BM

Appendix 1
Glossary of Terms
and Acronyms
The following is a glossary of some of the terms and abbreviations used in this book
and acronyms that provide description of significant terms frequently used or referred
to in the hydrocarbon liquids and oil industry including specifications, shipping, pipeline transportation and processing, CAPP 2011:
Absolute humidity
Absolute pressure
AGA
AGO
Alarm
Alkylate
Ammonia
The measure of the amount of water vapor actually in the

air. Often stated as pounds of water vapor per kg of dry
air. At any given temperature, relative humidity equals
100 times the absolute humidity divided by the greatest
amount of water vapor that can be present in the air at that
temperature.
Gauge pressure plus barometric pressure.
American Gas Association.
Atmospheric gas oil.
A warning given by a control system of a limit violation,
abnormal change of state, or a failure.
A gasoline blending component composed of isobutane
and propylene or butylene.
Organic amines and inorganic compounds that are liquids
at standard temperature and pressure that, when discharged,
release free amonia (NH3), or ammonium ion (NH4+).
Reports the aromatics content of a mixture.
Alaska North Slope.
Aniline point
ANS
American National
Standards Institute
(ANSI)
A standards setting organization concerned with transmission.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
API gravity
Specific gravity scale for petroleum liquids at 60 F developed by API with reference to the specific gravity of water
being equivalent to 10 API. The relationship between the
API gravity and specific gravity is given below:
API gravity = (141.5/SG at 60 F) 131.5.
Aromatics
Group of petrochemicals characterized by a ring structure,
they are produced in refinery reformers and petrochemical
plants. The most commonly traded are benzene, toluene,
and xylenes. They are used for chemical production or as
high-octane components for gasoline blending.
ASPH
Asphaltene
Asphalt
A mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate as prepared
for the construction of roads or in other paving uses. In the
US it refers to the product.
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612 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

AST
ASTM
Audit trail
Avails
Avgas
Backfilling
Backwardation
Barge
Barrel
Base assessment
plan
Base conditions
Batch
Batching cycle
Batch interface
Batching meter
Aboveground storage tank(s).

American Society for Testing and Materials.
Log that documents changes that were made or the occurrence of an event in computer records or databases. The log
should include the change, the date and time, the person
that made each change, and the reason of the change.
Availabilities.
High octane aviation gasoline used in piston type aircraft
engines.
Backfilling is the process of filling the trench where a newly
constructed or recently unearthed pipeline is installed. Adequate fill material is provided and compacted around the
pipe to completely fill the excavation and to ensure that
the pipe is properly supported and not subjected to added
stresses due to soil subsidence or movement.
Market situation where prices are highest in the nearest
date periods and are lower in forward delivery dates.
A vessel carrying oil usually on rivers - containing between
8000 and 50,000 bbl (weighing 1,000 to 10,000 mt).
A volumetric unit of measure for crude oil and petroleum
products. 1 barrel equals 42 US gallons, 35 imperial gallons or 159 liters.
A baseline assessment plan (BAP) is the plan a pipeline

operator must develop to assess the integrity of all of the
lines included in its integrity management program. The
BAP must, as a minimum: 1) identify all segments of a
pipeline system that could impact a High Consequence
Area (HCA); 2) identify the specific integrity assessment
method(s) to be conducted on those segments; 3) specify
the schedule by which those integrity assessments will be
performed; and 4) provide the technical justification for the
selection of the integrity assessment method(s) and the risk
basis for establishing the assessment schedule. (reference
49CFR 195.452 [3]).
Pressure and temperature reference conditions used in determining a fluid quantity for custody transfer.
A batch refers to a contiguous product entity that remains
whole throughout its journey through the pipeline system.
A batch has the attributes of product type, volume, identification or name, and lifting and delivery locations and times
with flow path.
Batching cycle is a specific period during which a predefined set of products is transported. Multiple cycles are repeated during the nomination period, usually a month.
Interface volume of two adjacent batches. Refer to transmix
A flow meter normally used for batch movement.
Appendix n 613
Battery
Bell Hole
Bend Radius
Bias error
Bill of Lading
Bitumen
Bleeder
Blending
Blendstock
Block valves
Blow-down valve
Breakout point
Breakout tank
BS&W
BTU
BTX
BTX extraction
Bubble point
Buckle
Small field plants which remove natural gas, NGLs, water, and sand from crude oil delivered by gathering systems
from individual wells.
A bell hole is an excavation made to permit a survey, inspection, maintenance, repair, or replacement of pipe sections. It
is so called because of its upside-down bell shape, wide at the
top and narrowing to a smaller diameter around the pipeline
to be examined. The walls of the hole are angled according
to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
rules to prevent cave-ins and risks to worker safety.
Bend radius is the measurement of the radius of a bend in a
pipeline. Bends can be included in the manufacture of the
pipe or created in the field during construction and installation of a pipeline.
The difference between the average and true values or
measurements. It is directional, but it is difficult to determine a true bias error in practice.
Documentation associated with a specific cargo of oil and is
signed by the captain of the ship and the contract supplier.
A thick, sticky form of crude that is generallyheated or diluted to transport through a pipeline. Petroleum that exists
in the semi-solid or solid phase in natural deposits.
A valve or pipe through which bleeding is done.
Mixing of two or more products by injecting one product
stream into another.
A component combined with other materials to produce a
finished refined product.
Gate valves found in the pipeline on either side of a pumping station or terminal, river crossing, or other points where
the line may have to be blocked. Block fluid flow in both
directions when closed. Block valves are installed along
the pipeline, called isolation or sectionalizing valve, and in
a pump station (suction valve and discharge valve).
Valve used to exhaust gas from a section of pipe when necessitated by repairs, emergency, or other conditions.
An intermediate location or tank farm on a pipeline system
that joins two or more pipeline sections, where batches can
be simultaneously injected into and delivered out of the
pipeline or a batch can be tight-lined.
A tank used to relieve surges in a liquid pipeline system, or
to receive and store liquid for re-injection and continued
transportation by pipeline.
Bottom sediment and water (expressed as a %by weight).
British Thermal Unit.
Benzene, toluene and xylene.
The process for removing benzene, toluene, and xylene
from reformate or pyrolysis asoline.
The temperature at a given pressure, as opposed to vapor
pressure, at which vapor starts forming above a liquid.
A buckle is a partial collapse of the pipe wall due to excessive bending associated with soil instability, landslides,
Buffer
Bulkhead
Bunker C
Bypass valve
Calibration
Caliper tool
Capacity
CAPP
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Carbon steel
Cast iron
washouts, frost heaves, earthquakes, etc. Buckles can also

occur in pipeline construction during a field bending operation using a side boom. Buckles cause localized stress concentrations and must not be installed in new construction
or, if found, must be removed from existing systems.
A temporary product injected between two batches to reduce mixing of the two batches.
A bulkhead is a wall built or installed along a coastline or
waterway to protect an adjacent pipeline from washout or
soil erosion.
A residual fuel used as ships fuel (usually has a high sulfur
content and is highly viscous).
Valve allowing flow around a metering system or
equipment.
Adjustment of a measuring instrument against a known
quantity to improve its performance or to conform to an
applicable standard.
A caliper tool is an inline inspection device that measures
deviations in the geometry of a pipelines internal surface.
A caliper tool uses a set of mechanical fingers that ride
against the inside diameter of the pipe and record deviations caused by the relative movement of these fingers as
the tool passes through the pipe.
The volume of fluid that a pipeline system can transport for
given design condition.
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers [1].
Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas consisting of
molecules formed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms.
Carbon dioxide is a heavy gas that is transported by pipeline as a compressed fluid consisting of more than 90%
carbon dioxide molecules. If released into the atmosphere
from a pipeline leak carbon dioxide is considered hazardous due to its ability to displace breathing air (reference
49CFR 195.2 [3]).
All steel is formed by alloying iron with carbon. Steel is
commonly considered to be carbon steel when:
(1) no minimum content is specified or required for aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium,
or any other element added to obtain a desired alloying
effect;
(2) the specified minimum content does not exceed 1.65%
for manganese or 0.60% for copper. All carbon steels
may contain small quantities of unspecified residual
elements unavoidably retained from raw materials.
These elements (copper, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, etc.) are considered incidental and are not normally determined or reported.
Cast iron applies to gray cast iron, which is a cast ferrous
material in which a major part of the carbon content occurs
as free carbon in the form of flakes interspersed through
the metal. Because the carbon flakes do not bond with the
Appendix n 617
Computational
Pipeline
Monitoring (CPM)
Condensate
Confirmation digs
Consensus
standards
Consent order
Consequence
Consequence
analysis
that the oil or gas is not released from the system and that
the system operating pressure is maintained. Examples of
components include the pipe, valves, flanges, and other
fittings.
Computational Pipeline Monitoring is a method of monitoring the operation of a pipeline system, as specified in API
1130. It makes use of a software-based monitoring tool that
alerts the pipeline dispatcher of possible pipeline operating
abnormalities that could indicate a commodity release.
The natural gas product, mostly pentanes and heavier, is
separated and recovered as liquids at field facilities or gas
processing plants.
Confirmation digs are excavations performed at selected
pipeline locations to expose the pipe to allow confirmation
of the existence and characteristics of potential anomalies
in the pipe wall that were identified by inline inspection
techniques.
Consensus standards are standards for performance that
are established in open and voluntary forums by consensus of parties affected by the standards. These standards
provide the best available professional guidance related to
specific subjects. National consensus standards reflect the
professional knowledge and judgment of people having
appropriate experience, training, and education in the subjects to which the standards apply. Some organizations that
produce consensus standards include: American Petroleum
Institute (API), American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), ASTM International (ASTM), American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Once PHMSA has issued a Corrective Action Order or
given notice to an operator of other proposed enforcement
action, PHMSA and the operator may occasionally agree to
the issuance of a Consent Order in lieu of a Compliance Order or the imposition of civil penalties. In a Consent Order,
the operator agrees to the jurisdictional facts of the case
and agrees to implement the specific actions in the Consent
Order by the required deadlines. Should the operator not
comply with the Consent Order terms, PHMSA can enforce
its terms as the parties have agreed. Consent Orders are
described in 49 CFR 190.219.
A consequence is often noted as the cumulative, undesirable
result of an accident. Consequences are usually measured
in health and safety effects, environmental impacts, loss of
property, and/or business costs. Consequence descriptions
may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the effects
of an accident.
A consequence analysis is the evaluation or analyses of a
postulated action or condition or series of events to determine the logical result. A consequence analysis may be performed to determine the expected effects of events leading
to a pipeline accident, independent of the likelihood of such
events occurring.
Chlorine
CIF
Cleaning Pig
Cloud Point
Codes
Coker
Common carrier
Common Ground
Alliance
Compatible
substance
Component
of any continuous 1.0-mile (1.6-km) length of a gas pipeline. Class locations are specified as Class 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Class 1 indicates the least heavily populated of the class
locations, representing an offshore area or an area with 10
or fewer buildings intended for human occupancy. In comparison, Class 4 indicates the most heavily populated of the
class locations, representing an area where buildings with
four or more stories above ground are prevalent.
Organic and inorganic compounds that are liquids at standard temperature and pressure that, when discharged, may
release free chlorine (Cl2) or chlorides (Cl).
Cost, insurance, and freight charges for shipping products.
CIF prices include these charges.
A cleaning pig is a device that is placed inside a pipeline
to remove unwanted debris from the inside of the pipeline.
The pig can be drawn or pushed through a pipeline but often is moved through the line as a result of the flow of the
product in the line. A type of utility pig, a cleaning pig uses
cups, scrapers, or brushes to remove dirt, rust, mill scale,
and other debris from the internal surface of a pipeline.
Cleaning pigs are used periodically or as necessary to increase the operating efficiency of a pipeline or to facilitate
inspection of the pipeline.
The temperature at which a fuel, when cooled, begins to
congeal and take on a cloudy appearance due to bonding
of paraffins.
Documents that regulate design and construction to protect
the safety of people. Codes establish minimum standards
but do not guarantee efficiency or quality.
The processing unit in which bitumen is cracked into lighter
fractions and withdrawn to start the conversion of bitumen
into upgraded crude oil.
Pipeline that provides transportation service to all parties
equally. It also applies to any transportation system available for use by the public for transporting cargo.
The Common Ground Alliance (CGA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to shared responsibility in damage
prevention and promotion of the damage prevention Best
Practices identified in the Common Ground Study Report.
The purpose of the CGA is to ensure public safety, environmental protection, and the integrity of services by promoting effective damage prevention practices. The CGA can be
reached at 703-818-3217 or for more information see www.
commongroundalliance.com.
The ability of two or more substances to maintain their
respective physical and chemical properties upon contact
with one another for the design life of the storage tank system under conditions likely to be encountered in the storage tank system.
A component in a pipeline system is any part of the system that is subject to the internal system pressure. System
components must be designed to not leak; thereby assuring
Appendix n 621
Design factor
Ratio of the hoop stress developed in the pipeline by the

