: c1escrlhcd
below :
Ia) 11' e concept o f palance. proposed by

Fritz I !cider is- so me tim es dc:scribed in th<
forrn o f tlt e 'P-o-x ttianglc. whi c h
rf p r<s< n t ~ tit <~ n.:la lion ships u c l wtc n lh rcc
a !-.p rc Is or com ponC'nts o f th< alltludc P 1s
tl w p er son w h os<" a ttitude IS being s t u clte cl .
0 i s 11110 lh<::r pe rson . a ncl X is the topic
toward s which the all Itude Is being s tudied
(attit ude object) . It i s also possible th~Jl all
three ;trc; per son s.
Th e.: b as k Idea i s t h a t an a ttitucl e
c han[!< s
if lhc J(' Is a s tale of lmb~lan< c
H f 10',Jt IV(; <t llitudc (OW"rcj <,
''''Wry
(l> X
(lfJ~~IIIVI) p 1", !JI(IIHIIIIJ!. ((J J!r( hf!> ',l)lt

rmo nrcll<l ll l<; dtluf!l.ttrr CJI 'Oilt' r,rr;~,, 10)
w ),c, ltw, H lll:gjt ltV.C ;itttlwlr tuw"rrl :. ,,, ry
10-X rwr~;r t hw). Wlr:i\1 \WJIJI I !,r t l 1t IJ;tlUH.:
Jf the P O ~lltlutl <sud hw: v.:r 1 11 ll

cktr rrlltll<' balan rc () r rm\,a i;Htc 1: 111 tlw
.tlll rriHJit':" If 0 irlltJ ,dly hH, a I''' ,1 1\.'C
:.t ltlnrlr: low:=~rcl s P , tlw ~l lll<iltbll wt 1 ull J,,.
unb~l l;:. nr<d P-X i, po!,lllvr. OP r,
I"''
111\'c
hilt 0 -X t<; ll('gat iw 'll1HI 1'>. tlr<rr ar 1'.'.'(>

r~o~illw, and <Jn< lll'f',:tlr 1 111 tlu n<~l t
'llw; 1 ~ a Sil wrli(Jn ul illll,alan~t Orv- r,lthc
llrrc:c -. ltt tu d cs w tll l la <rcfc.,rt h<t \' ( \<J
chang<:. 1 1, 1s c:hangc- could t ake plar 1 ,, , _: , ,.
P -X relationship tP start s dishkmg d , JV
as a custom ). o r in the O X r elat1011 h p (0
starls hk lng d owry :lS a custom) or m t1 ,.
0 -P rel atio nship (O st a rt s d cshk1111'. 1 In
s ho rt. a n a ttitude< ha n~?,c wHI lravc to t.ak
place '>0 tha t thcny,11l b<: three pu ln:r
rela tion s hips. o r two n q~atl vt a n d OIW

pos1livc rela tion s hip. in the tna n ~le
(b) The con cept o f cognitive disso n ance
was proposcc1 uy Leo n FcS \1 11
"
c mphasiMs the cogntll\'c compou 111
lh <' h ns tc ul ca
IS
th <ll thC" (
p C) 11 (' Ill <; 0 f (\ ll :1 I! till cl t I l

('
c o n !)ollanr (oppos ite o l 'disson ant ) I e
they s hould l>e logically In line wilh 1 ' " "
o the r. If an tntli\'ldual hnd th t ,r.vo
co~mtion s In an atUtude are di
tlwn one or them w11l b~ c h
tlw dinction or consonance F'cn
C 0 Ill
fi J
t l11 nl
.1ho11t
( {oglltl lllll,.;)
Ct)glll l l(l ll I
t h <'
tclc>:1s
fo ll owi n g
J>C/ /1 11 1(/MII(I C(II IM'S
m ow ll < wwtt u/ucll rs.fotal.

I ca t p oll masala.
I lolclmg llu's<' two !dens o r cognitio n s
\ IIl ii m .tk<' any u HII\tdlla l fed th.ll SOlllCi hi n,(!
t s out n l hil l<'. o d t ~so n .ull . 111 th e n llilu<k
Cnl.!lllftot l II
IOW. II d~ f)( l/ 1 lllf iMI ICI
T ile r e fo rt'.
u l c il ~ wtll h ,l\'t' t o
IH' c h a n gl'd. so th :'ll
Orl l' o fii H'Sl'
nee c.tn l w
:lll:l lltt'd . In 1ht cx;u npk

g " cn :-t b tlY<'. 11 1 o r d <'t to H ' IIIOV<' o r rcd u<x
C(lll so n:~
1h e d tsso n .IIH'<' . I w ill s l o p ea ting p(/11

m asalu (d w ngl' Cog11ilto n II) . T his w o u ld
h e Lhc h c:1111v. loglc-:t l and sen s tblc way o f
I
C'd ii CIIl g dtS'i(JI);.lll ('(' .
l ' ts tJil[.!<'l .u 1cl <':lll !,lllith . two soc i :-11

('Oildll <' l t' d .111 CXp <J'ii11 Cil l
thn t s lt o\\'tcl !tow cog ntl i\'l' di .ssonnnct'
" or I< ~ (SL'<' Uo., Ci :!.)
Ho t it b:tl:t 11cc ,1nd cogn i!lve disson an cc
J l1>\'<"h t) fOQ I S I 1-o.
ilre l'x:u p pl<:s uf cognitive c on s is ten c y .

Cog nrt l\e co n s i s ltn cy m ~a n s th a t two
compo n en ts .
.~ ... p t'c t s 0 1
d em ent s
of the
Hl i (ll( I('
I.
0 1 : I t lll 11
' ) II
cl<' s vstc'll l. tn t r -;1 IJ<' i11 t h e

. .
, ... 1( ' 11
cl<- tll (' ll l :> lt oultl
' 1 rTf(' ( I I ('(' I(

"
s.
II r. II Ill IIIII' w llh o lhct C'ICIIH'lll
li
IO!-\I<':t y 1.1
t<J
t
lt
''
f
JIH'
"
tlc
n
1
ftc
p
et
t
1
ti lls <<H'!>
'
"
, .. 1 ldnd of rn<'n t:tl cllscornfor l 1 <'.

5
ex per rCJJ, c
lh lrtg b n o t q u ite 'f! 1tt'

Sc lll "l
1I1c sen .
sornc
i ll the a l lll tJciC !>yst<' lll In s u c h a sl a te.

asptcl In til<' ;t ll iltHh' !>VSt<tn c ll a tt g<~. Ill
lite dirccliotl of con s isl t' tHy. IHc-at tS<' Ollr
coAn l t V<'
sy~ l <' ll l
t Cq ll i l <.'s
l og t c:l
.o,
.on."
<'O il S IS I (' I H'Y .
(c) T he two stcp c o n ce pt was p roposed l>y

S. M . M o h s ln . :'I ll l n cli n n p syc h o l og t s t .
J\rcorcllllg to him. n tlilu (l <' c h a n ge tn l:s
place i 11 the forlll o l t.~o. s t e p s. In lhc fh s 1
s tep. !I IC l :lrl-(<'1 o f ch ;u\~t iclc nlines wil l tl w
sn r c<' . Tl tc ' ta rge t' is 1111' p et,ntt 'lt
:lll t ludt is 10 l w c h n ~t g<d . The so 11 rcc' '
1l 1e fH'rSO il I lu Oll g l t whose lllflll e ll <'<' II :
c ll n n g c is t o t: tiH p lace . Id e ntifi cation
tn ca n ~ th a t 'the t a r get h <ts liking a net rcg<trd
fo r lite so11rce. S/ llc JHII S h crsel f/ lt i lll sclf
i n the pl <~c<~ o f tile t ;Hg~ l. n n d tries IO feel
lil<c he r / hi nt . T h e sou r ce II l ll S ! a lso have a
Telling a Li e for Twenty Dollar s
Box
6]
A fi C'r p:ut<'Jl"' llll.~ 111 a
very b 01 mJ! t'xperhnen t. n ~ro u p o f s tudcnls we-re ;:~~ ld lo tell

aJJollter gruup ol ~ lud cnl~ walltng outs ide lha t U1e t;Xp crirncn t was very lnlcrcstiug . For
tell in~ this he to Lhe wa lling s tudents . half of the 01st g roup of s tude nts w;:~s paid$ I . and
the u l her half wtr c pa id ,$ 20. After some weeks . lhc pa rticipants of th e b oring cxp <ritn c nl
we re a s ked to rc:ca ll th e expcnmen t. a nd to say ho~ Interesting U1ey h a d fo und tha t
experiment to be. The respon ses s h owed U1a l lhe S I group d escribed lhc exp<rfmc nt as
nro rc anteresung than the $ 20 group. The explan;:~lion was : the $ I s tuden ts cha nged
lhc 1r allttude t ow~1rd !. lh c ,c::xperime nl because U1ey experien ced cogniUve disson ance.
In t h e S I gro up.
Tile tr11t1al cog ultlons wou ld be :
Tile changed cog nition s would be:
IOi%onant cogni tions )
(Dissonance reduced)
'The t>xp<mtllf"lll was IX?T1J IJoring ~ :
/he experimen t w a s (JCII UI II!J i rllc t cs f ing " :
tlold the Wlliti119 slude11fs llral it
"/ lold lite waiting students 1/ra l II wus
Wfl '>
rlltfrf'~. tlllq":
1 tuld a li<: f or only S 1. -
IJK: I!Xflf::I U III' fll 11.'(~ $ l!(! t y fx.m ng";

I told llw lllfntmg st ude, ts tlwt '' was i nterestmg
., wl!J CJ. l~e IK!fiJII ~l! I UI(J $ fJIJtd $ 20..
.
Clt:pl(r G Alll fiU[t ruwl SfH11rl CorJirltlw r
rt~" d
II II' 't'l
.lllJt lldt lmvat d <, t Itt tar"n t'l .Il

.
1 1
l( tiC
.IIIII
:lilt :H
ll tl ll
lwf'onws lllltlllal. In
lilt' ~.III II< c h <-r ~tlf/htlll S<:I f

,fliJ\V <., .111 .1\llltHit 1 h.lll ~t. hy <H'Itt<llly
c
ht /lnllt IJh wtcH tr towards l h <'
.tl!lriiCit ohrct I Oh,ctvllll! l h e sourccs
< ""'l'.<tl <1ltltlldt and bdtavtm ll . lhe larg<:l
i! l ,o !,ltow. an :tlltlll<l< dtangc th rough
lwlt vtou llll 'i Is a l<tncl o f h tlllaltf>n or
oh!>t't va tton:tl lt:ttlllllf'
Coll ,td< II H ' foiiO;II11~ ex:l Il l piC' or l W()
tllld ,II' J I.
""'l'"'l-'
<cnt ral a llil u<ks " ' .

lha 11 l h t: I
' C IIIOret} lfll<',lth IOI'!t.llllll
CS') I.'Xtr<tn< ' 11l I
1
~l<~niflc;t l)
l l >f"tt p wr. l llt",,
"'
n a ll lliHic'>,
..,
arh' ''"S'
. '" c ~'"' Pk :11\1\ltd c,

" r<:r to cl 1 :1 11 1
'
alliludc&arc.
1! ' t han lll ll l trplc
In a<ldlllo n 0 1
" rnuM a l!'.(> con<;l<l<'r llw
.
an(\ l' 1,
r
.
.x fI ll o a tt ll u cl< <l an~t 1\n
attitude ch a n g(' may lw cong
l
..., .
utr(>CitOn
ch ang~ intlw
. . . . n en
II cnav
.
S<~mt Ch rtrtton<~!> tlw cxr.tmg
alltt udc (for ex<l rnp 1<. a po~ t \1\'t <lllllu <lc
,l cp .:t lltllldt c lt:uHt<. l'r<'<'li IC'<Hi s 111 th e

tww-; po~ pc , llt.\1 :. p:ullc11 br sof t clrlnl< th at
l> h <' C'IIICJV'i s <'X I I ttnl'ly ll; nmfu l l3u l Prc;c ti
s<t'!> 111 :~ 1 l w I a vou t I< ~.port&p<' l !>On It as
b t'<' ll advC'tl lsi n g li t< :;;un< soft clrin lc S h e
l ms i d c lltil lc<l l lc r sC'If w ith li lt' sp o r lsp <rson .
<J rlll W<H tl cl lt kc to i 111 it;tl < h er /him . Now.
s u p post the s p ortsperso 11 wts les to c h <1ngc
p <:op k 's ;l(t tl ll <k l ow:11 ds 1h1s soft d ri n k
It 0 111 pos tl l\'e to IIC'V,:lll\c T lte 1->p onsptr sot1
r n 11 ~t fir<;! s how pos!l tvc ft'ch ngs fo r h c tf
ht s fans . :=~n<l tlwn :l<'111HIIy C'lmngl" lwr/h ts
own habit ol consumi n g t h at soft dri nk

(Step I) - perhaps by ~ul>stH u ltng it w ilh a
h ealth drinl< If lilt' spor tspc 1son actua lly
ch<mgcs her / I 115 heh<tyiout . tl i s very likely
tha t now PreNi wtll n l so c-hn ngc h e r a tll lude
a n d behavio\11 . a n d s to p con s u ming tlle
hnr mful soft d rinl< (S tep II).
m ay bcco111c mor e llOSiliv<' o r ~

.
at('
" t1<.R:l llvr.

: II ud c m a y lwconw 11101'(' r~t=v,a tlwl F or
m stan C'e suppos ,1 .
. .
c t><n..on h ~s ;, !>o11wwh a 1
p ost! tv<: allcludl t ow<~ r<ll. c mpowct n w nt of
WOtllC n . tkacling rt lJ ( I\1( ~~ S II ('('C' % 1111 WOIIl:t ll
m a y make li tis <lltllt\<1< rnt>rc~ pos tlt w Th \~
wou ld b e a co n grwnt changc. On l it< ot Itt
~ a nd . a n a llilud t ch an g(' "''' v ht
nc ongruent - it nmy C'h <lltl!,t In a c1 11 t c t 1011
opposite to th c cxlslllll!. nlllllttk (for <x;11 11 pl
a posllive a ttitlldc lwco111cs 1<::-s pu~tt 1 w. o r
negati ve . o r a ne~~ ltvc t~lltlll ck tx:conws lcs!>
n:g:llivc. o r p osiltvd In tlw tx:11 np 1t )11 ~1
.gvcn. a fter readinv,about S\1CC'C''>Sful wom e n .
~ person m a y lhtnl< that wome n tmp,ln !>Wil
beco me too po wt rf~t l. a n d nc~lc c t tlwi t
fa mily rcs pon sibtlrt ~s nus m~y make the
pe rson's exis ting p osll iw a lltlu<l<: toward s
Fctcl ors tlla t lnjlu c nce Altitude Change
W h e t h er a ttitudes w ill ch a nge. and if so. to

what exte nt. is a question U1a t puzzles ma ny
p sy chologi s t ~.
I low-ever. most of them agree

th a t
a t til u ctc c h a n g~:
upo n th e fo ll ow in g m ;-~j or fa c to r s
infl~t e n c c
C h woctrris lics c~f tllc existing n ttilude:

All fo u r prope rtk s of a ltitudes 11ll'1'llio n ed
e a rl ie r . n am e ly. va lence (positiv ity o r
nega tivity). extremene ss , simplicity o r
complexity (multlplcxity). and centrality
o r significa nce of the n llitud c . determine
interesting :
"I wo11ld 1101 ltave tolrl o lie f or onl!J S 1 . ..
n.e $ 20 ~,r,up cluJ n(JI (~xperlcnce cognitive disson ance. So. they d id n ot clt:ang<: u1c 1r
:.tll llut1e t<JW~Hi s lh< txpf;rimen t. and ra ted it a s very b oring.
TI1e :_ognlii(.JO:> m the $ 20 (No dissonan ce) group wou ld be :
po ~ll l VI'
-'
";
...
113
ntlituct e c h n n g<' . In [.!c: n e ral. p os ili\' C

attitudes <l l <'easier to chnnge tha n negallvc
nltilltd cs ar e . t:x trc me n ttitu.d cs, and
e mpowerme nt o f women . te ss pO'>ttm.:. o

even n egative. If th1s h appens . then it would
be a case o f incongn 1cnt ch~ngc. ll has hnn
found that. in gt~ne r:l l . con~ru cnt <:h .mf,r s
arc easie r t o brinE! abo ut tha n a rc the
incongrue nt ch a n ges in attitudes
Moreover. a n ~ l lilude may cha nge m the
di rec tion of the informa tio n t hat is
presented. o r in :1 d irc<'lio n opposllt' to th,lt
o f th e info rmatio n present ed . Pos te r s

describing the lmportanet' ol bru sh i n ~ o n e's
teeth would strengthen a pos itive <~tlll u d e
towards dental care. Bullf people arc shown
fri ghlcninf.!. piclurt's of dental cavities. lhev
may nol believe the pic tures . and ~;n ay
b ecome less posit ivc about de nta l -ear e
Hcstarch h as found tha t fear so~lmc-s
works well ln comlnt'lng people b ut If a
m~ssagf'
generates too much fc:ar. ll twns
'
70
Off
the ll'C'CIV(~I ;tlld h~ S lillil'
fll'I S ll <l S JVC
effect
So urce
. credibility nnd attractive n ess <trc two
fea tu res tlwt affect at tilu dc ch:wgc.
Alliludes arc m on. likely to ch:1 n ge when
the mcss:1gc com e:; frolll :1 highly credible
:;ourcc rn the1 tl w 11 trotn a tow-cred i b le
sourct~. For cx;ltnplc. <~dulLs wlto <trc
planning ro buy n In p rop :1rc more convinced
by a compu1e1 cnRint'er who points out the
special fe.'ltures of a partiC'ular brand of
lapto p. rhan they would be l>y n sch oolchild
who might f!.ive the same inl(wmation . But.
if the buyers nrc thcm sci\'<:'S schoolchildren.
thcv m nv be COtldnccd tllorc bv another
sch-oolchild ndn: 1lisi ng n lapt o p ~tha n th ey
would he by a pmkssiollal giving the sam e
111Jorm:1ti0 11 (sec F1gurc G I) . In the case o f
som e products s u c h ns cars. sa les m av
in crease 1f th ey arc publici sed. n o.t
necess:Jnly by experts. but b y p o pular
pu bhc figures
Sou,.ce
,~::./;.
.' $J.\tW~
r--- 1
clto rac'U'rtSitcs
My laptop is my key
to success - I 00 CB
s rorage capadty .
light in w e1gllt. can
do JL'()nders for me !!
Ruy om> nou. nnd
see llou you grow !!
( nrtert sties : T l w m (ssag<'

Message c11 11
-.
r
l 'lliOn I hal iS present CO Hl Cll d,r
is t I1c. I11101
n
b l nn nllituclc clmngc. Attu \111. ,

l O bnnga Oll '
'll c
1
w'i II c I,~ngt Wllcl 1
r
a1110lllll of illiQnnation
that is gi~cn nuoutthc topic i s ju st enough.

neil hi!~ too much n or too Iilli~. \Vh<?t h er thl:
~on t ainS a rat 1o n a l or an
m t:ssngt c
.
e motional appeal. also makes a di l fcr cncc.
For exnmplc. an ::ld\'C'rti sem c nt for cooking
food 111 a pressu re cook er m ay poin t ou t
tlHt l this saves fue l su c h as cool<ing ga,,
(LPG) tlnd is economical (raUon al nppeal),
Alternatively. tlw m lvc rti selnellt m r1y say
tha t pressure-cooking preserves nutrition.
a nd thn l if one c::~rcs for !he l iullily. nultitio n
would b e a major :t;o'n ccrn (em o ti o n a l
nppc<l iJ (sec Fil!urc 6.2).

The m o tives nctivnt cd by the m css<~g<:
a l so d e t e rmin e al titu ci<' c h ange. l\n
exa mple. dri nl<ing mill< may b e sa i d to
mal<e a p el's6n h ealthy ;:tnd goocl - l ool<ing.
o r m ore en ergetic ;m el more success ful al
ones job.
'
My /(!pLop is my key
lo success - 100 CB
stomge capacity.
liglll in we1glll. can
do wonders for me !!
Buy one now. and
see ltott you grow !!
f:urolloucrt
(~lll'lllq 1110/lf'IJ}
uppcut
lcunnq (or IOIIr (ornrhrJ
1\r e !JOII 5/)('lldlll<j !OO
much 011 cookury gos?

Suorlch lo lire IJ es~we
cooke. and soy
yooc.II>!Jl' lo !J'" rr
I.Judge l pro1Jie 111 s!
T'itJ (;
2 . Unrinnnl ruul Eruorionofl'lpfwlrl!>
Fin a lly. the mode ol spreadin g

th e m essage plays a signifi ca nt ro l e.
~ace-to - face transmission of the message
s u sua lly m ore effective than indirect
tran smissi on. as for instance. through
l etter~ a{d panlphlets. or even throu gh

mass
media
.
F o r example. a positive
atulude towards Oral Rehydration Salls
tORS) for young children is more dfectlVclv
created if commu mty SOCial workers and
"ORS u1JI
prolecl
your ch ild
from h <:>o t
in the
'(
.. ~;....
'"' r.
. ,/
~-
(.
-'.- : . :
...
\"'\
..___,_-J.
1- /
f
IChJ(I
Pic ture B
I ; Widell l 'ictwe II 'Ill Make You More Eager

lo 8 uy a ......
I ,.pt.op
~ .
..-.:,~,
"' I\ ~
f ... I .
l
,.._
d.'
('.A>fJTiflfWI
..,..
~"'
>J
Pc~c<'lojace lnl('mclion t>>rsus Medi<t Tmnsmission. Which ont> urorks_twrrf'I'?,WIW
Psyt>holOJ.tv
c-.
(Ill( 1 XK'If
l/
'
.. ,
. ....'. . ' \\\ \ . ~. 't
.
~,:....,
t: ~:'tt \ -~ . i';.
"'::< --':'
.- .~
Picllue A . or Pictwe B? \111)2
Clt:tr>wr G ;AliiI II( Ip
':1:1 ' '.......
.-/ "-
F'ig.G.:l:
rtq 6
)
. -::
... . ..: .. ,"'~
.ar;.; ~
...
~-
/<(111011(1/ (1/)fJI'(I/
115
..
..
w01 rld llavl' 1 P
btIIIJ'.
..-
'
coii,<'CJI 11"111 t .t rrd

to t' ll;':' tJ'I"
Ill I llo~t
'
bcll.tVfOIII
,;)id
1
,
-1 t 11 s t lit<: C lrirH",.r.
,
1
11
('(
11 1
Ill I I H' ( I .1 s
\VIl<'ll J\lllt' II C:III'> W( ' ll'
(() f>t f) l t'UC

,
J 1)1('1"'' 'M'
' 111 1\IIICIIC":IIl ~()(It}
Hwlrar <I I'
...
-q
C'OIIciiiCIC'cf th e follo WIIII',
p:-.vc I101() "11 1 ..,
:,tlldy. lit' a:-.l<cd " C h!JH'St' cou pk l o lr avt I
rl c r os:-. tlt r United S t a ll's. a nd :-; l <~y ' ' '
clllfcr e n! h otels Onlv o nce dllrlng llt<"~.t
occ.u;ton s th<')' Wt"r e r tllr Sl'd ~t r viet" hy Oll t'
or tilt' hold s SotllcliJ.I H~ lai.C t . l.:tPicrC' SC III
011 1 qt~tSltOIIIIHirt's t c'> 111:11 Hl{~tt S or ll oti'IS
.tiHIIOIIIiSI h OIII t'S IIIII I(' ~:II Ili"
;"lll'f.
'
tire Clr n H"S!' coupll' ltad tt:l\'l'lkcl. asltll tl~

!11<'111 H tlrcy w01rld gfv{ accolltlllOdalioll ' "
ChlltC~cgt~est~ . A ve ry l<ll gt' pcrcc nt ;t~t sa11l
!lwl th ey would 11o t clo so. This respoll s l"
s h o wed:~ J I C~::"' live aUiluclc towa r ds !I ll'
ch 11 w s<'. which wn s incons i stent w il l r tire
poslll\-e IJclw\'iO\rrthat w:1 s ::"'Cl u HIIy s iHJW rl
t owa rd s th e travc llitt g Chi11csc couple.
Thus. nl!ll u des may n ot nlways p reclict
actua l pattern or one's IJ c h ~wiour.
!Iran those with lown ll llclll$!l'IIC<' llow<ve r.

'-OIIIt'l lll lt'S IIIOrt' llllt'lllf~l'll l JWI :O,OilS
cfr,lltge
llrt'll ::tl li (IICk~ 111{)1{' W l lflll_gfy lft:lll ft'SS
lll lc lhgcnt one~. bt'C< III Sl' they ba~t tlr c.ir
attit u de Otllllon: inform a tion and thinking.
Attitude-Behaviour Relations hip
-------
l ogically l rolll at titudes . Jl owcvcr. Cl n

at lituclc:s m ay not always be
ex h i bit ed l h m ugh behavio u r . Llkcw 1se.
one's actual beh aviour 'may be contrary to
one's atti tude t owards a par ticu lar topic.
Psyc ho l og ~ t ~ have found tha t th <'rc
would be consistency betwceh att itudes and
heha\'Jour w h t'll :
ind i vi du:-~ l"s
the :ttliltJcic is strong. a nd occupies a

<cntral pi<Jcc in the a ltit u dc system .
' 0 111 <1 IIIH ",

II II' :lll lludc
rl jo; l w h ;rVIOIII II .
lntlw <'X J><' .
I I' '' cl<Tidr,
11111 l"lll >y
Fe 1111 1
f'"'
and Carl: ,rll rll l heT Box (''') .

' "- ~, lu<l<-n t s wl
got o nlv CHI<' dollar for l <'lllll g otl .

~n
Ill(' (')\ )
.
ICt ~ lit,, t
, I <' llllle llt W;ls llll t rc o.; t ll\f' :1'.1 <; o ( llw" lwh tv i0\11 (l II

.
'
< 111 ~ oth er ,.
I I lilllii('("XJIC' Iillt(tll W<l'>lll((tcstinf' fo
1.,
,
11
,. 1 On y
a ' ""' <111101111t of tiiOIHy) II I < V ( Oti(' III Ck d
lh; tt llll'rr :tltiludc 10\v' tr<l 11 <

.
'
.,
' ex p t tHil t llt
wac; JH>',Ili\"C' ("' wott lclnc,l l nv< tc lei I
.
'
'
a 1< IC>r
thr!-; S rll: tll cllllOIIlll o f fiiOII<y ""'' ' II(. 1I III<'<IIIS
~hat
lllc
l llt<' l t'!>( ll l<S"")

M
cxp<" rimcnl
W<l~
<H'll t<~ll
)'
--
Cui 0111 an crduertisemcnt from a

rr e u spaper or r11agu%i11 C'. that
contains sometlr iii[J spPCi(l/ nnd
ccrtcl ws vnur crtte lltion . Write d ow11
tile fo/lou..ting detai l s about t ll at
adrJertisement. crnd present it to your
class.
Tile topic o.f tl te crduerliser11elll
(for e:((tmp l e. r(lflrtller tlt e
ralrJer tisrm rnt is "b011 1 r1
consw11er product. some food. a
co nrpany. cr ll ea l t ll r11u!ler. a
rwtrollnl tllemP. e tr.}.
We usunllv expec t bc h aviou t l o fo ll ow
Activity
6.1
Good and bad consequences of
rhe person is awa r e of her / h is a ttitude.

rhere is vey Ji ttJc or no external pressu re
for rhe person to behave in a particular
way. For example. when ther e i s n o
group pressure to follow a pa rtic ula r
norm.
1101
fl'>llJ\"I'
. l (' lrd
1111'1 ("({)I(' . Ill
TW!I<'I drw m t 'llst.r.'i . (.)~r:llilws n l rlw

l.liJ!<' I . :weir .r s p c r ::. un :. IIJll lty . S l l Oil/!
prtjudiccs. se lf <'S t cc rn . rncll n t dll a< n cc
lnllutnce the lilcdllwod : 111d <xtcrJI of
; lllrllrde C'lt.lllJ.!c" Pcoplr. w lro l r.r V{' :1 II lOll'
OiJ("Il,llld lk'Cihlc Jli' I Mll l:llrly. cll.III/W IIJOI<'
<';l~rly . 1\dvc rtr scr :-; lwrwOtmosl lrOIIl :.udr
JW<lph People wrllr s lr OIIf\ prejudice, .lH'
less pr 0111' I o .liiV .1 tlrllrdc cll:lllgl' 111:111 lllw.c
'' lro do 1101 lrold ~I 1 OIIJ! prep rei rn:-; l'tr so r1 ~
wholr:r\'1' ,, low sdl l's lcrrn . 11111 d o 1101 lld H"
,.,ullrcil'rll corlfrdc.rlt'l' 111 rhe rnsl'lvcs. c lr,lngc
tlrcir nllrludcs riiOil' c.tsrly th.111 those wlro
.uc l11!!h on sdl t'SII"CIII MOH' intl"lligcnf
pcopk Ilia~' cll,lng<' 1hdr altitudes lt:ss casrly
I llt VIOII I h
11 l l('l'oO II ' )( '

'
11
" I I lttd I>V ol Itt' I ' ,IIIII
w.lll'l rt' d o r c v. l' .
.
llr,tl tlw l w l r.t '' "' l
!Ill' p t'r ~O il II I I I 111 1
dncr o r :-.. ~.pre. tel llw nw. .. tJ!c' hV r.rllun g 10

pcttpl d11 <'CI lv r lr.tll I;,, ortlv ck:c: r rhlll!\.1~ w
ht'tll'llh nl ()J~S till llw r .ulro (.-.cc ltftlll<' h .I)
I IH~c dav:-.. rr.lll~rlll:-...,1<1 11 lltrong ll vr-.r r: d
llttcli.r '"'"' 11 "'"' rc l,hlo n .rrrd rile lnrcrrwl
.uc ~lrnl l,rr lo LH '<' ro I:Ht illl{'l.l<' lhlll , h11l
nor .1 ~uhsllllllt' lor r lw 1.\llt' r
tltc adver t iseme11t.

