Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Mohsen Hamzeh
(PWUT)
(PWUT)
(SUT)
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
Email: Raghami@stud.pwut.ac.ir
Email: Ameli@pwut.ac.ir
Email: M.hamzeh@ee.sharif.edu
restoration of frequency.
communication infrastructure.
bandwidth
studies
in
the
MATLAB/SIMULINK
communication
high
software
bandwidth
methods
environment.
the
other
communication,
they
use
droop
based
[7].
demonstrates
INTRODUCTION
which
capability
of
has
been
droop
done
based
recently
methods
in
power.
research
the
distribution
and
the
infrastructure,
frequency
so
to
be
restored,
this
paper
proposes
level and its constituent functions in section II, while section III
describes the secondary control and frequency restoration
282
w
A
time-domain
simulation.
Also
remarkable
notes
are
lli
In this study, the droop based methods have been used for
The basics of droop method can be found in [10]. The
Pmax
Pmin
(a )
main idea that supports the use of droop control for EI-DGs is
the emulation of natural inertia of large rotating generators.
Droop based algorithms do not need high bandwidth data
possible without imposing any limitation on DGs location.
Voltage
Source
Inverter
Droop
Control
t---.-- Microgrid
[11],[12].
V,I
Power Calculation
'
Where p and p
Figure 1. (a)
(1)
'
(b)
A sample droop characteristic (b) Schematic diagram ofan
EI-DG operating as a Voltage Source Inverter
and
OJ 0
'
OJ
is
the
OJ
'
O
is equal to p .
Gp(s)
(4)
mn l1P
(5)
mn /1P"
(5) shows that in the droop method, output power
ml
. . .
mn_I !1P,,_1
gain.
G,,(s)
(2)
III.
m=
Pmax
Here
/';.OJ ax
m
is
the
maximum
(3)
frequency
generation,
characteristic
shows
the
droop
characteristic
and
schematic
the
operating
Linel
Wi
...
........
As Fig. l(b) shows, the input of the droop control unit is the
m2, ... ,
OJ;
point
and
'
moves
along
the
droop
mp
(i.e.
and
frequency control.
OJ
when
is its reference.
Wi
) , we have:
Wi
-------
I
I
--------
L-
(4)
........
........
........
....
------------------
I
1
-----------------
.... ""
...
... Line2
Linel
--------------------__
____
Pi
283
Pi
[13].
Wi
(p,
) should be
p"
is
r
ml = ... = m/>/ = ... = mnP:
(6)
/).0)
Where
f..P,
= mM.
I
(7)
I'lOJi
(11)
Writing the initial condition at time t
is
Ai)'
the frequency change for the unit that can be measured with
constant (i.e.
p,
0 extracts the
results in
d 0
r
- PI = k resPI /).0)1
dt
Rewriting (11) via (12 ), we have:
M.
d 0
r
-P = kresP/).O)
dt
I
/).O)(t)= n
(8)
-L-e
=!..
(13)
Ij1 m
j
dt
The
speed
coefficient
of
kres
frequency
.
Equation
restoration
(8)
depends
implies
that
the
on
T=
the
droop
droop coefficient
Finally
in
kres
to
is as important as
conduct
an
accurate
frequency
d
d 0
-(/).O)) = m-P
dt
dt
I
Using
(9)
IV.
(14)
r
kres m;
(m,) [13].
order
1
--
of frequency restoration
r
(/).O)J - kres m;/).O); =
(10)
Equation
[3],[14].
equation
Consortium
for
Electric
Reliability
Technology
284
[2],[15].
kW and 75 kW.
According to (3), droop constants ofDGl andDG2 are set
to be 0.01
emergency situations.
respectively.
The power
Stage
Frequency
Threshold (Hz)
Measure of Deferrable
Loads Shed (%)
Delay
Time (s)
49.8
IS
0.7
49.7
15
0.7
49.6
15
0.7
system has got one sensitive load and two deferrable loads
which are controlled by UFLS scheme.
Four cases would be investigated which in all of them,
sensitive load changes cause the control systems to react.
Results/or Case
A.
1)
remains left out until the delay time passes by. The other two
most
of
the
frequency
declines
resulting
from
50. 1 Hz.
SIMULA liON
AND RESULTS
la)
system.
lFl
DG 1
PDGl
13 mH
lOF
---+
CFl
10u
50kW
Busl
25kW
'''- ----
f
.,;
, --
lOF Bus2
---+
C"
75kW
Figure
50.1
:. 50.05
),
C)
PDG2
13 mH
-----------
I
If
I
-POG1
POG2
Ib)
0.02+JO.040
DG 2
30
,
,
Deferrable load 1
, ,, - ,,,... ,
l"
70
;:l
Deferrable Load 2
25kW
50
IT
49.95
49.9
3
"'-..
Time/secl
10
11
Figure 5. Results for Case I-in presence of primary control: (a) Active
power output of DGs.
285
12
la)
la)
70
"
60 1""--
""-
40
.. _--
-_ ...
If
-_ ..
\..
30
POG1
40
POG2
30
-.--
----
POG1
Ib)
I ....I'.
I:
50
I:
Figure
II
::J
\ /V
II. 49.9
8
7
Time/sec)
g
"- 49.8
II.
10
11
49. 7
12
Figure
VI'----
II
7
8
Time/sec)
10
11
12
control and secondary control supported by the UFLS: (a) Active power
output ofDGs. (b) System frequency
Resultsfor Case 2)
B.
I: 49.9
--
49.95
50
/'
II
POG2
Ib)
50. 1
'"
Ii' 50.05
...
._-
....'\
'
IfI
\
\
() 50
o
II.
results for Case 2. The two deferrable loads are the same as
same changes.
Resultsfor Case 4)
D.
same
time,
the
secondary
control
shifts
the
power
la)
achieved.
80
60
-850
II.
,
I
I
70
40
Resultsfor Case 3)
-----
---
""'"
POG1
30
._-
POG2
Ib)
J:
I:
II
so. 2
5- 49.8
demand of 50 kW.
II.
49.6
1\V
Figure
I-.
50
8
Time(sec)
10
11
control and secondary control supported by the UFLS: (a) Active power
286
12
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[1]
kW.
"Microgrids:
N.
Hatziargyriou.
an
overeview
H.
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and
C.
Mamay,
development
and
5, pp. 77-94,
2007.
R.
[2]
the 15% of the deferrable loads is shed in the first stage at 4.74
Lasseter,
"Smart
Coupled
Microgrids,"
[3]
Distribution:
99,pp. 1074-83,2011.
[4]
Electronics, vol.
[5]
CONCLUSION
ICREPQ, Sevilla,
Microgrid
2007.
[6]
With
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[7]
M.
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L.
Hang,
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[8]
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paid
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power
[9]
A.
Engler,
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[10]
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[11]
be
[12]
We
proposed
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[13]
[14]
[15]
be
27,pp. 4734-49,2012.
control
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&
the
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performance
voltage
1, pp. 3-15,2005.
low
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limitation,
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been discussed.
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iEEE
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