design pressure and the Specified Minimum Yield Stress
(SMYS) of the pipeline material.
Destructive testing Destructive testing refers to testing of a specimen in which
the specimen is rendered unusable (i.e., destroyed) for
its intended or practical use. Destructive tests are typically conducted on representative specimens to prove the
strength or chemical characteristics of the sample piece.
Dew point
The temperature at a given pressure or the pressure at a
given temperature, at which liquid starts condensing from
a vapor.
Diesel Index
A measure of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel calculated
from a formula involving the gravity of the fuel and its aniline point.
Dike field area
The area around the tank or tanks that extends from the
circumference of the base of an AST to the top of the berm,
dike, or retaining wall surrounding the tank.
DilBit
Bitumen that has been reduced in viscosity through addition
of a diluent (or solvent) such as condensate or naphtha.
Diluent
Lighter viscosity petroleum products that are used to dilute
bitumen for transportation in pipelines.
Direct assessment
Direct assessment refers to a method of evaluating the integrity of a pipeline. Various indirect measurement tools
are used to determine locations on the pipeline that may require direct examination to verify pipeline integrity. These
locations are then excavated and examined to verify that
the pipe is in good condition or to make necessary repairs.
Disbonded coating Disbonded coating refers to any loss of bond or adhesion
between the protective coating applied to the outside of a
steel pipe and the pipe itself. Disbondment can result from
adhesive failure, chemical attack, mechanical damage, hydrogen concentrations, or other causes.
Discharge
Any spilling, leaking, seeping, pouring, misapplying, emitting, emptying, or dumping of any substance which occurs and which affects lands and the surface and ground
waters.
Discharge pressure The pressure of the pipeline as the fluid exits a pump
station.
Distribution line
A distribution line is a line used to supply natural gas to
the consumer. A distribution line is located in a network of
piping located downstream of a natural gas transmission
line. As defined in natural gas pipeline safety regulations,
a distribution line is a pipeline other than a gathering or
transmission line.
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation.[2].
Double-bottomed
An AST that has secondary containment in the form of an
outer- tank bottom having a closed interstitial space between the primary tank bottom and the secondary outer
tank bottom.
Double-walled
A storage tank that has an outer tank wall, or integral piping
that has an outer wall that provides secondary containment
of the primary tank or piping.

Contamination or
contaminated
Continual
evaluation of
pipeline integrity
Contract
Corrosion
Corrosion
professional
Cost/benefit
analysis
Cost/Benefit ratio
Cracked
Cracked fuel
Cracks
Critical bond
The presence of substances in surface water, groundwater,

soil, sediment, or on the land, in quantities that result in
exceedances of applicable cleanup target or usage levels.
Under pipeline integrity management regulations, pipeline
operators must develop programs for conducting periodic
pipeline integrity assessments and evaluating the results of
those assessments to understand current pipeline conditions
and identify integrity issues. This periodic assessment and
evaluation cycle is recognized as a continual evaluation of
pipeline integrity.
An agreement between the pipeline company and a shipper which specifies the type of service and minimum/maximum volumes.
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal,
which results from a reaction with its environment. Common rust is an example of corrosion of iron. Steel pipe is
subject to corrosion damage.
A person who, by reason of knowledge of the physical sciences and the principles of engineering and mathematics
acquired by a professional education and related practical
experience, is qualified to engage in the practice of corrosion control on buried or submerged metal components of
a storage tank system.
A cost benefit analysis is a determination and comparison
of the expected costs to implement a proposed activity and
the expected safety, environmental, or other benefits resulting from the activity. Cost/benefit analysis can be used to
establish priorities among various activities, to compare
and select among alternate ways of accomplishing an objective, or to decide whether a proposed activity should be
implemented. Cost/benefit analysis is used by regulators to
justify new regulations, and by operators to define and allocate resources to operational and maintenance activities.
The monetary costs required to complete a proposed activity (for example, replacing a section of pipe) divided by
the monetized value of the benefits expected to be derived
from that activity (for example, decreased pipe leak rate or
likelihood of rupture). Cost/benefit ratios are usually used
as an input to, but not sole determinate of, a decision to
proceed with the proposed activity.
Molecules broken by some refining processes. the opposite
of straight-run.
Residue remaining after processing a straight run fuel by
enhanced refining methods such as catalytic cracking
Cracks in line pipe are separations in the molecular structure of the base metal and form as a result of improper manufacturing or operational stresses. Cracks are detrimental to
the pipes pressure restraining capabilities and can propagate into complete failure or rupture zones.
Buried pipelines in close proximity or crossing over/under
one another will often have different levels of cathodic protection and thus a strong possibility of different electrical
Appendix n 619
Critical defect
Critical point
Crude oil
potentials (voltage differences). If the soil resistance path

between the pipelines is low, electrical currents will flow
from one pipeline to the other. The pipeline with the current leaving will experience metal loss or corrosion. To
prevent this occurrence, pipeline companies electrically
connect or bond their pipes to one another using a copper
wire. The wire provides an electrical path for the current
to flow through rather than allowing current to flow off the
pipe and into the soil, thus eliminating corrosion. The connecting wire is referred to as an electrical bond. Critical
bonds are those that if not attached, would allow corrosion
to occur and jeopardize the safe operation of one of the
pipelines in question.
A critical defect is an identified pipeline defect for which
analysis indicates immediate attention is required.
The meeting point of critical pressure and critical temperature at which the properties of the liquid and gas phases
become identical.
A naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons; liquid petroleum.
Crude oil
(Conventional)
A mixture of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that is recovered or is recoverable at a well from an underground
reservoir. It is liquid at the conditions under which its volumes is measured or estimated and includes all other hydrocarbon mixtures so recovered or recoverable except raw
gas, condensate, or bitumen.
Crude oil (heavy)
Crude oil that has an API of 27 or less. No differentiation
is made between sweet and sour crude oil that falls in the
heavy category because heavy crude oil is generally sour.
Crude oil (medium) Crude oil is has an API greater than 27 but less than 30.
Generally, no differentiation is made between sweet and
sour crude oil that falls in the medium category because
medium crude oil is generally sour.
Crude oil
A mixture of hydrocarbons, similar to crude oil, derived by
(synthetic)
upgrading bitumen from the oil sands.
CST
Centistokes a measure of viscosity similar to seconds.
Custody transfer
Custody transfer is the change of ownership of petroleum
products at a given transfer point, most likely at a meter
station.
Customer
Entity such as a local distribution company or marketer that
generates a net outflow of gas or liquid from the pipeline
company.
Cut and cover tank A tank that is constructed with steel that is surrounded by
soil above the natural surface of the ground.
DCS
Distributed Control System. This is a type of automated
control system that is used to monitor and control a process
facility.
Damage prevention The Office of Pipeline Safety has undertaken a variety of
initiatives
other initiatives to promote pipeline damage prevention.
These initiatives, some of which involve collaboration
with various stakeholder industry groups, promote public

awareness of pipelines and other underground facilities;
education of the public and emergency officials, excavators, emergency responders, legislators and other stakeholders on how to recognize and respond to pipeline leaks;
and other aspects of pipeline safety. Some more notable
recent efforts include: Common Ground Alliance (CGA)
and the One-Call Systems Study (OCSS).
Damage prevention Damage prevention regulations for pipelines are found in
regulations
the Code of Federal Regulations. They require pipeline
operators to implement programs to prevent damage to
buried pipelines from excavation activities. The regulations specify requirements for operators to interact with the
public near pipelines and with companies/persons likely to
perform excavation near pipelines. Pipeline operators may
comply with some of the regulatory requirements for damage prevention by participating in public service programs
such as a one-call system. However, such participation does
not relieve the operator of the responsibility of compliance
to the regulation.
Degrees API
= (141.5/Specific Gravity at 60 F) 131.5
Gravity
Defect
A defect is an imperfection of sufficient magnitude in a
pipeline that it should be analyzed using a recognized and
approved engineering procedure, such as ASME B31G.
Analysis determines if the defect is severe enough to require removal or repair, depending on prescribed operating
requirements. Examples of defects include dents, corrosion
pits, and cracks.
Delivery
The transfer of a quantity of fluid out of a pipeline system,
typically into a tank, either at the end or at an intermediate
location. This is the point of custody transfer for fluid moving out of the pipeline companys system.
Delivery station
Also known as terminal, this is where the product delivery
takes place. It is equipped with tanks and distribution facilities. It is a place where one product is transferred from one
party to another.
Demurrage
The detention of a vessel in loading or unloading beyond
the time agreed upon.
Dense phase
A dense phase is defined as the phase whose pressure exceeds the pressure of the critical point of the fluid. The
dense phase fluid exhibits high density and high compressibility (low viscosity).
Density
Mass or weight per unit volume.
Dent
A dent is a depression in the pipeline surface caused by
pressure or a blow. A dent does not reduce the thickness of
the pipe wall. Dents are usually local depressions caused
by outside mechanical force, such as the pipe resting on
a rock or being hit by a backhoe. Pipeline repairs or replacement may be needed depending on the severity of the
deformation.
Derating
Process of reducing the level less than its design capacity.