Wl1rt1Jer it C'OIItnin.'> a 11 em otion(ll
apf Jerll or a rational ctppC'rrl.
Wllelh cr it COlli Ciiii S Q fJOfJII lCir
figure : '"' PxpPrt source. or a
w f'l/- l rkrd person.
'
C h:tplt r () 1\l lll llllf' mul Soci(l/ ( '(}[j ill/lo ll
.....'
a
-------
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
P AVAN KUMAR'S lAS
E thics in P uhli c Adruinis fra tio n

lh
i'' \'jp.:
lrhtghh
. II . I'. . II I I '
~~ ol ~tHIIld :\dnllni">IIOIII"II
( f a,~ H':II
:11111 ( 111 n nl Pra cltt't'!l lt.: <: lt.: tllll
I V. I
1 ' 11 >11suHh ol \ Cill "> 10 I 1c c.:t .u na a nd

Dr.111111 ~ upoln llll' 'fliii iiWI mol '> of lnclla. !!tHil!,' '"' " H
.
., . . .
' .
l 1p.1111">hads . .S11a111 1 V1vc:kan:lllcf:l gnvc: n cull l(>r 1hc rcttn~l:tlltlll ol lndw ,\li S(:. ,l\\ ,lk~ and
SlOp 1101 ll lf lftl' !!OHI Ic, IC<H
.'hcd' (lfllt.\hWt/w JOJ!.I'll((/ fll'(lj)) '(l l'(ll'f/11/llhJUnJI/at a ) .
S11 \trHlhr11clo tarried on rha1 ::.riri lllal 11acll rion :~nd -.lwwL'<~ h0 11 lw.ma_11 bc 11_1 ~''i <.In ''"'
:1hme l h~nhl'h c' I k 1dc 11 rilicd 1he basic p 111 po'>l' ami o: i t! niii C :IIll'~' o f Ilk as loll nw;: llw
l':tllll''' Jlll'onup.lll<lll 1 >t' m:~ 11 111 his awuhncd thouthts :111d. :ts 11 seems. his inc' 11abk .111d
ult HJWtl' flll'Ol'C11p!ltlol1 ' fo1 it l>urvivcs thL' lon!!CSt pc1imb of scept ic is m and rctwns .1111
l'\l''' h:uushmt' l11' is :~bo lhl' l11ghcs1 1ha1 his thoug ht can cn"i sagL' 11 manitcsrs irsc ll in the
ell\ lll:ll lllll o f godhead. 1hc impulse row<1 rds pc1li:ction. rhc sc:nch Hl'tl: l p11 1c rrur h and
11111111\L'd hlis:-.. Ihe SC il Sl' or a St.'Crt'l immnrralit v. T ill: ancit'll( d a\\ ll S or 1111111(1 11 kilO\\ ledf:c
hmt ~~~ II_ us rlll'll' wirncss I<> rhi.s conslllll t aspir:~.rio n. Today wt ~c~"'a 'humanity sati;llcd h111
ltol ""' '-~ ll<:d by lilt. vic1o1io us nnalysis o f rhc cx lcrnalirits o fn :Hu 1c prcp:11i11g to rl'tt :n:
P1llll t'\ nl l<ll l!'lll ~' -~ llw t'n dicsl l(mmd ;~ of' wisdo m p1 o m i s~.. s ro be ir s l:1s1' ( iotl . I iPhl.
I c~dom . lnHnwr.illl,\
M:1ha11nc~ Gand/11 :~gain dn: 11 his i11spirnri(m riom 1he spin1t1:1l ... lrcn!! lh o r Indi a. l lis
t<;"chniCJllt' of' s:Hvngrah:. wns bnscd on the concept o f ah inJsa I his " :)S 1h; ma jo r '\lr:l ll'g) 10
lhro." o u1 tlx H111 is h 11hosc vast empire wns at one time s uch tlwr Ilk s un ne,cr ser o n ir In
R.tbmd1.111:11h 1 ngorc Il l' ha\l anorher spirir of 11:naissnncc. thi::. 11me in rhe lield of arr .
spann111g lllclilllll l'. lang ungc::. painting a nd music. A ll of rhem :;~ mboli /.1.'. d the s piri t o f
lndwn H'll<ussnnce. drn11 ing upon our ancient roors or cfnssicnf 1nsig hts to wc:k le the
pwhkms ''' modern lik
In a "a~ they also real1im1 the o1her optmHSIJC message o ( I findui s m so bcauti(ullv
cnuncJ:lll'd m the rhird chapter of 1he Gila:
J'a da
yada
hi
dharmasya
glanir
bhavoti
blwrata
1
Ahhy uthanam
adharmasyo
Jadaunanam
srujnmyaham/1
f'oritrcmuya
.mdhunam
vinasha)'acha
dushkritam
/
\'~tlll.\tlwpmwrthayu
samhuhl'fllni
l 'll"l'
Dharma
.
(When evil 11i s ro 1
1
.1
.... . .r uge
c:
nump1 O\er goou. t1le d 1v1ne cnmes tll!<l lll and aga in 111
L'\'t.'J) epoch ro prorcc1 1he good and punish thl' evil. )
1
'. is obvio,us
~har
our
11
lndia1~ cuh ure

1
does no r belie ve in 1he p essimis tic pro jection o r the
~~;1~~,:~~\. c;! ~;~\~~Y~d;~';;c"as'~s. w1hic1h 1s1ays that we ~hvnys go
t~
and
from orde r
d isorde r
'
mg.
s
1a
exp
lore
I
he
ISS
lH.:
of
c
ia
.
..
1
1
I
.
I
.
cS:m :.l IllS/{! liS and c un r. nr
"
It:\\ 0 scemg w !Ciher the lour emi 11 1
.
~ .
.
.
lrv\\ " "' c.tn rad.fe o ur currelll probl
r .L , ,
~ n _mc:n ca_n 111 !-if>lre u:; w nh 1deas abot!f'
ems OJ m.: llcr l'llllcs Ill publiC adminis trar io n .
.
.
, \' .
pr<ICIICt:S
\\ilh
llislol) h<t~ IW<) lascinalinl! as pccls 'l'lle ,. I . h

.
..t
~ '
1rs IS I c percnn 1al 1
through lin,c ., he second is rhe

f .
' c Hllll o f c hanges as it marcht'S
p resence o ccrrarn cons t' ln l (!
, rl
.
.
.
rI'"' a re the l>as1s o l moral or erhical c d . S
'
e.awrcs. 1csc lllcl udc'valtws
d}ltanuc:. undcrt .. ,,g
. hisro y Many ha .on ucdr. omc ln' ve rr ICd ro IC1cnrd v Ihe common
1
1
vc 1race 11e
1 onward 1w 1 f 1 .
..
a nu es A m old I cqnhcc saw in hisrory lh .
.
'
arc l O HSIO I y from dll ft'nu l
r IV\
A . .,
.
e conr muous rccw .
I
.
t: , ... n
Cl\'1 u..ttrum progresses if ;1 bl
.
rmg 11cm c of cha llcnoe and
IS
a c ro ns<: and 1l
I
c.
lCCI I H.' c lw llc ngc it fact's and
dccayo., il 11 fails I hc1e 1.., a pmccss of

.
aclllcvc
Ioo,.t:.u1 .,It I 1ll' tn hnoi<W ICal changes in growth
I
f
ment and then dccav. Alvin rolllcr
.
erms o general'
.
I paLe u l dn.~rw. 1 If . b
cI s~ll\t: I C:t I 1I 1:11 11c
.
l(>nS and the pat.:<: of change II
.-c
I ">C
IS <!CO illtnl!. SO f
I
.
<
c
mall k Ill1111\ "' lcrm, ol (h,llttllcal materialism.
ommunr.,ts look til 1hc mar~ h
lnd 1a11 l uhurc: has had a heHI
s tall 1n und erstan d'mg the fas .
. cmaun_g aspt.:cts of human life .
I he V~..d.ll l la and the Upuushad rc
' ' ' present our anc 1e 1

ld lO'' lc:d!'e founded 011 1eall/'lliOn -1hey ach
d
n seers contmuous search for
..
1eve great lea ~

d
.
.
o l thL' II Ill\ st tt pOWl't'> We a1e the f<ortunat . h .
ps o~ar m percep1 10n because
.
'
c m en tors of a !! e
.d
t1adll1011 '" h1ch looks at hi e 111 thiS world d .
:-r at trd 1110n. lhe Veda111tc
an tn cs 10 lind ItS u 1d 1
quHHcssc:ncc u f Vl'danw has a dual dimension Th I' '

d
' cr ~ ng meamng fh..:
a Ia' s dO\\ n the d ua I purposo.:. o r
eW' 1g,ve
Illllnan Ilit 0 /111( 11 111 mohlwrllwm ,an(// hitay{ICh{
~~ k r .
1
tc oo oOI\vard 10 the .
r
our -.ouls throul!h wdl ~u c of the world v 1vek
d I d
_cmanclpauon o
~
anan a 1a adopted tl
1 1
laum hlllt' the: Ramakl ishna Order.
115 mantra "" ~
S11 :\wohi ndo is one of the brightest stars in this rich lrl' l1.:a 1. 1 1
1. . I
.
' r' I <I( 111011

spmlual
< " ' ~ o.pmcnt. I he Vcda~ll~c conc: pl of self-realization was mticulmcd h..:aulifulh \)\ , 1 i
1\u~ obuHio as lollows: l::<tstcncc I S not merely a machinery of Nature. a wheel 01 l.t" 111
'~ h.'~h lhc s~u l 1s l'~1Wnglcd for a moment or fo r ages: i1 is a constam manifes1a1io 11 <I t\11.:
Sp1r11 t 1k . IS 1101
. lo1
the sake of life alone. but fo r God. and the livinl!- .sot11 ot I 11 ., 11\ h .o111
ctcrna I ptH li O I~ 01 (,odhcad Action is for self-fmding. for scl f-fulli llment. for sclf r..:alinuon
and not on I ~ lor li S o " ." ex ternal and apparent fruits of the
mom.:nt or 1hc futu re .
,
01
..
Another concept rhat has been cherished through the long histon o f our cultural and
s pnitual ex is tcncc s the concept of wei fare of all human bei~gs: hllhll/liiW \11kllon1
lwlnu{l/w hirayoc:hdthc welfare of the many and the happiness of the manv. In fact 1h1s
c onc~ pt o f the h:lppiness of the many had also been integrated into the ; rca of 1)uhhc
admini stration as the baste principle. Kautilya says in his Anhashastra: ' In the happllK' or
his subjects lies the king's happiness. in their welfare his welfare. He shall not constdu as
good only that " hich pleases him, but treat as benelicial to him whate, er please ~ his
s ubjects'.
Praja
s uk.he
suk.ham
rajyaha
prajanamch~
hitehiwm
Norma priy am hiram rajnaha prajanam cha hiram priyam.
This ancie nt wisdom is also refl ected in other languages. Two thousand years :tg.o.
Tiru vallu var in Tamil Nadu spe lt out in 1.330 verses the three puru\horlfw, of
exi ste nce. dlwrmo. ortho and kama. In the chapter on c;rrha. like Kautilya'sArllw.\llmnu he
al so dealt with the charac teris tics of a well-nm administration or shall we say tlw {'thn .., o f
good ad min istratio n. For instance, when talking about the responsibility of a k 1n~.
T iruvalluvar
says: Mural
sailhu
kapalrum
mannawm
makkalkku
iran( nlru
mikkapadum (the king who admini sters j ustice and protects his people will be C~)ll">t<kt"'d
God). T he responsibilities of running the adminis tration have also been spdt out hy ~\Lllers
who have looked into the concept of g.ood administration.
,.
If there is o ne pri n~iple thot is fundamental to ethics in administration in India. iJ '" tht
pri nc iple of dharm a, the principle Of doi ng the right things. the principle o f JU:>IIl (' 1 1~
Brihada ranyaka Upanishad points out the basic principle. that the responsibilily of tht k '" as
to pro lcc t dharma . This is because it is only b y prolecting dhanna do all citizens ee\ equal
oppo rtunities and the weak not exploited and harassed by lhe strong.
2
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
7ul<wt k.\1 n .Cl\)'n k.1harram J culdhormahtl ll/IIIIUllfulartmW

, .u
1 Jrtllll 1/t l :. li
f1111
H
1 11
orho
al1t1!Jy 11 hfl11yrumamamlwm.sate
1\
yatJIf/ rap.11t1 ,C
.lusric-c
'Rdo o"'""1
llll:l
rl .
'-
J/l(lrm~lltl
~''
R.oon.: J "" ;, " " s,; IJh.- " "' f),"" I" '"" '" ;<, ."' "' " ''"lk .""""" I
Our I <)f ,ry on tlw na.,is o f Dharnw' tn this wlk he pwv,dcd vnluablc "' t !11;
ol JIJ:um.t I "'" s "hat he sa id:
ll C"Oill't'Jll

r J<)lll mo'' .'"'(lt;fll
lllllCS.
:l~ :t P"' o f Ohalllla. one o f till' tdcab r I, ICC(I t
)C
fio n:
ldUaJ~ 1\ I\ II1' 11 f'or' lll!!ht'r 01 l.!rcater interest. lo wer <lr 1x:rsonal 1nrcrcsl
.
- .
II 10 . 1x sui><>HI ""''"d
fh1s 1deai1Sill
1S .rncorporatcd 111 n verse 111
IIOp,l(kSilil
It
d
s
I
.
.
or lh. t' I c.l s. u >Ordmatc the interest of an .lllUIVIdtral
fo r the sake
villt . olllll \' or the (janll'IY ro s ubsene the 1n1crest ol. the v1llnce.
.
o f the
'gt
111
tiH.:
Hllcrcst
of
1
Clt'rfl,tl bliss '
.
I IC S IHIC . Of all \VOl Idly intl!l~'St Ill tHdCr 10 <lll:t i ll
fhc Upanishads ~I) very clcarl v that the re is nothin be o d d

dharma is also rcllccted by 'I in;va\luvar /rai kakk umg \.avya
y nkamharma.
same concept
ell am aThe
vane/
k kk of
mwwc
. to JUStice
. . Iormural
a hum
. reyun.
.
. 1 he king p rotects the world and '1fh e acts-accord1ng
dh
I
t\sclf wi ll protect him [)Jwrmo raks hari rakshiwha again re
anna. t en
t':
1
- to dharma that
< dhamla .Itsel-f WI' II protect
pnnclple
thai If a person rules accordin<!.
fleets hnn . same
..IIH
1 IIIld
'
11
J~SIICC
I .
orc/111(/l.l'tll'lll<'
kltlalll
J.ula.ll 'tlllhe
Tl'OJ<'dcJ.om
I 1'11/l'
1
50) l grmlloJ/1
ftlllllpodmyartll<:
oollnortlw rprithhim l)'llil'l. (:11/ilmlohlw.
~lOll
t.
. perhaps no CO l rcsponding word
. .
Janvu:JgL'1 .It "oul
I I() ll'ldt.:SI
I
. i Ill port. Tl Jere IS
11
1 t"m
1
c
a
so
k
'
fur
de
ro
.
II'
)~ l'\pl;rinL'd tvhlnhl
'' cmpr to gi ve nny dcli nition to !hill wntd
I
0
1
(Cud.
. b' . l:J!at:l . thnt
iC
. :te eI illlllC d ns mtmt ll'(l /.,c,r/,Jl' ..
L'tl.l//(1
l o I J IIIII.!:. o( htllll'lll
, "'n.:,ll t.:p
"'. ' ut11us 1tlura to <.'\plalll the
.
r
on this wpic. On being 'l' h '"I
me :- . co11
I alll::. a tiSCussron
1 ' ,. II
I e t. llOidedu
:llliiH!
and
scope
dl'
' l
~c < wnntt. rL'plied tl . wnnn. 131li.S Iww. who had mastered
ell~<s>
0
{(((/, Hho
or
Ill S.
.
'IJ'am
.
1nhkumh
. (l/111pt
u.\ I1170
11
1
Prahl
I""
t.wnklll'alum
.
UII'W tlwyu
hi
.
) (/\I' I
II
1/II011t/111
. u pro) wtuwmruktah
/.''
D
I IS lllOSt
lotkeJwlro
I'Y.\1'(/'ii'Cflhi
dr/licuil
1'1
d ti
nt o f II\ Ill" ' b .e rne dha rma. Dhanna has been ex I .

uprrltme
- -
surely dhann1 Th
erngs. .Therefore. that which e .
p a~ned to be thai which l!c. : lp~ :h~
Verse 59.58 ,~ Ka e e~ned nshis ha' e declared: that ,:.~~r~s I e .wel.fare of living bei ngs is
DL
ana of the He; hJ
rc sustarns rs dharma )
1 na
rwranat
dharm
; . t/0 JOrota eulogizes dharma .
. .
Yal s;,ad d''
tl
mt!yaf!u
dha
rn the foll owmg word..
(D
k
rmo
dhora
harma sustains the so . 1)'11 lam sa dharma iii niscf!ayah , -ycue

prajaha
pr?gress ofhumanit . Ctcty,
maintains social ord a.
Jamlini. the author
;>urely that which fulfi ls
ensures well-being and
'Dharma i I
. e urmmimam.\a and U
. .Jectr vcs.)
good':
S I 131 \\thtch is indicated bv the V 'd 1/aranum{lm.w explains dharma II e
""'~nosam
:rc~~:~~;~~ ~hanna
~
Sa
hi
tl~;~:~~:ma.
c as as conducive IO the highest
"' '
I d.
.
m.sreyasena
Mad ~ abhtdhiyate chodanalakshn pt~mshamsamyunaklili
..
havacharya, minister to Hakk
o anho dflarmaf!a (.Jai . . pra-llfaneemahe
COII)fllCntan ( n r
a and Bukka f
. : mmt. 1-2)
as lo/lows.. ) arasha ra Smriti. has brieflv ar;d ~und.er,krngs of Vijayanagar c .
.
Ahhwd.
recose y explained lh
. mpore. "' I tis
W j,
"J"
nllrey""'
. Jh
e meanong of dharii\a
J
Ill
llnattena
dh
1 mmanuabh)nm chod.
arllyuti
iii
clernal bls . hwfuch suslains and ens

anJ Slllruil VJllii'Mihl . J dharmaha
J m I
e orher
Jd
ures progres
d
tplla 1{/n
""d negalw< idhtand
is
in lhis
commands, po ~,J t i vc:
()hanna
a laluh11na
i> lhal
ni~~dh~Dharma promulga~e~nin ~~:r~~;n~~;ll

3
1 hu~ .. if we explore the roots of ethics in public administration we f1nd that w
trachuon. rro m o ur literature we fmd that there is a harmony between the ind'e'hdavel a
and
goals
m.o~r lr~d 1110n.
'
.
1v1
soc1a
, . :spiritual
.
.
1t IS this harmony that provides a meaningful basis for
clll t.:S m public admu11Strauon. Every individual has to strive to achieve moksfw'otm ono
1 ,.
I ltV IS I1:\C we\1 -bellll!
Ol the
mok.,hw
thom . But at the same time his other res ponSIbl
rn . Y./OJ!.lll
In fact the
in life for the individual as welt as societ -has be\!n
flll~tyodw.
"~""I yd " " tte<t '" ''"
3 11
"h
~oal
conccpo of dha<ma lh<ough 'hou,.nds of
trachuon .
'~a<S
n~hl
r QUO lch coltural
The Nat u r e of Ethical Weakness :1t P resent

B e fo_re_we ~roceed .furt~cr. it is wonhwhile 10 have a look at the dynamics o\ ethics in public
Th1s wtll he\p us to identify the basic elements that shape ethics in public
adm1mStr<l~t0n. We can then ~pprecia~e how. ''hi\e changes may be taking. place in societ)'
due t? vanous factors from ume to ume O\'Cr centuries. values r\:main constant As value:>
remam cons1a~11. the principle of ethics also remains constant. As they remain constant, , ... e
all stand to g.atn by looking at the classical insights on ethics in public administration so that
adm~n~strat~on.
.wdurlahaf!a
dlwrnwlw
.
..
. Jharmuprmaclwnom
kriiam
(/ .\(/ l 11UI'f11ll 1/i 111.\C
. Iwyaw
J (,)htmll
('
f>arl'(l I 09 9
II)
(I .
)'Oirtl
t~e
~Ja,
lnt L' IVll

. I1 IS
. CO ' I C~lllCtI With
IC
. the o ther world by tht.: wo rd s.rashtm rtlw
.\Replacing
ll arthtllll l the
t'tlit'l . .,'''
''CI
Ohn'nnn s
. a Snns~ ; expr
r.
n svstc
. owed\' i1i the narion's interest
s
. mlc
f . frn 1ne work to bc loll
Ill ''Ill\
. o 1/le t
1 hcrclorc. dharma embraces cvcrv 1Ypc o f n11.

. 11tcous conduct
o .d ual and
covenng
every . aspect of 1\fc
csscnll' . or the '>ustcnancc and wel fa' re o f t-11C ..
IOul\'1
so
I I
ru
cs
I "'' turdc ami enable lh<>'>C ''ho bel'
.
d
Clety.
and mobha
mchldcs(clcrnal
those
IC'..: In go and hea,en 10 auain
hliI s'>) I
~~oo 1;1 "'"I
we can improve our curre nt practice.

As a society evolves, it is realized that the behaviour of people has to be regulated i f society
as a whole is 10 su rvive. T he welfare of a society is the result of cooperation between its
members. No man is an island. The Ten Commandm ents evolved beca\tse if everybod)' "as
indul gi n g. in stealing.. m u rdering.. o r coveting his neighbor's wife. no orderly society could be
possible. T he .Ten Comma ndments re 11ect the va\ues that a society cherishes so that they
becom e guidelines for actio n. T he values are the fundamental principles that are csscntt.ll for
a good, orderly sociCty. Pmcticing those values in tenns of code of conduCis gelS
u~nsl>tcJ
into morals or ethics. As values o f society remain the same. ethics also in principle 1..:-mains
constant. This is th e unde rlying dy namism o f ethics in public administration .
f,,stcr
s~)
growth is not just a consequence of appropriate economic pOlicy, savings tate. human c>pital
and tisca\ deficits. but. somewh at S\lfprisin g,\y. th e lew\ of ho nesty in the citizenry.
This is one area in which \ndinn
citizenr~ can do wit\\ a \i\\\c b it of b r\lshing \\p.lhe dance
uSioal\ y gelS done early, when children ate taught that 'honesty is the best pOlicy'. M 1hcl
grow up, they rcali1e that whocvet taught them thaJiess<>n was not quite honest 1h<l<""'
.conuact can h<1n'
many situat\ons in life where a quick lie. a broken promise or a
tene~cd
gains.
Many people make a miSiake in trying to cash in on these gains too allen. 001 tUII t"' 1\lal
each time one docs it. one tends to damage one's reputation. If
\M<Il<siOO"'"""
about
a~""""
78
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
In othe. r word~.
. or her.
.
111111
art!t:lllCI11
S
f
seve
ral things
bur
proms~s. pcopk will b<..' wM\' ol !.!Ctllng 11110 =.
. a sion o
~
excessiw dishoncsrv and co~rupr~n. as in our soccl~- sb 11 1 hi~ 01 her 0'"'- ''c lfilrc. the
.
'
.
orhul!!
I
unpon:mrh . of myopia To n pason 11Hcr..:srcd 111 11 - rhal vou can get away Wit 1 the
Machi"'"'elii:Jn lc;sson would be simple: rry nor ro rcll lcs so_ 1 if rhev calc ulated I he ar own
.
, fullv sellls l ,
1
rare one "hen you hove 10 So even af people were
) rhc' " ould b~.: moae 10nes1

.
. I
s"<>hrcdncss.
.
mreres1 raronnlly (rh:u is. wirhour myopc s lOr! . 1=rhan rhe) '' rcally arc.
honest and lrus rwonhy rh:1n
C ol 1cc11vcly.
people ma) haw an tnre
est 111 b.
c1_11g_, even more s easy 10 unders tand. I.e t us
11 1
whnt rhc selfish ra110nnliry calculus induces. Thts IS 110.' w~yd ,,1 cfttnls. Thus. people lold

10 jUC1!!C Ill I
'
begw by 1101111 rlwt people use group characrcnSIICS . - I . s ue nboul the ethics or
.
I
I
d.
I I10 puncrunl ~nuno . ' .
vtews n:; ro 10'" tlliStwortl)' In tans Me MlC
"
d
blc the .Japanese arc as
. .
f C I . . . hour how epcn<1a
r ro!estanrs ancI rhc _mmcnnltsm
o a v1ntsts. a
.
)eoJie arc (let me leave lhe
husmcss pn11ncrs and about how untrustworthy such and !iUCI1 I I
idenriry ofrhis la-;r group ro rhe tender's imagination) and so on.
P AVAN KUMAR'S lAS
\\'Jih
stmtlar
happens tn
rhc domam
ol- corrup11011
an<1 cr1shodtslv.
Someth1ng
Each such act hurts
the nation or the t.OmnHmirv rhat one belongs ro. but since rhal hurl docs nol Cnlcr the
individual's cnlcula r10ns (cspeci<llly so "he~ rhe individual is ~e lfi sh) people lend to
o,erindulge' in corrupt and untrustworthy aclivities. lienee. na11ons where p~opk <lie
habiruall)' (thai is. not prompt ed merely by r:llional opli!ll!Zalion~ more h~ncs1. '::til tend to
ger more. Ill\ estmcnl. rrade and business. 1\ Iany schol:us dtrccl 1hc1r advtce at the
go' emmcnl or 10 polir1cians 10 :1ct in cerrnin \\aYS: or .to bureaucrats IO carry out certain
responsibilitil'S. 1 his new resea rch in the role of .1rusr is also a reminder rha1 some of the
responsiblfi1~ lies \\llh ordinary c i1i zens as "ell.
We realize how values can lead 10 e,olution of codes of c1hical conducr. In the context of
publ_ic administration what will be 1hese \'alues? The first of course is rhe concept of dharmn
or r~g~Heous bcha' iour. \Vhcn the British came and we inherired the Bri tish system oi
adm~n~stra11on. we became lamiliar with the concept of the rule of law. The rule of law is
~?lhtn but _'h~ rule o_r ~hanna. As Brihadarunyoka Upanishad says. the law is above the
ktng ht~1sell. In ft~cl. rl IS necessary that we accep1 thi s. and try to shape our conduct and
system 1 ~ such a way th~t the principle of dharma .or law is re-establish~d. In the indian
democratiC system w.e wtll be able to es1ablish rhe rule of law only if we ensure thal law
makers
do not become law breakers, or Ia w brea kers d o not become law makers in the firs t
.
mstance.
Remedial Action against the Current Rot

The following ideas have intluenced in the cont t 0 f
a hi!!hlv corrupt country We are look111 ., at

~x
currenr practices that have tu rnrd otll s
111e tssue only fron1 tl
-
c
.
.
le POIIll of v1ew of how the
rule of law can be re-established with the t 1 f h .
,
le P o t e nght ty
f 1
pe o aw makers. The law
marers 1n our country are the members of 1
.
.
par rament and lcf! 1
Important role 10 pr<,motinu a corruptio t-fi

_rs ature. I hey can p lay a ve$rv
.
.
o
I ree !!Overnment Ev .
:....
bureaucratrc executtve implc:mems the law .. en 1n governme nt. while the
1
1
f . .
. I IS a so supervised b I
..
.
IIte torm o ,. cf11e
rnuJJc;ters. the prime min.
Y t1c poflttcal cxecuri'~ 111
I
.,,
tster
and
the
cab
rt
8 so respons e to the levisla&ure. rhe role of th
lOCI. 1e political cxccuf ivr is
1
I\\O dffererit ~n~le . l he lirsl rdtt~cs ICJ Ihe cnacr~ ,aw makers the refore_can be seen !'rom
rhc unplem matwn <Jt rhe I:Jw.
lent of the law and the second relates 10
Th~
minimum rcqutrcmcnt for cnsurino that OL 1

., makerstrshoawld ma k crs are able to promote a
.ts that the law
co rup11on rrcc
eovcrnmcnt
.
.
u not t11cmseh cs be law breakers
fh ~ Vohra (. Olllllli\ICI.: Re po rt had hl ghlishted one ne<>at
r
..
..
.
f
.
.
, " c aspect o our p<'hflc<:; nameh
the _ctlmrnalttauon o pohttcs. So If we want to start a process b) which \..C will ,be able ;o
achtCVC a corruptton-free
I .tn
.
. government
.
where law makers pia v a vav c rr.ecti\C roc
achtcving lhiS ~>hJ_ccttvc. It 15 necessary that we should frrst take steps. to ensure that Ia\\
br~ak cr<; and cruntnal<; do nor become law makers.
As Ccntrrtl Vigtl;mcc.: Commisston~r_(CVC) my jurisdiction docs not cover the judic1ary and
the legislatu re . NcvCI1hclcss. as a Ctti7Cn of the country and as a eve who is concerned \\ith
the imp~ct of cri~n.inal i.zati ~ n of politi~s ~nd corruption in the executive. 1 have taken up the
issue w1th the Chte f l.lcctton e ommiSStoner to see how we can amend the electoral law.
particularl y Rc p1 cscntation of People's Act. 10 see that the law breakers do not become Ia'\
makers. I ha ve made the following suggestions for consideration:
1. No politi<;n l r.art y can be permitlcd to contest the elections unless it has got the latest
annual accounts duly audited by an auditor as may be prescribed by a notilied
agency like the Elccli on Commission. the CAG or the Supreme. Court.
2. No politi cal party may be permitted to contest the eleclions .~1n\.css i1 has clean:tl its
income rnx dues and has got the requisite certificate from the tncomc tax authoriti~s.
3. Complainls regarding. corrupt practices during elections can be looked into b) the
Election Co mmission even before the date of polling. The Election Commission has
an excellent communication system to receive complaints of this t~ pc and can
immcdi atelv take action so lhat there will be a heahl-ly check and deterrent effect on
corrupt pra~tices durin~ elections. Prevention i~ always beuer than ~ure.
4 . A person "ho has been accused of an offence imoh'i~g mo~lturptt~1de or an~ _other
crin,inal offence canm1t be penniued to contest dccuons I he Flec\Jon Commtsston
may identify these oll~nces. Instead of going only b~ the grcn il) _or the otlen~e and
FIR being filed. the critical lest for applying the ba_n o~ the cand~date contesting an
election should be that a concerned judicial authonty ltke a magtstrate should ha\ e
examined the FIRs and the dala, and gone 10 lhe stage of framing a charge sheet.
1fa person who has been charge sheeted for gra\'e offenc~s and mo_ralturpitudc ~s i~c~tift~~
and notified by the Election Commission, is banned from ftghun_g. the elccttons. t~ ;~~
. 1
. als do not enter politics and become representatives of the peop c
1e
ensUte t 1at ct tmtn
d
r that he or she has
responsibi lity can be c.ast on_the candidate who must ~v:s~:tai;~.c~~~l; a person must al~o
not been charge sheeted or,_ tf he or she has be_en, to gt
do not know "hal ''rtion the
give details of the past pumshment awarded by theh~OkU~. _Weecessar) 10 have a nJliOil\\ ide
. C

1t take Nevertheless I l tn tl IS n
.
.
.
k to tackle the issu~ of corruption at the
Elect ton ommtsston mtg 1
debate on this issue so that appropnate act1on IS ta en
political level.
.15 that there arc too many complic.tteJ and

. -.
One of the reasons for corruption 10 government
h s ope for n.'\1 tape. Greater th~
of laws greater ts t e c
1 nu mber
obsolete laws. T he greater tle
.
'
. n ll will be good if the Ia"~ makers ~n
scope of red tape, g.reater the tem_ptauon for co~tp~to nd see how many of them can be done:
have a look at the existing laws m th~ statute _o a .. ter the Indian government had set
r.
l Sl . I K Gujral was pnme mtniS
.l
ber
away with. In ,act, w ten m
. .
laws that were obsolete. lt ~~m~l''
identify the admmOO
tstraluve f htch about a third could be
Up the lain Committee to
.
, - d bo t 3 S
aws o ""
h
riohtly. the committee ,dcnuhc a u .
. -~ e govenunent wt should bt r\ Wit
c
.
S
d r to promote a corrupuon n: ~
away wtth . o tn or c
b l te laws from the statute book.
systematic campaign to remove o so e
oone
81
odtrCC :J \V~ll!lll
''I
I rt: i ~
.
I , I'JWS. I"
<Hidlll<)fl ro ri ll.' ll'lll0\111 ol cth!!O dt ' , 1, 11 t.:\C:r .,, 1 1,. sun set p1111C1pk ;,., 1 11
' ' 11tc: 1,oo"
l'nsuh. rh.t no 1,,,\ H.. Ill"' 1111 rh~ \ '
o~.onccr' I 1l..e ' 1,..11 1-; " Jtl.c of !>:I)' II\ l' , , 1 '
1IJ
.
I
I
fi
t1rr1t
Ill
.
cr anc
'
fi01 conuptwn. W e ~ Juwl< r tcr< Olt.:
. b<Hik (mt.:'
,,~<;d :wd H.' ptOIIIltll'<llt<f
.
I' re" 'c
. II
t I llllt'nSC IOII:i,
J ss rl rs
1 t we<1<~ 110 1 il <H c l<t w\ c.. I lit I-:,,,,

I
.n-<tts, at rhc clld ol wluclt p t'IIOt . lilt t:
ll . cn.,urc t HJ
l!
\\ 1ll c..x ir th e s t:ll llll' hook. 'I his will tii 110111 :IIC )
IIH.' Sl:lllll<.' hOtlk
,,. f'l\\' S tf111t \\ill prOIItO(e, .
' 111
I1011 ld p:l~>
n
tl..
crs
"
.
. " IS t ll""'
r ccol!nt/l' 1
JJw IWXI 11llporllllll :I SIWCI IS lft:tl IaW I '
e ll!.'\' IS lll<.: li: '
t:
~
( tl\ :J
11
11 I rnnsr
d ,.or [J'ISSIII"
1 h d
:Hnwsphc..ll' ol .1 co11uprio11 lrcc !'OH' 111111"
r gc: tll nee