Load factor
Load sharing
L/P
LPG
LS
LSFO
LSWR
Lt Sweet Synthetic
MAOP
Magnetic flux
leakage
Mainline
Mainline valves
Maintenance
Manifold
Manometer
The ratio of average demand to maximum demand (peak

load) during a specific period such as yearly or seasonal
period.
Sharing of load among pump units at a multiple unit station
to achieve increased efficiency.
Low pour.
The acronym for liquefied petroleum gas, mostly being
composed of normal butane, iso-butane, and propane.
Low sulfur.
Low sulfur fuel oil.
Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil.
Light sweet synthetic crude.
Maximum allowable operating pressure, at which a pipeline or a section of the pipeline is allowed to operate in
normal conditions.
Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) refers to an inline inspection
technology in which a magnetic field is induced along a
pipe wall through the use of a smart pig. As the smart pig
travels through the pipeline, measurements are taken of the
magnetic flux density at the internal surface of the wall.
Changes in measured flux density indicate the presence of
potential defects. A number of different MFL tool designs
are used for pipeline inspection. These tools are often categorized as standard resolution or high resolution devices.
High resolution MFL tools contain a greater number of
sensors and thus provide more accurate measurements of
potential defects and anomalies.
A mainline consists of one or more pipeline sections that directly connect an origin point to a final delivery or break
out point. All mainline sections are hydraulically coupled
to one another.
A mainline valve is a valve positioned at a location along
the pipeline system that can be closed down to isolate a line
section in an emergency. Mainline valves are especially important to minimize hazards and damage or pollution from
an accidental release of oil or natural gas. Mainline valves
may also be referred to as sectionalizing block valves for
natural gas pipelines. (Reference 49CFR 192.179 [4] and
49CFR 195.260 [3])
Maintenance is the process of maintaining property or
equipment, including pipelines and tanks, to preserve it and
prevent it from failure and ensure that it will continue to
perform its intended function.
A collection of pipe in which tanks are connected to other
equipment or a flow meter is mounted.
A U-shaped tube containing a liquid (usually mercury or
water) to measure the fluid pressure. The liquid level on
one side of the tube changes with respect to the level on the
other side with changes in pressure.

NPMS
NTSB
Nationally
recognized
laboratory
Natural gas
Natural gas
transmission
pipeline
Net volume
NFPA
NGL
NIST
Nomination
Nomination
allocation
The National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) is a geographic information system (GIS) database that contains the
locations and selected attributes of natural gas transmission
lines, hazardous liquid trunklines, and liquefied natural gas
(LNG) facilities operating in onshore and offshore territories of the United States. The NPMS is managed, operated,
and maintained by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) and
is being developed under a joint government-industry effort
involving OPS, other federal and state agencies, and the
pipeline industry. OPS can be contacted at 202-366-6267 or
for more information see www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an
independent US federal agency charged by Congress with
investigating significant accidents in all modes of transportation pipeline, aviation, railroad, highway, and marine.
NTSB issues safety recommendations aimed at preventing
future accidents. NTSB can be contacted at 202-314-6000
or for more information see www.ntsb.gov.
An organization that can perform quantitative and qualitative tests on storage tank system equipment, evaluate the
test data and equipment performance, and make determinations of the equipments capability of meeting the technical
standards.
Gaseous petroleum consisting of methane with some
amounts of ethane, propane, butane and pentane, and
heavier hydrocarbons. It can include carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and water.
A natural gas transmission pipeline is a pipeline, other than
a gathering line, that 1) transports gas from a gathering line
or storage facility to a distribution center, storage facility,
or large-volume customer that is not downstream from a
distribution center; 2) operates at a hoop stress of 20% or
more of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS); or,
3) transports gas within a storage field.
Measured volume corrected to base pressure and temperature, used in accordance with an accepted standard such as
API 11.2.2, ASTM tables or ISO 9770.
National Fire Protection Association.
The acronym for natural gas liquid, being composed of
propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and possibly
trace amount of ethane. These components are produced
from natural gas stream and recovered in liquids from gas
processing plants.
National Institute of Science and Technology, a U.S. government organization that develops standards and applies
technology and measurements.
Nomination is a request for transportation service including the quantity of petroleum fluid that a shipper requests a
pipeline company to transport for the nomination period.
A process by which capacity available in a pipeline is distributed to parties in the event that nominations are in excess of the available supply or pipeline capacity. Typically,
Appendix n 623
Excavation
Excavation refers to any operation involving movement of

earth, rock or other materials below existing grade or surface level. Excavation can include digging, blasting, boring, tunneling, and backfilling.
External floating
A storage vessel cover in an open top tank consisting of a
roof
double deck or pontoon single deck which rests upon and
is supported by the petroleum liquid being contained and
is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space
between the roof edge and tank shell.
Extraction
A process generally unique to the oil sands industry, in
which bitumen is separated from their source (oil sands).
Eye (of an impeller) Internal pressure point at the inlet of the first impeller of
the compressor. A suction-to-eye differential pressure is
typically representative of flow.
Failure
While a pipeline that is actually leaking product is the most
obvious indication of failure, failure is often also defined as
the point at which the pipe material is stressed beyond its
elastic or yield point. At that point, the material is deformed
and does not return to its original shape. A pipeline rupture
is an example of this type of failure.
Failure frequency The number of failure events that occur divided by the total
elapsed calendar time during which those events occur or
by the total number of demands, as applicable.
Failure probability Failure probability is the probability that a structure, device,
equipment, system, etc. will fail on demand or will fail in a
given time interval, expressed as a value from 0 to 1.
Failure rate
Failure rate is the number of failure events that occur divided by the total elapsed operating time during which
those events occur or by the total number of demands, as
applicable.
Fatigue
Pipelines experience fatigue as a result of periodic increases (application of stress) and decreases (removal of
stress) in operating pressures. Because fatigue can cause
a failure to occur at stress levels well below those that a
material can withstand in a single, non-repetitive loading,
materials that must resist repeated stress cycles must be
specially designed for this service. Durability is the ability
of the material to resist fatigue.
Feedstock
Material used in or supplied to a processing plant, refinery
or oil sands upgrader.
Field-erected
An AST that is constructed by assembling it on-site at the
storage tank
facility.
FERC
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is an independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy that
regulates the transmission and sale for resale of natural gas
in interstate commerce; regulates the transmission of oil by
pipeline in interstate commerce; regulates the transmission
and wholesale sales of electricity in interstate commerce;
licenses and inspects private, municipal, and state hydroelectric projects; oversees related environmental matters;
administers accounting and financial reporting regulations
and conducts of jurisdictional companies; and approves

sitting and abandonment of interstate pipeline facilities. FERC
can be contacted at 866-208-FERC or at www.ferc.gov.
Fittings
The small pipes and valves that are used to make up a
system of piping. This may include fabricated assemblies
(such as valves, pumps, and pipe fittings).
Flammable fluid
A fluid having a flash point lower than 100C.
Flange
A projecting rim, edge, lip, or rib to provide strength for
guiding or for attachment to another object, as a plate to
close a pipe opening or other orifice.
Flash point
The lowest temperature under very specific conditions at
which a combustible liquid will give off sufficient vapor to
form a flammable mixture with air in a standardized vessel.
Assesses the volatility of the product.
Flow computer
Field device for collecting measurement data in real time,
(FC)
performing certain calculations such as AGA, storing historical measurement and calculation data, and uploading
to/downloading from the host SCADA.
Flow line
A pipeline (including valves and fittings) for transporting
untreated hydrocarbons and other reservoir.
Flow profile
An expected yearly flow pattern for the liquid supply or
demand over the project period that would be required to
design the pipeline system.
Flow-through
A tank that forms an integral part of a production process
process tank
through which there is a steady, variable, recurring, or intermittent flow of materials during the operation of the process.
Flow-through process tanks include tanks associated with
vapor recovery units and oil-water separators. Flow-through
process tanks do not include the storage of finished products
or by-products from the production process.
FOB
Free on board. FOB prices exclude all, insurance and
freight charge.
Fracture toughness Fracture toughness is the ability of a material to deform
under increasing tensile stress in the presence of a defect
or crack without exhibiting rapid and extensive fracture
propagation. Materials that have high fracture toughness
can absorb larger amounts of energy (i.e., can withstand
higher pressures or levels of stress) before an existing crack
spreads.
Full or tight line
Flow that completely fills a pipeline, opposite to slack
flow
flow.
Fungible batch
A batch that can be combined with other batches of the
same product.
Gathering Lines
The piping networks installed in oil fields to transport petroleum to a processing plant or bulk shipping point.
Gathering system
A system of pipelines laid to bring gas or oil from wells to
a central point.
Gasoil
An intermediate distillate product used for diesel fuel (interchangeably with No. 2 heating oil).
GIS
Geographic Information Systems, a computerized information system for storing, manipulating and analyzing spatially referenced information.
Appendix n 625
Geometry tools
Gross volume
Hazard and
Operability
Analysis
Hazardous site
Hazardous
Substances
HDA
Heating oil
Heavy crude oil
Heavy oil
High consequence
area
High viscosity
HMI
Host
HSFO
Geometry tools are inline inspection tools that are used to

identify changes in the internal shape/diameter of a pipeline. Changes in the internal shape or diameter of pipe
can be caused by dents, wrinkles, ovality, bend radius and
angle, and occasionally indications of significant internal
corrosion.
Raw volume of fluid at the measured conditions of pressure
and temperature before it is corrected and before water and
sediment (for liquid measurement) are accounted for.
A hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) is a systematic
method for evaluating hazards. It often involves the review
of detailed system drawings, specifications, and operating
procedures. Process hazards and potential operating problems are identified through a qualitative investigation of
deviations from normal process conditions.
A hazardous site is the location of a hazard. This includes
locations where hazardous materials are used, stored, transported or produced. It could also include a location where a
hazardous liquid has been accidentally released.
Substances that are hazardous to human and environmental
well being.
Hydrodealkylation, a process used for making benzene
from toluene.
Any petroleum based fuel used in the operation of heating
equipment, boilers, or furnaces.
Has API gravity lower than 28. The lower the API gravity,
the heavier the oil.
Oil having an API gravity less than 22.3. Includes some oil
that will flow, however slowly, but most heavy oil requires
heat or dilution to flow to a well or through a pipeline.
A high consequence area (HCA) is a location that is specially defined in pipeline safety regulations as an area
where pipeline releases could have greater consequences
to health and safety or the environment. For oil pipelines,
HCAs include high population areas, other population
areas, commercially navigable waterways and areas un
usually sensitive to environmental damage. Regulations
require a pipeline operator to take specific steps to ensure
the integrity of a pipeline for which a release could affect
an HCA and, thereby, the protection of the HCA.
A pollutant with a viscosity of 30 centistokes (cSt) and
higher at 40 C, such as American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) grades 5 and 6 residual oils, intermediate fuel oils, or Bunker C fuel.
Human Machine Interface. This refers to the interface between a user and a SCADA or computer system.
The centrally located collection of hardware and software
of a SCADA system.
High sulfur fuel oil.

Highly volatile
liquid
HVP products
Hoop stress
Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen induced
damange
Hydrant piping
Hydrocarbon
bubble point
Hydrostatic
pressure testing
Immediate repair
condition
Impeller
In-service
In-service pipeline
Inactive pipeline
In Situ recovery
Incident
A highly volatile liquid (HVL), as defined in pipeline safety

regulations, is a hazardous liquid that will form a vapor
cloud when released to the atmosphere and has a vapor
pressure exceeding 276 kPa (40 psia) at 37.8 C (100 F).
The acronym for high vapor pressure products. These are
light hydrocarbons whose vapor pressure exceeds 110 kPa
at 38 C.
Hoop stress is stress that acts around the circumference of
a pipe (i.e., perpendicular to the pipe length) and is caused
by the internal pressure pushing outward against the pipe
wall. As pressure within the pipe increases, the stress in the
pipe wall must be capable of acting against that pressure to
contain it. Hoop stress is a critical factor in determining a
pipes pressure holding capacity and thus in determining its
appropriate application.
A large class of liquid, solid, or gaseous organic compounds, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen, which are
the basis of almost all petroleum products.
Examples of hydrogen induced damage are: (1) formation
of internal cracks, blisters, or voids in steels; (2) embrittlement (i.e., loss of ductility); and (3) high temperature
hydrogen attack (i.e., surface decarbonation and chemical
reaction with hydrogen).
The pressurized integral piping system, including hydrant
pits, associated with petroleum storage tank systems.
The pressure and temperature point of a hydrocarbon liquid, at which vaporization is about to occur.
Hydrostatic pressure testing (or hydro testing) is a method
of testing pipeline integrity in which the line is filled with
a liquid, usually water, and then the pressure of the liquid is raised to a specified pressure that is maintained for
a specified period of time. Any ruptures or leaks revealed
during the test must be repaired and the test repeated until
no problems are noted.
An immediate repair condition is a defect or anomaly in the
condition of the pipe for which pipeline safety regulations
require immediate action to repair the anomaly (reference
49CFR 195.452 [3]).
The rotating element of a centrifugal pump that imparts the
kinetic energy to the liquid.
A storage tank system that is being actively maintained and
operated.
An in-service pipeline is a pipeline that is being used to
transport natural gas or liquid.
An inactive pipeline is a pipeline that is not presently being
used to transport oil or natural gas but that is being maintained in accordance with regulatory requirements so that
it can be put back in to active use if needed.
The process of recovering crude bitumen from oil sands
by drilling.
A condition or situation indicating that a discharge may
have occurred from a storage tank system.
Appendix n 627
Incident command
system
In widespread or major emergencies that could affect large

populations or have significant environmental impacts an
Incident Command System (ICS) is usually established to
coordinate the combined actions of various emergency response personnel.
Incipient leak
A leak that is just about to occur.
Increment
A strapping table of level increments vs. tank volumes,
Strapping Table
which is used to convert level increments into gross
volumes.
Industrial
An enclosed structure that contains an AST system that
occupancy building is used in association with an industrial or manufacturing
process, or for electric power generating utilities, provided
that the building was constructed and is used primarily for
industrial, manufacturing, or electric power generating purposes, and not solely for the purpose of storing approved
petroleum products.
Industry cost of
The industry cost of an incident is defined as all costs to the
incident
operator and its contractors.
Initial injection
Supply or inlet station, located at the beginning of the pipestation
line system, where the product is lifted into the pipeline.
Storage facilities, pumps and flow meters are installed at
the station.
Injection
The process whereby a fluid is moved from a tank into a
pipeline at the head or intermediate location within the
pipeline companys system.
Inline inspection
Inline inspection is a method of inspecting a pipeline using
(ILI)
an inline inspection tool or smart pig. ILI is also known as
Internal Inspection or Smart Pigging. Different ILI techniques and tools are designed to detect defects in the pipe
wall and on the internal and external surfaces of the pipe.
Defects can include areas of corrosion, dents, metal loss,
and the presence of cracks.
ILI tool
An inline inspection tool is a device used to perform inline
inspection. An ILI tool is inserted into a pipeline and, usually, is pushed through the line by the pressure of the fluid
being transported. As the ILI tool travels through the pipeline
it uses nondestructive testing techniques and technology to
identify and record potential pipe defects or abnormalities.
An ILI tool is also known as an Intelligent or Smart Pig.
Integral piping
On-site piping, originating, or terminating at storage tank
or tanks, that conveys petroleum products. Vapor recovery
lines, pipeline facilities, and vent lines are not considered
integral piping. Integral piping is not considered on-site if
the piping crosses two boundaries. Integral piping includes
all valves, elbows, joints, flanges, pumps, and flexible connectors, up to the forwarding pump.
Integration of data As used in pipeline integrity management regulations,
integration of data (or data integration) is the process of
bringing together all available risk and integrity-related
data and information. Data integration is necessary and
useful in evaluating the combined impact of diverse factors on pipeline risk.

Integrity
Integrity is being of sound and unimpaired condition. Pipeline integrity assures that the pipeline is in sound and unimpaired condition and can safely carry out its function under
the conditions and parameters for which it was designed.
Integrity
An integrity assessment is an evaluation to determine pipeassessment
line integrity. Acceptable assessment methods for pipelines
include the use of internal inspection tools, hydrostatic
pressure testing, or other technology that the operator demonstrates can provide an equivalent understanding of the
pipe condition (reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]).
Integrity
In accordance with pipeline safety regulations for oil pipelines,
management
an operators integrity management program must include, at
system
a minimum, the following elements: a process for determining which pipeline segments could affect a High Consequence
Area (HCA), a Baseline Assessment Plan, a process for continual integrity assessment and evaluation, an analytical process that integrates all available information about pipeline
integrity and the consequences of a failure, repair criteria to
address issues identified by the integrity assessment method
and data analysis (the rule provides minimum repair criteria
for certain, higher risk, features identified through internal
inspection), a process to identify and evaluate preventive and
mitigative measures to protect HCAs, methods to measure the
integrity management programs effectiveness, and a process
for review of integrity assessment results and data analysis by
a qualified individual (reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]).
Internal floating
A cover or roof in a fixed roof tank which rests upon or
roof
is floated upon the petroleum liquid being contained, and
is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space
between the roof edge and tank shell.
Internal lining
A material that is applied internally on AST bottoms to protect the tank from internal corrosion.
Interruptible
A service that can be interrupted if the pipeline capacity is
service
not sufficient to serve a higher priority transportation service.
Interruptible service is less expensive than firm service
Interstate pipeline An interstate pipeline is a pipeline or that part of a pipeline
that is used in transportation of hazardous liquids or natural
gas in interstate or foreign commerce.
IPE
International Petroleum Exchange.
ISO
International Standards Organization.
Isomerate
A gasoline blendstock made in an isomerization unit.
ITT
In-tank transfer.
Kero
Kerosene.
Landed Cost (of oil) The cost of oil off-loaded at a port. Similar to CIF, but
would also include any duties fees or taxes.
Lateral
A lateral is a segment of a pipeline that branches off of the
main or transmission line to transport the product to a termination point, such as a tank farm or a metering station.
Launcher
A launcher is a pipeline component that is used for inserting an inline inspection tool, cleaning pig, or other device
into a pressurized pipeline. After performing its task, the
tool or pig is removed via receiver.
Appendix n 629
Leak
Leak survey
Lifting
Light crude oil
Light products,
light ends
Line fill
Line markers
Line pack
Line packing/
unpacking
Line pressure
Liner
Line section
Liquid-mounted
seal
Liquid trap
LLS(USA)
LNG
A leak is a small opening, crack, or hole in a pipeline allowing a release of oil or gas. Pipeline operators periodically perform leak surveys as leaks may not be readily or
immediately detected.
A leak survey is a systematic inspection for the purpose of
finding leaks on a pipeline. The frequency and methods of
performing leak surveys are regulated and may vary depending on several factors.
Injection of a batch at the head of a pipeline system, also
tankers and barges loading petroleum at a terminal or transfer point.
Crude oil with API gravity higher than 33.
The group of petroleum products with lower boiling temperatures including gasolines and distillate fuels.
The volume of petroleum products within a pipeline or a
pipeline segment during transportation.
Line markers are signs or other markers installed above
the pipeline to indicate the approximate pipeline route and
provide emergency phone numbers. Requirements for line
markers are specified in federal pipeline safety regulations
(reference 49CFR 192.707 [4] or 49CFR 195.410) [3].
The volume of fluid in a pipeline segment or entire pipeline
system. Line pack can increase or decrease depending on
whether the fluid volumes received are larger than the volumes delivered or vice versa.
Increasing/decreasing process of line pack.
Pressure generated by station pumps and transmitted to the
line for purpose of moving product.
An impervious material that is used externally as a method
of secondary containment.
A line section is a designated section of a continuous run of
pipeline. Line sections may designate sections that run, for
example, between adjacent compressor stations or pump
stations, between a compressor/pump station and a storage
facility, between a compressor/pump station and a block
valve, or between adjacent block valves. A line section can
also be designated for testing purposes. For example, a line
section may be a pipeline segment designated for hydrostatic testing that runs between two mainline valves.
A primary seal mounted so the bottom of the seal covers
the liquid surface between the tank shell and the floating
roof.
Sumps, well cellars, and other traps used in association with
oil and gas production, gathering and extraction operations.
Light Louisiana Sweet.
Liquefied natural gas.Supercooled natural gas that is maintained as a liquid at or below 160 C; LNG occupies
1/600th of its original volume and is therefore easier to
transport if pipelines cannot be used.