::.'
t:t.: om 111
11
thcrdon:
an
A
v'll
be
jYIS'> I
nJCihod /01 dWddll)' COIIIIjiiiOII { lt'IC IS
( ln(ornWIIOil "C( \ I .
' ' t.:< Ill '>U( h
0
lnf(>rrmuion AC'I. rlt~'ll' l'i a kat filii! lhl' I rcedorll , ~I cf:.lliSCS !IHI I ul 11 111<ltcly the basic
51
c Y rcd. I! \VI' II 1)l: I1i:CC
ss
lw so lll.lllV
a way 11:1(
I
l h t'H' Will
pt ovtsos- and rr.ca
.. .try f'Ot Ia,,
.
. .
.
ll'IY
be<
cr
I' I
1
.
Ob/('Cti Vt' of ll llfl.Sillllt'IICY Ill :tdlllllll ... ltiiiJOil '
J . ,1 ciri zcnS 0 I ll' COUIH t \ 1' "\
)\I(1t'< 111 '
'
'" t
mak('l\ lo l'll~llll' IIIII! ~uch loopholn :lrt' 1101 pn
I <krcc or !rnns r urcnrv in tl
. .
II
.
o
r
hat
I
11.:
C'
1c
, ,.. li ~ l of itl'lllS h:l\ ' 111 !.!. " he 11.
ill'l'~o'"s 10 .~, llltlt'h llllorm.tllorl tl't pu.s ~ 1 t: s
1
1
1
r smtll nq.''. .1 " 'C I l>c1rin!.!. on m.tintc

~
no
! 'U\'t' fl11llc.'nl 1\ t' ll lt:lltt'l'd 111 f.l l'l, t-.:ccpl 01 ' 1 - '
11 111 ,...
. ...
.
. rft,tt have. ol ullt:
~
.
' q ol
(Ill I ht: SC.l lllll \ () f (I It' n;lllllll 01 ~Uilh I.S ill' (.S
I
bf'c I I' '1CCl!SS lllg g<> \' 'I

II fortH: pu
'<
~ '"'" 1
!1l.'tt('c.'
so on, IIK'Il: should bl' no n~rnctron :tl ,,
"l!C such an environmcn r: thev wj
1
tnfilll nni iOII. I o the l'\ t,nt (llll lnw makers arc nblc ' 0 ere.
1 of honest) 111 go ,crnrnen!.

have t.JJ.cn .111 1mpo1 runt .step 1ow:uds hnng111g 111 a cu llllt:
In
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
that \ .,
,.tf 1o ..
rn 11 .
ru:c
,... h.:l.<>llH.' auolht. r ,1 )) 1
tJ 1ht.:lt.: 1 .
. .
It,
"".tl
.I
'tl ., vs1cmn' tic <Hil!lll j) t. at

pol iticl,111g
I IK' uyn;ll
ll t C~ of l'OII llptl<lll Ill !-'0\l' rtllll\!11( S!n i !S WI 1 ' :-..
.
rh~ hwc<~ucnu) 1hough 11 , pnnripk we ;uc ~uppose~l to h~'c _a pol t! Jc~lly ne ut ra l
pamanrnr civil st~n icc of rfw Bn!lsh I) pt. what we have 111 practrce rs the spot! system o f
rhe USA. without the co11 csponding checks and balances in that count ry that makes it far
lt:ss corrupt rlmn lntfin. 1he: simple instrulllcnr by which the pol itica l exec uti ve has found
that the bureaucracy can be made to dancr 10 irs runes is the instrume nt o f trans fers and
postings. 1 he importa11cc of insulnting at least the importan t and sensi ti ve posts f'ro m rhi.::
transfer insrrwneut was highl ighted by the Supreme Court in the Vineet Nara in case.
popularly 1- nown :ls the llmala case. rhe Supreme Court pointed o ut that a t least the two
key_ in vestigating agencies of the Government of Ind ia, nnmely . the CB I and the
Ent_orcemenr Dir~ctor:a te must be insularcd from outside i~O uences. Th is was soug ht to be
achll:ved by. n)akmg the Ccnrwl Vigilance Commission a statutorv body a nd ma king tht!
CVC ~upervse th: acti vitirs of the COl. The CVC also chairs a ~ommittee in w hi ch 11tc
concerned sccrctanes are 1\!prescntc J t 1
h
f:fi .
< o c loose I c panel of names fo r the posts of director
.
and semor o ICJals of COl as well as that 0 f E r.
als
ed
.
ntorcement Directorate. In addition. thei'C is
o an assur tenure ol two years for the 0 f1i . I
the consent o f the eve.
Jcra s and they cannot be trans ferred w ithout
., his initiati ve of the Supreme Court so l'a

CBI
r as
and ED
.
J!.
1
I
w He 1 we can systematically depoliricizc th
.
are conce rned potnts a way.,.uY
corrupt clements in the burcaucracv get( .e cxecut~v.e, or at least red uce the possibi litY of
mg IntO SCilSJIIVC
d
..
.
..l
1 WJ'fJ be wonhwh1le
to 1dentif.y all the
..
posts an e xploHmg therr f10:0Jt,nn
d' . ,.
.
sensllve po I 111
.
.
' rscJp me that these posts wll be filled
r.
ss
the government and b ri lll' 111 u
b'
d
up rom a
1
o rectv_e. an . mdcf?Cndent commiucc like the CV ., p,anc ~I names recom m e nded hy an

~omposruon ~f lhrs commillee can be different( s con.l mmee lor the CBI and ED. The
mcumbeors WJJI
.have
. a minimum tenu re o f two or thfor drfferent posts. 0 nee po s t ed.
llmounr o f ob~ectJvar y and rc1eve the prescm s t ree yea rs. , -1us
will promote " rc
t uaton wher
,
c corrupt clements literally
1he11 ''"'Y IIllO ::;en~itive po<rs. I he above method f
.
po I'> "1th chtt.'C itvit\. '"" ~o
1
tnVCSIIng the filhng of key sensitive
:s,
a ong way towards bencr control O'"'r
n\ l'IIIIIWIII
...
corruptton "'
, \ :'\l '' I uud litH 111.11 l {t~ttt
''I'" r
It IIIII tht. overwhclnHn~ i111port.1nce of the rul. of I
.
~::
aw. cqu.tllv unponam ts the
I < IIJ:/'('11. Pet haps tht mo'>l 1mpo1tant law"
r.:lllJX"'
CrlllC
nl
n I ,,,.

. . .
.
.
e-Ovcrnmg modern <;O<:tcttc~ ts
tlu ( 1111 .''""'"" Itt till: l'Clllt xt t~f lhc rc\ 1cw of 1hc Con.,lttulio
11 ts bcmg
undenakcn
. n. w 111c
''' 1111. \ en~.. ll u:hahah ( Ollll1llttcc '' pte .cnt I would also sucnct
' to
.
.,"" " a new n gh 1, 1he nl!ht

totrupttoll lrn; <,t.'l\ t( c :1. ,, lund:unenlal one for every c'1t17.en
/\s
1
d'
1
be
. .
n ta 1as come a
c..:o11 upt cuuntr\ lod;,, Ihe n cd. f or '>trc n ~ tht:n mg Ihe citi7cn becomes imponant. The
r.tlton.tk lor ('Orlltptton frc..e SCI\' ICC .~'" a new fundumemal right IS ,, 0 rth e:-:ploring m thi ~
Sl.t"l llw lumlantcntal ml11. cnsh11ned 111 the ('onstilution represent 1wo important fact'>.
I h~o 111 \I 1 1h 11 thcy. uc an c <piKtt and ''"ntftcaitt arltculation of the bar.1c rights lhnt C\.Crv
tlltlt:ll llllt'>l cnJo~ in a mcanin).'l'ttl de111ocracy. and the tdcals aniculaH.:d in the Preamble t~
ti ll' < on\lltlltton arc rcahhd '" pr.tcticc '[he second unponant fac11s that 1hey represent the
11111 <; thai a l. lll/t:ll lllll'>l 1.!1\jO) j f' \\<e want 10 h 'IVI.! l'000 governance. '
I h~-!'>1.! rivht<. h<t\ l
C\'(lh cd O\ cr u~.: n~.:rat~tlns . I hey reprcscnl the lessons soci<:tv h<~ s le~lfll\
cxpc1icncc "hen the c rt!!lllo;. \\Crc nm available and cOn!>cqucntl; there \\aS
"lll'lct mg and m" go' t:l nancc l-or example. the pr\,lcCtion from double jeopardy must ha\C
n1 iscn lll'l'.tu<c thc11.: was a tunc "'hen a person LOuld be punished agam and again for the
~a rne of'kncc. The right. to pru!Xrty must have arisen because there was a hme when these
ttghts did not exist. 1 he n ght to freedom of speech' probably has been very much
.tppn:ciatcd because we ha\C seen in our 0\\ 11 times regimes when.: .tlw; right dtd nol exist.
tcsuhing in had governance.
I rom pa\1
l 'ifly-three >ears or our existence as an tndependent nation and SO years of working of the
Constitution have resulted in one common experience for all Indian citizens. They cannot g.o
10 any public organization or office today and get the services they arc supposed to without
either paying a bribe or bringing innuence by way of recommendations or references from
VIPs.
A number o f objections have been raised to the suggestion of the CVC. An e~amp\e i~ the
article bv M.N. Buell- in The Pioneer (25 February 2000), 'To Remove CorruptiOn, Begtn at
the Tha1;a'. T he firs t argument against the CVC's suggestion is that other constitutions do_not
have such a provision. Another argument is that merely enshrining a new fundamental nght_
may not reall y ensure us corruption-free service. A third is that already the conr~pt \~l
corru ption-free service is enshrined in the Constitution. A fourth argument is: how w1ll thiS
ri 11.ht be implemented?
.
The fi rst reason why corruption-free service must become a fundamental nght of every
citizen is that it is a basic necessity for good governance. Good governaoce today c~;;
considered to be a universal human right. We already have ~ Natio~al Huma~ Rl~ sf
on. and human nghts
1lave been recogmze

d by the Umted
. . Nauons. In thas
\ ~
be o
Comrmss
1
1 ted very etlecuvc\y and a so

m&
globalization human n ghts are geumg arttcu a
.
ia)\y .1 W
implemented~ The right to good governance must be a pal1: of bum~ n~hts, espec f ~-. h.
w h had expeneoce of daffercn\ typesftbe
o fe&h._
context of our current state m tstory. e ave
~
0
and governance, and we have adopted democracy, which ensu==ment
by the people and for the people as the best model for good go
82
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
by
.Is now be. 111 g ,recognitcd
f corrup11011
od COrpor:llc
The neQative impacl of rhc phenomenon
realized rhal go
.
1
.r111erna11onal
:. lrkc
.
" ld f3 ~1k wh1ch
. . , <;annnl
I o li o \\
bodrcs
rhc \"'or
. . ~ave
G
>d
g.ovclndncc
'
11 JOt
I 6 rid be rrkcn
'
rheTI!Ion~ s 1 l
'
e.owm:mcc is ncccssar) in rhc conlc>-..1 f gd0 lnlltilll0
1 1ivhl
~
.
11
ew
fundarncnra
1:'
1
,
ecn .:
I' n.:atc1
11
unless rhcrc 1s a check on corrup11011. liS
1 II'\' whrch ttt S s
. the cxpcncnccs
. of rhc lasr
ce ll l vc
1 s li ke rhos"
as rhc crvs1nllinrion
ol
.
sal
pnncrp
e
"
.- '
..
I . n ol certa in unr 1
interacuon i'lOJOng 'arious nations and the cvo UIIO
.
re lating 10 human ri ghrs.
. .
. 0 f(i1ce for private profit , can n eve~ p.o
It is ob' ious thai co rruption, whrch IS Ihe usc of publ~c
distorts the machinery of tire
alono with good governance. In other words. cornrptron to~a 11 y
... c can utilize it lor
::. 1
c rpyrng an o 1riC .
government. If the public scrvanr, while lC IS oc l
.
the part of the citil.<'n
1 0 11
exploitin!l rhe citi?cn and enrich himself. should there not be a n~l!
fundament alr iuht
11
to ensure-thnt he is not exploited by the corrupt pub! ic servant? 1\ ter ah .' ~ as the power lor
1
fl'
like double jeopardy is O~JV articulating the principle !hat the state. W IC l lc c
.
ore than once ror an o renee.
punishment. will not usc that power to pun rsh a person m
..
. 1
Basicall) the fundamenta l ril!ht should be seen as a right give n to th.e crmen to cnSule tl~t
wrth
the
. state. w1rc
''I 11 Iws a lithe 1)0\\'Cr rs
he has a lc'el playing ticld so- far as his intcrnctron
.
. I .
c.oncern~:d.
an arQUillCilt that other countncs
do not have IllS
1 Irun damen 1a I n oht
Ill llC'!r
rhere 1$
co
.
constiturions. The countries with which we mar be comparing ourselves nre of two 1.' !JI'~;
The.' m<l) be cou111ries rhat arc de,e lopcd like. United States or Britain. which. ~h.anks ~o
.'ears of e,ofuri on. have much less corrupt governments. So far as the common Clttzens m
1hese count1 ics nrc concerned. at least the' do not have w lace the problem of corruption n!
e,ery stage when they interact wi th a public office. In India this is not the s ituation .
TI1erefore. the Indian citizen has to be protected by being offered thi s additional right.
The other I) pe of countries are those that are less developed than India or more corrupt 1han
India. The point is. if these coun tries do not have such a fund amenta l right. should \VC: <JIS l
~rnulate th~m and sink deeper into the morass of corruption and bad gov'"ernance? I am sure
an) sensibk Indian would agree that it is better that we rea lize the corrosive efTcct or
corruption. which is ant i-national. anti -poor and ant i-economic development. We ntust
s.t rengthen the foundation of good governance by including this right in the fun damental
nghts chapter.
!he nex_t ques~ion 1ha1 is raised is how wi ll) this fundamental right be different from otlwr
rssuc:s.
lrke
or fundamen tal righl c0 r 110usmg.
1
. a fundamental
. .
. right for
. breathirw
1:'
w 111c
1 one
former prrme mrr11ster IS now rastnl!,? The fundamental right of co..

c
d 'ff
b
-: .
11upt 10n-rree servtcc rs
e~e~t, c:cause 111 111e a _sence o l th1s n~ht. all Ihe other rights that have been con l'crr<'<l on
the CI!Jzen become meanmglcss. Take lor example Article 14 0 f h C

r
h
h fi
.
t e
onst1tut10n wl 11ch
Co n1
ers on t e Clttzen t e undamental n gh1 of equality be[!
1

law. If a citrzen is interacting with a corrupt public servant. ~:eo:~:~d equa~ protccllon. ol
.ro be treated. on the same foot ing as another citizen who bribes tl1 IS definttely. not DP".~g
I hus. the pnnciple of equality before law and eq al
.
at corrupt publtc scrv~pl.
u protectton of Ia\ , d.
d t
I
11e conupl public servant and the phenomenon of bribery.
\ IS ston e )CC~use
1
Article 19 g ives a fundamental right to business or

fl
.
permit license raj that one o f the points generallv pr'odesson. It ~s _the experience of our
clearances 1S that rhe cirizen who is in busine~s is go' rna e by puhhc servants who control
mg to make 1 f
~ance. The corrupt public servant thinks that he 0 h
~ Ot o pro fit becaus<' of I
1
1M profe ional or the businessmen. This is the ki~~ e /as a ng~r to s hare in the profit
o corrupt Jon by wh.
83
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

serva11t exploits the public offi ce for his or her private gain Th f d
.
.
r
.
.
.
e un amental nght for
l
prolcssron or
affected by the public se rvant msrs11na
on h1:s or
.
, >usrncss thcrcrore IS drrectly
h~:l 11.. 111 \\.; L(lll tlaus :-..;.; that corruptiOn c.oes direct!) anainst the nll" a I d (' - d
. I
.
.
e
~ nr nee
lllll amenta
I'l l.! Ill of profeSS IOn. f he ..-unc can b e S<:l ld abou t the rioht for freedom of spce h
d
1
-
d
':
.
.
.
.
o
c a.. ree om
ol 1110\Cillcnt. If a corrupt poltce
offrcraluscs
hrs or her power ofoflicc to f e St net
a CltiZCn
.
.
because the latter has not bnbed hun or her, then the official is indirect!} preventin!! !he
exercise of the fund amental right of the citizen by his act of corruption.
1\t this stage. a point m ~'Y be raised. So many fundamental rights are already in ex 1stence
and me being not irnplcntcnted: then how will addition of one more fundamental riuht make
th<: situation bc11er? The great advantage is that the inclusion of a new fundamental ~r ght like
the 1 ig.ht to cornrption -rrcc service sends a signal throughout the countrv that there is :1
nationa l consensus on the problem of corruption as a social evi l. So th~ Co~stitution confers
a ri ght on the ci tizeo to enable him or her to take on the corrupt public servants. Widespread
awareness about the inclusion of thi s new fundame ntal right will bring in a new g,eneration
or student s who. ri ght from their school days. wiII become av~are of this right as they study
the structure of governance in our country. Public awareness in turn will crystallize into
public opinion. , .. hidt wi ll pro' ide the requisi te sanction for modifying social beha\ 10ur.
Further. the very fact that rhis is a fundamen tal right wi ll ensure that the highest court;, th..:
land . the Supreme Court, can be approached. In addition to the provisions relatin ~ to
Prevention of Corruption Act or other preventions about misuse of public ofiices. the fact
that a citize n's fundamenlal right has been violated will also make the courts take a mor\:
serious view. We can expect a se ries of decisions from 'the court. which in tum " ill go a
lonu
\va\. in bringin!.!.
about a sea chanue
in the legal framework and the aJministrati\\:
.....
0
culture under which the exccut in! functions.
Criticisms lik e those from l3uch do not take into account the fact that sometimes inclusion of
a ri ght in the Constitution itself leads to social changes. This probably can be said of the
provisions made in our Constitution regard ing the abolition of untouchability. nondiscrimination. ill-treatment. empowerment of the weaker sections and so on.
It can be argued that the fundan~~ntal rights already enshrined in the ~onstitution also ensure
the riuht for corruption-free service. If we consider that the state shall not deny any person
equality b~fore the -law and equal protection of law within the te_rritory of India .. .it can
perhaps be argued that Article 29 (ii) need not be there at alL_ The mam ~urpose of ~rttck 29
(ii), from my plain reading of the Constitution, is to parttcularly art_tculate an ~por-t nt
fundam enlal ri a.ht of minorities, so that this is not lost sight of. More amportant, nunontaes
can exercise th~ir ri ght and get the protection of the law in exercising their right.
.a:, ':
~
Similarly. Article 17 specifically aboli~he~ untouchability. This~ a social ~vil .
be pa 11icularly me ntioned in the Constitution as a fundaments~ n ght. COITUf'IOO as ..-1~
social evil than untouchability and therefore why n?t specafically ~taon .~ -~
eliminating corruption by making a fundamental nght of every lndaan a&aea
corruption-free service.
r. ll abolished
by iRCiusioa ia . ., .. . .
Another social ev1l that has ~en spect 1 ~ 8 Y
Orced labor (Aitidt 2l). PRIII-4
rights is prohibition of traffic m human beangs
ti
....., . . . .
etc undr Article 24 IS ......

employment of ch1ldren an actones! . . dlllllliiiii,....IIIJI
being eliminated by including the ehmanataon and eo......
ant!
84
PAVAN KUM AR'S lAS

. d:unc lli:JI 1ichrs.
b' spcc ilic nlt.nrion in rhc chapreron tun
. J .
gel
Cl) ~(,l 11 1/(;
IIlii.)
t"I1 1.ClllS Ill lUll
'
.
c;l'IWrnlh. rht \<llt~ts in a !illcier~ under1-1c ll:l<fiuons 1rn<

>rinciplcs
urH1,., 1) 111g the l cg1slatro n.
1
.
I he l>Oul ol. rrad1110ns
1 1110sr c~scllWl
I the hsr 50 vcar.5 of the wo1 1"11 11~
IC!.!ISI:llltln
or llc
- o 1,
\\!' 1
. 11l r1lc c.
xpencnce o 1 , rvcialh
'
1 lC I)ltenomcnon
of
l.!t'l- ~ttlccttd 111 the Consuturwn.
.
1
.
1 <Je ' elopmenrs. dcs~--ental nl!ht

.
1or co1 fli J>IIon-frec
rhe
Consr uuuon
~md 1nremauona
1ud ed the . tun
~
ulob~ t.r i:7allon. ir is high rime thnt we 1nc
. . :u11. '
-sen ice in rhe chapter on Fundamcnwl R.1gIliS .Ill rhc ( onstltUilOI1.
.
L
85
. rc trc many who p01 nr Out
11 <
. make patenr '' I1:11 IS
. P1s
. to
. IIows. I1y tl1l:
Such a mc.asurc: '' 1fl
C 111ned and Iaten!. . lCfree
servrce
.
. he Cl)llSIIIUIIOil
. . all<I s,.
w rhar
.
l<lthe other p101 ISIOn:,
oft
: corruptAron. 'C hnvc
seen a bov~:, , I I11:
.
.
.
,.
I
(l1S
III UI1011.
s
\\
'
. Ills
1
obsen a nee of rhc other pro1 rs1on~ o r le <
.
f other fundamental t If'
ni
nst
the
exercise
o
.
I
..
.
.
.
phenomenon o f comrp110 n 111 a wny goes_ ng,
d for ex plicitly art1 cu at1ng
mcn11o ncd in th~ Cons rirution. There IS there fore a lnecl d,. citizen so that what is
11
.

.
.
corrup11on-frcc
servrcc
as a patent (iunc1amen tnl righr of 11e
. .n 1"beco mes cx plic11.
Mak1ng
.
. I . I
I
. . . s of the Consrllulron
t tile countr)' abo ut the
.
latenr and l)'tng hr du :n 111 11c 011er prov1s10n.
. c.'\ pl1crr
. . has tht ad ,.:H11<l!!c.' o 1- .scnlrrng, a -~ 1 =un 'n l rhrouo
rhrs
. c-1l .Oll.
f this country
commirmcnr o fr hc srate for improvi ng rhc qua lity of lite oft he Ctii ZCnS 0
. "''-11 remalll
on ly on .paper At best. it mm
There nw, be many who "i ll sm rhat at best thts
i
be onlv a ~osmetic vcr ba l ~:tcstur~. But the Const iwrion is nor a cosmetr c verbal d_ocument. I
is a livin!!
- doc ume nt ar1iculauno
- the spm
t of the peop 1e as
crys talli zed b)' rhe Jeo
.c- rs laturc and
.
- b, the JUdtcwn.

"' rhrs
fiun damen ta 1 ~tg
It
as
rnrerpretcd
lncludmg
l rl1erefo re mav
- beoo rn perhaps
.
a 'erhal !!e.st;rre. hut in rh~course of-rime. with the! continuous interpretation of the nght by
the Supreme
Coun and the judiciary. ~~e can expect that a soc1a1 c_hange ~ an .be .brought
about in socre11. A fter a ll. we ha,e seen. to r instance. the a ffi rma tr vc actron rn favor of
weaker sectron~ of socic t1 . Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. and minorit ies being
a n iculared fi rst in the Co~st itution and the subsequent history of 50 years a nd the jud icial
acrio n. This has, in a '"ay. resulted in bringing about social change. Bring ing about soc ial
c hange. especially by way of checking I corruptio n and impro ving governance, the re-fore is
a n importalll aspec t, and inc lusion of the new fundam ental right can be taken as a first step
in lhat long journey. The journey of a thousand miles begins with a sing le step, says a
Chinese proverb. Perhaps as we begin the journey as a republic in the twenty-firs t century.
art iculating this new. fundam ental right may be a right step towards mak ing India a we llgo ve rned country. .
Citizen's Fundamental Rights in the Past

fn fact, it is interesting that in the past. even though we had kings, CitiZens \-vere a lso
empowered. The general impression about ancient methods of ruling a country is th<ll there
"':as no sa~ at all oft~c pc~~le in the affairs of the state. and that the king was all in all ll1e
J.:tng .of course had h1s mrnrs ters and other camp fo llo wers in the court. and whate ve r 1he
J:ing deddcd w do in consort with his ministers was the law that was enfo c d b his
offic
ials. This is what we all think was the state of afTairs in ancient times WI r e
ye~ in
,
f ~
h.
.
lat rs mor .
t re name o ,:.uropean 1s toncal rcs~rch, it is even said that in those days the brahmirt; in
1he cuun ', "e re the de facto rulers, smce they had the king under tt e tl
b
1
1 1r 1um anc 1 !11 ... 1.11 1
got e\:er~ r ung one lo perpetuate the1r comforts and heoemony It

d -
d
.
e .
was, an stt 11 rs.
appear 1ha1 de mocracy was somcthmg
taught to us hy Westerners.
' mH e lO
fn f.1c1. c:r. en in Vedic limes. eons ago. the country was be
d . .
.
common man's opinion. """ich was fully reflected in the c:o dng ru 1ef WHit lull SCOJ1(' . f~r 111ef
n llcto theday-t<>-dayaffmrso
]]
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

the stale. 1he Vedas ralk about several methods of administration such as 'sabha'.
':,cm1111 ' nnd ~'tdlwtaa' It 11as ~ group of intellectu~ls fro~ a.mong the people who got
ro~\.'th~-:1 . ddrht..rah:d on all aff:ms of st:Jte and then la1d c!own the norms. according. to which
rl~c k 1_n~ tulcd the country Lvcn Europca~ researchers _l~Y th~t ~uch groups assisting the
l..1ng 111 Ius admtntslrallon d1d not compnse ont) the brahmms and the kshatri~as (th..:
\\.lJitlors). hut pr<>vided lor universal representation for ever) interest in th..: country. Sri
/\urohindo's four chapters on 'Indian Polity' in his classic The Foundations of the Indian
Culture reveal vividly the nature of true democratic grassroots governance in anc1ent lndia.
'Rudram' is a popular piece in the Vedas. It is fou nd in the Taill iriya Samhitaof
th~: >/ojurveda. It is known for the words namo namah that nm through most of the hymn. II
is a hymn dedicated to Rudra. In it obeisance is paid to everything on earth. movable and unmovable . The idea is that everything on earth is permeated with the all-pervading god.
the poromatma, . and everything is .lil'a swaroopa. While thus paying obeisance to
everything. reference is made to 'sabha' and '.wbhapati'. The 'sabha' referred to is the body
or people set for attending. to the affairs of state and 'sabhapati' is the president of such a
body. Whatever we mean by legislative assembly today ,...:..s the s~n , of the set-up called
'sabha' in ancient times. To such an assembly. designed to do ~ood to the common people,
obeisance is paid in 'Rudram' .
'TI vll of the people is the wi ll of the god' is not any ne\\ mouo imported. but one that
le \ I
.
h bh
was there eons ago in Vedic rimes. \Ve learn from tho:: Vedas that membc_rs of sue a sa a
o r assemblv must li rst of all be ofhigh intellect. good conduct and. most1R1portant. have the
talenr and 'capaci ty to put across points of view eiTectivel ~. In fact. there are very man~
mantras in the Vedas prayi ng for these three qualities.
.
.
.
In o lden days a ruler was not only not allowed to go h1s way but was o~lt gcd to ~un the
as had been laid down bv
the shastra.\ Dharmashastra.
country 111 sueh a manner
c
h \..
Arthashastra a nd the shastra relating to jurisprudence. !here was ~he rtl.!ag u~' (t c ~~~g s
teacher). the ministers and an assembly of intellectuals, JO co_nsultatton wtth w om t1lC mg
ruled the country. This was the arrangement for ruling the entire country.
The point 1 am trying to emphasize is th~t even in o~den da~~,' dt~~nc~::t~~~i~; ~::~ ~~:ot~s~
what we now con~i?er a~ the democratre t~proac d~~:~o -~oint out the ditTcrencc between
committee of ~dmrmstrauon was adopted. t ~~~;method was better. An administrator of a
the two methods and to argue that how the
l.fi .
a-d should be lit to kcome
h ld h e the proper qua tcatton
..
country or a town s ou
av
h
tl appropriate qualilic:\lion and quahttes
1
administrator. It follows that only th~se \V 10 bave 1~ d In the case of the admin tstt ation
could be permitted to stand for electiOn an~ e a pi pomte t. od b)' the side of the rulinr king
.
.
.
I
rown pnnce a ways so
of a country. rn ancient ttmcs t le c
I
ld. of the asscmblv \\hO took ('.lr~ to
and had the advantage of being watched by Wt',e e ersh elders< retired .or died. the crown

1 d. ction
1en sue
L
canalize his energ1es m the ng lt tre
:
d d' mtnation such that he \\OuiG.,~
,1 d xn.>nence an tscn
.. ld
prince would have by then d eve ope e ~""~. t o le similar to the old people, who cou
in a position to decide who wou~d be the ~~h h~ i~ the administmtion. l lcrc lhe kmg o\ lhe
become members of the assemblies and gm e _m
.
.
lfltad the 'appointing authonty.
h1msc
crown pnnce
. or tI\e ng
. Itl wa\S
of lhmg torand
lht:
.
d wilh the dlwmuc
-.
The DJwrmashastra was concemc . h d d' . d d the conununily inlo sc\'cral secuon lu
Preservation of these dharmic way~ 11 ~ rv. c d down several guidehnes and ru
r:
.
d m umson, lt 1a
10 ensure that they .uncttone
12
\!
86
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
being Its vcry na111e s

11110
1t ion of .,
come
trtt
10
I
Prrncipnlly for this Jlurr>osc did the f)lwrmct.\ '

111 rhe :tdn JnliS II I I f
'
cnncd '\. 1for
'OhnnnashJSII .1' and not 'Rnjynshasrrn'.,lmltro
tO ll
the cowl II )' a; a \\ 10 .,; or
. IJlelHIS.,,"s:; not on 1'
.
t'Cilllllr\ It c.:'Hllt' into hcill" to t'~tnh IISI1 rll'
,. , . ( 1v1111! II cIl"Ill .\ r-,,
u
'
"'
111 Ius d l\ IOl 1

.
<: JII /CII

. :( IIIC<Hr ~) \\:1) of Id e for 1.1
.
1 dlun nuc
rl!:!
1J 1ISIling
that 11 wns rht dtiiV ol the.: l-.1111.! to U1Wic.:
I .... jJ~III o 1 cs1.1

. 1I olden <nvs ,IS ' 1
1
r~opk The stare ntlrninistrntion \\;Is cons<kc.:d " IC
111 lrthmlut.\ tra and Shukra

dh:mnn. n r1ghrcous w:w of !l vull!. SITmtrm. such '1 ~
c ./. stlfc Yet thcv all, by
. . - ti 1
1 nistrauon o 1 1 ,,.,>v'
s n was thCit' to
1\'edflhmlro C<l mc to be used Jlnnctpall v or 11c a< 1111
howcvcr. 1 ' 1 10
and lrtr!tl'. followed the Dhnrmosha.\ fm. In some respects .. . . 1 '\pcdicncies. 13ut then
.
.
.
)/
I I . 10 Still 1lllllld c .
11 be such as not to
denatt' slightly from the rules ol tht' I wn11t1' Ull ta .
.
. .
. . . . . I 11 lin~.trHIIOil l> 1lOll '
.
tht J:!OH'IIllll~ pr111C1pk was that the hnss ol sr,ttc nc
\VI , . , . , .
any cont1 1ct
. .
'J')I .
/ 1(1 \'(1'(1
11: II:\ c 1
endanc<:r 1/w srmt nnd suucwrc ol unma.l

'd . 1 to 111,
.
I . . \\'f\S CO ilS I Cl C(
( <.:
bctl\<.'t>ll , 111hmhmtra and f)/uummlw.Hroorosc. the
aucr
' .
I
t ,. . <>llg tit'
.
.
. 0 f the fours ws11 1 ' 1111
....
rtccdcnce <Her the IOIIllCr. I hcDharnw.1lwstro 1s on~.:

. (s borlin11 _
\ t utl cy' w e' e
fi)Unccn l'id)'as, whereas the Arthnslwstrn rs on 1Y one 0 f the lour upnn&n.
.
1 t 11H l
.
.
.
I
1'
.I
k
'
f
I
c
ci")'S
hnd
clnunc<
rc
)
organ o r the Vedas. 1 h1s rs ww nm 111gs o t1os <'
'
.
.
..
, t'o say IS thi'H 11 was not

followers
otOhnrmas/wstm
and not Artlwshwtm. What 1 nm trylll:g
not make amendments to cx.tst111g
I""'vs but it was held that the

k1ngs
d1d
thai those :111C1ent
:1 dllt1 110 1 t r'"tnrtc.:d bv

baSIC SIIUCtlllt: Of the /)har/1/t/\h(/.\f/'U \HIS 10 be 11l(lllll:t111t:C
, amendnH:
. nts
ll) <.'\1St111!.! l,l\\ S Ill the name o f COiltill!!C ilCies Of SI<11C administratiOn Ill s uit the COilVCili CI.lCC
or rhose r~llinl! ns rhcv t.~cd. Whik the tree of the administr:-~tion of n kingdom was being
protected. the- rrcc ";hose roots were Dharmo.\hastra.' the protection \\':lS done wi tho ut
damaging the roots nnd new Jaws were just like branche~ or the tree . .lust as the brancl~cs or
a tree arc clipped when needed. "so ''ere amendments made of even the new laws. .
u s lim<:lll)l)fng but ,1bo fill tiK:.indl\rdual
dc.:HIIl
Conclusion: A Three-pronged Srnu c~

'"'ill be :tble 10 tack It' corruption only if we are able to lollow a three-point strateg). The
firsr IS rhe simplification of rules nnd regulations so that the scope for corruptio n is rrduced.
fhe second is cmpowc::ring the public and ushering in greater transparency. The thi rd is
eflecti\e punishment. We have just seen how in the past the public was empowered in our
countf). We have also seen how Manu and Tiruvalluvar had both highlighted the nred !'or
effecri,e punishment.
\\'e
In the comext of COrf1Jption in India today. I will suggest the following tor considera tion for
ctrecriv~ pun~shm~Rt of rhe corrupt. It is imponant to have laws that ,~ill punish the corrupt.
Corruption r_od_ay ~ ~ur country has become a low-risk high-profit business activity. The
1.-a\\~ Comnusst~n n 11s ~67th repon ha.d suggested the enactment of rhe Corrupt Public
Sen ants (Forfe11u~e o~ Pro~rty) Acr. Thts Act has been pending with the government since
February 1999. It IS h1gh t1me that this law was enacted so that corrupt public SCJVntJt~; do
not take advantage o f the present legal process themselves 10 csc"pc
1
II
h"oJJ
"
puntS1mcnt.
tt'
c. J g' 1liS o f the Act are gven
111 the fo llowing paragraphs.
As from _rite commencement of this Acr. it shall not be lawful for
.:.
Acr applies ro hold any illegally acquired ro r
.
. any person to w ho m '1h1s
person on his behalf. Where a p pel ty euher ~y himself or through any ~tlwr
ny person 1olds any 111e ,3 11 ,
contravention of the provisions of subsection ( 1)

h
g ) acqwred prop' '1 y 111
b) the central govemmenr in accordance w'th
, sue ~r?pcrty shall be liable Lo .fot k ilurc
1
11e provrs1ons of tl A N
.
.
anythmg conraule(j m this Acl a person 110 ld.
.
HS Cl. OlWILhslan<1111g

'
rng any 11lega ll
. . Y acqUJrcd propc:rt y m
ConlraveoiJon of the provsons of subsection ( 1) h
5 11
also I table for punishment with imprisonment th' a. on conVICIIon by a crimina l <:olnt . be
a 1 WI11 nor be 1css
111an seven years and maY
l3
87
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

extend to 14 years.
I he pwvisions of this Act sl)<lll apply to:
I c:vc1) publit !>C:rvant who (a) has bc{n found euiltv of
.
dtS<: Iphnary/dcp<tnmcntal inqUiry. (b) is holdmo or is. - . . corruption. n a
10 possess1on of propertieS that
. . 1
,
"'
-.1re < l!>proportton,l\e to lw; 1-.nO\\ n means of income (c) r d
- .
f
.
IS Oun 1101dme or m
posscss1on o proper11cs whether 111 the course of a sea h d
.
rc . ra1 or survey bv an
'
authonty or 10 any other manner "hatsoever. for which )1.. cannot r
ll
1
.
.
~
urn1s11 an
accepta
> e exp <malton or w 111ch are disproportionate to his known n1ca ~ f
2
.
n,. o mcome..,
~. every pcrso~l w 110 ISa rc l at~ve of the public servant referred to in clause ( 1); .
.> every assoemtc of the pu hllc servant rc fer red 10 in clause {1);
4. any holder of any. property that was :11 any time previously held by the public
sc1v<Jnt clcrrcd to 1n clause ( I ). unless such holder proves that he: was a 11 ansfcrcc in
good faith for adequate considcrnt ion: and
5. any pe rson who has deposited any amounts or other movable properties in any bank
or any other concern outside thl! territory of India. or has acquired any properties
outside the territory of India without the requisite permission of the appropriate
.
authority in India.
6. Many a time, apart from the plethora of laws leading to dela~s: causing red tape and
corruption. many laws themselves provide cushions of safety for the corrupt. rhcsc
cushions or safc t:. must be systematical\~ removed.
In addition to passing fresh legislation hkc the Corrupt Public Servants (Forfeiture of
Property) Act. law-makers should also insist on implementing laws that have already been
passed and have a bearing o n chc'cking corru~tion. For exan1plc. in I 988
the Benami Transaction Prohibition Act \\as passed. Section S pro-.:tdes for conliscation or
benami properties and Section 8 provtdes for rhe government to prescribe the rules under
which con fiscation could rake place. The eve had requested the government in Janual')
1999 to notify the rules. This has not yet been done.
Prompt action on implementation of such laws will go a long way in fostering a corruptionfree government. lf'there are any difficulties in registration, they can be suitably modified so
that the present situation where a law has been on the statute book for nearly 12 years but
not yet implemented can be corrected.
As the above analysi~ shows. three things stand ~~t as the stable features for ensuring ethics
in public administration. The lirst is the nl!ed for observing dharma or the principle 'h~)\Yt'\Cr
high you may be. the law-is above you'. The concept ofrajadharnw has to be pracllccd. In
order to ensure that rajadharma is practiced. law-breakers should not becom: law~ma~,lrs.
There is need for making changes in our system so that the majesty of the law tS matnt:unc.l.
The second important aspect is protecting. the weak and ensuring. that th~ nu 1 ~ pt
1111aya
of bahujanu sukhayacha bah1yana

c ha lS pracf teed This. is possible onlv. tl ,.. e
observ~ the third principle of effective punishment as Manu has sa1d.
od b e\en making
1 have e.iven some ideas on how we can empower the pubhc
mt ay s u~e Y d .a
corruption-free service for every citizen of this country a fundamenla' _ngh,t. ~- (llhlu
h
l for the corrupt Fma' y, tu..- ct tC:) m
and implementing laws to gtve deterrent pums men . . . . f \,oer
public administration will depend a lot on those who are m ~stttons 0 po
""S
,
h 11 a there is vision Where lh "
Where there is yogeshwara Krishna, >;hcpwt.JU pu~u.~ o an\ ' When both are combined then
Arjuna'thc dhmwrdhara'skiHed competence II\ acuon prevat s.
14
88
PAVAN KU
MAR'S JAS
thrccconH:rsto'ncs,
> 1
ce After'
11 j he these thrt.'c
1.,
three: n:suf1s nrisl.' There is success \\ Caflh and Juslr
rn<h cnn
~
.
. . .
.
I c;l cro :
. 11011 Iron) our c 1a~!>J .
lll<.::lsurrng "heth<.r a puhlrc :lcfllliiiiSir:trron ~ on t:lll . r rnsprr,r
.
, ..
c,,l
11f
If'>

..,
lr 'flllfl ~
!! llll Srr'AbrndO.IIt:(.t
flfl) ",
I h Ut 11 Ul 11 I~ rlwr ~ prs trct >Is rhcrc SII CCcss . 0 ) 1 '
tllv
.
''' ~
1
.,. 1t1osc rron1
Jcl
o l raJodhan 1
msrg liS nnd n:mernbc:ring 1/w bcncons of ti!;!hl /r.:c
11 be ntOl
' (/ "
.
1111 wiltOn " '
lc)\\:lrds bw/drn!! a lwrwr /mira 11hcrc publrc adfl1
"
'
:'It' I lOll .
Frhks in Puh/ic ,., drui111 srr:llion

I of Qovcrnmenl. I ollov.. j 1111
.
.
. I cxt:c
, .,,,;vc
PI rII
lrc. ad fllllllslrarron
rs \'rewed
ns 11 p;ur ofrJC
. br:lllC
nnl element
o f lI1c sr.llc po 11 c"'r
Charles de. Montcsquicu rd..:as 1w may recognize cxccutrve as' rtres 10 intly re le t r<.:d to ..
d I . /
.
.
.
. . . . I other struc t
.
cis
an Ill S <.: l'f11Cill C011SISI.S Of agenCICS. lllllliSineS .JJI( .
b'11I 'Sin gcncr<l l nfl tlCli\- iti ,
"PIl Il I1l Ad ITIIIH:-rr~won
... Thrs
vrc" ot pub/1c
admJJIISir.
auon colll
.
cs
. . c. c swtc nwch111crv
o
1
. . 1 , adJ11llliSlra 111
''<:
c ncan111g pu l/1c good and puhlrc interest. W11hrn llt.:

' .
. ceclttrs and manv Oll
d
r
vc:
p10
"
lcr
1
l)l:l." 1111 puhlrc adminbtrlllion officials. special adnunrsrra
mechanisms. which. arr ch;lracterisllc ro all bureaucratic organizauons.

P"[/
.. 1
.
hrcc:\ exten
t -!.!0\ 'Crn S il. 1hro"
) " .It 1111ll1Sir:li10ll ~ ~ n part of 0 11 ,. dnlf\ hie and 10 a ' ~
:
d111111
5
1 s ot the loc;ll com nll 1111

"
' '~'~'-"e :lppM<llu~ n>n.sisr of people \lho arc also JllCIIPc.:t
,.
_'~
(commtlllllleS) Citi7cns :lnd publtc officinls. "ho have access ro pO\\ CI.. hm e ~o . COI!X ISl
logcrhcr in one an.a. one spncc. 1he difference between them is thnt public admini s tration
offic_i:J is ha,c IO pro1ide services in aid ofc6mmunity. Because o!'this wo_rk , b~sed o n public
m?mcs :llld properry rhe possibiliry of betraying public trust is probable. 1 hc_re _1s no s implest
lhlll_g. rhan spend1ng somcone 's monev. even il'\le do nor uet direct profits. l: th1cal behaviour
and. dec1sions mainraining ci tilcns' rr~1 sr. ensure cll'ective ~nd enicicnt usc or resources. and
allo" go~c,~mt'lll ro pll'St'IVC individual rights while assisting those \\hO will benefi t the
most EthiCS IS one of the' 11al components that allow democracy to thrive in any country.
1
Ethics in oovernmcnt
. .
.
::IS cr111ca 1 10 real121ng 1he prom1ses of democracv. In a democrac\
uol'emmem ha
bl '
.
::f . . S an 0 1ga110n tO treat everyone equally and to- provide the greatest oood 10
most o CliiZens The effect'1 I
f
.
.
::offic' 1 d
. 'e operat1on o democrauc governmen t reqUJres thm public

Ia san ernplovces be mdc d
.
.I
decision!> a d
pen ent. 11npart1a. and responsible to the people. Go 1e rnment
. .
1
n po ces should be made ' tl 1
f
office shall
b
'
\.VI llll tle proper structure o government: public
bl' I'
I
not e used for personal gain and II1
integrity of its governmem Wh
.
~ pu IC las to 1ave confidence in 1he

1
en et11cal
wrongdomos and sea 1 d 1
they pose a threat to tbc de
. .
o
~ a s occur rn government
mocra!Jc pnncJples of the rule of law, equi ly. and individ ua l rights:
.
Fraud. bribery and lh
b
.
.
.
.. '
o er a uses tn government take th
fJ
.
lew m poslllon of control. which distorts th
e power rom people and g ive il to a
public life.
e concept of lhe equalily of all participanls of
r he deli nil
ion of social e lhics emb
. .
races a se1 of norms a
c1 , ,
. l<~ractensllc of a group of people Th '

.
. ssessmems and opinions ,I . I
wizcns
.
.
rs very Simple definit'
.
. \\ 11C, nre
Sl<mdards g~~u~~n~ peo~le ~s crealors of norms and stand~~~ of elhtcs p~ints to socicjj,
5 of behav1our. E1hics are
d"
. h
uc1. fhese srandards can be
,.
ISIIngus bcrween the ril!ht and
_app led lo persona l b I .
~~:
prok--ssonal life F II . ~
. wrong ways d~recling bel .
.
c la VIOur. l: lh,rs
o owmg lhrs wav f
.
lav,our 10 0
J
1
- o IHnking
"dlllinislr<tthc crhics
.
we ma
.
ur pcrso n:t 1 1111
1 words
.
usrng 11e
Y es1abl1sh
d ,- 1
f'
admmrsrralion ()lficial
p bl'
.
norms. legal retlal
a
e
111 1100 o
01
ll IC SCrVJCe
~
IOns 'ISS. .
<
essmen1s of public
89
PAVAN K UMAR'S lAS
111e
Puhh<.
: scnncc ethics arc a prerequisite
to. . and underpinninn., of pu bl'IC trust. and arc a
.
.
.
. kcvstollC
o l ~ond ~ov~ r llancc. Publtc scrvtcc IS a public trust Citizens ev
'
.
.- .
. ..
.
.,pee1 pu bl'IC sen ants
w sc1vc tl.lc JHII,Irc ll l l c r c~t \\lth f::urnes~ and_to ~1<1nace ~ublic resources properly on a dail~
bas1s I <llr and H:ltabl<: publtc serv1ces msprrc publtc trust and create a f;wonrable
CllVIronmcnl for businesses. thus COntributing tO well- functioning markets and economic
growtlt.
Public scrvnnts o perate in a chnnging envi ronment. They arc presently subject to grc<~tcr
public scrutiny and increased demands from citizens: they also face stricter limits on
rcsolll ces. I he\ have to assume new functio ns and responsibilities as a result of: dc,olution
and greater managcral discretion: increased commerciali7.ation of the public sector: a
<.: han ging public/priva te sector interface and changing accountability arrangements. In short
rhcy have to adopt new ways of carrying out the business of government. While public
management reforms have realized impor tant returns in tenns of effi ciency and cffccti\'encss.
some of the adjustments may have had unintended impact on ethics and standards of conduct.
I his is not to suggest that changes have caused an increase in miscond\lC! or unethical
bcha' lOlii But the) may pl<~cc public servants in situations involvingconflicts of interests or
obj~ctivc s "here there are few guidt:lincs as tO how they ~hould act. 'I here may i1ideed ~ a
Publ ic Administration Ethics belongs 10 the same family of applied Ethics as bio-Ethics.
Ethics of International Relations, Business Ethics and many others. Applied Ethics ha~ it
foundation in Normative Ethics and Meta Ethics. Ethics deal with the notion of good and C'-il
in the action of every person by analyzing of human behaviour through the prism of ethical
systems. cont~ined. for instance in the Oecalog~e. Meta-Echics applies metaphysical analysis
to the problems of Ethic behaviour. Applied Ethics translates basic ethical values and nom1s
and applies them to the everyday acti\'ities of social and professional groups i~volved 111 the
practice of medicine. genetics. business and every-increasing number of profess1ons.
Administrative Ethics in some of the literature is referred to as the Ethics of Public \!Tairs.
Governance and Politics - growing mismatch between traditional values and ~ystcms
governing the behaviour of public servants and the roles they are expected to fulh\1 in a
changing public sector environment.
Public service has its own values and the most important of them is: the integrit~.
It can be interpreted to cover a broad range of bureaucratic behaviour. but it IS _used also to
refer to adm inistrati ve or public service ethics, to principles and standar~s of nght ~-on~l~'c,t
for public servants. Certain principles and standard~ of ethical beh~vtour (e.g . ~~~~::\st~
k
g) are of such enduring importance 10 all walks of ltfe that ~h~'
prom1se eepm
d
1
fl 1cts hcl''\'cn
,.
described as ethical values. These ethical values can be use to rcso ve co~. d
111 1 1
such public service as responsiveness and efftciency; they can also be app te
< '" '~: s
1 al es like liberty and equa1It\ \)n 1 'c
between public service values on one han d . and soc1a v u
other.
d , loping and maintainmg
Governments and international a~encics draw t:~ri~tte~~~~ ~~d::~stmti~n as a m<:ft-1 uf

high standards and values, ethtcs and condu . I p
' ts of ethical infrastlucture of
combating corruption. All these factors arc c~scntta compom:t
public life.
. . 1.or Eco non\,". Coo""ratton

auld
- d b h , Orgamzatton
,~
The term ethics in frastructure as dchnc Y t ~
d rocesses for ~~~uhttm& ~~~an~
refers to a range ot tools an p
O)
DeveIo pmc n t (OEC
16
90
PAVAN KUM AR
'S lAS
conduct of l'ublic
w cncoural:""c c..ood
undesrrnbk
hch ~rvwur and/or provr"d"rng nlC''IliiVCS
~
oOicrals.
, ~<1nrt111r.: as li.liiO" ~
.
' I )H. ' 1111 "'
l h~ O J CD r,knrrli~,.. ~r)!hl 1-~, cornpom'lll' ,1/ 111 '- 1
1) J>olit ic:rl comnHIIlll'lll
b) lffcctivc fegill fr.ttlll'WOtlc) Ellicicrll :tc~ount.rhility rnc:ch:111isms.
d) Workable codts of conducl,
..
c) Professional soc inli1ation nKclwnisms (including 1111 1111 ng).
I) Supportive puhlrc service condilions.
g) r, istenc~ of nntr alcth1cs coordinating hod)
. . 15 of officials.
h) :\n active crvrl soc rtty ilhk to net as n \\:llrhdog over thc ncllOI
e or more of thr<'e
. s
r
ClliiC .per fonn 011
Lnch
of the compom.nt'> of 1he cthrcs
rnrr:rstru
b 11 aviour or ma n.lurnu
.
. r H! ''lll(hnce 10f e, ( tcmcnts andI the.
ovcrlnpping roles rp controllrng bchav1our. proviC 11 ~ "' '
.
"
, .,
.
I c. of each o t 1H:Sc ~:
other clements o f IlK' rnu as11 ucturc. 1c tmpor an ~:
lC. concl iti orls and
.
. t 101 n l and l.!ovcrnnr ~.:
n.:ln11vc synergy he l~\ l'en them wrll depend on 11H! rnst1

u' ' '
- .
tmdil ions or' each t'ounlr y.
:<
.
.
.
.. .
. f ?ublic scna rlls is cx tn.:mclv
rders rotthico; in public admrniSiratiOil. I he rnt~gnl) 0 I
llllJl\H.I<llll fl) the prc:;tn:llroll of public 1nrst and conlidencc in governmen t.

Polllical leadership :tnd commitmcnl nrc Olll' of the 11\0SI signi licant clements
~thical_
infrastructure of publtc life 1here is no doubt thot for the successful irnp!cmcntatron_ o f
refonns it is crucinl 10 secure the cenain level ofburcaucrptic cornmitmen.t to ftght corruptron
and other unethicnl p~<lCIICcS
lnt cgrll~
or
L vcr y courlll y has ccrtnin kgnl framework \\lth provisions 10 cover various unethica l and
corrupt practices such as tht' brc<JCh or offi cia l lrust and duties. abuse o r power.
misappropriation. and ex to1ion. corrup1 prac1iccs. ncccptance o f undue advan1agc and ~b rse
of o iTicials influence. 1 he key problem is. there fore. not corruption. but weak enfo rcement.
Without effective enforcement mechanisms. lega l and administrative provisions on c1hic ~ ~:n l
corruption are in themselves ineffective. Weak enforcement capacity may be blamed parity
on the fact that severa l documents. which makes access to them difficult. especially where
enforcement olricers lack experience.
Accountability" system is determined by the strengths and weakness of the cxistinl!
organi_zationa l ~rrang:ments and procedures to detect and punish corruplio n and olhc r
~
Unethical praclrces. 1 he weaknesses of 1he adm inislrative system wilh impl ication for elhics
arc_ structu~a~ hierarchies. cumbersome procedures and weak conlrol over adminislralivc
ac11on. lnd1v1dual sen ior officials seem to wield too much power and d'
1
f
. .
ISCreltOn Wtl lOlii
e lect1ve accountability.
Adm1 n1strative procedures arc such lllat roL11 1 ne de
b r.
,.
CIStOilS y II Onl
111e stall olten have to be cleared throuoh the hierarchy Tile co
1
1 .,
.
. .
.
. ~
.
nsequenccs ol 11a1 _arc

rc su lin.,. dela)s and frus trat rons rn obtamiiH! dec 1sions and ser
~ ,
b
v1ces on 11 mc w 111 c h pm1 y
encourages nbery and pclly corrup1ion at the poinl of service deli v
.
s implify svs1ems and proced ures

d
ery. T here IS nead 10
.
111 or er 10 remove lhe u

01ganizarional sys1ems lhal crcale 0
.. r
.
nnecessary 1>1oc.lwp1 ~ .~~
.
ppon unJt1es lOr bnbes tO be
J r
,
I~!lues rcfo1 ms and anti-corruplion slrategies \VO ld

b
e~torlec 'rom lhc .pu I> lie.

u no1 c use ful 1f 111
1 f' 1
h
res1r~c1rve laws and c umbersome processes tlla l
d. d .
.
ey c I 111 p acl' I e
.
.
pro ucc 1nce 111
f' b
.
unclluc<d pr;JciJCcs tn the lirsl place.
IVC or n bery and othcJ
17
9t
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

rnforclll!! accountabiltty for the exercise of bureaucratic po
h be
.
wer as come more d1flicu1 as
pu bl 1c.: scrv1cc I~<rs conllnued to grow in si:zc and as the

b
l}
.
I.
. II . ' .
.
.
rr responsl lhllcs have grown in
comp CX II )
11.: u~.:cr::.lun-mak tng process 1n novcrnnwnt is oft"
1
.1
- .
. 1f
.e
d) so engt 1y and complrcated
that 11. 1s t 1 licult ro .smglc out those

. . publrc scrvams '"ho sho u1<1 bc 11eII< responsrblc
tor
spct d1c r cco n~rn e nda11ons and decrsrons. Another ohstack on tiP road 1
b'
..
.
.
<:
'
o accounta 1litv IS the
w1de range o r aulh<>rtlltS to whtch public servants arc deemed to be accountable.
Code o~ ethics play a guiding role in the ethics infrastructure, but Lhcy also take on a
controlling func11on s1ncc they establish and publicize boundaries of behaviour and set
standards for public servants. Whatever level they apply to. the development and
mrlt;mcntatron of workable codes of ethics require sound management strategy that secures
gcrHIIne employee acceptance of undcrl} mg 'alues and ethics being promoted. The creation
. of Codes of Llhrcs or other forms of polrcics w1ll be counterproductive if such instruments
temnin ns no more -than a collection of slogans or nice. good-looking principles. In such n
case, politicinns seeking to verify their intentions or proposals as "good or "<!thica\' will
make usc of them .
.'
";
In reality such instruments can serve as means of "covering" rllegal activities and lead to not
only legal hut also to a cynical form of moral corruption. Opposition politicians might usc
such standards as tools in their partisan lights " ith g.overning p:111ies without any real concern
for the principles involved. On the other hand. governing parties can use them as a fo,m of
cover-up" and as a means of defence against valid criticism. Such pract1ces will work a short
time only and wiJI then lead to the loss of public trust. ''hich. once lost. is difficult to regain
or rebuild.
'
As Rose-Ackerman has pointed out ''if public sector pay is 'ery low. corruption tends to be il
survival strategy". Public service conditions. particularly human resource policies, llirccLiy
inOuence conduct. The conditions may be more or less conductive 10 ethical behaviom by
public servants. For example, low payments in public sector are partly blamed for the
prevalence of petty corruption and other unethical practices in \ow-income countries. Ins 1 1r
as these conditions can affect morale and productivity in the public services and 11 P. J<.' .e
ethical behaviour. they cannot be ignored by any reform of ethics. Public sen ice con<l' 011s
are also directly related to the ability to attract and retain qualified_ and experience\ st.~ I f.
Human resource management capacity within the various line including institutions. lS also
weak.
Systems and procedures for recruitment, promotions and transfc~. trtl~ ning oppor_tunitics ha,:e
critical roles to play in managing ethics and checking corrupttor~ 10 th~ pubhc sc~tol lo
improve performance and encourage ethical behaviour in the pubhc S~f\'ICes, promollll:' .md.
pay inccnsement need to be linked more strictly to perfonnance w1th an elTon ' 0 1 1' ,,h:
awareness among public servants on how they wlll be assessed and promote~. Bod s that
coordinate the overall ethics framework range from parliamentary comm1ttcl's. ~:t'ntml
agencies. and departments or specially created independent agen~ies mandated_
\~~sr::
e~hics in the public service. They serve a management funcuon by coordmatu _.
11
supporting all the other infrastructure clements. They operate either thrmtt.h lu
'I
b
d
1
th
sc
tasks
to
the
other
departmcnb
or
implemenling ethi~s IOitlaltvcs or y e egattng e
to
agencies.
1 r
t
of public life is v~ry of\en
The ro le of civil society instttuuons m ethca m,rastruc ~re
.
fLe behav 1our of pubhc o 1c1a1s n~n
compa red with position of the watc \' dogs on th
rn
18
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
..
. mcnt tOlerated. n the

. . ol . go,ern
bf" critiCISill
.
l ' ll11 I ~I C I O r Of
eflectiveness is dctcnmncd bv the level ol pu IC d 1 111cdia ;.s an 1111p0r
.
1 cf >pen en
1 uH.l ex I C) na l
rarticuJar society :"llld the position of free ~IIH Ill c
. . . 111 1cnt 0\"CrSig 11 t
.
.
(J0";"
C\ po::.inu ~ultllpt ion :mJ other uneth1cal ncl1011'>
corrupt ion n n<1 ot1lCr UIH.:tlllc'a 1
: d
11 m~ blc t
, fCH comb<tllng.
1
'
mcchamsrns for accowltabtlity art: not a cqun \;
... 1 stitutions. '" 1liC
'J
beha' iour unless 1hcv :"Ire suppkmcntcd by sll ong CIVIC n 1 . 1 thev abide by the ru le of
- .
.
I > ensure I ,a
question !!ovcrnmcnl decisions and off1C1:JI aciiOil!> <
lnw and e;hicn l swndnrds in the public service.
.
.
. latcd 10 the e thi cs o r the
.
. 1n
. tc1c
. st
The modern world has seen an 1ncrcasc
111
. in the areas
h. ICb"ect matter an d scvc r<1 l
11 1 1
sovereign good. A number of studies have focused ~
~.11 sui .ldilemmas rein ted to the
academicians hnve c>.poscd a number of ethical and !)hdoso_p ca ber of studies that have
concept of ethics in public :1dministration. Despite the 111 crcasng num lillie effort spent on
focused on 1hc importance of ndministrative ethics. there l~as bee~ ~cry __ , 1 0 rc, iew th~:
.
.. .
.
f . I . s Ill adllllnJStraiiOio.
ldt:ntlly111g \\~Y.It exnctly constitutes the cru>. o ct .liC.
. ' . . . .111 11e conte xt o f new
implications of !he oasic principles of ethics for public adlllllliStraiiOil
I
publc go,ernancc and discuss !heir
.. . , d
,.,
of c tl, c
.
.
. .stratiOn
. 1m
. pern t. ves " I11.cI1 1.11 t un 'net as -'lhc ctcrnlfll1,"'11. .5 .
Is
1111pact
on d1fferent
admllll
.
tile
importa
nce
o
ethiCS
111
new
Ill public adm inistration . rl11s rcv1cw wd 1 a 1so 1ocus on
.
.
.
d
b
e"ucralizauon
dc
volut1
011
ot
governance prnc11ces (pnvatzallon. decentrnll7ai10il. e Ul "
' .
.
reference to the push and pull ofe t111 cs <In
- d ad n, '1,,stratton 'and how cthcs
budgets etc.,) w1th
rnindsets and basic nppmachcs to :tdministration and gov~rnancc can be changed.
Adminis rr:ui,c Erhic.:
Since the I 970s there has been a great deal of change assoc iated with the impl e me nt ation of
administrat ive ethics. These changes have been promoted and motivated by the concept o f
public administration in the new era.
An important position is given to the concept of eth ica l issues in todays c ivil gov<'rr,aqc ~.
Frederick.wn and Ghere (2005) address both the managerial and indi vidua l/mora l dime nsions
of e thical behaviour as well as new c hallenges to administrative e thics posed by
globalizat ion.
As promoted by Coop er (200 I) ethics in public administration is not a transient concept b111
has ~roven to be an ap~roac~ whic_h. has shown a great dea l of sustainability which is
fundamental to the area o f publ1c admll1tStration.
Public administration has certa~n issues with regard to ethics implementation and finrls it
tro~blesome to come to te rms ':"Jth them. One reason for this is because ethics is embedded in
1
an mtellectual framework. Thts framework is based on stab!
el-f h. 1 1
b
e tnstttuttona 1 as well as roe
r a tons P eve s, among oth public employees as well as tl

_::
the views of a number of researchers (Ban a d S .
1e organtzallon . Accordmg to
1996: Sorensen. 2002.2006: SorerlS~n
g c n orcnscn, 1999; Keast ct al., 2004~ R~odes.f.
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

c ru' .o f ethics in administration. These devclo pments have ra1sed ne
r
1h1s f 1cltl One example which can be cited at th.ISJUnC
. tUre .IS the ClllC w, top1csf Or
concern in
h
l ' rn,crnamc.: \\hich would requi re the idcntificntion of a
rgcnce o t e concept ol
\\ hole new parad igm of ethics in public administration.
I he objec ti ve is to identify the ways in which administrative pol1ce

bl"
. .
I S 10 pu IC OruamzallonS
can l>C 'P' omoted and. manaoed
by
adopting
an
effecti
ve
'tnd
no
el
1
,
1
c.,
.
'
v et Hca approach. h ,,ould
11c p1 tluCnt to. mcnt1
r amcwork 1s a volunta1 v.
. 011 the 'ethiCS
. framework here The ethics or
non-legall y n1nd1ng C?de o ~ Eth1cs. It reflects the basic common values and standards whi~h
111cmbcr ::.t ~ t cs c~ n s1de r Important for the proper functioning of public ~rvice . It
comprehensively d1scusses the general core
v~ lue~ . specific standards of conduct, actions to safeguard integrity and measures on handling
S I.IU<ti 1 0~1S where there has been possible violation of ethics. It helps to structure th~
d1scusson on public-service ethics and it serves as a toolkit or general guideline for the
development of codes of conduct at a national and sub national level.