Load factor
Load sharing
L/P
LPG
LS
LSFO
LSWR
Lt Sweet Synthetic
MAOP
Magnetic flux
leakage
Mainline
Mainline valves
Maintenance
Manifold
Manometer
The ratio of average demand to maximum demand (peak

load) during a specific period such as yearly or seasonal
period.
Sharing of load among pump units at a multiple unit station
to achieve increased efficiency.
Low pour.
The acronym for liquefied petroleum gas, mostly being
composed of normal butane, iso-butane, and propane.
Low sulfur.
Low sulfur fuel oil.
Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil.
Light sweet synthetic crude.
Maximum allowable operating pressure, at which a pipeline or a section of the pipeline is allowed to operate in
normal conditions.
Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) refers to an inline inspection
technology in which a magnetic field is induced along a
pipe wall through the use of a smart pig. As the smart pig
travels through the pipeline, measurements are taken of the
magnetic flux density at the internal surface of the wall.
Changes in measured flux density indicate the presence of
potential defects. A number of different MFL tool designs
are used for pipeline inspection. These tools are often categorized as standard resolution or high resolution devices.
High resolution MFL tools contain a greater number of
sensors and thus provide more accurate measurements of
potential defects and anomalies.
A mainline consists of one or more pipeline sections that directly connect an origin point to a final delivery or break
out point. All mainline sections are hydraulically coupled
to one another.
A mainline valve is a valve positioned at a location along
the pipeline system that can be closed down to isolate a line
section in an emergency. Mainline valves are especially important to minimize hazards and damage or pollution from
an accidental release of oil or natural gas. Mainline valves
may also be referred to as sectionalizing block valves for
natural gas pipelines. (Reference 49CFR 192.179 [4] and
49CFR 195.260 [3])
Maintenance is the process of maintaining property or
equipment, including pipelines and tanks, to preserve it and
prevent it from failure and ensure that it will continue to
perform its intended function.
A collection of pipe in which tanks are connected to other
equipment or a flow meter is mounted.
A U-shaped tube containing a liquid (usually mercury or
water) to measure the fluid pressure. The liquid level on
one side of the tube changes with respect to the level on the
other side with changes in pressure.
Appendix n 631
Mass flow meter
Mass flow meter is a flow meter measuring the flow rate

directly in mass.
Master
Another term used for a SCADA host.
Merchant upgrader Processing facilities designed to accept raw bitumen on a
contract basis from producers.
Metal loss
Metal loss refers to any of a number of types of anomalies
in pipe in which metal has been removed from the pipe
surface, usually due to corrosion or gouging.
Meter factor
Correction factor applied to a meters reading to obtain a
corrected reading, typically on a custody flow meter.
Meter run
Flow measurement unit consisting of the primary and secondary metering elements in the metering manifold.
Meter prover
A meter prover determines the meter factor of a turbine or
positive displacement meter, i.e., the relationship between
the number of counts or revolutions of the meter and the
volume flowing through the meter. The number of counts
on the meter being proved is related to the volume passing
the detectors on the prover.
Metering stations
Measure the quantity of natural gas or liquids flowing
through a pipeline.
Metric Ton
A standard measurement: averages 7.33 barrels of crude
oil.
Mid-continent
Oil produced mainly in Kansas, Oklahoma, and North
crude
Texas.
Midgrade unleaded Un-leaded gasoline with a 89 R+M/2 octane rating.
MMCF
Million cubic feet. The cubic foot is a standard unit of
measure for quantities of gas at atmospheric pressure and
temperature.
Modem
A device that converts computer generated data streams
into analog form so that they can be transmitted over a
transmission line.
Mobile tank
An AST that is moved to a different location at least once
every 180 days.
MOGAS
Abbreviation for motor gasoline.
MON
Motor Octane Number.
MT
Metric ton.
MTBE
Methyl tertiary butyl ether an octane booster and oxygenate used for gasoline blending.
Naphtha
Straight-run gasoline fractions (for feedstock for reforming
and as a petrochemical feedstock).
N+A
Naphthenes and aromatics.
Naphthenic
A high naphthenes content.
Naphthenic
Usually favored as reformer feedstock.
naphtha
NACE
The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
is a membership association focused on the study of corrosion and development of corrosion prevention and control
standards. NACE International can be contacted at 281228-6200 or for more information see www.nace.org.

NPMS
NTSB
Nationally
recognized
laboratory
Natural gas
Natural gas
transmission
pipeline
Net volume
NFPA
NGL
NIST
Nomination
Nomination
allocation
The National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) is a geographic information system (GIS) database that contains the
locations and selected attributes of natural gas transmission
lines, hazardous liquid trunklines, and liquefied natural gas
(LNG) facilities operating in onshore and offshore territories of the United States. The NPMS is managed, operated,
and maintained by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) and
is being developed under a joint government-industry effort
involving OPS, other federal and state agencies, and the
pipeline industry. OPS can be contacted at 202-366-6267 or
for more information see www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an
independent US federal agency charged by Congress with
investigating significant accidents in all modes of transportation pipeline, aviation, railroad, highway, and marine.
NTSB issues safety recommendations aimed at preventing
future accidents. NTSB can be contacted at 202-314-6000
or for more information see www.ntsb.gov.
An organization that can perform quantitative and qualitative tests on storage tank system equipment, evaluate the
test data and equipment performance, and make determinations of the equipments capability of meeting the technical
standards.
Gaseous petroleum consisting of methane with some
amounts of ethane, propane, butane and pentane, and
heavier hydrocarbons. It can include carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and water.
A natural gas transmission pipeline is a pipeline, other than
a gathering line, that 1) transports gas from a gathering line
or storage facility to a distribution center, storage facility,
or large-volume customer that is not downstream from a
distribution center; 2) operates at a hoop stress of 20% or
more of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS); or,
3) transports gas within a storage field.
Measured volume corrected to base pressure and temperature, used in accordance with an accepted standard such as
API 11.2.2, ASTM tables or ISO 9770.
National Fire Protection Association.
The acronym for natural gas liquid, being composed of
propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and possibly
trace amount of ethane. These components are produced
from natural gas stream and recovered in liquids from gas
processing plants.
National Institute of Science and Technology, a U.S. government organization that develops standards and applies
technology and measurements.
Nomination is a request for transportation service including the quantity of petroleum fluid that a shipper requests a
pipeline company to transport for the nomination period.
A process by which capacity available in a pipeline is distributed to parties in the event that nominations are in excess of the available supply or pipeline capacity. Typically,
Appendix n 633
Non-active
corrosion
NDT
Noteworthy
industry practices
NOR
NYMEX
Octane number
Office of Pipeline
Safety
Off-peak period
Offshore pipeline
Oil
Oil pool
Oil rig
Oil run
Oil sands
the allocation is based on service type, contract type, and a

companys tariff provisions.
Non-active corrosion is corrosion that has been discovered
and treated (coated, chemically inhibited, or otherwise controlled) to stop the metal particle loss. Non-active corrosion
areas are often monitored over time to verify the corrosion
process is in fact halted.
Pipeline non-destructive testing typically consists of:
1. Radiography (X-rays): identifies laminations and weld
discontinuities. 2. Ultrasonics: locates lamination in the
walls of pipe; determines wall thicknesses. 3. Magnetic
particle inspection: tests for surface cracks in welds and
component bodies. 4. Dye penetrant: locates surface cracks
in welds or component bodies. 5. Ammonium persulfate:
identifies hard spots in welds due to arc burns.
In pipeline integrity management, noteworthy industry
practices are unique methods or procedures found to be in
use by one or more pipeline operators and deemed to be
notable such that their adoption by other operators could
significantly enhance the implementation of pipeline integrity management requirements by those other operators.
Notice of readiness.
New York Mercantile Exchange.
A measure of the detonation quality of gasoline. The higher
the octane number, the higher the resistance to engine
knock.
OPS is the agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), that is responsible for regulating
the safety of design, construction, testing, operation, maintenance, and emergency response of U.S. oil and natural
gas pipeline facilities. OPS can be contacted at 202-3664595 or for more information see <http://phmsa.dot.gov/
pipeline.
The period of low power demand, as opposed to on-peak
demand.
An offshore pipeline is a pipeline located beyond the line of
ordinary low water along that portion of the coast that is in
direct contact with the open seas or beyond the line marking the seaward limit of inland waters.
Condensate, crude oil, or a constituent of raw gas, condensate, or crude oil that is recovered in processing and is liquid at the conditions under which its volume is measured
or estimated.
An underground reservoir containing oil. An oil field may
contain one or more pools, each of which has its own pressure system.
A drilling rig for drilling oil and gas wells.
1 The production of oil during a specified period of time.
2 a tank of oil gauged, tested, and put on a pipeline.
A mixture of sand and other rock materials containing crude
bitumen or the crude bitumen contained in those sands.