Originall y. the ethics framework identifies general core values that sho.uld be common 10 all
me mber states. These values arc the rule of law ('"lawfulness''). tmpaniality/ objectivity.
11 nnsparency ('openness''), accountability. professionalism ("expertise..). and dut\ of care.
re liability ("confidence, trust'') and counesy ("service principle..). If it is believed-that these
are the core va lues. then they should be full y recognised in every countf).
New Publi c Administration and Ethics
G lohally the concept of privatization has been promoted in new public administration. ll i!>
SCCn that this concept is related tO the measures which prOmOte establishment of efftCIC\\C~
and erti cacy lead ing to development of quality deliverance of public services. In the research
conducted by Savas (2000), the concept of " privatization in new public management"'. is
promoted . Further identified by Walsh et al. ( 1997) introduction of new market mechanisms
which promote eff~ctive implementation of public services in organizations is identified.
Walsh in his research has identified that privatization in governance in the United Kingdom
has resulted in a new paradigm. which has promoted transformation of both orgam7a\lonal
and cultural needs. The purpose of these reforms include reduction of cost relating. to the
actions of the governments, identification of measures to reduce the direct impact of act1on of
public e mplo:rees and bringing about a variation in the overall views of the government by
the public.
Thi s type of privatization manoeuvre not only challenged the current rea~ities associate,\ ''ith
ethics in public administration. wherein administrators were cons1de~cd as te~hlllcal
professionals. but also identified the type of functioning that does not take u\\o a~count gl'l\"-~
judl!mcnt on the part of employees. Accordingly, intellectual propone~ts ol '-h~ t"lhu:a.
pe r; peetive were responsible . for the ftrst ~~teworthy_ ~pp~oac~ of p~b~tc a~mm':7'~'l~
ethical obligations and the importance of ctuzen parttctpallon m admtmstra\l~e de ~M
This has tong been in place in developed countries across the world .as seen ~vtth '~-'
concepts promoted by Ronald Reagan in USA and Margaret Thatcher m the UK.
and f 01 ling. 2004: Stoker. 1998). current covcrnmcnt
tahiliry at ~hesc le vel~ would be problemati~.

perspcc11ves be lieve that elanly an
Otspue the increasing number of studies II , 1 1

admini lrati\e ethiCS, there has been very lillie<:;; lave foc~'scd. o~ the import ance
ort spent 0 11 tdcnttfymg what is exactly l
20
93
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

vcni ine I he govcrnml:nt
Rciri\'Crtring C ovcnHncn 1
r
bl '
i\s seen br O~bonw and Gaebler (I 992), 11. .IS o bscrvcd rhat
. rCIIl
new coney
pi S o pu I t
1
.
.
.
o
C'l
'
.
d
.
..
,1-~
tion
lrr
lii S Cl<.
assum~< I 1111porwncc 1n
111
11110n s ::1 mrn1 '
.
a
adnllni-,ti,IIIOII with rcgnrds 10 two different :1rcas wcrcpromolc
I ' odiiCtivity or governance
1
The tirst. ill\olvcd ideruilicatipn of factors ''hich pr~m.otcd :~ ~r 11 was proposed that the
:md the !'>econd involved sett ing a new vision and miSSIOn po rc)h. al measures in terms of
. .
b .
d b . dopting more ct IC<
'
.
.
r:o d. ucti.Vll~' ol governance can e 1ncrcasc . Y a
cd. The usc of n new m1 ssio 11
1
dlsllngUJShlllg between the results and quantity of resources l s
y be idcnt i fi cd to be
polic} will sarisfy the needs of the general public. Thcs~ meafs urcs
ental or!!anizations
.
. .
govcrnn1
.
Icss d HISIIC "hen compnred to rhe concept o1 prrvt~IIL<111011 0
tl 1ere is a chant!e
1
cased
onlv
w
IC.:Il
'
'
111
H owe\t'l th1s rdc.1 can be promorcd and produCII\'Iry 1ncr '
ov, should ,_
h rerarc
1 1 novcrnancc. " m c
a111rude towmds current concepts of esrablrshcd

1y " ::
d
. oe
r
trllizntion
an concentratron of
made toward promotion of mer hods ro ident1fy llex1b1 ny, cen ' '
.
d.
.
.
d
d ed to be an rntcrme rat e so 1utron

bl
pu c a l111111Sir1lllon aspecrs. These aspects may be cons cr
.
w 1

If11 rs
not possrblc,
mcc1uwrsms
C"l
to
to pnvnuzalron.
dclegatron
" 1 be .a .so lutron. rt1: 1, reQard
~
the ethienl position, the researcher advocares rhat privatization may not alter the. ac t that the
rcspollsibility of the state rowords irs cirizens will be 111Ct. Different processes whr~h arc to be
supen ised and con lrollcd need to be reali:ccd bv the e.ovcrn111cn t because ultrmatcly the
nccounwbilitv
. and ethics ofthc action o f the euovcr;1m..:nr ~o irs ci tizens is needed.
1113
11
The scope and responsibilities of public adminisrration changed due ro the dynamics of new
public maQogemcnt systems such as privatization. decentralization. deburcaucrati za tion and
cit1zcn partnership that are essent ially new public management techniqttes and practices
dra"n mainly from the privare secror and increasinQiv seen as a global phenomenon. These
concepts shin the c:mphasis from tradirional publi~ -administration to public managemem
\\h~c_h ac_cordcd ethics a central position. The purpose of public service is to essenti a ll y fulfil
a CJtJzen s basic requ irements. Rocha (:WOO). observes that groups call ing lor professional
manageme~t ~f public administration argue that they are more efficient and effective
than the ex1stmg f~amewo~k. They call for breaking down large institutions into manageable
~dent res. thus allowmg for mdependent functioning as part of the new economic in.aituliom!
' ea.
~1orals: The Rise of ,E thical Rising

,.
Snell (1976) !1as maintained that it was Socrates the 1rounder of
1 11
h
1
'
d
mora p 11 osop y w 10
enqUire 11110 the nature of ethics as his thoughts Jed him to the in
.
external physical factors in 5 B.C.
ncr person rather than the
Morality's choice o f good and sound ethics was a natural m

.
fibre. Socrares also felt that knowledge and moral it w
~ans of developrng a strong moral
moral if one did not know what morals w
dy here rnterrelated and one coulcf not he
ere an w at was ) d (i
.
.
rhou~Jht ol \'lrluc as being the centrepiece of k
d
goo or mankmd. l hus. he
1
knowledge. All thought and action there fore had now e ge and reasoned that virt ue _was
good or bad and then. be judged by ethical and mto el,llanate from the knowledge of w haiwas
h
.
(VI
ora standards Th .
I
appme~s:
<:lSIOS. I 99 I), Slates that it was
.
IS WOU d then lead
true
Socrates sdea rhar morality be linked 10 ha .
b
what \.\as good.
.
ppmess ccause he. feh_ethics was about knoU/ .....1&-<,_
ro
Socraaes rhoughrs also reached the common
onvYSalton
h h
man I 1lrough disc
w ec constantly probed. quesrioned d
ourses and debates. and in
an thus. evoked
.
.
rcacu ons and ins t
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

while resting his
views and theories tl1rough 1liS
r
.
now-ramous
dialoo
II ccnga)!cmcnt wuh
the
questions
of
virtue
lie
b 1. d h
. would
oues.m ke 1Cit constant
.
.
e leve I at moraltty
a!> rhc\ "oultl luLu~ lll(HC on their own moral standards.
a e people bencr
l ktcrrninants o l Fth1cs in Public Administration
l he major determinants of administrative conduct in the public sect l.ud .
1 II
.
or rnc e
) 1c po 11t1cal construct of which public administrators are a part
2) ., he legal fram ework

3) I ~1c ndmini strators and public employees who are responsible for the provision of public
SCIVICCS
4) 1 he citi;rcns and users of public services that arc a part of the civil society.
l1rst. lhc detcrminnnts of ethics in public administration with reQ.ard to the individual
altrilnll_cs ot public/civil servants include ethical decision-making skill; (Richardson
and N1gro 1987 ). mental attirude (I3ailcy. 1964). virtues (Dimock. 1990; Dobel. 1990:
Grcg.<:ry , _1999; II art . 1989). and professional values (Van Wart, 1998). Secondly, the
organmlltOnal structure dimension is explained by clt~ar accountability, collaborative
arrnngcmems, di ssent channels, and participation procedures (Den~a~dt, 1988; Thomson.
1985). Third. the political organizational culture includes artefacts, beliefs and values. and
assumptions (Schein. 1985). Leadership is important in the development. maintenance. and
ad3ptation of organinttional culture (Scoll. 1982: Schein. 1985; On. 1989). Ethrcal bcha' iour
is encouraged when organizations have a
climate where personal standards and employee education.are emphasized. where sup<!f\isors
stress the truth . and where employees regularly come together to discuss
erhical problems (13rucc. 1995. 1994). Finally. s9cietalexpectation includes public
participation. laws. and policies.
The advanced set of fundamental principles or criteria that integrate the process of dealing
with ethical dilemmas in public administration are:
I) Democratic accountability of administration.
2) The rule of law a11d the principle of legality.
3) Professional integrity and
4) Responsiveness to civi l society.
This can be described as the AUR (Accountability, legality, integrity and responsiveness)
model of imperatives of ethical reasoning in public ~dminist~ation. }he,_researc~ by P.a~son~
( 1964) presented the concept pf 'evolutionary umversals m s~ctcty '. '~her~tn l~H 1.~. <1r~.:
aspects associated with the identification of issues related to publtc admmtstrJtton cth~1. ~- ln
d h. t'
rtst. theory
to an evoluttonarv
his Evolutionary Universals Parsons tte
IS u~cttona
.
,
.:
perspective and argued that, like biological orgamsms. soc~et~es pr_ogress t~rout,h _~";.~
'capacity for generalized adaptation to their environment. Thts IS acht~v~ m~m\7 t~a '- g
.
. .
h . 1h d 1 uent of spec1ahzcd msllhttron to
opt
. .
----'
lh's
Processes o f structural d.t ffercnttatton~ I at s. . e eve
as ngly spectahzed n~s. 11"~owever.: 1
perform the social functions necessary to meet mere I .
.
rd
ord. te the ~w
.
.
,
des of inteomttOn tn o er to co- ma
increasino complex tty then reqUires ne\\ mo
=- .
1 f the v\..~nettc
-==
1 d a the pnnctp e o
, U't'
and more specialized clements. ThiS IS ac ueve VI
fk
led(lt"
r:
1 ge or the .growl.b o now C'-

hierarchy' or the increased m.ormat1on exc lanv
. .
d
ss can be thar1 d vi the
1
d
soc1eues an pro&re
. '
Evolution is then from tradltaona to mo ern
universals such as bu
development (structural differentiation) of evo1.uuo~ry nd the cn~e of I neral
t
plexes strauficauon, a
-organization, money an d marke com '
22
:>
96
~~~u~ t,snllstJc nomls r

tIll
uonmcnt
PAVAN KUMAR'S JAS
. nch o f
thc:~c
adapt more effi cient! y lc .

.
. > lis
enabks a soc,cty to
:S he conccpts
.
85 r
of AI IR ;J ,
15 have some conHnonnliri

rhc point of 'lt'w ol p 1nd
I
nrson!>'
c:voluriowtr)'
tlmvcrsa
f gov ron1
/'
.
.
.
of
a
new
type
o
1
~\lllch promotcs
ll ) IC lldnuni~rwrion I he idcnrJirC:IllOrl
. II 'd r'f.
\.lfl(Hil..
evo I urio
. . d. ocra11cH
y 1 en r yrng tl
o r l:t\\ \\hlch s
n:tl y lllliVt'lsaliry will he wwl 111 ern
.
'd
. 11 H: rtrl~:
.
kin~> 1010 cons1 erat10n 1
capahlc of
.
. .
o I r1It' Cl\'ll so 1,, .
c:trryrng our 11 s 1ok as '' cl 1as W c:
c task .
..
clct.\ . lh crcs-- t
.
..
dcpcndenccandconnecr
s
.l:,u c >cr /eels thnr rh1s 1vpc ol rrliCf
.
. .
.
t()n w 11
I>c IP 111 d1s1in, 1 .
also hdp
un,g hcrwccn various concepts;,. crhics in publrc admllliSir<.l tron. This
I) Accounr:lt , . mor:.llly and cfrccriveh rhe fo/lowinl.! tour functional concepts:
'
.
' 11 fly of _rubl'rc burc;wcl;rc)'
~ ,denrr
'(ires I IJC rcI arrons

.
Ilip
. bet\
k_glllnl;flc
'l .
whiclr helps
')
'CIIOIJS and liS )' I
.
Vcell
111
-) 1 he rule: of/1
" ro adnwustraiJon
~)
\V
and
len
/'
ld
b
3
C'onc:cprs of . . . e- 11 Y whcre1n public adminisrmtion shou

c governed by the 1
1
-ry and ;: , 0110111 y among publrc

a dn11111Sirators

u ItJm<ttdv
hell' P1o1t:ssrona/
1111egn
whicl n \V:
11
4) C
.
/)IOillOIC th'
. .
1 Wl! f
onceprs of ,
.. .t.: P' Iller pic of meritocracy.
C onsc:quenrh Jt.:sponsrbJ/IIv
a
d
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 'n 1mnwclmrc acrron ofpubltc admmrsrraltOIJ 10 rls c itizc .
. _fi
.
111<: :111 u/ "P )/. . .
.rnc
l'lll'
umsrancs
\
.
1C'.II1on of such a set of moral commands .rn concrcre s 11l ns.
. 115
I
1 1
~
"' 11 1)t':lr
iltllliiHsrr,Hi'c ,.,. ,
' "II ness ro the particular kind of ethical reasoning rh H a s l<l lro.
.- .
.
.
<
peer rrc
5 ... 1l;:ll) or f)llbl'c
1 mstllti!Jon IS able 10 achrevc and sustarn.
C\l<.'~~~s
W~ll
Pl'incip/c:s of Ftl
/r
.
- li CS
1~~ rmr~orranr to conccnrrat
cr 11 ~5 of rhc: service o f
c
.
the r~vo leadrng models- (erhics of rhe soverei ,11 ,
rlw r are rnvolved wirh ethical rholll:!llls and actio ns g good and
urthCJIHOre. \\C ~\i/1 also COmpare ~and COntra .
nwmioncd aboi'C. It has 10 be kepi in minds\ them with
bur rarhcr will be raking the
d hat we are not
anllanlsm or 'a "\'ulg",,r urr-~-tarranrsm
. . .'
mo ern unders tand, ng
scct~-~o~:)
\\ Jlhrn rhc public

cullaborcttl\'t.' ClhtCS tha .S
w_k rng any pa rticular o;
of could be called 'vulg
(llarmon -"00)-).
ar
011
~ \~c~c:_
lh~
PKCCI IJ~ <IJ~proach
Ethics of the soverc1.on g d

of th . o .oo
e sovere rgn go d .
ua l acrs. The e thics
o rs norhing bur the ser of
which rhe different
good is identified
on w Jar IS good' can b .
world sccnarios. th
n le crhics
ind' -d
"I
;:~
vi~~~!le so.vclreig~
log~~d:lrnes fbased
on Wllich an
set o values
~~~~:; ;'Y 10. i~iSI rhc ~o:~~ ::'/,'< have differcnr :e~~!~d~~ ,~an be commonly seen in
g uideline:. It
IS
rmpor1anr to idemify
\~~~er~i;eed~
based on their co:c:p
a: : e thfr clal concept.
wpornr lhar holds th
n o l 1e ' 'good'".
e lrue
. .
~
spmt of the ctlrical
Michael (200S ? ...

rc: , d
' - 00J) makes
~ar .~ to the e thics of the
a ~ompe/l ing argume . ..
PmJCplcd moralil .
. sovcrergn good. Ac
. nr rn The public ad . .
.
set by llle erhics /h In hrs argument he ralk cording ro him it can b
mrnr stralron .., wilh
princi
c
good. An ims abour why one
called
erhrcs rhar arc :Ub~r~co~dmg to him, no t af,ortanr .reason is the issu~ot act on the principles
accouru a large number d rn .rhe sovereign ' O
can be rcsolv of
...
.
of varrables rhar othe; o~. !hrs is because II ?d by basing it oh I he
nu: plimar}' i:.~uc , .. ;,, rhe .
prrncrplcs apply ro lha~ lies. docs no r laic(' inlo
absofurc lasr word "- . c:thrcs MtiiC: '(
partrcular sccnm io
\Vuc:n II co
., >VCr<.:'l'll
d
.
an amrudc: lhar s raw lin8 UJ"-. IIC
~~~c~rv ro. crhrcal
d' .. goo is the lacr II , .
.
..crsrous
A
l ei( I( ref
.
,,,,s,, v,~m
nor her iss .
crs ro usc If as the
. 0 nc reason why ItlC Clhrc
. u~ rs lhar it lends lo r
of If
' ;o,:.llll~~~-~
lC sovereign good
op~sing
~es' sover~ign
should~
conflr~rs
PAVAN KUM
rrcoOng is rhm ir tends 10 1
AR'S lAS
so
I
.
ranscend b
oJicct ivc w1en 1t comes 10 dcfininc
cyond the i d' .
'
II . I . I , d
.IntO an"' proper cth-ICS. There~o
n IVtdual
swc~
but
\"I
tdl
let
"'a
us
- and IOOks at the b'tl!(!cr
d
1
'
re -II w111
tillrccognt/C an<. tnlpossrble (from ls persl'\(>cl . )
not SO!ve the ind'v:d-uaI
_ . . ~ ve .aporia.

Ethics of the senicc of goods
,
values that arc promoted by th
_
,
{" h
C ethiCS Of lh
.
n,momtz.<'ltron o I e mputs to output 8 .
e scrvtce of good
when it comes to the service of "O d s. asrcally there are thre' s are mam_ly efficiency and
.
- r
.
e 0 s. They are 1
e aspects wh1ch
og1e of reciproc't . .
are tmpottant
, d rts crrtcrra Or JUdgment 11 ca
.
I
.
~
.
<
n
a
so
be
clca
I
, Y- lis VIew of th
II
111
1
ar..: rnalll y targeted towards the mark ct.
r y seen that the ethics of the soveretgn
e ~~ ecllve.
good
The
1\1 the very core,

service of ..goods .s based on m
.
I
pcop
c arc
Basicall Y -t assumes that
Id.
'd ratonal
. aJld have the rreedom to choose utua
h exchange.
an 111 lVI ual ltkcs a panicular good/ sc .

h w at goods or services they wam Th r
suitable trader on the terms for the
;vrce: . c/she can emcr into an agrccme .t ~sh' .
individual can offer monctar)' rcso urces
puretoase
ol the same service or good In exchna
wtt I1ea
compcn
1lC trader for the services andngl! 1ds
that
they
have
provided
Thl's
,s
b
sate
t
.
an amrca le p
goo
'
1 .
farl ~ to de liver the goods as per the terms a r r0 cess tla~
ts ~sruptcd only when someone
socral good. Howc\'er in the case I
g e~d '? Thts wtll result in the decline of the
-rn d'tvr.d ual ends up being l!ood ro tl" len IIC\l!rvthrng
IS goin'
-.
~ g smoot hi y. what is good for the
~
'' r 1c co ecuve whole.
There have been a lot of questions that hav b
d'
.
goods. The questions that are raised are o~enc~nl rr~cted ~awards the ~thics of the sen ice of
about the ability of people to k
h .
. e ate to t c presumpt1on of self-interest and
problematic for reasons both 11~~~ t ,err dtn,e ~ntercsts. These questions arc considered to be
empmca an og.tcal.
ing to di ffe rent researchers

_
(Bauman , 200 1 ?QOS
, Cltla\v
<
, ?QQ9)
~
, VIa
b'l l'tty IS an ISSUC
Accord
smce the ethtcs of t~e soverergn good tends to legitimize everything as long as it 1 11 nntes
lrad: .an~ therefore 10 th~ lon.g. run has a tendency to wear away minimal stabilit) . This
stabtlrty IS needed for an mtelhgtble world with bener ethics. It neglects the problem thJt one
must al.w?ys ask . "e ffici~nt to what end''? "Or "good for whon{? FoliO\\ ing tht lin-: of
thought dtfferent tmperatrves need to be understood in the context of ethics in admmistration
which are discussed subsequently.
Account~lbility Imperatives
The distinction between politics and administration, which fom1s one of the most classi~.:
doctrines of modem political science and public administration (Easton, 1953),
connotes not only their division of functions and their structural separation but ahl the
subordination of the latter to the former. This stream of thought also feels that fll'lit', .., ts
superior to administration and that the government controls the administrative 1 1 , 1 ~' y.
13ureaucrats are loyal to their ministers, who in turn are loyal to the legislature. whi\ b hr~al
to the people as they are their countrymen. Thus these 'people' s representatives ho~ the
administration accountable in the interests of the general public.
Ministers are accountable to the Parliament and not civil s~.rvants and hence ~ivtl
have to acl as per the orders of their ministers whether ~hey. are in ag~ment or 1wt
the law is no\ circumvented or breached. Subordmatton of c~va\ scrvan\s t l
reprcscnlati vcs who act as law-makers and policy-sellers fomls a sme qua non
l''
of democratic politics.
24
97
98
,, ~ riot be long to it t'-
. h (10 '-'
.
' thin its bounds th us renderi n
Legal lmpcralfvc~
-work :wd act WI . l ot h po liti cs and soc ;,9
Administrators have 10 rcspccr the legal_frafllt: .vcrsal concert rn >. t . tllC lnw% Ill tiiC.Iy.
. 1Cgll rlll:l
1e. Law 1S a ur11, ac1i011 0 f fl S1'.1tc Wllllll ., J' ' ' Q c 11ru
afl government aCtiOII
(Rcichs~t~Jt. Etat de Droit). Ma.x Weber sees lh~v' bcinc. charisma nn? lrdc ltt ~n ., . net! ~he
''n' of lc!!.il imi7ino~ awhority with the other I ~
to~lli1tically sets I011h for rl sc lf a senes
11 au
~ works
e- "ithrn
rhe rca 1rn (rhe law
ndministrt111on
1c and thus a 11 Power must be used ror
powc.:r fl 0'' 5from 1he pcop

. con Slilutions
of controls and regulatrons.
.
. ' dcmocratrc
the:: ~ood of the people. a fund:unema I requu. emenr ol mos.1
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
. ''I!
,,ncr. '' hrC under nliiH:S ~.:pr cscnt<niv~:

.
1;0 n usurps p 1 :11.:11'
commands 111us.
J()Jiuc.: a
\\'hen the hurcaucr;lC\' nnd admmrstra
t.:rcsts. tnd
'
111
'
.
.
,
It'
I s I 1ll 1
._ ()WI 1
, S ( h<.:SC r<.: pr CSt: ll ((l( .
. burt';lllcrnn (ci' rl or mrlll:lr)) c.:n . 1111 cnt tort. tcrsl:llllt' " .
bl
. IV~s
. and ~.
..ovtrr tl\' uncft.'l 1hc t.:_ apJJf)' Cons1dcra
c. restraint
dt.>lll()Cr.JC\ and subrug;llt.'S

J)O ,./11\.:S'
.
.
II)
11
11
. vc to ThuS
. f.1lls upc1n
rhc Cl\
. If scr 'ant:;. 10 '' ork drlr!!C
also 11.1
'
democrat1C VIrtue IS nOt a
-::
act:rally reflect the will of 1hc people. ~hey ;onal vicws.
j c pari iamcnt us urp Public
11
1xtrtisan politics and while expressing r_helr ~Jcr and neither can nee
cclcbr<~tes the different
d 11strallon
,0 vcr na
.
. ., , .
1
;an ol the: core vnt uc of pubIC a ~-"
d. Mo<krll g . . Is 10 l11g 11e r e 11ICCIC) o f both
Iservice institutions for 11s
. own _~o I1t1cal
en
s.
It
fc.:flt
nisrrnrion as . ,,,ritv-the nb1.I.1ty to bc able to
'
1
b
,.
1
r
cs
and
ac
nu
1
. d pcrso ntl
1n 1"::-
roles and rcspons1 If Illes o po r
timet ions and th:.11 is an imporl<lllt pan o 1 111 or.l 1"1
tell the lruth to the powers that he.
'
1 ce but 10 ,., ork within the legal

. .
.
Governments and adrnm1strarrons
there fore have no c 101
la\\ S which are there
. d.
frame"ork. Thus. 1he wa) theJu
ICtary 1111 plemenrs 111escdterminanls.
10 uhimatel-' serve 1he people forms 1he core of the 1cg<l 1 c
that 1he law will be followed during the
Brown and Duguid (2000) stale that_ c?un_s ensure . litv will do and ;hat power will no! be
discharoe of public duty and thai no tnJUSIJce or partra . . .f d . .
abused.Constanl monitoring and pro1ec1ion of the law has to be a p nolrdJtyb 1 a mtnJSI_rallhvc
refom1s are to take place.
- Even
Ansrotle
commen 1ed that the law shou

e s upreme 10 t e
e) es o f the people and should operate without any interference.
The Integrity Impera tive

. .
.
.
Chapman ( 1959) sratc;s. as professional erhics entered the adr111n rstra trve space so drd ~he
need for studying public administration and defining its scope and determinants. The nation
states of Europe among others have taken steps to professionalize the government.
Ministers guide the bureaucracy which discharges its public duties in conformity with the
la w. They are chosen on the basis of special criteria and procedures w hic h govern their
recruitment career path. discipline. <tnd scope etc. Professional virtue brings with it integrity
and acceptance of !he hierarchical dominance of the government blll works under the
au1horiry ofrhe law.
~
Ar,gyriades ( 1996) obsencs that civil servams are the pe

,
f(i
f'
ansient
I
m I}M 1-ramenl. 1 herr
. comrvtency from cxp
rmancnt
po IIICtans
k
1 o1 rccrs o t 1lc 1r
deprh ere helps rhern as~ss groundr~real"!'
d enencc
' now e< gc

blic
1
f ,
rr.
.
.
res
an
advtse
the
pa
rliame
nt
and
imnl
c
m
cnt
pu
po ICIC 10 arr c C(;Irvc manner m the interest f h.
. .
. 1'
f
profes!.ional public !,Crvice v.hich would inc! 0 I C pubJ rc. r he C~SCnlr a l features 0
0
onduc! in accord<mce 10 slandards a.
dc knowledge of cxpcrtrsc. of JUdgement
~ we11 a co
~~uo,~m~
" llllnJtrncm
l o the field compnse
I) Recruitment _should be carried out on the basis of tests and merits condtiCied b\
sep~~ate
bod1es and govemed by -~~gulations that arc independent of poliucs and

polr.tlcal syM\:rnS. It should take- place impartially and solely consrdcr merit :~nd
achievements. Merit . therefore is a hugc.determinant ofintegriJ.and auv:>nomy
2) _Self governance should be stressed on b~ administrative counc1ls to promote
corpo(ate spirit and professionalism. Experience and length of service as \\ell as
achievements and performance must be taken into account for promotions.
3) Training and education should increase professionalis~ in government and
administnllion as a "hole.
Professionalism in public service can be seen in people who have a very good knowledge ol
the job in which they arc working at, their expertise and talent and their ability to adhere to
the hi ghest ethical standards. Thus a true professional is one who has an adequate mix of
expertise. knowledge and experience and also those who can meet the public's expectation of
them . The general public and society have certain guidelines for various professionals who
arc expected to adhere to these standards. For example. corruption is frowned up on by 1hc
general public and therefore a true professional would be expected t~ follow such practices.
Otherwise. the profession is deprived of an essential precondition of its claim to legi1im:1<:y
Corrupti on can be a major obstacle in the process of economic development and in
modernizing a country. The greater recognition that corruption can hav~ a Strious_ ad' crse
impact on development has been a cause for concern among dcvcloprng coumrres. In a
survey or ISO high level ollicials from 60 third world ~Ot~~tnes. t_he respondents rankc~
public sector corruption as the most se,ere obstacle conlrontrng therr development process
(Gray and Kaufmann. 1998).
Countries in the Asia and Pacific region are also very wor~ied abo~t t~is pr~blem and the) a.ro.:
in substantial agreement that corruption is a major constramt that IS h11~~ermg thetr econ~nuc.
political and social development, and hence view it as a problem re~lllr~ng ur~~nt anen\lon :~
tl~e highe~t lev_el. _An example ?f hl~wa~~~;i~t~~~ c~~i~~~citn:,~:i\\~~~n ~~:~~! ,~~~~~~~~ tl~:
c 1ted at thts pomt IS the ~a~demt~? ~
p Qo di a (2010) argues that demona\lc
main cause of democratiC tnst~btlny In the country: .,un _Y andemic and unchecked
.
stability will be difficult to attam as long as corruption remams P
.
. e ervice of the state really requires is that men _shall
According to J:legel ( 1 967~, . What ~h s . n of their subjective ends; by this very Sill'rdi~:
forcoo the selfi sh and capnctous satls~acuo. . b
, the dutiful discharge nf th~tr
the/acquire the right to find their sattsfactton m, ut o_n1y
there exists a link
<
d I
b . f< rred from the aforementlone
public funct ions". It may e Ill e
nt emplovee would then be l'"P'-'<'~ ll
the universal and particular interests. The g.o_vernlm~
a d intcllritv Another ad""" l''t' If
.
I'd t. ' professlona VIrtue n
- .
t I ('
follow a code of eth1cs con so 1 a 1113
. "ill rise This is apphl n' c; t\)f
.
If confidence and motlvauon
.
.
.
I
thi s is that by doing. so. t letr se
.
~ aehic,ed through sdl conll~\\ 1n
any professional in any country. lntegnty can
administrative conduct based on ethical standards.
~~hat
km~n
The Impera tive for Rcsponsivc~css

ked solely for the st.ne and not tor ~0('1 ' '
.
pposcd,, \ '
1 (I967) pubhc servants wor
According to ll cg.e
.
, choice of citizens. Th~ soctl't\ a<; o
it was th\! lirst. which dctcnmned lhc 'citic and contrasting l.kStr~s 1tus then ~
viewed by I \cgcl as bcJng a total of spc
.,h their own private s ~\em ol nee
. Iar, 0 f concrete persons "''
sphere o f the pmtlcll
efforts to satisfy them.
26
"
\
the
100
PAVAN KUMAR 'S lAS
P A VAN KUMAR'S lAS
r Jl'llll'll
In
. socrd)
. . "a" .rlw slatt'
. lfll~ll'Sis
. h t:o.
.
the: gt'llt'r:tl .rrllerc:sr. c:rvrl
tlklll'tl:
. ..otuu.rlr~~
11
1
11
rntlr' '' S<lll

.s lt'lhllll!, dl'fullll'
thr-: "CIIlll'fl<"' tflCht'h'lllOIIS rdt\1 Of SOCi:tl l't)IISirlll"lfl)fl.
I 1!.II
~
\\ hrfl paTI;ll..rng Ill \.II lO llS ;lcli\ Hit'S in Cf\ rf SOC'Il'l~ ;Ill(I .II l ht'C('llllllll' .
rs. S<'lllt'lhrn!! spt'<'rlkllh p.utitul:u i/t'd' (llcgcl. 1967)
Nnturally. 'a COlllltr):'s view of public administration reOects its underlying philosoph? of
lcicty and thc..Slalc (Chapman. 1959). State officials are affected by the way the pubhc at
S(
I
I
l~
II
. 'I
tar~:~ 1 ~f.!at< s I ~clll . ~vc ntua y. CJ\'t .servants forming a middle-class profcsston. pnr
excel knee. acqu1re the features that soc1ety expects of them. Public administrat!qn forn~s a
. tial rcgtttlC tn the societal complex; it is part of the state. which is subject to a dtsttnct
of rc ...
- 111 the \Vebcrian sense- vis-a-vis the society.
\\
htt~'.ls rh t s t:llt' St'r\l'd
nrt)\'ll
~ conditions
llw Sl.llt'. 1111\\t'\ t'r \\ llh liS S\Sit'lll of !).0\l'lll<llll'l' <Ill d I.,1\ \ r.
. Il'S, I1I<.: llndcrlvrnu
'd"t' rhll is the tlllll\'

tl\ ''hrd1 rndl\ rduals <llld lht..rr <tCitons
may find' 1I<.:,II r11 Jlrsl
Julfrlnlull.
of
Ft'r th.ll H'ihl)ll. till' Sl.llt' \\<lS f()r I k gct the 'nclu:lltly
. o ,. 'u;
I ~flliC:l 1 I "' . '
.
tht tllllnrsal and the p:ttlicul:lr
.. considercd
llt'!!t'l's idc.1S could he lll(ll c properly comprehended Ir II. I.S
, . I thai
l'tlll''lhe
)11li"cd
i fl O 0 r111I he1
'
\\htre lll<ln\ of the people we1c: hastcnlly
subjects
WI 111110 ro l' 111 1 1<.: .. " .. ,,.
1eo. ,1 ,, _.
f!O\Wfllllt'lll .llld htncc
:.1 politicnl life nnd convent.ton sueI1 'lS the 1nn
"' 1IS 11 11 " t.: 11'
1
alnHISI rwgf1gihk. /Its \\Ork was nn dfor1 10 spread awareness
:lllh.lllg lhl {rennnns nholll the rolirical :lspccts of life.
,
Gd lner ( 19l}6) and ,\ rgy11:1dcs
( 1998) tlhsavc 1hat w11 1lOtH ,l/1
"
tnd sclf-sunicilnr
'
.
. c.,
... fit:
) ' 'S"hl'
cnr/
no poltltt':tl
ltfc
I t.:.,,.
. . .f ()
. ::
'.

Sl'l'tt'l\.
and even kss democratic

po 1tl.) 1s l'k
,,row
tnd
Jlounsh
/knee. t'l\rl SOl'Jt'l.' has hecn thnughl of as one of the mos1 crucial rcqliiS! lcs lor freedom <~nd
Jenh"'-'r,lc) I he idt'il rhat wns <ld\ocntcd by the beginning of the rncnry-lrst cemury was tnm
rhe st:Jit' must rk'ithl'r dlrl'Ct ci\'il sociel) nor be submissi\c lo il.
n:lllt'n
R:11her ir ~lwuiJ :-.lrl':;s and pitch in rhe tasl.. of building socia l capil:ll 10 rllc~ ad\'antagc of the
human ra~l "hu~h IS im oh ed. I fence. jugglmg an alert srmc and an active
..:i' if St)cict.) poses a good plan for improving rhe standards and the future for democratic
tJsl..s.
In rhis resr<:ct. the 'civic 'irtuc' of ethical reasoning in stare action entails tha t public
insritutions be responsi' e to society and pay auention to rhe needs and demands of
I he people. facilitating access 10 sen ices and creating an enabling cnvironmcm :
susrainab/e human and social development. (Bovens, 1998) srares. alcnness is not confined to
authorit ies bur is majorly involved in lhe cirizens role in to every ex tent and in every
Iter of r_hc govemmc.nt.
it also involves giving power to people in human groups.
consultarion in governance and the promo(ion or a kind of
commun1cart \'1.' eth1c ( 1/abcrmas I987) in societal af'r:al rs Tl e
1
1
1ransllton. 1owevrr
.
" .
at may
..
the command type of authority over people
more
t-ornmunlcartve f) pes of rcason1ng and adminisrrarion or thinos seems e
10 . 1
0
parddigm shifl in societal aiTairs.
10 merge as a rn<11cn
~3rket
~nd
.Respons1:en~ss als~ ~ntalls

cumbe~m~
~e fro~
!"
conle~~.:l.
lhts
ci\ if society no1 only furnishes the state ,, ith need
u.dn rdual narure, bur also with valuable sources of . r
.
. s and demands of an
.

e\'aluatiOn
ot performance. Therefore nolions n d nonnat1on
. .' lcedbac k CnttCIStn
and
.
.
.
.
'
e
ecenrrallzalton
de
b
.
~
pm.att?.DIIOII and Cllt7.en participarion loom large 111
. th
.
- ureaucratJ7at tOn.
prochces of man) comcmporary adminislralive svslen e repertoire
d ffi . of rc(J
. orm programme~ and
SOCttl)
and
rhe
Stare.
h
also
inOucnccs
rhc
imern'cr'to
l:._
an
a
ectrhe
Interface bclwecn c ivi l
(l
,ucl
9
.
n
vctween
the
Slale
. . soncl'l.
.
.>
an n I 85) ob:;encs rhat socic:l\ has ceased 10 be .
an d t he Ctvrl
'd f b
JUSt the .cone..

i
bureaucrac). on rhc comrary
;1 is now in th
ern o f state actors and
ll
e pur\1ew of tl'c
.
..
,
act1vc Cllltcn s
~:~1 ic
ponsibllit~
The ideas of nlenness and accountability and answerability have some similarity. :rhcsc ideas
1 have overlnps. In spi te of the number of meanings they have. it cannot be tgn.o~ed that
aspect concerns duty and the preparedness of civil senants to honestly rattonaltLC
and defend their moves for public good.
~h~obasic
New Ftltica l App toach

.
d
n ccd
J lt 'fnul Df!nhordt (2002) argue that public administrators tnOucncc. an arc an uen
'1)
en WI<
~
f 1
mplex governance
by. all or the competing standa.rds, values, and ~re erenc~sb o ~~li~~dmi~ist~ators: they
S)ste tn. These variables not only mOuence, and are tnOuence
Ybl?
ce" ,nstead of ''ne"
represent points of accountabt.1.1ty. Tl1ey Pea
1 d fo r a "new pu. tc.. servt
'
Iso
management'' under the slogan 'serving rather than steenng.
~ublic
oach as a 'iable third altematiH: to the

.
.
\1oe,'i<:halk (200 I) defines the new pubhc servtc~ appdr .. ' t'on" and "the ne" public
'
..
b
"the old pubhc a mlntstra t
bl'
observed dichotomy ctwecn
.
h d vclopment of a new ethic for pu c
..
.
s d ' rable attenton lo l e e
. h
ati'.
management. paymg ~on I ~
h I o I 'oin the traditionalist group m t etr neg .o:.
servants. The new pu~llc serv:e aut ors ar,.~~J refom1s. They J1roposc new mechamsms ~~
assessment of the cthtc::~l consequenc~s of N .
I elp citizens aniculate and meet their
. I ..
I . I "the priman role of the pubhc servant IS to '
w 11c 1
shared
interests rather
than to attempt to control or steer soc1e y.
. .
ol
hich makes avm.Iable the standardtzatJon
.
It is nccessar) to have a manage~lent ~"
ocedure of absorbing constant adJ~suncnts.
professional e thical values. and an ~ns~tel~~l~tics which is standardized and umv~rsa'j. h
Th is achievement resides in true ethtcs- a.se d mands .to more agreement-based ~ha\IOl~r, ~r
.
ve from forced bureaucratiC e .
d clubbed techmques. cm::e
IS a must to mo
h
ent reality needs creative metho~s an ld . elude the following
public good. Thus t e curr .
nee moral structunng cou m
we recommen d that a pubhc govema

aspects:
bTty
I) Instrume nts for answera ' '
d utside question fom1s
.
,
') Super~'ising. systems through local ~n toe moralistic attitudes award ethic::~\ a<.:ts
...
~ 1
sures to mo\lva
1
3) Fom.ing ofhclp ru mea .
an lntergovemmentallcve
.
)
4) Application of au~ it tcchmq.ues ~t structuring, knowledge and guidance
5) Oflicial sociali zation (for ex~mp e~hanisms cautiously
6) Establishing ofwhi stl e-~ l owl.n_g m
r ~n active
7) A greater plea ,or
. cttlzenry.
8) Outlining mc.magcr~al .asks
.
.
9) EOectivc communtcauon.
. 1 this manllC!'r tltert: 15

0 f :- thics
:~litical
destre.
n
M'Hl:lgemcnt
.
llv reliant on genmne IX
. oroaniscd
fashion sand
t
'
f thics IS natura .
d an inclUSIVe, c:~
Can
The concept o c , t l.sh a holistic moral co e m . . for moral functiomn& one
suflicicnt scope ~~ esta '~ B ' evolving certain ~n~hm~:r scenarios It is also '-tlpfut I
:.-.tiel dlfTteulue relalcd 10
alone steps arc ot no us 1. Yof ethics. difficulues. and.{ h
h ques \\lhtc can t""'"

1 \S for coni tel
provide so u\101
h of instruments and .lee m
rab\e manner
encourage the gro~vt
opose solutions m a more ag
. ar\d brnclictal to pr
ctIliCS
28
10
10 2
. . 1 rc nccord i tll' to
..
dmi nistrallon!i .
. n II I .
Unsurpnsmgl). th~ baste pnnc:.,>lc ;md :11m of ,,()I thY 3
<lf, inuc llvs '." ( .llu l
ktll<)ll
1
dc-11
.ln,rorh. to hahitu:ll~o: r ll il~th and .:i\1 1 \\Od,ct:. ro the tn.;u '
cl ptopcd y >Y tnc
111 "
10
!'l) the ~' c:nts tn :-.l:ltt.s. f<)t l.tw mal..crs \\ ho mould C:tii/CW. :tho:.~: who cnnnot suc:ct.\ d.
I!OOJ hahits in them. It~ the dt.'SII C or cvc:rv l.tw m:tl..~r :tnd OI S fo
~11 s is wh:11 distinguishes an e tlC..ctivc poltl); 1"10111 :1 b<td one.
. !"tate moral liternc~ lor
s to tact' '
.
Aristotle ts of the view that the lll<tin role of the gove11l0r '
knowledge of vtrtue. nnd
citizens. 1o be able 10 do !>O. he 0 1 ~he willnc~d a lot ofawarenessd. nquir)' about th in~"' t.td
.
1quest nn t:
thatl..tnd ofawmcncss can only t.'OI11 ~ through a pcrpt:ILI:l . d 11gc ofhwnan l1fc ll.<' ''
acts tv1oralll~ is bastcally .thout questioning. I his is th~ 111 " 111 ~ va~l 'ceptablc 10 human s S<tid
1
sts tS un.1c
'
tS an llll\\lltlh\ lttt.' Lt ft. "luch h.1s not been ~'pose< to 1t: .
.
r
."
,.
l 'llld ill 1ltC.
Socrates. 111 hts cxc\'ption.ll Apology (18 A) f(Jr :1 mora ISIIC s
Oc:1 ling "irh l'lhic:tl dilt. m~tt:l s in public adminisrrnrion

d and which lll:lntu.:r
(196~) stnt<.:s rhar ar rhc tim<! of fn cing bnsic queries_nhout wh~t ~~ah~es or choice fnetots
ro behave 111 compltcatcd st.'t'n:u ios and the degree to wh1ch opposed
~ .
)r ..1 d
01
could be u~cd in rhc sct.n.tno. one \ Cnlllr~s in rhe rlgion of ethic<ll con ustons
l.lt
(
Hart
chotec:.".
11an
1 a problem no maller how
dtkmma s a concept "luch IS hroaJcr nnd 111ore cxnc11ng
.
tough or complicated ir is I he r~ason is that dilemmas. ;1nlike problems. c~nnot be so lve? 111
rhe rem1s tn "hich they an: inuinlly presented to rhe decision-maker.. Being enta ngled ~n a
dilemma. the chotec-maker is not just confronted with contratltcrory and unwant ed
subsrittues. "orse. the imposstbilu~ or"llteir betng match<:J also means that they are seP.~rate
in 1he sense that one: can on" be fulfilled if the other is not taken care of. Hence a scenano of
a dikmma could r<:sult a n~-" in name in "hich the decision of one worthy substitute is
ah\a) s adhered to h~ the negation ~ f the other. Addressing the dilemma in such a fashion
''ould then be an opposiuon in terms and an aberration as the answer which is arrived at
\\Ould appear to be no good and signify a complete break-up of the entangled factors of the
mauers to be solved.
<\
A difficulty could however be managed properly if the conditions of reference changed and
the entire scenario was restructured so that focus be given to all options which are oruanised
and connc~ted. am~ng themselv~s in a more orderly and sensible way. Obviously. di~mmas
are man~ ~n complt~a~ed est abltsh~1e111 s. which cannot solve them properly. As an ou tcome.
state oll tc1als and c":'l _servants witnessing sharp dilemmas cannot but help being confused
a~d emb_arrass~d ~n~vJIItngly. In such scena.rio, public ~~vema nee rather than operatin g in the
an whtch 11 as supposed
to, lapses 1nto a condttron of chaos and unce rt amty.
1t IS tn
manner
.
. .
rhts case that moral ambuw11y and lack of lucidit)' about larger valt1es 10 d"
h
1
t.
.
trect C OICCS (lfl(

tas.. s 111 hard events may cause unbndled scepticism and a cynical attit ude.
Naturally. dilemmas abound in complex organizations. which fail 10 tackl

. ~!
As a n:s_ult. state officials and civil servants exposed 10 acute dilemm e them effect t~e l y.
succumbmg 10 a state of confusion and embarrassment in h"
as can hardly ~lp
unwillingly thrust. In circumstances like these public ad . .
~v 1 ~11 they are often qllltC
mantstrauon mstead f r.
.
.
a well ordered stale of legitimate purposes degenerate .
o uncuomnf! :ts
1 0
Indeterminacy. It is then that the case of ethical vaguenes: ~ a state o~ confw.ton and
e~lues to guide action and choices in 'hard cases' comes a~ ac~ of clanty abeu( overall
a ut 111 administration. But if
29
103
p AV AN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S JAS
cr\ thinP- stands <lnd an\'thinc.

I!Oes tllen notlllna
can he k
.'
-
.
.
1
. lu~s nor ttl!hts and dulles of public servants d- . .
". en scnously. ne1ther cth11:s t~nd
':1
'
an CtiiZens altkc.
.
C'
of b~sic tenets or aspects that .

d
1he -prowlllg1 group
1 . 1
umte an restructure the procedure of

h'IIHIIIng ciHCa ut cmmas "' public governance a . (I) d
.
..
f
'
.
(2) h
r
'
rc.
cmocrat1c answcrab1hty o
oovct nancc.
I c app ICatlon of law and the notion of lcnal"ty (3) ffi . I h
d (4)
"alertness lO c tvl1 soctety
~
.
o ca oncsty , an
needs.
Co nclusion
_
Even prior. t_o the close of t~e t~cntieth century, it was apparent that states, governments, and
public cntti iCS were ventunng tnto an era of change. This was basically a period of change
and not a model-based shift from dictatorial, centrally-powerful states to increasingly fre.:
and consultative ki nd ~ of social communication between the people and the administrators. A
diffe rent set of equations between polities. economy. culture. and civil society has been th.:
tri gger for new research on more inputs and restructuring of the responsibilities of the state
:~nd those of the public services with regard to the society and the economy.
.'
-, he planning for moral improvement in the public sector throws u~ huge q~estions impacti~-~
the nature of c..l cmocracy. law. motivation and ethics in the public doman: and the st~l~ :>
communication with civil society. There is not much uncertamty that clashmg demand:. can
make l!.overnance ~ppear inconsistent. As a maucr of fact. every one. of the AL1R
1
c

requirements
for morahsuc
raltonahzmg
1f taken to 1ts extreme wou ld be a btoo hurdle rat1erf
0
n an asset Some disagreements. between constituents of an entity which upset the stat:
\11a
.
.
. . .
. ~ . t
er)' one of them or ra"1er
lar~er conditions can only be set nght ,r JUSIIC~ ~t parts gl\e~ o e~
. . he balance of
if it dispenses what is apt to all. Not su_rpn_smg~~. for Anstotk JUSI\'c~ 9~1 ~
passions and actions. and moral virtues .reside n middle states (lasswc .
.
.
. .tm h of one rinciple or ethical imperative over.
The basic aim would therefore be not the tm p
p
tl'cm and the provision ot
f ncongruence among
_
d
the other but rather the re uctton o I
I
rt d complementary fu\hllment.
'
e mutua suppo an

conditions for their hann~mo~s coextst~nc . I ' bl roblems would then require a holtsuc
Turninn mutually e'xcluslve dtlemmas ~nto so "a e p
and reflexive approach to ethical reasomng.
. .
.
. .
. n is not ust applicable towards the CIVIl
Thus modernity and change in pubhc ad~umsu_at.o (on inJa number of different ways both
society but also the civil service and pubhc ad~ltntst~s \o public administration, et\lics must
locally and internationally. Therefore ~hen It c~mframing a rational decision. h can \1-: s~en
rovide a fair degree of flexibility when Jt comes o someone's need. Thus.. there is a pressmg
P
.
. .
best placed to answer
.
od
that publlc admlmstrators are .
. h
blic administration oft ay.
need to place morality and ethiCS firstm t e pu
'd
o harm' An understanding of the
o n
e~~ision making is important m today s b~SS
1 I to
A definition of ethics is. _at a Slmpll~sll~

.
ethtcs and et ucs Ill
defrnition of busmess
.a
cnvironmt!nl.
.
Ethics in Decisi~n Makmg~sed on making a decision. . . . .
course". a per;on {lu the
All ethical quesuons are r:ut framing that choice? '"'''all~. ~~ue could be a lq '' ,\ne or
So how does one go a . that an ethical issue extsts. The '. . the ureatest gwd' for al\
. )
to recogntze
of 'what ts m
c
organizauon 1:ta5
. both cases the quesuo0 .
dument calL but m
more o f a .1u e
ked (and answered).
stakeholders must be as
1
~
104
In cktcrminrng " 1'111 \l: rs us \\rOn{', wt h.r vc ro rcmcruhcr thai

I h.u," wht'll' undlc ~l.tncfcng lht dd .rncrcon of tthic~. Jnd ~h " 11' 01
, 111.
cnn be \ ' t ' f\ .llclplul Lh t codc cs the lw:.clrnc. hv ,, Judi a pu:.c
..
~tc suhrcxlr\c
'~ u dt: of rite
1ho~e It' I"ere
1
I ;ltOIJW'
' 1
ortlH II / II I'l l
'
clll ll fl 111
rl
,..,.. 1) J '
11111 l ' ,tlucs .cs
Ill''1( c.chcca
mcasurc lh t I.I C'I'i o ( a r.r~c (lllcludrnu whcrhc1 a cklt:lltlfl l,rlc<lll ' 'en I><:
.
:tlsn llllpncl,llll In cft'\ l'/o p .111 Of! 11111/lllt0
1l's \'<l lllt' si.III'Hll'lll lei rl fleet ''ou 1
well. IIus w rll lll'lptmpluyns unckrst,IIJc.J ~011r <.' <Jil lllllllllt'lll :1111 1cJ 1n:c u on
ruup the equality o f

When .uwlys rs :rnd c.valu.111on hC!liii.S, the rig/us of till' indc\ rdll.l l :HI<1 g . ' llCSI scrvt.; the
Ill ''l \\''I

V I 1ld 1 :JCh of tiWSt'
IICilllllCIII , ollld lht S IC,.'f).S l:lkt'll l o re m e d y lhc ISsu e Or SIIU:IIC()Il
' '.
.
.s vrsc(lll or ulcrucr. y nwsl :11/ comt: rnlo
'
t;,
Of!,!l'llll/:tlwn
play ll ' . t':\'llllllllllg
.'
.
l' lrlll Fill'rll\'
.
' ..
denwrlls, :1 dccc' s1on 1lca1 s cohcSI\'t'.
consrs1en1 :tnd <rpprop11.r lc ' ' 'I II beti"' CII 10 ( .
1ha1 dteis ion lllllsl be lllrplc:me nlcd (o therwise vou'r c spinn ing your wheels).
Fthkal rc:1soninp r an he lcw used on nns wc,ing. lwo J.. inds ol"quc~li<~ns
I. l)l.'llnitcw <JIIl'Siions (ddining the 11rct-; rclcvnnt 10 the quesiiOil):
? Rt.:tsorH:d judrmcnt (sonwwh:u intuitiw).
.
Fow Quc!Hrous It> I ocus on Wl1cn Yo u 1lave 1o Mak~. an Ethrc:ll Decision
,
.
OJ I>roblcm ' ( ( o nSJ<1<.:1
I \,' ' I1a1 : u t. the o ther conrpt.' llllg, inrcrp 1e1:11ions of the SJIWliJOII
01hc1 pt'rSpt.'t' IIVCS OJ flOIIII S Of Vit' W.)
J. \Vh.ll 1s rlw ca sh 'aim.
lht si1u:uio n or pmblem'' (Both from <l risk and bcnd it
perspcclc \l' )
,)r
ll) Jt.'VIl' \\ mg \IIlii VJSJon. miss1o n and Y<~luc s tatc ntelltS and company po lic ies. is ho w
)'t1u handle 1Ill siiU.IIJOn clear'> ( 1f not. rcvisl.' those statements and policies.)
For e.\nmplc.-. II' yt>ur stall' lllcllls clcarly indicate a strong comm11men1 to a respectful
worf..plncc. ycr <llle of yow customers has been abusi ve. bull) ing and disrespectful. your
decis1on in <k:tlrng with th:tt situation 1s clear: you need to ad' ise your customer that you
cannot :tcccpr that behaviour and thai 1f tht') can;t accept your policy then you can no longer
be a supplrer lo I hem
~.
As the indtvidunl
rhe nghr rhing?
\'vh\1
Clllployccs !eel fairly treated and rewarded they' ,.

l'k
1css 1 c1y to undcrmmc that
1
1
r~
culture Snncl:uly ." len emp oyccs sec their leaders being treated equallv in ethical dcc1S1ons
SIIC~ . II lll'>PIIC'> tru!.t
.
, )I I(I . ..
When
Wrth tills in mrnd
undc~tandln~ the ~lcfl_nuio, of elhic\ and adopting a sound busines<; ~:ode
of cthrcs nt:l'cl'i lo be a lllgh-rankrng pnorny for socially responsible compames.
needs to make the ethical decision. are you commiued to doing
What is the Octinition of Et hics?
Defining erhics in a ~usiness environmenr is a lillie differcnr rhan defining personal morals
and values. A business is an e ntiry of many pans. Wirhin thar cnriry, there are borh writte n
and unwrille n.principlcs rhar drive acrions. ideas, and decisions. The indi viduals within an
organiz.arion dctcnninc whether or nor those principles manifesr substantive ly rhar is in t'OOd
behaviour and positive cho ices.
.
'
' ~~
Erhical business ~haviour .may be d:fined by _law, bur ir also can be defined by busi c;s
Generally s peakmg. an actron or chotec can be considered erhically correcr if'11 it 's
honest fa~r. suppons a benefic1al ourcomc for both (or all) patries. and t!Cnerally e abl c:~l
overa II corporare 1mage
an d vts1
on.
~
n e,..
... ._, 1e
leadcrsht~
p1101 aril> '' IS the_ tndivrdual: the cons~~ler. th~ e~1ployec or the human social unit of the
)cicty v.ho hcnelrts from ethrcs. In addn1on cthrcs rs imponant because of the follo,yin~:
st 1. Satisfymg Basic !Iuman Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human
needs. !~very employee desires to be such himself and to work for an organiLation that
is fair and ethical in its pract1ces.

.
Creating C redibility: An organi7-ation that is believed to be driven by moral values 1S
respected .in )he society even by those who may have no info~ation ~bout the
wo 1 king aud the businesses or an organiza1ion. lnfosys. for exan~pl~ s ?~r~e1.vcd as~~
organization for good corporate governance and social responsibility 101\la\lvcs ..1 ..
perception IS held far and wide even by those who do not cv~n, know what busmcss
the organi;.ation is into.
. .
.
. .
. d b . its
Uni ting People and Leadership: An organrzat10n drrven by values 1 ~ rcv~.:n: ~ th'
3.
loyees also. They arc the common thread that brings th_c
~;~sion makers on a common platform . Tilis goes a long "a~ rn ah~nmg he l:l\ 10\lf~
. .
d
h' vement of one. common uoal or JTIIS!>IOn.
. . h
total ol all the decisions that
within the org.amz.a\lon to"' ar s ac le
.
D . . Making A man' s desunv rs t c sum
..
. 4. lmprovrng ccrston
. ..
h. ld . e for organiza\lons Dectslons arc
he/she takes in course of Ius lrfc The sa_me. o~ ~~~:~oes not~\aluc competition v.. i\1 ~
driven bv values. For example an o~gamza~
petitors and establish a monopol) "'
fierce in, its operations aiming to wrpe out rts com
2
cr:'PI~yccs ,~Ill(. ~
the market.
. .
.
b ethics and values arc profnable tn the
Long Term Gains: Orgamzaltons gutded y to lose money. Tata group. one of the
S. long run. though in the shon run '.hey
on the verge of decline at
largest business conglomerates tn lnd~ t to be otherwise. The same company .s
beginning of 1990's, whic~ soon turn~il;~, and fail ed to do well but the same IS
T
NANO car was predrcted as a
d' the society. The law
ata
Often ethics succeeds law in
the society and the
6. Secunng
.
mute spectator, u
h the by the
is growing at
threats
envrronmen.
I t'on we have a new
I elp a l!rcm
time law comes up with a regu a' d ublic interest litigations may not '
~
replacing the older one. Lawyers an p
m~y ~:;'seen
picki~g u~h~s~:c~:~.
ma~hin:ry i~ o~~ec~~~~~:y:c;~~~:~~ple
t~e
sa~:~~:rto"~!ve
~~c~~,~~~~:;c:~,:~cw
deal but ethics can.
.
. .
d often when the law
. the oroamz.auons an
o
.
or environment.
f . ht and wrong 10
Ethics tries to create a sense o ng ganizations from harming the soctety
fails, it is the ethics that may stop or
.
...
..
..
Usin~ rhis guideline ir's easy to sec why an organi7arion's managers arc inc d'bl
10 buildinu,
. .n 1n
. others.
re I Y rmportan t
ea busrness e1 h'1ca 1armosp1tere and mspmng
Defining erhics docs nolhing. in irsdf. 10 motivate e rhical bdtaviour WI 1
: .
for ~ll)
,
.
,
.
.
.
11
e
I 1lerc IS no way
<:ompany 10 Ioree ethiCS, the organtzaiJOn s culture and wrirrcn code
.
cenamly help create an atmosphere where ethical behaviour becomes mo

or condurr
re narural.
32
31
105
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
104
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

sc ' crrns arc suh,ccti vc.
11 1
.I

I
l1bcr
Ill:!
I
I
In uetcrm1n1ng n g 1f ve1 sus wrono we.: have ro reme1
.
,1 corpo' are, COl~(! (J r cJ h.1\ s
o
.
' d 1ch'IIIE! ()II <
'
.
Tl1<11 '<; where underswndmg
,
rhc dcfinirion of ethrcs. , 111
group, or organr 7 111

'.b
li
.
I . I1 ., person.
.
I
can ue ve1y elp ul. Lhc code is rhc brrsclinc by w uc crn be made.: 1111JJil 111 a 1Y J .r ,,
measure the fi1cts of a case (rncludinu whcrhcr a dctcrminaiiOil ' necJ vour .ethical "a lues as
I
~
nt ro rc
,
a so 1mportanr ro develop :~n o rg<~ ni/nrion's va lue ~r;r r em~
d r ec tion.
well: rhis will ht!lp crnploy..:es undasrand your comrui11nenr an ( rr
. . .d . 1 and l.!roup, the equa lity of
When analysis and cva luarion begins, the rights of the .' 1101 ~'' nuii~ a way that best serves llle
ami ning each of these
rreatmcnr. nnd rhc steps rakcn ro remedy the issue or Sllll3110
. . , .
.
.
.
pia)' Bv ex
orga111Zllllon s ~1S1 on or 1den t11y must :1/1 come 11110 ' : : ,. 11 be!!in to fo rm. Final I)
1
clements, a decrs10n lh:u's cohesive. consis1cn1 and appropnalc "
, ~I )
.
.
.
.
,
vour
0
I dCC IS IOil musr be 11nplemcnred (o1herw1sc you re sp111J1 1 ~ 1 ~, . w..11c.:e s .
11a1
Ethical reasoning cnn be focused on answering two kinds ol qucsu ~n:> ..

I. Dcfinirivc questions (delining 1hc f;tcls rclcvantro 1hc qucsuon).
2. l~ca soned 1udgmenr (sorncwhm intuiti ve).
: .
.
Four Ques1ions 10 focus on When Yotr /l ave ro Make an Ethical fJcclston:
I . \VIw1 <tre the 01hcr competing, inlcrprclntions of 1he situ:ttion or problem? (Consldct
other perspectives or points of view.)
2. \Vha1 is rhe cash value of the situation or problem? (Both from a risk and benefit
pcrspccrivc.)
3 By revH.'\\ing your vis ion. mission and value swt~mcnts and company policies. is how
you handle 1hc siluation c lear? ( 1f not. revise thos._e statements and polic ies.)
For example, if your stalcmcnts clearly indicate a strong com mitment to a respectful
wo~kplace. yet one of your customers has been abusive. bullying and disrespectful , your
decrs,on in dealing wi th that situmion is clear: vo u need to advise your custome r that vou
canno1 ac~cp1 that behaviour and that if they can;t accept your policy then you can no lot;gc r
be a suppl1er ro them.
4. A s the individual who needs to make the ethical decision. are you comm itted to doinu
the righ1 thing?
~
W ha t is the Definition of E ch ics?
Dedfining ethics in a t?usiness environment is a little different than defini ng pe rsona l m~rals
an va 1ues A business
f
. .
and
. . .
JS an en~lty 0 ~nany parts. Wllhrn that entity, there are both w ritte n
u_nw~lllen pnnc1ples 1ha1 dnve acltons, ideas and decisions The ind 1vd 1 h
orgamzar1on dele
h h
. .'
.
1 ua s w1 1 tn an
behaviour and po:J:e c'~o~~e:.r or nolr hose pnnclples manifest substantive ly; lhat is, in gpod
Ethical business behaviour may be defined b I
b .
leadership. Generally speaking a n aclion o ly. aw, Ul Jl also can be defined by busin<'~:s
t
r. .
r c JOICe can be considered II . II
. .
10nesr. ar. supporrs a benefi c ia l outcome(; b
e 11ca y co rrect tf 1t's
1
overall corporare image and vision.
or Otl (or all) parries. and generally e nablett he
Usin!,! this g uideline it's easv to see why an o

. .
...
10 bu 1ld"
b
rgamza11on's manage
mg a usmess' ethical a tmosphere and in . . . .

rs are mcred ibly important
D~linmg crhics does nofhing in itself I
. spm ng_ Jt m o thers.
.
.
o mot1va1e c th 1ca l beh

.
any t:ompany lo 'Ioree' ethics rhe organizat" .

avJOur. While the re is nc> way
.-...I'IAnlu hel
'
JOn s cuhurc and
P create an atmosphere where ethical beh .

wnrrc n code or conduct
avour becomes more nalural.
31
lOS
When employees feel fairly treated and

ulturc. S,.11111.IarIy w I1en employees sec th . rewarded
they'
.
re Iess l'k
1 ely to undermine thai
1cadcrs bem' tre"tcd
cand i ssue~ . .11 .lll ~p11cs
.
etr
..
trust.
::- " equaIIy .m e1h'1cal dec1s1ons
With this in mind. understanding the deflnili
.r .
,
f thics needs to be a high-rankin
. . on J ~lhrc.\ and adopting a sound business code
o e
g pnonty for socml\y responsible companies.
Primanl y it is the~ individual. the consumer. the employee or the hutnan social unit of ihe
. ciety who
from
so
, . benelrts
.
. ethics In add'I\ton et h'1cs IS 1mponant because of the fo\\ow1ng:
I . Satlsfymg Baste Human Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human
~1ced_s. Every ~mp~oyee desires to be such himself and to work for an organiution 1hat
1S fa1 r and cthtcaltn ils practices.
2. Creating Credibility: An organization that is believed to be driven bv moral values is
respected .in !he society even by those who may have no infon~ation about the
working and the businesses or an or~anization. lnfosys. for example is perceived as an
organization for good corporate governance and social responsibility initiatives. This
perception is held far and wide even by those who do not ev~n._knov, what b\1siness
the organization is into.
"
.
3. Uniting People and Leadership: An organization driven by 'alues is revered by Its
employees also. They arc the common thread that brings th: CI:'PI?yces an~ the
decision makers on a common platform. This goes a lon~ \\ay 111 ahgn~ng beha\ 1ours
within the oroanization towards achievement of one. common goa\ or ll'liSSI O~ .
lmprovin!l D~cision Making: A mans destiny is the sum total of a\\ the dec~~~ns that
4
f

Dectstons are
he/she takes in course of his life. The same holds true or organrz.auons. . .
. \x
11
dri ven by values. For example an organization that d~es not value c~mpellllon w~h IO
fierce in its operations aiming to wipe out its compemors and estabhsh a monop the market.
h.
d values are profllab\e in the

. Tata oroup one of the
. long run. though in the short run they m~y seem to ose n~~e)v.eroe ;f de~\inc at the
l e ates in lndta was seen on
b
.
largest busmess c~ng o~ r
rned out to be otherwise. The same company .s
beginning of \990 s, whtc~ soon tu .
d failed to do we\\ but the same ts
Tata NANO car was predicted as a failure, an
5 Long Term Gains: Orgamzallons gutded by el tC~ an
ds law in safeguarding the society. The \a'~

b\e to save the society and the
.
~
d
. gas a mute spectator, una
b h
machinery is often .oun acttn
.
. at such a fast pace that the y t e
environment. Technology, for exa~p\e IS ghrowmgnewer techno\oe.y with new thrc:ats
.h
egulatton we ave a
h \
rea\
time law comes up' wtt a r
d blic interest litigations may not epa g
o the older one. Lawyers an pu
rep l acmo
deal but ethics can.
.
nd of\en when the \aw
. h
d wrong in the orgamz.auons a
.
Ethics tries to cr~ate a sense of n g t a~izations from harming the society or envronment.
fails, it is the ethiCS that may stop orga
.
picking up fast now.
.'
6 Securing the Society: Often ethtcs succee
106
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
lAS
cornratibility between a ttitu<l es and beha .

VIOUr
Allitudc "
1he sallle
'
"' ob
prct11sposir'IOn or a rcndcncy .J.O respo,d posirively or negarlvcly
.
cenain ldl'a
rowards a
~ect.
person
o
'd
I'
o f ac tio
and responses ro I II
. r SlluaiiOn. Auiwde inOucnces an 111dJVI un s cI10ICC
c lfl cnges ,
I' )
n.
our maior con
nCCllllvcs, and rewards (wocthcr called Sllnlu I .
bFel1ef
.
'J
1ponents of au 11
d
.
c
.
.
or opinions IPld
.u c arc ( J) Affect1ve: emouons .or feclmgs. (2) Cognitive
\altwri,e. posuive e co,~sc,ously. (J) Cognitive: inclination for . actio n. (4 ).
0 r negative response to srimuli.
~
The r elations hip between '~H iit udcs :. nd behaviou r
Once \ve've csrabl. I ,
15
Ror>
,. t~, . lfvvlmul:r
led people's
)all it udcs, can \.VC then accur:ately pred1ct how they' I 1 lwhm r:''
bel.
t'.1bug
(
1
960
1hree-componenrs' model (The ABC model: nll 1 11 \,
. 1a\ IOural - cogniti ve) , ) .
1111 1ICS 11a1

\\IL 1 the cogn111
1< th e be1av1ouraf
1
...... l c
ve and nffccriv
component will be highl v corr
1
.e components.
,,., cl
An earl\ S ltJ<.h
1 I 1 s 1lOWS (I .
. 1 , f
lt lnCOilSISIC 1
o
(I 93-lj.-
c:
PAVAN KUMAR'S
t:
<lied
. '
.<
Mlltudes and behaviour is that of L.a 1) 1.crc
auiwde mav lx_: c xpressed

.
10
~iwde 1<1wards the Labour pany doesn't

a vanety of wa ys. For exampl h .
ember. o r t I1at you attend pubttc meet' necessarily mcan that you c. avng.
a positi"c
II
people may qucsti
mgs. But if you d ,
actua y -\>cc(lmc a
behaviour to some ext~nt eveonn.(o~r. attitude. In other wor~n t vote ~bour in a gt:"cal
'
s, an an nude should predict
1 th1s IS extremely r .
.
. mtcd and specific.
111
election,
Indeed. AZJCil & fishbcin (\ 97?)

.
.
both are .,assessed
at the sa me ,argue
thatoeattitudes
..
eve\ of
prov.d cd that
. can predict behavtour.
1
11
of C:OIIIf'{l
nera Y
I (llL>I 1
ruy (orcorre\pond
.
.
ence) betweeno the
Th There needs to be a h.g1\ t 1(j.rec
researc 1 a 1e r~ s study included) suffered fr m.. ey ~rgue that much of the t;:r\ler
from general attitudes. or vice versa a d h' om either trymg to predict specific behavtours
study by Davidson and Jaccard t d n 1 IS acco~nt~ for the generally low correlations. A
ne to overcome this limitation.
Auitudes ca n predict behaviour 1r ,
.
1979) Davidson and Jaccard
)Odu ask .th~ nght questions (Davidson & Jaccard.
.
<
ana1yse correlations between
A
10wartIs b1rth conlrol and their actual
f
marr.te"' women's athlmlcs
lollo,ving the !ltud y.
use o oral contraceptives.. during the two yl!ars
LaPicrc's stu dy
Be,nn
19"0
~ me- m
Ch mese
couple J ( and for 11
. le next two years l
p
al ) oung srudenr and his r )a ~~re !~veiled around the USA w rl
auirudes>\hJch
10
\\OU d mak
. d.
Wl,e . expeC!I Cl
I 1 a
~~miles ofrra tel. the ~II IITi.culr lor them ro find,ac n~ ro .encounter an li -Orien lnl
pn:JUdJce. Ther \\e
. y '' ere dlscriminared a .
commodat ion. Bul in I he co . .
.
re rused al on I;. onere ven accommodalion in
on I)' one< and here appeared
oI
6l~~~::
/,I
more than ordinary
I~'~:
~on~~~e~~;~nals~ s;2rvedofrhem.
in 184 res:~:r~~~~~~C:I~~~ a~6d 'Tourisr Homes' <l l~~
a and treatc.>d witlt .
10
nO\\ever
h
.
w en each f
ISkmg: 'Will yo u accept
o the 251 esrablisll menrs
..
VIS 1 d
~r cent of the I J
. members of the Chin
' e was sent a leucr .
nqualified y . _g wh,ch responded g
ese race as guests in y
SIX IIIOIIIIt:-.. I<Hrr
es and rhe rest said 'U d .ave an emphatic 'No' 0 our establishmcni'J' 9.1
n ec1ded: de end
. neesrablish
fluences on beha .
P s upon Clrcumstallce ,
ment gave an
~our
generally agreed lh
s.
I evaluate our acr n rhe tmmediate conseq ways, but how we act ollf behaviow. Th<' v
ton~ and h .
uences f
ua v a
'.''on. lhere may be s . r. .abuual ways of b h o .our behaviour I ct Jn a p.1Jiind:"

.ere study, rhe higf:Ciu~c.suu(lfionalfactors in~ avm~ in those k~n~ow we _lllllll: <illtrt~
eness, rogerhcr with
ah.ry of his Chinese ti
behaviour Fs of
In
oven prejudice. nJUs ~resen.ce of LaPiere himne,~ds clothes
lor example, in -the
rcprescnr a
we experiencse , may have made _uggagc and ri;cir
'"'c..oen rhern .
e a con fl icr of . It more di ffi c(tfr ro
alllludcs .ancI hchaviour
compromi~ ~mermes
~enc,.ng
and
According to Aj;en and Fishbein. every single instance of beha' iour invo\. . .es four
spec:ifi~
elements:
I.
2.
3.
4.
a speci ticaction
performed with respect to a given target
in a given context
at a given point in time ~
According to the principle of compatibility. measures of attitude and behaviour arc

compatible to the extent that the target. action, context and time element are asscsstd -'
identical levels of generality or specificity (Ajzen, l 988).
re~ent pn:di~po.\itir.
at auuudes form o I
taton ".,ill depend ~m to ~have in particu lar n y one determinant
th~
measure. the correlation was

\Vhen 'attitude towards birth co n1ro I' was used as the amtude
.
.
nee
ere
was
very
low.
But
when
'attitudes
to,,ards ural
h
.
0 08 ClearIv. the corresponde
.J2. and "hen 'attitudes
tO\\ (lrds. usinl!
contraceptives' .were measured , th e corre1at10n
rose to 0"'
?ra.l contraceptives' ~vcre . measured, the correlation rose still further to 0.5 3 Finalh. '"he~
attitudes towards usmg oral contraceptives during the next two years' was used. it ;us~:! ;,till
further. to 0.57. Clearly, in the last three cases, correspondence '"as much higher.
Slltmtion~:.
for example. a person's attitude towards a 'healthy lifestyle' only specities the tarr,<'l
the other three unspecified. A behavioural measure that would be compatible w\ih l
aniwde would have to aggregate a wide range of health behaviour across daffere
and times (Stroehc. 2000). Elaborating the psychological proceSSts underlyana \he
Pf__..~'
of compatibility. A.izcn ( 1996) suggested that to:
t~me altil~
:.,,...~~.
... the ext<nt ti!Cll tile beliefS salient at the

of
01USSJWffl
plans are jimnulatd or exec111td. strong atllt...,..bofta-. . , .
lOS
109
PAVAN KUMAR 'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Thl' r,fi :tbilil\ ~nd c:o " "S

. it' IH'.' o f hrha' io 111
l,,.
,llltllld~-hdt,J\'t<HII
lII :Jssll'
JUSt
\111'' ''ll'
l.:>
10 fiiiJ ,111
\1 1111.11
f.llkd
~ 1.111\
... studr
......
',nf<c, of 1 1
L ai'R'rt' stud'
>' lt11'ltllll (Sttoel)(!.
As Wl' notl'J
. .'
111
~000)
c:~rlil'l \\'h~n tliscussj

--
IOtn
1
...,.sed
.,
~m;;lc.
..
. llbt.llll'C
. .. 1,f" 1''""""I
,I"' Ison m.lll) r':1t'l'''" "' :-.ddton
. to the ;\ltltu<k
. . I.ht s mako .." '
.
Img nwn ' ;,q
. 1~ 1'''
On 1\esl
~mp
..HHtr:tn un><I'"ll <' .nd<"""'l. '"'-'" ouuk -'"'"'1 ''"'I I 'l9,)
1h
ol th l I
--
- >v
l
~t::.,t.:'"<tii<'I'J''
J' .
....
.
1 .Hl<.t:::.
.
:-Ill
It's
~.: I x..
:l
97~
1 11.:111
h~c:n
,,tlfthl' intlucnn: {ll -;pl'<'t 1c f:Jctors 'canct

1111 l l:r
. :1 m
&' Arzl.'n. 1
J h<lS
dc:tnonstr:Hcd "'
h..OUt'
l:l\h)lll
or
t.h '. (
-\cc-flrd.ins
to .md
I '''!lg
& Vauohtn 1'l9>- ), "hn< hns '"'" g<<l in 1lu 1980s and 1990s is "
lh.tt
:'"" uJo-s
'"en
.
rn.!o '"""''"'" lxha . '" 0 '" nnn'< '""''I in o simpk on<lo-on< fashion. In od ""'
f,. I'~<' I'lt'b .1ud
- bcha
. 'ou
. thl.! inttraction bet( er. to
:muu'Q.
. II . musr
l '1<.:.. f'<1SSt'II>,. 10 at:counl for
1 .. ,,
JCII0n
'tour.ll
, as \\C II :ts ho" all of. these co nnect with th , ",
.
. 0 n~ :111~mpt
li..,lmal
, tntcnrio,1 s.
.. 10
1 1' a/.r.aHmcd action (TRA) ( \ .l: <l(O: r
.,'t.l hshbc;
" \ '1St: 11lese
- flnl,. :s. .
t:s I 11!! /ll'0/
..x JICn. 1Q75).
'J?en &.
F
19
111
rsh~rn
l'hl :S irt'll;.! lh
ur :tllillldl'
~~ ;,~':/~~;;',.;~ ~"'"'g
~s _'~n
a~:jt.,
~~ :r.;~~:~~-~1!~~;'~";~;~: ~nd ~1_

Ol<~
b;~' .
~,~~~:;~~~ <~:"'"'~Is
~.:r.l np~nmcnts ~~~;i~,:;~':,,! mc~sures
":'" l>eu}r
than if lhc' 'd
b;. lht.> m<?rc "\
.
"'""" u,. (Za'
"uh "'"'" hm i or ,,..,;~~: I ~one.
8~
~~~;:en,:~~-.~
of Sl udems' ca<
or
!their dfuwre parttCipation if thev'd a lredjs
h~d: ~~n:.~.: more