Oil Sands Deposit
Oil Sands Heavy
Oil shale
Oilfield services
Olefins
One-Call system
On the pump
On-peak period
On-site
OPEC
Operating stress
Operational life
O&M manual
Operator
A natural reservoir containing or appearing to contain an

accumulation of oil sands separated or appearing to be separated from any other such accumulation.
Upgraded heavy sour crude oil, and bitumen to which light
oil fractions (i.e. diluent or upgraded crude oil) have been
added in order to reduce its viscosity and density to meet
pipeline specifications.
A fine-grained, sedimentary rock containing kerogen, a
partially formed oil.
Service companies that do work (e.g. cementing, perforating, trucking, logging, etc.) in and for the oilfield.
A group of petrochemicals characterized by their straight
or branched structure (such as ethylene, propylene and
butadiene).
A one-call system is a system that allows excavators (individuals, professional contractors, and governmental organizations) to make one telephone call to provide notification
of their intent to dig to underground facility operators. The
one call center will then notify all underground facility operator members of the intended excavation along with the
date and location of the excavation. The facility operators
or, in some cases, the one-call center can then locate the
facilities before the excavation begins so that extra care can
be taken to avoid damaging the facilities.
A well that no longer flows from natural reservoir energy
but is produced by means of a pump.
The period of relatively high power demand.
Facilities located on the same or geographically contiguous property. Piping connecting ASTs with pipeline facilities are considered on-site up to the point where it crosses
through the dike wall surrounding the AST.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries an
international oil cartel formed in 1960.
Operating stress is the stress imposed on a pipe or structural
member under operating conditions. This term normally refers to stress resulting from the internal forces due to the
pressure of the gas or liquid in the pipeline; however, other
forces such as thermal growth, expansion, or contraction
may impose stress as well.
The period from the start of installation of the storage tank system to the completion of the closure of the storage tank system
Operations and maintenance (O&M) manual is the common term for the set of comprehensive procedures that federal pipeline safety regulations require pipeline operators to
develop and follow. Procedures in the O&M manual should
cover pipeline operations, maintenance, and response to
abnormal events and emergencies.
The individual or person controlling a pipeline from a central control room using a SCADA system. Some pipeline
companies also call this person a dispatcher or controller. Also the company responsible for the drilling, completion, production, or pipeline transportation operations.
Appendix n 635
OQ
Organization costs
OSHA
(Administration)
Out-of-service
Out-turn
Ovality
Overfill
Owner
Oxygenate
PADD
Paraffinic
Paraffinic naphtha
P/C
Pentanes Plus
Permafrost
Performance
curves
Petrochemicals
Petroleum
Petroleum gas
Petroleum liquids
Operator Qualification, the act or method for a pipeline operator to become qualified.
Direct costs incurred in the creation of a new business
organization.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
A storage tank system that:
(a) is designated as an out-of-service system by owner or ope
rator notification by the relevant regulatory authorities;
(b) is empty; and
(c) Does not have substances transferred into or
withdrawn from.
Quantity of oil unloaded from a vessel at discharge point.
Ovality is a condition in which the internal diameter of the
pipe is not consistent around the entire circumference of
the pipe. This can be thought of as the internal diameter of
the pipe being, to varying degrees, egg-shaped. Ovality can
be measured by inline inspection tools known as caliper
pigs or geometry pigs.
A release or discharge that occurs when a tank is filled beyond its capacity.
Any person/company as owning a facility.
Oxygen containing blend stocks favored for their octane and
their clean burning quality. Includes MTBE and ethanol.
Petroleum Administration for Defense District that defines
a market area for crude oil in the U.S.
High in paraffin content.
A favored quality of naphtha for ethylene plant feedstock.
Part-cargo.
A mixture mainly of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons
that ordinarily may contain some butanes and is obtained
from the processing of raw gas, condensate, or crude oil.
Soil that has remained frozen continuously for more than
two years.
Performance characteristics for a pump produced by the
pump manufacturer.
Chemicals derived from petroleum; feedstocks for the manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber. Petrochemicals
include benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, and methanol.
Oil, including crude petroleum oil, and other hydrocarbons,
regardless of gravity, which are not the result of condensation of gas after it leaves the reservoir.
Petroleum gas means propane, propylene, butane (normal
butane or isobutanes), and butyline (including isomers) or
mixtures composed predominantly of these gases, having
a vapor pressure not exceeding 208 psi (1434 kPa) gage at
100 F (38 C).
Crude oil, condensate, and any finished or intermediate products manufactured or extracted in a petroleum
refinery.

Petroleum Pipeline Facilities through which, crude oil, natural gas or other
petroleum products are moved in transportation, including pipe, valves, and other equipment attached to the pipe,
compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated assemblies.
Petroleum Products The end result of the refining process (include fuels such
as gasoline, aviation fuel, diesel and heating oil; products
such as solvents and lubricants; and raw materials for manufacturing petrochemicals.
Petrochemicals
Chemicals derived from petroleum; feedstock for the manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber. Petrochemicals
include benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, and methanol.
Pig
Pig is a generic term signifying any independent, selfcontained device, tool, or vehicle that is inserted into
and moves through the interior of a pipeline for inspecting, dimensioning, or cleaning. These tools are commonly
referred to as pigs because of the occasional squealing
noises that can be heard as they travel through the pipe.
Pigging
The act of pushing a pig through a pipeline to clean the inner surface of the pipeline, to remove debris from the pipeline, to conduct internal inspections of the pipeline, or to
separate batch interfaces.
Pigging facilities
Facilities for launching and receiving pigs.
Pipe or piping
Any hollow cylindrical or tubular conveyance through
which hydrocarbon liquids flow.
Pipe locator
Device used for locating underground pipe.
Pipeline
All parts of the physical facility through which, crude oil,
natural gas or other petroleum derivatives are moved in
transportation, including pipe, valves, and other equipment
attached to the pipe, compressor units, metering stations,
regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated
assemblies.
Pipeline capacity
Pipeline capacity refers to the maximum flow rate that can
be transported through the pipeline system in a given period of time under the conditions that prevail in the available facilities.
Pipeline
A pipeline component is some feature or part of a pipeline,
components
such as pipe, valves, fittings, flanges, closures, tees, or cathodic protection.
Pipeline corridor
A pipeline corridor is a linear area where two or more pipelines (either part of the same or different pipeline systems)
are closely grouped in a single right-of-way.
Pipeline crossing
A pipeline crossing is a point where two or more pipelines
cross without a physical connection existing between the
pipelines.
Pipeline facilities
Are pipe systems, rights-of-way and any associated equipment, gathering lines, pumping facilities, buildings.
Pipeline integrity
State of a pipeline that demonstrates the ability to withstand the stresses imposed during operations.
Pipeline
A pipeline intersection is a point where a physical connecintersection
tion between two pipelines occurs.
Appendix n 637
PLC
Pressure relief
valve
Polymers
PONA
Posted Price
Pour Point
PPM
Pressure relief
valve
Pressure surge
Pressure test
Pressure transient
Pressurized piping
Primary device
Primary energy
Processing Plant
Product
Programmable Logic Controller is a field device that performs real-time data gathering, calculating, storing and
controlling functions including close loop control based on
current operating conditions. It can upload to and download data from the host SCADA. A distinguishing function
of a PLC, compared to a flow computer or an RTU, is its
ability to control valves, regulators and even pump/compressor stations.
A valve designed to open automatically to relieve pressure
in a segment of a pipeline in order to keep the pressure below the maximum allowable pressure level.
Made from monomers. The most common include
widely traded plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene and
polystyrene.
Paraffin, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics content.
A statement of the price requested by a seller of crude oil or
products. The list price.
Lowest temperature which oil will readily flow without disturbance when chilled.
Parts per million.
A pressure relief valve is a mechanical safety device that
provides protection to a pressurized container, such as a
pipeline, by reducing the internal pressure by releasing it
outside the container.
A sudden increase of pressure moving through the pipeline
at acoustic speed, generated by a sudden change in flow
rate or velocity.
A test to determine the integrity of integral piping.
Pressure which occurs in a pipeline with limited frequency
and within a limited period of time, such as surge pressures
and thermal expansions, if not occurring most of the time.
Piping through which hydrocarbon liquid flow due to a
pump that is not located at the delivery terminal.
Primary device is the device directly or indirectly in contact
with the fluid and generating a signal according to a known
physical principle when applied to the fluid. For example,
the primary devices for an orifice metering system include
the orifice plate, meter tube, fitting and pressure taps.
Energy (e.g., heat or motive power) that is produced first
(from the combustion of coal, crude oil and natural gas; and
electricity produced from nuclear, wind or hydropower),
versus secondary energy (e.g., thermal electricity and motive power from gasoline) which is produced by consuming
primary energy.
A facility designed to separate substances or make new substances through chemical reactions, procedures or physical
actions.
Any commodity made from oil or gas and includes refined
crude oil, crude tops, topped crude, processed crude petroleum, residue from crude petroleum, cracking stock, uncracked fuel oil, fuel oil, treated crude oil, residuum, gas
Products line
Products Pipeline
System
Protective coating
Pump casing
pressure
Pump efficiency
Pump stations
Pygas
Rack pricing
Random error
Rangeability
Rated point
Real time
Receipt
Receiver
oil, casinghead gasoline, natural gas gasoline, naphtha, distillate, condensate, gasoline, used oil, kerosene, benzene,
wash oil, blended gasoline, lubricating oil, blends or mixtures of oil with one or more liquid products or byproducts
derived from oil or gas, and blends or mixtures of two or
more liquid products or byproducts derived from oil or gas,
etc.
A pipeline used for the shipment of refined products.
A pipeline with pumping stations, delivery pipeline terminals, tankage, and other apparatus used for the transportation of various liquid hydrocarbon products as opposed to
crude oil.
A protective coating is a substance or material applied to
the exterior of the pipe or a pipeline component to prevent
contact with the outside environment. Protective coating is
generally applied to prevent corrosion. Many types of protective coatings are used on pipelines, including coal tar,
tape wraps, and fusion bonded epoxy compounds.
Pressure of the fluid inside of a centrifugal pump just before the fluid leaves the pump.
Ratio of the pump hydraulic power output to pump power
input.
Facilities placed along the route of a pipeline to keep oil
moving along with pressure or suction.
Pyrolysis gasoline. A naphtha-range product with a high
aromatics content used either for gasoline blending or as a
feedstock for a BTX extraction unit. Pygas is produced in
an ethylene plant that processes butane, naphtha or gasoil.
Selling to petroleum jobbers or other resellers FOB at
the refinery, with the customer picking up transportation
charges. The price of petroleum products at the refinery
loading rack; cash and carry at the refinerys loading dock.
A random error, also called precision error, is determined
by calculating standard deviations of measured values.
The range of linear flow rate over which the meter can retain its accuracy. The ratio of the maximum to the minimum linear flow rate is called turndown ratio.
Pump manufacturers test the performance at the rated point,
where the pump head, capacity, efficiency, and power are
determined.
Real time is the actual time that a physical process is taking place.
A receipt occurs when fluid is moved from a shipper or
feeder into the pipeline system either at the end or at an
intermediate location in the pipeline. This location is
the point of custody transfer into the pipeline companys
system.
A pipeline component used for removing an inline inspection tool, cleaning pig, or other device from a pressurized
pipeline. The device is inserted into the pipeline via a
launcher.
Appendix n 639
Recirculation
Reciprocating
pump
Reformate
Refined Petroleum
Products
Reg Unl
Regulator station
Release
Release detection
Remote control
valve
Repeatability
Repair
Repair conditions
Repair criteria
Resids
Right-of-way
Risk
Risk assessment
Recirculation of discharge liquid back to suction in order

to keep the flow rate through a pump above the minimum
capacity of the pump.
A pump that relies upon the action of a piston or plunger
moving within a cylinder for positive displacement of a
given volume of liquid on each discharge stroke.
A high-aromatics, high-octane product made in a reformer
and used to blend motor gasoline or aviation gasoline.
End products in the refining process (e.g., gasoline).
Regular unleaded gasoline.
Facilities along a pipeline where the flow rate can be adjusted. Also, known as pressure reducing station (PRS), a
regulator station is a special type of valve station, where
some of the pressure is relieved from the line. A regulator station is usually located at the downhill side of a peak
point.
A discharge; or a loss of hydrocarbon liquid from a storage
tank system into the systems secondary containment.
A method of determining a discharge or detecting the presence of hydrocarbon liquid within a storage tank.
A remote control valve is a type of valve that can be operated from a location other than at the valve site.
The variation in measurements of an item taken by an instrument under the same conditions.
To restore or replace any defective or damaged parts of a
storage tank system. Replacement of a non-defective part
is not a repair.
Repair conditions are identified pipeline conditions (defects
and anomalies) that require repair. Under pipeline safety
regulations for integrity management programs, characteristics are defined to reflect the severity of a condition and
determine the timeframe in which repairs must be made
(reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]).
Repair criteria are standards and requirements that govern
the methods and timeframes to make pipeline repairs, based
on the type, extent or configuration of identified anomalies,
defects, or damages.
Residual fuel oils.
1-right to pass over someone elses property (plural: rightsof-way) 2- the actual property subject to a right-of-way
(plural: right-of-ways).
Risk is a measure of both the likelihood that an adverse
event could occur and the magnitude of the expected consequences should it occur.
A risk assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of the
pipeline system to identify hazardslikelihood and consequences of potential pipeline incidents or accidents. A
pipeline risk assessment should provide a significant understanding of pipeline risks and significant risk contributors.
(sometimes referred to as risk analysis or risk evaluation)
Risk management
Risk reduction
RON
Route
R+M/2
RSFO
RTTM
RTU
Rupture
RVP
SCADA
Scan
Scan rate
Secondary
containment
Secondary device
Segregated batch
Serious pipeline
incident
Set point control
Shipper
and estimate the risk factors, which are contributing factors

that can influence the likelihood and/or consequence of a
pipeline accident.
Risk management is the process by which an organization
understands and makes decisions about its risks.
Risk reduction is the act of making changes to controllable factors (e.g., operating pressure, patrol frequency) to
reduce risk. Risk reduction can also refer to a quantitative
measurement of the magnitude of a reduction in risk.
Research octane number.
The path taken by a batch as it moves through the pipeline,
including the lifting and delivery locations of the batch.
Research Octane Number plus Motor Octane Number divided by 2. A gasoline octane designation commonly used
in the US.
Regular sulfur fuel oil.
Real Time Transient Model.
Remote Terminal Unit is a field device for collecting realtime data, calculating process variables, storing historical
data, and performing uploading to and downloading from
the host SCADA.
A rupture is the propagation or growth of a defect to such
an extent that the pipe becomes completely unserviceable.
Reid vapor pressure, a measure of a gasolines volatility.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
Process of obtaining and updating real time data by an
RTU.
The time required to update all real time data and derived
values. The required rate depends on the fluid and required
response time of the pipeline system. For example, liquid
pipelines require a faster scan rate than gas pipelines because of the fast transient times in liquid pipelines.
A release detection and prevention system that includes dispenser liners, piping sumps, double-walled tanks and piping
systems, or single-walled tanks or piping systems that are
contained within a liner or an impervious containment area.
A Release Prevention Barrier, as specified in API Standard
650, Appendix I, is considered secondary containment for
field-erected aboveground storage tank bottoms.
The device that responds to the signal generated by the primary device and converts it to an output signal that can
be displayed. For example, the secondary devices for an
orifice metering system include the electronic system, flow
recorder or computer, and timer.
Batch that must be lifted and delivered without having other
batches added to, blended with, or taken away from it.
A serious pipeline safety incident is an event involving a
fatality or injury requiring in-patient hospitalization.
The supervisory control system that sets the target value
that a process controller should achieve.
A legal entity that contracts with a pipeline company to
transport petroleum fluid over its pipeline system.
Appendix n 641
SG
Shop-fabricated
storage tank
Shrinkage
Shut-off
Side stream
injection
Significant loss or
gain
Siting
Slack flow
Sleeve
SMYS
Sour/Sweet Crude
Specific gravity
Specification
Spill response plan
SPR (US)
Stationvalves
Steam cracker
(Ethylene plant)
Storage facilities
Specific gravity.
An AST that is constructed at the tank manufacturers plant
and transported to the facility for installation.
The reduction in volume of a blended liquid. The volume
of a blended liquid is smaller than the separate volumes of
individual liquids.
The point on the pump curve where flow is zero.
Injecting volume of a batch at an intermediate injection location into the main pipeline.
The sum of losses and gains of a hydrocarbon fluid over a
30-day or monthly period.
The process of determining the location where a facility or
structure, such as a pipeline, will be constructed.
A slack flow condition occurs when the pipeline pressure
drops below the fluid vapor pressure. In practice, it can
arise where a large elevation drop occurs with low back
pressure at the downstream of the high elevation point.
A sleeve is a full-encirclement of a pipeline with a reinforcing material at the location of a damage or defect to restore the
strength of the pipe. Sleeves may be fabricated from steel or
composite material. Sleeves may be for reinforcement only
(Type A) or for reinforcement and pressure retention (Type B).
Specified minimum yield stress is the level of stress which
produces 0.5% total strain (API definition). This is specified by the Company and shall be guaranteed by the Manufacturers/Suppliers/Vendors.
The degree of a given crudes sulfur content. Sour refers to
high sulfur and sweet to low-sulfur.
The ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water at
a given temperature for liquid, or the ratio of the molecular
weight of a gas to the molecular weight of air at a given
temperature for gas.
Defined properties of a crude oil or refined petroleum
product.
A plan required of hazardous liquid pipeline operators for
responding, to the maximum extent practicable, to a worst
case discharge (spill) of oil, or the substantial threat of such
a discharge.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
Valves at a station such as suction, discharge, by-pass, or
block valve.
A petrochemical plant that produces olefins, particularly
ethylene, and in some cases, aromatics.
Storage facilities are facilities designed and used for storage
of oil or natural gas. Storage facilities vary greatly in size
and design based on the product stored and the location and
need within the pipeline system. Natural gas storage facilities typically operate so that large volumes of natural gas can
be readily available for delivery to customers upon demand.
The largest storage facilities are created in underground caverns, such as salt domes, or in porous rock formations.

Storage tank
system
A tank used to contain hyrdocarbon liquid its integral piping, and all its components, including dispensing systems,
spill containment devices, overfill protection devices, secondary containment systems, and any associated release
detection equipment.
Straight-run
Material which has come straight from an atmospheric distillation unit has not been cracked or reformed, and which
is usually used as a feedstock or as a utility fuel.
Strapping table
A table to convert liquid level in a storage tank to gross
volume.
Stress
Stress is the resultant internal forces within a material that
resist change in the size or shape of the material when the
material is acted on by external forces.
Stress corrosion
SCC is environmentally-assisted cracking that can result
cracking (SCC)
when the combined action of stress, an electrochemical
cracking environment, and temperature causes cracks to
initiate and grow in susceptible line-pipe steel.
Strip (side stream) The delivery of one or more batches at an intermediate dedelivery
livery location out of the main pipeline.
Suction pressure
Pressure of the fluid as it enters a pump station.
Supervisory control Method in which information about a process is sent to a
remote control location but the controlling action is taken
by an operator.
Supplier
A petroleum fluid producer or another pipeline company
that supplies fluid into the pipeline system.
Surge pressure
Surge pressure is internal pressure produced in a pipeline by a change in velocity of the product stream flowing
through the pipeline. Surge pressure can result from shutting down a pump, closure of a valve, or any other blockage
of the flow.
Survey
Survey refers to measurements, inspections, or observations performed to discover and identify events or conditions that indicate a departure from normal operation of the
pipeline. One example is a leak survey.
SynBit
A blend of bitumen and synthetic crude oil that has similar
properties to medium sour crude oil.
Synthetic crude oil A mixture of hydrocarbons (similar to crude oil), derived
by upgrading bitumen from oil sands.
Tank
An enclosed stationary container or structure that is designed or used to store hydrocarbon liquids.
Tank farm
A tank farm is a location of a group of large tanks maintained by a pipeline company and used to store crude oil
and refined products. Tank farms normally store many different types of petroleum products, which are transported
to and from the tank farm through pipelines.
Temporary out-of- A designation of a service status for a field-erected storage
service
tank system that is emptied solely for the purpose of cleaning, routine maintenance, or change of product for a time
period exceeding 30 days, but less than six months.
Terminal
A delivery point, usually the final delivery point as opposed
to an intermediate terminal.
Appendix n 643
Thermal expansion Change in fluid volume due to a change in fluid temperature.
Third party
Third-party damage prevention includes all efforts and
damage prevention programs designed to prevent outside force damage to
underground facilities (e.g., pipelines) that can occur
during excavation activities. Responsibility for preventing underground facility damage is shared by all
stakeholders. Advanced planning, effective use of onecall systems, accurate locating, and marking of underground facilities, and the use of safe-digging practices
can all be very effective in reducing underground facility damage.
Throttling
Controlling the flow rate, resulting in the reduction of the
pump station discharge pressure, by partially closing a
valve located downstream of a pump.
Throughput
The amount of fluid transported through a pipeline from the
lifting point to the delivery terminal.
Ticket
A record of metered batch receipt/delivery volume according to the daily batch schedule. For single product operation, a ticket of metered volume is issued daily or at a
specified interval.
Tight line receipt
Fluid moved directly from a shipper or feeder into the pipeline without going through an intermediate tank.
Tight line delivery Fluid moving directly from a pipeline to a delivery facility outside the pipeline companys system, without going
through an intermediate tank.
Transient
The dynamic response of a pipeline system to changes in
one or more variables such as flow and pressure.
Transmission or
A major, long-distance pipeline, usually of large diameter.
trunk line
Transmix
Commingled product whose volume is from two interfacing products. It is also referred to as a batch interface or
contamination batch.
Trap
A trap is a pipeline component used to launch or receive
inline inspection tools and pigs.
Trench
A trench is a long narrow ditch dug into the ground and
embanked with its own soil and used for concealment and
protection of line pipe. Trenches are usually dug by a backhoe or by a specialized digging machine.
Trends
Changes in system variables over time at a fixed location.
Unmanned station A station which is totally controlled by a central control
center without station personnels intervention.
Upgrading
The process that converts bitumen or heavy crude oil into a
product with a lower density and viscosity.
UST
An underground storage tank.
Unmaintained
A storage tank system that was not closed in regulatory restorage
quirements, an out-of-service storage tank system that is
not returned to in-service status within:
five years of its being out-of-service for ASTs; or
ten years of its being out-of-service for storage tank systems with secondary containment.