hiS can be
pi a; ned
contact we
'n' "'' abo ' h

1968). accordi "" IO."
.. I k more" e lil-.e them ~
.
So :mitudcs
.
- Jon't pr~d'ICt b"l .
pro lcm.
th:u '.-
s h e ladure
..
cIOla'lind
totrr- ''hat's
th e problem'? The
rhre
b
1
T .
""'
ex
hav ..
'
so-call d
""'" <o unJ<rmmc <h, ' . a rehable relalionsh;p belli"

e aunude-behav;OI.r
3
research
<nwe Slud) of au;<udes. As " . :'". aunudes and bchav;our
cognu.on '"paniculor. for
of soc;aJ
<he Introduction anj
.
I \elf lns<oty (Sia;n,
Ro) '" general. and
. I
Bur from rhe . .
on
eta/.. 1995).
socra
.
'""'.''~"' ~uiwdc
nu:;~ ~f clo~<e"lon<
psvc~:i:~ '.'~
o~rs
pcrspt~r"e
1
ofd'
c.:orre
fJSl'cholo.~a th
. au on incon..
.IScur~IVt'
radrlaonal
m . srsrenn
.
. be '''ecn
auirude
. ere s no reason
Ch3pter
3). nrnstream. auirudc research s. and beha\ iour is "hat
'tdo ex_
pect such a
T
,. , . . on <he fallac . we. . ex

: peel IO hnd.
auuudes are
""Pr<sS<'.
- ftit.
. :
tl
lc course of th,r
30COrdrn '
con ram. and
" g
vctu~h
ogl~
peop
J)ISCUISII< psycilol
'l\lllmg thing;
10
I.
IS based
rellccl<~g
" uch au;wdes 'bc lo
;;.,p~J
~omerhing
rs concerned wiah acli

.
e are rvorf;
on. as dtst'
' c:d rudy of I he d sscoursc

'
,..-(e orrmng actions \\ hose na
mer from cog tHtron
..
,
I I
11"' ) Soc
psy~hologis<s
eve~}day
(se~
,
..:
.l
.g. rocord;ngs of
lure can
n saymg or
I) t of r!- ,.1
have undc
conver,;.,,iorn revealed thr_ough a...
netor1c heghl gh
resumat d h
ns. news
.
Ill< are pan of
' IS lhe poinlrhal o ', ' e mrahrv of paper arrwi<<.
5
1
argumenrs. debaape pie \t:rsions
cvn.fluJ in soci.tl
"
es and dralogucs
unr
event s. and their o"n
~~
~us (Pouer. 1996)
t\~ecn mdl\'lduals and ~rouP.s:.
h'losophy
Three Trends in 1ora 1 and Politiclll,
lntrotluc:tion
I here
' d trends Ill
. moral and par . I .
or
. ha,c
,.. been three g.oo
so. - ~tsl. there has been a trend tO\\ard . ~\lea phtlosophy over the last flftv 'ears
hctl by
"ide spread aJopt' < ;cJhCcllng special foundations. a trend. that is
particular
and
. . I
IOn o t e method John Rawls adopts
h. h
.. 11 .
o
<
pnnC1p CS are adju!'.ted
h
. 10 "' 1C
IC CCII\'C equilibrium:
to eac other in an auempt to reach
e'CI~Iph
th~o:
jud~>mcnts
Sccontl.
there
.
~
. ha' e been .lllcmpts
to use intuitions abo
. .
nc\\ :lnd ohcn arcane moral pnnc I l'k
ul panrcu\ar cases 'n order to arri'"e at
'
N'
d'1scusst~ns
.
1P es 1 e that of double eucct.
ro c~ probkms
as 10
of so-ca\\e.J
II
t
\ ,h)\I modnn 1hl , 01 It.'S ;)l!n.' lh

.
~c. <:rl,drt
1.: .11 :ltlltUJl'S

.. ,
deli,;'''"
inn uence
an au; 1U<k s
'"''""";ealh ,,,.,i,,n<d
mor< inOu<n
lxh"iour
"'lh)ter 17).
C'\3mple. I
,. .,
nt: ,,lctor th::u sccms lc"> ...... . .
1. . 1. a 1use I e) can be
" ..lllna { 197S .
t.K: Important
s d re
.
.
ute
ll(
1/IICIJII' (/ ...
ts ,
.
"''~.
'> tngk . rsolated indi\. I . search. dtscursivc psycholoo
.
a morCt elallonal or distrrh. d ~"-'~ u<tl::. tO\\arJs interactions be , o'! ~nc~ .to shift the focus
c om pared
"ith traditional annude
.
1
re
rC I: tttOilShlll
<IS"'$
11
~omg
,,f
g. 1987, IYYl. in
l hird.philosophical
and perhaps most
imponant
has. been
.tncreascd
.
.mteracuon
. between scientific
aml
studies
of
.. there
I'
h' l
moro il\ as for exa 1

pS\cholog;cal accoun>S of moral de' I..
. mp '" P 'osoph.cal ""<lions ,.
morJI;<v.
e opmem and evoluuonary explanations of"""'" of
2. lhjclting Special Founu:Hions
Athoca~es ofthe_old special foundationalism sa'' an iniportant difference between
f?u~dauonal bche~s an~
other. non-foundauonal, beliefs. Justiftcation ''as to begin from a
sp<ct~l founda<ional bel;efs ond pro<eed from !here , non-(.;unda>iorol

Foundouo~al behefs "ere.s~pposed 10 be ei<her .:If"'' idenl m d;,ecl\ y justifoed by
0
hmHed number ol
':"I ><Is:
cxpen~.:nce .. Non-loundatlonal beh~ls
~"'"""
were supposed to be juStifieJ only if there was an
argume1." lor 1he'." from o<her 1h;ngs a
"" jus<ifoed in beli<Ving. Sp:ial
foundauonah sts also S:lW an important ditTerence bet".een special foundational methods of
reasoning that were thought to be directly or self-e, idendy justifted and non-foundatinal
methods that could only be indirectly justified.
fOttnd~tiona\ists
Special
supposed that non-foundational beliefs and mcthods were
jusl;fied only ;f 1hey could be derived from spc<ial foundat;onal pmiSCS usUlg only
foundal;onal m<ihods. T1ie founJal;on:tl beliefs aod methods.,.,. foun<Jar;ooal the sense
dl>l we n\Ust stan w;th 1hem aod jusl;fy e"=ryth;ng else in renns of lhcm.
;n <hal mosl of our beHefs and methods ""' not fowtdal;ooal In this view. beliefs - '
n1ethods 1ho1 hod no foundalional justificalion ,_supposed to
os uojusaifood.
They""""'..,_.
be~
uo
PA VAN KU M AR'S lAS .
J 1tl t' lhOt I.~. ir rt'<JIIII t'S. .rh,lf .til hc

. lr~f.<; nll(j
I I ' " ' ." o llt'r
rh;u rhc.. a <Ir e no r;<11mc1u
ron.r KlidS
' Son d<'C{'pro;
.Ill1 hdrch
. .' nd IIICihtld s . 1 pu
. I.
l ,, , Ctlltl'l t; IICl
.
lw ,usrrltt't 111 tc111 '
.
Ihods :t!i ln 11ndarIOna l; it hk . .
.
1II ht'lr<'b ;lilt1 rm:

Gt' tll'lill I~HttldaiJOiltllrsm II Oil1<1 h11 c us lr' It'
t:alrr t' c,w tlrct:. .
g lhtm .
1
11 11011
r, m l v when I1K '
'~ llh <lllr current vrews and practic~:. rather than from
lhom " """'"' J "' " " " '" " '
.10 a .
John
ethiCS.t\ lcDowc\1
he appealsargues
to what
he ~ail s
m~rhod:.
~~.
Ls o"ro "''"' o f
. <loodrnnn. de:.~.:
.
~"Ill
ll'klrtnu h i .tll~:,rrlu: r < l!iC .
I ' ltld!!lllUII:s
. 1 uc;siorr
by t:ft:v . ~ .. "hose :1 1111 IS 10 ach1cvc wh,,
... ad,u:srnr
~trrt .ll f P. 1 lllCiplc.:s
mwu.rf
'111.c1 consu
R:Hds calls 'ltOct' lll't' c quillhl ium
.
/
Ndsll~
.
t:...r ~t:.
. s hv mnk111g
. . IIhemt yn1on:
'-'nt
iniUU. O
OOIS n h0<II prrfll'lll,u
>ou CCOIC<OJ Jll UICI V CS >

n>nI<I.colr
OlJ> 1/l<no
11
1
1000
t: om cnn<idcocd gonc ml punoor
cs .' 1 we
<I<1J \O S lo ne <>ur
0"ilh
r orrt:t:
1< IVc nwk C rrog'CSS uy
I
I
wrt
ICultll
ca
s~;S.
.
.
noocs cnho'ICOOI
wu h Uopurs
U j ndgnocn
IS 0 lOIU I :
.
. SC I o>f pm Iicu/no 0PHll On> Ill )( I gCI>cral
. ' 'i<!ll
l<l <.\ll'h orhc:1.
urng
. 11c
I I<''
. l 'll ol r<!ac hlll!_! .l .
\1 CO>II<CI <lOU oomsidcnd
, ic:" ' rh:rr
:rr~ .111 t'<>mpklt'
. act, ore111111
1 ~:a
ch orhe;:r.
.,
we sr1r1 "'" 1 our Ilr'scn r vicwi n;1d try IO
lcasr
h~. merho( ~~.'Ill
111

. .
ma\'
he:
, vie" Some o f o ur optn ronslh<:
' I th renee of Ottl " 1 1c
.
.
rh:11 I\
1csr
in
orhers
But
definitions
arc
1
~ p1ll'ikgt>d
co fide nee some
Ji '""'' 1""'
m,,..,, 1h:1n
'"' "'"!
no
o1hc1"'''' "'
!ht:rc.: 'uc no a I>rind fix cd poinls.
1
lh 'll
CllllSt' llillllt
ch<tll!!l.'
11
pmnHllt:
. .
lli:Jf.:c
10
t: u
IIHHl
111
. ' ancl .
!]Cntrnl"''lt:\\S
ll)(ln:
l~all/s ck/~nds \<JiiOU!>f>rlllC1ples

ofJttS.IICCan
. ' . )rinciprlcs
aboUI
. choice
d I .
. .
. .
d \:lfiOll
. s Incla1
ahou 1 1he "'I""on

'<1'"
.
. .
pnnclfJII::s
o fUSitce
an c 101ces 11a1
p0~11011 C: OCS1 110~~en
< c:'
11 d
, ar"lll' rhm nnv ol.the pnncrp 1es or me1a
1
pnnc1pks "'-' tkllllllronallrtll !) or sc.. 1-L'VIuenr
axr 1
.
. .
.

h
1 o ns or known a pn on . lie lakes them 10
be pan ol '"' uvcm/1 accoun1 ani,cd m 1hrongh adjuSimcm o I o pu11ons m I he search fo;
rcllcCiove cqui/ibnum. This
of Specoa/
Ill favour of r.eneoa
also plays, significan1 role in Rawls's la<co doscnss1on abou1 how people
a p/uralisoicprinciples miglu
move from a "modus vivendi'" 10 an "ovcr/app<ng consensus
concerning
ofju:.;1icc.
in ,.., '"'"in.o1 Jl'" "'"'
II OufJ
m1d
fl., lll.ldt II) :111 Oll!!lll;tl
founda~ionalism
socie~y
oejce~ion
foundaloo~ahsm
~~
Princirles oflibcny of conscience and eligious 1olera1ioo. for example. inilially were
acccp1ed on/.' because lhc al1cm31i,e " "religious wao. Btu once lhc"y were acccp1ed. <heir
acceplanec had an imrac1 on Olher <hings people believed lhrough the mu1ual adjustmenl of
beliefs wil/1 each o<hcr aiming 31 reflec<ive equi librium. As people came 10 accepJ moral and
religious plinciples th31 /01 in wi1h liber1y of conscience and <oleration, <heir religiow; and
mo,./ views were reimeopnucd. Evcmuall y. ll>cy came 10 have more coherem sySI ems of
though! in which principlos of<olcr31ion and liber<y of conscience ligured as imporlam v""" ''
and not j OSI as some< hing agoccd lo as Jlllll o(a modus vi vendi. Many people wi lh u vm icly of
religious views now agree on principles of 1olcr31ion and libeny of <hough! even !hough lhc
principles fit in difiOrcm ways imo <heir vaoious religious views and
seen as lwvinj!
difl<rcm
Hawls aogues 1h31 !he o<her principles of juSiicc he defeo>lS
tan in""' same way become par< of an overlapping consensus in a pluraliSiic sociely.
.,~
rcfigio~os jo>~ilic.,ions.
lJworl;in~s
Rawls's view. abo01 justice illuSirdiC a tendency lo rejec1 special found.,ionalism.

Uonald
views provide anorher illuslr<Jtion.
~~
"'"""~
"""""Y Of human life bo<h fi1 with our cu~rcnt prac1ices and make lhe practices ou/ to be
II< defends moral and poli!ical principles as providing imerprelalions of our poli!ll:al .md
I or example. he argues 1ha1 cer1ain ways of undcrslanding imcgrity or the
IOOd P'IICIK:eS m IICCotd-., with our current undersJandings. Like Rawls, Dworkin sfaJU
37
Ill
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
ttllpl~e..:.
lnumlati<ln;rl princrples.
de litOll 10m.
()r Cl
th r <;elfCVIdCnl
I1\ dcfcndin~
a kmdholdir;l!
of naturahsuc
vu1ucethiC'>
,
sumlar.~~a:curJtuan
. .. rcn~ction.
that CliCil
we arc.
11)
1
;,
"Neur.uh s boat..
b td '"'"
I " No ttbula rasa eXISts.

Wc 'Ire and
hkc to
sailor" \\hO must rc Ul
According to Otto NcuJ<rtl.
'd. . tic it .in dry-dock
.
. len sea. never able Ill r srn~n ..
slup on the 0 1
f the hcsr m:ncrwb
'<COOl'" UCl " "'"' uon0
r "'"'"'' . Ro'''"''
. I McDo,, c\rs mcthm. or .

Other
defenders of vcrtu_c eth~~s ~~;;~w;l\'.: invocalion of a "Ncurallllan
I lursthouse refers approvrngly
pooccdu~e."
. d.
""~ vcoy much i"'hc
f trolley prohlcms ha~e tt: n c~1.
been whether
dls~~~\~:.:~~~~r~t:edurc, camp. Somctunc~h~,~~;~~~cIC i<.hascondllctcd
at the
ocnccoivc cquiliblium, N:"' : a 'd "lml IO ''" ' """'
I I'"'"""' often ""'PlY
.
Simi larly. philosophical
sm:h probh:ms :cfutc.
u;~~~~:,:~~~~~~:'~h~~c
';'s',~:~~~h~:~~;ogu:al discussion
and many othtr

k\'d of rcflCCIIVC eqUI 'll'b
1 approach withOUt any exp IC
adopt the ret1c.ctivc. cqur l nun
.
, Kanuan!) seem
f undalionalism in cthccs. ~orne Our thconsts tn
01
c.lh~cs
~':,~~~H~nal jusoif~~;~;J .~~:,contcmpmary

e~:~!' he 0~""~',~
~~;:~~:~;~;~
to have tned
~~ a";~~~e:l
p
, .. I foundilllonahsm.
qnslc
~
I
NOt everyone has
In
increasing y rCJCCt spccta
. 'tluilibrium arc. o ftcn l"nort:
""
1 d rct1cctcvc c
I
prQccdurcs a 1
I foundationa rsrn.
is still focused on spccoa

. ' pies
rr~n~o
co new
:~
using~
. .' n an aucmpt
to uncases.
h'l
1
ophv consists
t about
Finding New
nOTal and polioical P
ary inluitions oo judgmcn nd reason
The second toeo "' ' h a consideralion of or "'oo intuitions abou< cases:., cxomple. <hal "
moral poinctples
wilh inioial
e equiliboium. They ;:"" onle< to <e-.luc< th<
Here philosophers eg lhe seaoch fo oeOecuv lley lo a side '""'. ;:. same way oigbl oo
th~o~n
JUdgmen~s
Neurathian proc~dtltreomr permissible to tum ab ttr~t does not seem tn ~ nts who need them to
1\y ng ll
one u
s to patte
seems mom
I , killed from fi~~ IO nd dislribule his oogan fi cto one.
number ol pcop e a hospital vtsltor a
le who die from "'
missible IO1 cui up

!he number of peop
nhit hin> andmissile
stop
. will reduce
trolley WI
r e even <flus
.
.
!hal a runaway . "ble 10 di.c< IH
" '
ff
a
bndge
so
pcomtsst Massach.,. liS. wha<
to ush a fat man o
ped ahead; .It see msWorcester,
per
II seems wrong
0
p the five people traplodes instead over 'J
before runm u over k Cit) so I hatit exp

.
__._. b
. for New Yo<
l>o<fies . . - headmg
will be killed.
he ...,ads that
, ""'''"
fewer people
.
dto a bcgg8f on t I simplY 0111 of....,.
to refuse to gsvc foove food to the beggar
::1:: -~~
II seems wors\ than to oefuse to &'
her dtilcloe "'

medica\ rcscarc d
. benefits to h\s.o~- lhal ft1iabt ICC*
cannot be bothere
. ht for someone to gave
to think o f p rintP~
~
~.i~~-""'!':~lf<.,7~
\t .seems
.
hers bout
then tbese
try. 8 nd otherptcases.
. ....._ op 'Wldlll '""'..
ng
Ph1\osop
chl\drcn .. d . dgments a
nting \O ac:c.e the prtnaaconsidere l~cause of not wa
about cases
based.
112
113
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
: the princip'h: 1>f

r10a1) mor<t I lllouohr
c
Oflcn rhc principles in qucsrion arc unf..1miliM .' 0 on
someone else !111m
..
h. I . .
to ''lt lll :11
h<tml 10fr , . the jlfllll:lj}
.
. I II " I
douhl~ ~ IICCI. according 10 \\ IC111 IS \.\'OrSC

'
C lu JlO ~hl\ C
.: SldC 0.: 1 ~'- 1
'
10 act in .1 \\"<I) 1h:11 produces rhc samc hat Ill a:. :I llld
hum others; a ddlcc 11on
10
. rtan
I
' m;!vcnl Iuum to 01IH.:rs
neg.' liiVI.: duucs .nor lcr to
duucs to hdp othc1s arc less srncr
1
. ..
I
10 some Ill ore
principle rhat wkcs ir 10 be worsc ro uuu:llc tatm
.
hers sec an nnnlogy bct,\cc n
1
than it is 10 de Oecl ham1 from some 10 others. Sornc plu osop
moral philosophy and linguistics.
believe about right and wrong, a cena

.
.
I
.
tn son of VIrtue etl .
nor ion ol n c tarnctcr Irati. If characwr is
'II .
liCS presupposes the viability of Jhe
an 1 USIOI\ that
lab.:: p1o.: :, upp~> !> 1t1vn .

.
' Son of vtnue
ethjcs is based on a
Some defenders ?f character-based virtue ethics sa
.
_
Ins character tra1ts. In their view it is
Y thar II docs not.matter whether anyone
1.' en if no one could actual~y
cnoug11 that the~e be an ideal of a vinuous per:;on.
,\t'on we can still try to act as . vrnuous person, the sdeal can still function as a guide to
ac I
a vtnuous person would act in our simation.
t\ l or:ll Scicntc
In t-1odclll Moral Philosophy'' G. L M . Anscombc ari!.UC

imposs1blc in the <~bsc ncc of an adequate 111oral psychology.
d thai moral ph ilo"OIII\ , ,
vu we ctliCS
1 mtg
lrt arrrec
with this. Out. whnt did
M:my defenders of !he new nnalyt1c
""
1
.
11
at moral psvcholouy IS a bran<: h
Anscombc mean by moral psychology? We m1g 11 suppose "
c .
~
ltlt
- C psyc110 1ogy. lllC
1ll d'111g l1lC Sill(1Y 0 f n10 r..... 1 de,clopntenl .111 children ' bur that 1s
0 . SCICil
'
prob<1bly
nor what Anscomhc mcnnr. Nc,enhclcss. moral plulosophers ha ve been
increasingly inlercsrcd in rhc worl.. of moral psychologists as \.\ell . as .othe r scientists.
i1~cluJIIlg anthrorologists. cvolutionory psychologist~. l'Conomisrs ..ond lnstonans.
II is uue rhat. u1 kas1 for a 1clativdy brief period. some anal) tic philosophers thought
philosoph~. mclucfing moral philosophy. was concerned only with lrurhs of language or or her
sorts or a priori 1ru1hs. This pernicious idea seems to have lost much or its force . in pan
perhaps because of justified skepticism abour analytic and a priori truth but especially
because certain developments in science arc so dearlv relevant to moral philosophy.
Someone may ask. " Wh<ll is the' difference. then. bcr,~een moral philosophy and moral
pS) cht>logy'!" rhe answer may be that there is no inreresring difference and that the
ISSue is or tnlercsl only to university administrarors. It may seem that there is a difference in
degrel! of theoreucity. Psychologists rend to haw ro do experiments 10 back up their
~heonz~ng. whereas philosophers tend mainly 10 theorize. But psychologists also theorize and
1nc~mgly philosopher~ join with psychologists in doing experimenJs and considering how
that e\Jdence from expenments may be relevant to philosophical theories.
Social ps)chol~gistshave ~iscovered that people are very quick 10 aurib~lle any son
of. unusual ac11on ~o SJ?CCific character traits or the agent even when there is considerable
t:\rdence that the sl!uatton may be or a sort that mighr lead almost an}'One to act in the same
"ay.
.
Th~s te~dencx has been called ''the fu ndamental auribution error.''
Th ts w.tdesp~ead e~ror raises the question whether the notion of a character trait is of anv real
va 1ue etther m socaal and personality psy h0 1
1 h.
'
Th' . .
c ogy, 111 mora P rlosophy1 or in ordinary mor<1l
th'10 k'
L d
mg. as s sagmficant because ordinary thi nking about character l rai ts can have terribly
11a con~quences and because of the n be 1 h'l
1

ethics.
urn r o r> ' osop lcrs currently working in vi rtue
Bad consequences of thinking about character traits includ f; 1 ,

.
.
when people say " It all comes d
h
.. .
e ar ures Ill polttrcal reasonmg. as
when il is conceived as characteowde
n to le aracter. _Mastakes are made about moral education
r ve opment. Mrsjudgments of h
-:.: 1
assume that they could only ha
d
.
Ot ers occur whe n pcvp e
ve actc as they dad because of bad I
f .
h
sor1 In e~treme cases this leads 10 eth 01. . .
.
c laracter o th1s 011 t at
conceme4 ro improve,moral and~-1.. ~ ~~r~~re. ~s _m ~osnia and Somal ia. I f philosophy is
1
chanlcrer is misconceived.
tea m mg, 11 15 htghly relevant if the whole-notion of
ViJ1ue ethtes may well give a good accoum of a
a ~aJ m-us lheory gjves a oood

spects ol ordmary moral thinking, just
ro
accounc
I
,.._...,.. Howewr
as an account about
&h1 of acn.o.-ts
,.... of 0 rd'mary untutored phystca
n
and wrong and not jusl about what .People
be;
. and.
l lo\\l!ver.. .this id<:<1 docs .not applv, if a VIrtuous person would never be .tn our situation
wav.
tithe
whole
not
ton
of
cltaracr
" . .
. .
er ts a n11sra e and rhcre cannot be a vtmtous pers~m m
rhc rcl~vant sense. tl.ten II rs a vacuous illusion to suppose thai we could tigurc out wh<~t 111 do
by asktng what a VIrtuous person would do in a given situarion. The best we can do is to
fi gure out wha~ the right thing to do is in the situation and rhen conclude that that is what a
virtuous person '~oul~ do in the situation, and that this is what we should do. But this ntluces
to saying we ought to do what we ought to do and does not represent an intc~t.: sring.
rhcorctical position. Thi<; objection does not apply 10 the version of virtue ethics that is
concerned with honest. courageous. and other vinuous acts only. ".lilt no commtttncnt to
character traits.
, 1,
Moral psychology also includes the study of moral development. a subJect that has
been of !l.reat interest to moral philosophers at least since Adam Smiths Theory of the Moral
Sentime~ts. More recently, philosophers have been impressed with the tradition fron: Jean
Piaget 10 Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan. In A Theory of Justic~ Ra ..~ls. rete.rs to
Pia!let. Kohlbere.. and other psychologists in de1eloping his own ps_ych.olo~tcaltheor~ ol hO'-'
"s~1 se ofjustic~ may arise in children. given a background ofjusttnSIItuuons.
1r would follow that certain constructed moralities that philosophers take scrio~sly, .
such as Ulilitarianism. are not learnable by children in the norrn~l.nat~ral w~Y 10 w~ICh
. . W . ht redictthat the children of uuhtanans wt acquuc a
chi ldren leam mora Iaty. e mag P
. .
. . 1 l'ke double effect They might
morality that. i.s lik~ .util_ita~ianism but c~~ta~:~~~~~~~~ ~~~-conscious way, Just a!' people
sti ll later acquare uu htar~amsm as a mora aty
ra y physical theories in a self-cons~ious
have to learn formal logacal languages or contempo r
11
way.
1 base. " - Plato

A llleamiflo /ras all emotiOna
.,
,.
What is Emotionallntclgencc.
T
ceive control and evaluate c-motions.
Emotional intell igence (EI) refers t~ th~ ~b
to c~;an be learned and strengthen'--d while
Some researchers suggest that emou_o~a ante agen
others claim it is an inborn charactensuc.
;?
=;-'
h 0 M yer have been the 'ead.mg ~-~

~'J:
Since 1990, Peter S~lo~ey and J~ nrti~le ~'Emotional Intelligence,." they detlaod
~ntell~gcnce.
In" theu :~,"~~~:ci:l intelligence that involves the abilatJ \0

rntclhgencc as, the su s
.
to discriminate amont tbem.-d to
d thers' feelings and emouons.
~~id~ one's thinking and actionsM (1~90).
"'*
114
llS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
19">5 - 'I.he concept of emotional tnte 11 .t!!,encc .1s

. d
. .
~ycholo !!. t s t and Ne-w York Times s .

- . popu1anze
after pubhcatton ol
P
'I
.
ctence wnter Daniel Gol
. book
. I
. /ntelhgcnLc!. II ty It Can ,\4utter More Than IO.
1 cman s
moflona
(\l ca!>uring E. m o ti o n:-~1 Intelligence
'
.. 1 1 c~.tard to measuring emotional intell'
n ...
.
.
tgencc - 1 am a great believer that criterion-report
(th<~t tS. abtltty tcsttng) tS the only adequate method to cmplov. Intelligence is an abilitv. and
IS d.tre ctl y measured
, pcop1e answer questtons
. and evaluating the correctne~c;
.. only by havmg.
of those answers. --John D. Mayer
Rcuven 13ar-On's CQ-i
A self-report test designed to measure competencies including awareness. stress tolerance.
problem solving, and happiness. According to BarOn. "Emotional intelligence is an :~rra~
of noncognitive capabi lities. competencies. and skills that influence one's abilny to
sllcceed in coping with environmental demands and pressures."
The four Br.lnche~ of Emotional lnrelligcncc

.
f: ccors of emotiona l
Salovcy and Mayer proposed a model thm identified four d1_ffcrent c~ 5 the allilit v 10
. ,, .
I
.
.
..
US Ill!! Cill O I n>n .
.
' .
lnll' t!_!CI1Ctc'' 11l' J1CieCplt011 Of ClllOIIOn. till' ah1flty rC:lSOll .
...
lv
understand enwuon and the abiflt v to manngc cmmions.
1 1 J>cn:ei, c
..
,
.
.
.
.
'
'ottstonccuco~o:.
I . Pcrc(.'tnng F. mor wns: I he tir~l step 111 ulldc: starH.Irng. ~.:rnOt l 1 :.
.
StiC h n o; h<Hh
.
.
.
:.lg ll.l 1S
them. In man~ cases. this
m1ght
mvolvc understnmJ'1ng n0 I1\'CI bll
c
language and facial cxpn:ssions.
.
promote th i11l it
5 10
2. Rcasoning With Emotions: The next step involves us1ng emotion..
,. .
,.
I'
.
I
.
.
.
I
")'
attcntiOil
and
n:au
.
.
.
.
.
an d cogn1t1VC act1v11y. :.mOtions he p prtontzc wHll we p...
respond cmotionnlly to things that garner our attention.
3. Understanding Emotions: The emotions that we perceive can carry n wide variety of
meanings If someone is expressing angry emotions, the observer must interpret tl~c c:~usc
of thei1 anger and what 11 might mean. for example. ir your boss is acting angry. tl 111 '? ht
mean that he is dissatisiJcd with ,our work : or it could be bec<~usc he g.ot a spced 111g
tid.ct on hi:" \\<I) to \\'Otl.. that mon;ng. or that he's been lighting with his wtlc.
-1
Multi factor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)

.
..
An ability-based \est in which test-takers perform tasks designed tQ ~scss th~1r abtltt}
perceive. identify. understand. and utili7c emotions.
Selioman Anributional Style Questionnaire (SASQ) Onginally designed as a scr~e~~ng ~:;

b
M
I'
L. fc the SASQ measures opllml:.m l
for the life insurance company ctropo nan '
pessimism.
\ 1 anaging Enwtions: The ability 10 manage emotions effectively is a key part of

emotional intelligence. Regulating emotions. responding appropriately and responding to
the! c;:motions of others arc all important aspect of emotional management.
According to Salovey and Mayer. the four branches of their model are. "arranged from more
basic psychological processes to higher. more psychologically integrated processes. Fo r
~xample. the lov.cst Jc,c:l branch concerns the (relatively) simple abilities of percei\'ing and
expressing emotion. In contrast, the highest level branch concerns the conscious. rcf1ective
regulation of emotion" ( 1997).
A Brief History of Emotional Intelligence.

1930s- Edward Thorndike describes the concept of "social intelligef1ce" as the ability to
get aJong with other ~ople.
I 940s - David Wc;:chsler suggests that affective components of intelligence mav be
essential to success in life.
1950s - Humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow describe how people can
build emotional strength.
1975 - Howard Gardner publishes The Shalfered Mind, which introduces the concrpt
multiple intelligences.
1985 - Wayne Payne introduces the tenn emotional intelligence in his doctoral dissc 1union
entitled ''A Sl~y of emotion:. developing emotional intelligence; se lf-integration; re latin~
ro
fear. pam . and .desre
(theory.
stmcture
of reality proble m-so1vmg.

.
.
.
<.oncracuon/expanston. tumng m/conung outlleumg go)."
1987 . In an ar1icle published in Me11.-.a ~~gazine. Keith Beasley uses the term "cmotio~a l
quouenc .. h has be~n su~oesled lhat 1h1_s s th~ first published u5e of the term, although.
Reuvcn Har-On cf~ums IO have used the tem1 m an unpublished version of his gradualt~
or
rJiesis
J99Q
Psyc.boloJjSfs ~~ter S~lovey and Joh~ Mayer publish their landmark article.
~ lflfdJiJCAU 1n fhe JOurnallmollnotlon, Cognition. and Personality.
41
10
116
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

199")
ons work for you by
J: .
.
. . . tkC \0111 CillO1I
. .
W' lilt '..
the tntclluacnt usc of ~' 1110 11011'> : you tlllt'll tton,llh rll , 1h;tt tnh:n' ~: ) mer
ell "''""
ll~int tht' lll -10 help 1~111Ck \'0111 hc:h;t\ 111111 ;11111 I 1llll ~, nu
I
V
~.
1
998}~
.
1
s
'IS\\l'
ll<l "> 1h C
( \ \:J.,<;_Inger. '
tnd tc:dllll''> ol ol tel . '
"the ab1li1y 10 n!CO[!Illle illlU ((.' Spt>lld I() 1hl' l'lllollllll'>
)
sk ill to help others m:tr1ill'l' 1hc1r cnlo1H>11'> (St hnlllh . 1997
. If 2) be aW<IIC of. to
.
' xpll'SS oncst:
.
"the allility to: I ) he ,twnrc o f. to undcr<,talld. :111'-' 10 '
nd
control one.: s
1
Ill tlllOIHlll'
tmderstmd
nnd to 1cl:tt1.' to othtr, 1) ck:el w11II .,trOI ::- ,)r ., pc:rc;oll.tl (Jr t o;oc1al nattiiC
llllf>tllse~.;: and 4) ndapt to t'll!III!'L' :tnd to .,Clive prohklll" '
(Rcuvcn n ar-On. 19llH)
. , t motH>rtall) intelligent I r'
1
Althouuh tn:lll}' dl'luliiiOil'> ex 1st. the h:t'>~l Hlca' arc the "'111 c
e 1.
fo1mation to gu1dc
1
I 1lC\ ll'> 11' 11 111
are;: aware of !heir ClllUIIOil'> :u1d the CllHIIIOil'> of ot ll'f'>
' J t rminCS \\ohCthCI a perSOn is
1lunkrng
and actrons I 1It' quest lOll 1l l.l l ' " Whrt
IS 11 th.lt '~ e
thcrr
emotionally intt:ll1 gc.:n t?

Kc\' Co mponent ~ of E<)
self .aw:trl.!ncss. se lf 1cgulmion.
Th~~~ ;li e five compo1w11h ro l'lllOIHJIIal illt~:lliccnn
.
motivation. cmp:rt h) .rnd social st.. tlls
.
" ''Ill .111 " 1 di!Cf)
Clll'~'> lllt:.tllS.
' " C' ' . 1 99)~ )
Thl' ll rSI co mron~.. nt of l'lllOtlllll.lllllll' II l!'lllr~' '\lII ;l \\'II
'
.
.
,. (C' I'
1
.,I
eo ~.: m.m.
.
1nd dnvl'S
undcrstandrnl! llf unt..,~,.mo ll <lll'i '>lll'llj'ths. \H',I"rwsses. nt:t:, ~.'
1
1
1
~
.
1
st
w11h
thcmo;c
Vl'S
am
ot
1ers.
1
People \\hO have il h11h kHI ol sell :1\\,u~mo;., a rl' H:r~ 101c
_
..I hey a"ord the l'X trenws
1
"tllsllC'I
h1rthcrml11~
.
ol lw nu~ oH'r v 1..1 rllCil .111c unr~.:. II .v hopdul.
.
If
1
1
r
'tlttl
their
tob
1
x:rlormancc
these people !-.now how thcrr h:l' li1ws .1 ct't I 1cm. OtlC '
.
(Golem,m. 1995).
.
.
The second compontllttl l l.'lll()trtmalnrtl'lli p~mT 1s se lf 1cguiJtron. This_is an ~ngo tng .
.
~on,cr:.:ltilln peopk han '' 1th the1nslh l'' "lud1 frees thl'lll from b\!tng pnsoners o f therr_
feelings (Goleman. 1')'h) l'topk "ilh a lugh tllgrec of sell -n:gu lation are more capable o l
faclllg the amb1gll 1tH.:s or an mh anl'ing industr) than thosl' whose degree of se lf-regu lation is
low.
Furthermore, peoph: with a hrgh level of self-regulation can help to enhance the integrity of
an organiza tion by notnwl..ing bad decis1011s through impulse behaviours. Self-regulation will
help indi' idual s s tay in control of their fteltngs and mal..e thoughtful decisions.
The third component or emotional intelltgencc is motivation . Motivated individua ls want to
achieve beyond their a nd e' eryone else's expectations. t\1otivation exte!lds to the deep inner
desire to achieve forth~ sake of achievement. Some of the si~ns that an empl oyer wi ll see in
a motivated employcG are: passion for his or her work, quest for challenges, desire to Jearn,
and . pride in completing a j.ob well. Molivation makes people restless; lhercfore. they
contmuously explor~ ne w !~on:ons to find better '~ays of doing their jobs. ll ighly mot ivated
people constantly ra1se thc1r performance expectatiOns for themselves. their tea
a d their

0 ne o f 1I1c1r
greatest qua 11t1cs.
' m. ntl
orgamzatton.
however
is
remaining
opt
uJ1
.
.
. .
11111StiC ~ven 10tJr-.
thev have expen enced failure or a setback. Th1s IS a valuable bene t ! 1
~
1 o an organ17.<IIIOI1.
because 11 means that a mottvate person s committed to seeing the c
d ..
- .
ompany succec m 1ts
goa Isand o b~ec u ves.
The fourth component of emotional intelligence is empathy \"I
. . .
.:~
rv ten an mdt vtdual sh()WS

empathy. he or she ts aware an constderate of other employee . fl r
.
person combines employees' feelings and o1her factors in order ~ m:~ mgs.. ~he empat~ttc
empathy is imponant to leade 1. .
e dects tons. There are
lhree reasons why
.
.
rs ltp. '" today's b .
''d .. h
increasing lise of reams. the raptd _pace of globalization and th
u~mess WOIJ - 1 C:~
(Goleman 1995 ). When using teams empatl : . . ~ growmg need to ret am
because ~f aheir abilities to recognize' a nd un~ettc llldtviduals can be astounding
. .
erstand other . .
E
h tic
plav a key role when globa hz.auon is a factor bee
opmaons. mpat e
"
43
ause they can understand the
1 17
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

i mponancc or others cult ural d'1rr.
.
ercnces. Empathetic individ 1

tct.tllllllf! ta 1ent bccrusc thcv a e bl
d
ua s are also efrcclive in
. ."
'
r a e to evclop personnl
ftriiiC I'~.:'> dunn!! co:rchlll" md nlento

T.h
rappon Wllh n<:\" emplovces or
t-
nng stat'C<;
rouuh th1 c;'
.
e mpathetiC. leader can nrovldc them w'tl rt ~
r d~
c g r~wrng relatiOn<;hrps. an
1
1 1 c.: ectl\e 1ee back \\hrcl1 ' s esscn11a 1 tA rctam111g

employee!>
fifth compont>nt of ~.motional intelligence is social s 'rlls 1 d' d 1
1
fI he dt'
" 11 lVI lla S liSe I 1Cif

ncn rness. tn order to have people do what they want. Social leaders arc able to build a
rarport ~HSIIy ~y ltndl~t' some type of common ground with everyone, thus cs1ablishing a
hsmrd
Circle o t acqt~allltancc'> (Goleman. 1995). In ':~ddi1ion lhc soctal 'I ndIVd
.f.
\ ua1 IS an
c r c.:~.;trvc persuader and IS able 10 manage 1eams cffcclivel-.. .
As d_c'><. nhed above the emotionally 1ntc.:llt~.cnt leader h;s man~ wonderful auributcs. He or
sh.e IS an empathetiC pe r~m and a grl-at mouvmor. In addiuon. an emotionally intclligenl
lt.rdcr un~lcrstands hrs or her weaknesses and t S able to control h1s or her emolions.
As dcscnbed rn . the next ~ction, emo1ionally intellil!.cnt leaders can utili;c these trails
di ffi.:rcntly. thereby rormrng different leadership styles l hcsc leadersh1p styles can aftect the
climate of the organi'latron. both positively and negatively.
EQ , L ead ership St) lc, and O rganinlion:tl Erfcctivcnc!>'>
.'
Yis1onary leaders arc empathic. self-confident. and ohen .tel a'> change agents Afliliall\e
leaders, IOO, arc cmpalhrc. "1th strengths in blllldrng relationshrps and mamrgmg conflict. The
democratic leader encourages collaboration and teamwork and communicates effectively particularl y as an exce llent listener.'[ he coaching leader is .emotionally self-aware. cmpa1hic.
and skilled at identifying and building on the potenlial of others (Goleman. 200 1). The
coercive leader relie~ ~n the power of his position and orders people to cxeci11e his wishes.
This type leader IS 1 ~ pically handicapped by a lack ot e mpath~ fhe paccseurng leader sets
high standards and exemplifies them. He or she exh1bits inll1a1ive and a ~cr~ high dri'e. to
achieve. but is oflen micromanaging or criticizing those who fai l to meet h1s or her own h1gh
standards rather 1han helping them to improve.
Most effective leaders integrate four or more of the six styles regularly. They switch to the
one most appropriate in a given leadership situation. For instance. the study of sch~l leaders
found that. in those schools where the heads displayed four o~ more le~dershap styles.
stude nts had superior academic perfonnance relative to student~ m companson schools. In
schools where the heads displayed just one of two styles, academc performance was ~rC:S'
Ofien the styles her~ were the pacesetting or coercive ones. which tended to un mune
1eacher morale and enthusiasm (Hay/McBer, 2000).
.
1
ft ance morale and enthusiasm. many

In order to increase the level of emp oyees per orm
.'
,
T ucceed in that
organizations today want to promote an emotionally intelhgent cu ture. o s
oruanizations must foster the following attributes (Book, 2:0):

are the nom\'
Tl~e organization "promotes a culture in ~vh~ch openn~ a . transparency
.
\ . Respectful assertivenesS must ~xtst ~n the orgamzatton.
....
2. The organization encourages dverst_ty. .
anization tolerates constructive dtsagreement. . ,.
....nno :.. ~
3. The Org
fl bT
and communca tOO 4. The organization values ext IllY
-
..
departments. .
ally intelligent organization cao plea ..,... ,...
By having these aunbutes, an emo ~on ' th each other more effectively.
advance, and its em_ployees can= te~~ics. an emotionally intt\li&.08l QJipi~

In addition to havmg th: ~l R'~". That is. the --capacity to roc:ruit.
understand and possess '
JJ8
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

. cJ J'(' IICI<II C Clll lll H tfl \
"Fmouon:tl intelligence is 1hc nbili1y 10 pc1ccive Clnolwns, 1o acccs-. ' 111
c lkt 11 wh
, ) vlcde , 1111 1 10 r
son<> 10 a-;s1st lhought. to undcr~ lnnd ~nH>I1on~ and <'rtWIIOl:l 1 " 111 \ ..
1cgulall' <
.:rnol ions ,o ,,s 10 pf{)lllOI<' emof 1011a 1 and 11111'1 kef 11al "I owl!) ..
l'vl.l)el & $;1hl\ ev. I997

at.. ww h a-;
11 11 cll icncc
'
,
.
.
.
, 1-.1 wlln b1oul'hl crnoiHlll<d
.
t Ic:vclopc< l bv Dumd CJOicrnon . (,olcfl wn ,., a sc rcnce rou1 n.1 rs
..,
. II l!!l'lll'C
'
.. On II1C h CSis~ 11t'l 1lSI and has aut I lOll'( I a IHIIll t1~-1 '
f booJ.. 's on rhc 'i trbJcC I.
llllc:'
v
.
.
1
I he follow1ng steps dcscnbc rhc five tomponcnts of crnoiiOfl,l
nee"
lllclud1ng " hnouonnl
lntclllg'-ncc." "Wo1 k1ng W1th I mo110n<l 1 1nil;If'lgc
'lllll lnli: ly of
"Son aI Intelligence I he New Scicncl" of llumnn Rdar ionships."
An ar11clc on IlK' r<.'l:llion between Ciolernnn

app<'an:d 111 Salqn. oh June 28, 1999.
and
the psychological research communi1iy
1he Five Compo n~n 1 s of Emotiona l lnlclligcncc
Srlf-n'' a n11 eso; f he <1h1lity 10 rttognitc ;~nd lffl(krswnd personal n w~>ds and cmulions and
drnes, .t s well as 1hcir dT~ct 011 olht'ls. tlallmarks ' of sl'lf-:Hvarenc.ss include sd l'conlid~rlt'c. renl rslic sdf-assessnwn t. and :.. sdf-dcplcC<Hi ng sense of htrntor. Scll'- :.twarencss
depend on one's abi lity 10 IHOnllor one's own emo1ion state and 10 con cell~ identify and na ml.'
one's emotions.
r.. A hal llmlrk IS a sure sign: since sci,. awan:ncss i~ necessary for. sav. rea listic sci r;iSS~SS~l)(.'fl(. thai is. wi1hou1 stlf-:lwnrcncss no rcalis11<: sdf-as.scs~mcrll. th-e (>lese;ll'C of o l
realistiC self-assessment is a sun; s1gn (sunici~.nt to condudc thai there is} scl f-nwan:ncss. J
Sclf-rc~ulation The abili ty IO con trol or !\.direct disruptive nnpulscs and moods. and tl 1v
pro~nsrt)_ to suspend judgment and to think before acting. lfallmarks include uustworthr rt\.''S
and mtegnl)'; comfort with ambiguity; and openness to change.
~:t~rna_J moli\l:ttion. A passion to work for_internal reasons that go b~::yond moncv and sta tus
luch are ex ternal rewa rds. - such as an rnnt:r vision of what is important 1: (!
doing something. curiosity in learning, a no,\ that comes with bei.ng irnrn;rscdrn_ I c. a J?~: m
A propensity ro pursue . 1 1
111 an acu VII).
.
. .
goa s Will energy and persistence. I Iall marks includ,
l d .
,
achieve. optimism e ven in the face of fail ure, and organi tarional commit rnc~t~ strong liVe to
Empathy. The. ability to understand the emotional makeup of oth
. .
.
peo ple accordmg to their emotional reactions 11 11
k .
cr pcop1c. A skill rn trc<Hrng
.
amar s mcludccxnert 5 , b ' ll '
rcrcu mng talent cross-cultural sensit ivity md s .
.
,, ' c 111 ur c rnp :In<1
.
<
CfVICC 10 cftcnt S 'lnd
f
d
'
e ucaronal cont~xr. empathy is o ft en thought to incl d . 1.
customers. ( ll "I
~
u c. or cad to sympa tl
.
.
,.
conccm . tlr care or a '"1sh to softe n nt:g<~t :v~;: cmotio s
. , .
.
1y. w111 c 11 1m p.r <.:.s
n or expel t c nce~ Ill others. )
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

wor l.f01cc (Books, 2000) 13 , . bl .
.
,
. elng ct c to rctallt liS workfc
.
Oft'llll/rtiiOil hccau ~c of the cxpcnsc r I . . '
.
lrcc: IS an :tdvaulafc 1<1 .JII
lliiiiO\'cr tan r('<;ufl ill low crnpi<>)"'C ol'l< '.'r,rngl,hlnd ~ '"'"'.'1! new Clllployl'C!i. I n addition luph
" lr.t c. cn:rore
11 1C. he t 'I ,
In ICt;lln liS CUII Cilt workforce Ro s
kr . . s I .I t(ltnpanv ha:, an ahlltl\
u. lllg ' ' " wor r<)rcc I ' also m 1
ClliOIICIIIall y Intelligent organirliiOn\ Mot

d
'
'
mponant tsllnbulc hi
1
Hnd Will likely be I he 1110~t .:t.Jsficd. ., ()lvatc Cllnp oycc<, will work harder lor the corrrpam
"'
rouc.e 11c1r tmplovccs c
1
rhtnl in Ihe decision nwkin$? process and rccclgni7c their conl~lb~tio~~l;r~:~~s ;~)~~~~:d tndwlllt is ~lCCc;c;ary '.o h;we all th1 ce attributes present 1n the company in order fo t \{ I I
crnOtiOn'd
rnt clltuc
II
I
r I '<eve op
'
c- net. owcvc1. t 1crc ure two even more imponmt factors !hat 11
1
kvtl of <:n' o ,.1011a I .rnlcII'~ ~c nec o f lhc company I he lirsl one
' is the {'[-()
' 111 ,ucnrc I .H:1
, nte 1ltrcnt:e
. s enwuon,1
'I ~~c characlcrisli_cs <!I leaders possessing ~~ high level of cmolional imclligcncc arc as lollo\\s
(S<tavedra, 2000)
t'hcy sci {!Oats !hat arc clear and mutually agreed upon.
I hey prclc1 pra1se us a tool for traintng and rnsptrtng crnplo~ccs:
I hey rely on dcccntrilli;mion for nchieving 1hci1 goa ls.
I hey focus ()n employees and their feelings
I hey arc role model<,
~
1\s discussed previously, these leaders cx lub11 a h1gh degree of sell-actualltalum. scll-rq~;ml.
and a strong sense of sd f-awa rencss. 1 hey admit their rni5takcs and seck(() learn from the1n
The second fac tor that affects the organi7..ations abd1tV to fo.s1cr an emot lotn llv mtelliucul
cult tile is ?rgani7ational structure (Book. 2000) \his structure must ' 1 ~clu<l~ 7th~
organ i1<11 ional char 1. role dcscri ptions. lines ol accuuntab1ht' and auth01 it v. and fi.mnal
chnnncls or communication up and down the orga nflallonal chart" (BooJ.. . 2000) Cumpa1ucs
wi1h this organin tional strucllrrc in pl<tcc arc int:rcasing.ly llcxihlc and allow ll>r hottom up
decision mak ing.
Thi s approach can be broken down into four stages that will ensure the success of emotional
learning and encourage effective individual and group perfonnance. The four stages of
training are preparation, training, transfer and maintenance. and evaluating change.
The ti rst stage
preparation - consists of assessing personAl strengths and weaknesses.
linking learning goal-s to ~rso nal values, and gaug.ing readiness. ! his stage of t~ining can
begin only if a student is motivated to commit to a change and IS ready to put m a grea1
amount o f concentrated effort. This motivation is critical because: college students ate
generally unaware of their own emotional weaknesses and already possess an under$tandinl
of themselves and how they relate to other people. In order to generate the sclf-evl&ullton
needed to begin this stage. students must first examine their abil~ics to 1pply etaOiiaMt
intcllig.<.:nc~: and evaluate their strengths and areas in which they need 1mproCIMDI
'
~.
lr is important to note that empathy does not necessa 1

.
.
1
'used ' for compassionate or c ruel behavior. Serial killc~' y ml p Y compass1on. Empathy ~an he
. skills!
rs w 10 marry a m1k'IJ
.
a row t~nd to have great emphallc
I many partner~; m
46
ll:\nirl Golcamm'~ fi\'e components of emotional intellicence
Emotional lntclligence. as o psychological theory. was~ b1 ..... WMiiiMI

Muyer.
11
f
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
S~ l f.,
~0(11\1 1\ \'//\HI Nl SS
A WAREN SS
II ; f,
>I
-.. I '.
,I '
, ,,
, I I
Il l j . j. I
I I
,,.
'
t \." i
Ii i ".
I
,I ........ . ' I
. ' 1,.1
.:
II
j, . al.
I '
..
SELF -MANAGEMf:.NT
r
tlt
Rl:.l ATIONSI II P M/',NAGLMLN I
,J
lr ,,, , .. _,, "' .

r: i 1r, .~t r ' i r:
;~~o'll~.\( : r 1.11:. Ltr 1.~
'" lld'l\:
. I
'
II
I . ..... '. ,, 1: . II . Ill
1d
111:
f . ... I
,, , ...... r i . II ,t ,, ,.. ~,,I
'oi't
.. .
~

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I

(,\ ca d l' 11 1y o f ( ; c n c r a I S t u d i c s a n d P u hI i c A d 111 in is t r a t i o

8/4, First Floor,

624, Third Floo1:~

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

\\'h:H is (' (hi('S'?

indi' iduals and society.

Ethics covers the following dilemmas:

ho'v to li ve a good life

our righ ts and responsibilities

rhe language of right and wrong

moral decisions - what is good and bad? . .

\\'hat use is ethics?

Ethics needs to provide answers. ~a5Geafte J rf;fif!Qii=

if a person realises that it

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

hd~av irrntio nall ,v

c t' cv( n w he n tiH.' Ir

Er h ic.s c.' :ln fH 'O\' idc

can use to fi nd o ur way through

E thic - ca n pinpoi nt a dis ag r eem ent

moral issue can often lind that

That can take a lot of heat

out of the argument. and

sometime~ even hin( at a way for them to

E thics doesn't ai\'c

Ethics doesn't always show the right answer to moral problems.

l~rhics can gi\'e Se\'cral answers

tbry cant "Ork out what that nglu

duna is. they like the idea that 'sorncwltere' th

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

Ethics a nd peo ple

thic is a bo ut the 'other '

Ethics is concerned with other people

E thics a so urce of group st re ngth

Searching for the source of right and wrong

by discovering what God

to devise a satisfactory and

conclusions but to 'decisions'.

PAVAN KUMAR~S lAS

1~1\' ,,,k nf ~rhit'S

111 f>i iii H

An t thic~f s t :t ( (' II H'u( ~ o bjcc ti vd y tntc:)

Eth icnl r~alists think thar human beings discover e thica l

Ethica l non-realists think that human beings invent ethical truth s.

our ethical ' isms

When a person says "rnurdcr is had" whar arc lhty doing?

que~tion that on Iy a phi losopher would .1sk. hut

11n a clc;u tdca of \\hat's f'O ino on \\hen J>c' J)l

' re , 'd the pcrwn uII ., Ill

's actu.ll h u , Cl\ ust: ul

m nt a duuw d' lll!t cnt t hIll

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

!'1\\)\\ ~O ill<.' o f the different things ( mi g ht be do

I mu ~ht bl" ma!.-ttlg_ a statc m <: ~ t about an e thi cal fac t

"It is '' rong to murde-r"

This i. moral aeal ism

l might be making a statement about my own feelings

"I disapprove of murder"

This is subje ti,ism

"Down wilh n1urder"

This is e moti vism

I mi ght be gi,ing a n instruction or a prohibition