Upgrade
Utility pig
Valve
Vanadium
Vapor-mounted
seal
Vapor pressure
VGO
VIS or VISC
Volume correction
factor for
temperature
Wall thickness
Wrinkles
WTI
WTS
WYO SWT
Yield strength
The addition or retrofit of cathodic protection, internal lining, spill prevention, overfill protection, or secondary containment, to a storage tank system.
A utility pig is a pig that performs relatively simple mechanical functions, such as cleaning the pipeline.
A valve is a mechanical device installed in a pipeline and
used to control the flow of gas or liquid.
Metal present in certain types of fuel.
A primary seal mounted so there is an annular vapor space
underneath the seal. The annular vapor space is bounded
by the bottom of the primary seal, the tank shell, the liquid
surface, and the floating roof.
The pressure at a given temperature at which vapor starts
forming above a liquid.
Vacuum gasoil, also known as cat feed. Feedstock for fluid
catalytic cracker used to make gasoline, No.2 oil and other
byproducts.
Viscosity. A measure of a liquids resistance to flow. Several viscosity scales are used depending on the type of oil
being measured.
Factor used to convert gross volume to net volume by taking into account the temperature difference between the
operating temperature and base temperature.
The thickness of the pipe wall material. It is the dimensional measurement between a point on the inside surface
of the pipe and the closest point on the outside surface of
the pipe.
Anomalies that are usually caused by excessive bending
or curvature being applied to the pipe. Depending on the
severity of the wrinkles, they may represent an undesirable
anomaly that can cause localized stress concentrations and
must be repaired.
West Texas Intermediate. WTI is a light sweet crude oil,
produced in the United States, which is the benchmark
grade of crude oil for North American price quotations.
West Texas Sour.
Wyoming Sweet (US).
The stress level above which the pipe will yield or bend.
APPENDIX A References
[1] CAPP (Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers), 2011 Crude OilForecast, Markets &
Pipelines http://www.capp.ca/getdoc.aspx?DocId=190838
[2] US DOT PHMSA (U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration) 2010 Glossary of Terms, http://208.109.252.161/residents-businesses/glossary/
[3] U.S. Department of Transportation 2012 Code of Federal Regulation (USDOT CFR) Title 49, Part
195 Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipelines
[4] U.S. Department of Transportation 2012 Code of Federal Regulation (USDOT CFR) Title 49, Part
192 Transportation of Natural and Other Gas By Pipelines: Minimum Federal Safety Standards
index
Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively.
A
Aboveground storage tanks
(AST), 415
cathodic protection of. See
Cathodic protection (CP)
system
failures of, 520527
combustible vapors,
525526
inspection/maintenance/
repair practices, 524
past accidents, 523524, 525
tank design and, 524
regulations, 450452
total losses from, 491499
Absolute viscosity, 45, 49, 50
Access hatch, EFRT deck
fitting, 438
Accuracy, 362, 363
leak detection system, 575
ACI. See American Concrete
Institute (ACI)
Acoustic/negative pressure
wave technique, 582583
Acoustic sensing device, 577
Acoustic speed, 222, 223t
Actual leak, 573
AESOP correlation, 594
drag reduction factor, 595
AFFF. See Aqueous Film
Forming Foams (AFFF)
Affinity laws, 184185, 184f
Air film coefficient, 145, 146,
147
Alarm log, 571
Alarms
analogue, 564
bunding, 472
discrete, 565
displays, features/qualities
of, 585
emergency, 564
levels, 564
message, 566, 585

for overflow spill, 502
and SCADA system, 564566
warning, 564
Aluminum-indium anode, 516
American Concrete Institute
(ACI)
storage tank standards, 450
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)
American National Standards
Institute/American
Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 403
American Petroleum Institute
(API)
CP system standards, 519520
leak detection standards, 574
publications, 573
petroleum storage tanks,
447
recommended practices, 555
446
American Petroleum Institute
(API) standards, 400403
American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) Code
for Pressure Piping, 16
American Standard for Testing
Materials (ASTM International) standards, 403
Analogue alarms, 564
Analogue data points, 562
Andrade correlation, 50
Anode
as component of corrosion
cell, 504
types, 515516
ANSI. See American National
Standards Institute
(ANSI)
AP-42, EPA document, 490491
API. See American Petroleum
Institute (API)
API-651, 519
API 653, 467468
API 1130, 574
CPM methodologies, 579
API 1155, 574
API 610 end suction pump, 161f
API gravity, 71, 297
API Publication 1130, 573
API Publication 1149, 573
Apparent viscosity, 46
Apportionment calculation,
264265
Aqueous Film Forming Foams
(AFFF), 503, 540541,
546
Archived data and SCADA
system, 563564
Arco correlation, 42
Arctic pipeline, 119120
ASME. See American Society
of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
Asphaltene dispersion method,
312
Association of Composite
Tanks
AST. See Aboveground storage
tanks (AST)
ASTM. See American Society
for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
ASTM method, 50, 51, 53
645

Atmospheric tanks, 415, 527
design/safety standards, 530
fixed roof, 416419
cone-roof, 417418
geodesic dome-roof tanks,
418419
steel dome roof tanks,
417418
umbrella roof, 417, 418
floating roof, 419426
external, 420424. See also
External floating roof
tanks (EFRT)
internal, 424426. See also
Internal floating roof tank
(IFRT)
safety issues, 530
Automated pipeline stations,
206
Automated system control, 203
Automatic batch launchers, 220
Automatic tank gauge (ATG),
356
Auxiliary systems, station,
213214
Availability, redundant SCADA
system, 559
Aviation fuels, properties, 413
Axial flow, 169
Axial strain, 155
Axial stress, 155
B
Back pressure, 362
Back-pressure valves, 378
Ball valves, 26
Barlows formula, 91
Base density, 398
Base loading, 190, 205
Batch
cycle, 219, 250, 250f
defined, 249
injection/transportation/
delivery, 252253, 253f
movement, 244, 327328,
328f
and pressure behaviors,
243f
reporting, 253
sequencing, 249250, 250f
size, 278, 278f
minimum, 253254, 254t
slug, 250, 250f

tracking, 276278, 277f
volumes, 277
Batched liquid quality specification, 249t
Batched pipeline systems
with constant speed pumps,
188189, 188f, 189f
with variable speed pumps,
189
Batched product pipeline, 246f
growth and technique,
247248, 247f, 248f
operational hydraulics, 270f
operation and control, 262,
263f
capacity calculations, 264
pipeline supply scheduling,
265267, 265f
proration/capacity matching/
apportionment, 264265
ratability, 264
shipper nominations, 262
scheduling, 248f
Batching travel time, 251
Batch interface, 270
detection, 220
marking and detection,
251252, 252t
Batch meter, 392, 392f
Batch operation, 242243, 243f
Batch operation in real-time,
274
batch tracking, 276278, 277f
launch and delivery
(ofbatch), 275, 275f
flow meters and volume
accumulators, 276
on-line densitometers, 275
operations, 276
Batch pipeline hydraulics
design, 120122, 122f
Batch planning schedule, 265f,
266
Baum, A., 43
Bayesian inference technique,
583584
Bayes rule, 583
Beals equation, 302
Benedict, Webb, Rubin and
Starling (BWRS)
equation, 3536
BEP. See Best efficiency point

(BEP)
Best efficiency point (BEP),
165, 171, 180, 195, 209,
605
Bias error, 363
Bi-directional provers, 388, 388f,
389f
Binary points, 562
Bingham plastic, 46, 130, 134
Bi-rotor meter, 367368, 368f
Bitumen, 295, 298
diluent blend, 47, 47f
regional distribution of, 299f
Bitumen recovery/extraction
techniques
cyclic steam stimulation
(CSS), 338
gas-cap reservoir, 342, 344f
primary recovery, 336
production techniques,
339342, 340f
saturated oil reservoir, 342,
344f
secondary recovery, 336
surface mining, 338
tertiary recovery, 336
under-saturated oil reservoir,
342, 344f
Black oils, 300
BLEVE. See Boiling Liquid
Expanding Vapor
Explosion (BLEVE)
Block valve stations, 105,
109
Boiling Liquid Expanding
Vapor Explosion
(BLEVE), 532
Boiling point, liquid
hydrocarbons property,
414
Bottom-Center differential
settlement, 468
Bottom-Edge differential
settlement, 468
Bottom plate joints, 481482
Boundary conditions, 69
Boundary layer thickness, 371
Break-out operation, 599600
Breakout tanks, 5, 252
Breathing loss, calculation,
491492
Index n 647
Bubble point, 33, 33f, 300
Buffers, 250251, 413
Bulk equation of state, 36
Bulk modulus, 36, 3940, 39t,
40f, 88
calculation of, 4142
of elasticity, 38
Bullets, high-pressure storage
tanks, 427
Buncefield fire, 409
Bunded oil storage tanks, 471
BundGuard, 472
Bunding, 407, 471474
construction, 472473
failures, 473474
holding capacity/alarm, 472
Burger, DRA correlation, 595
Bursting disc, 287, 287f
Business information, pipeline
system, 553
Butane, properties, 413
Bypass check valve, 290, 290f
Bypass valves, 196
C
Cables, fibre optic, 561
Calibration, 365
meter factor and, 396
prover, 390391, 391f
tank, 348355
Capillary seal positive displacement meter, 366
Caragoe equation, 42
Carbon steel, storage tank
material, 465
Cartesian coordinates, 354
Cathode, as component of
corrosion cell, 504
system
for AST, 517519
external, for AST, 517518
galvanic/sacrificial anode,
514516
impressed current, 516517
installation, for AST, 519
internal, for AST, 519
standards, 519520
for storage tanks, 503520
types of, 514517
Cathodic Protection System,
NACE, 451
Cavitation, 52, 167, 176179,

176f, 177f, 178f, 179f,
371
effects of, 179
formation, 178f
Centrifugal pumps. See also
Pump selection and
sizing
doublecase (can) vertically
suspended volute pumps,
162164, 163f
end suction single stage
pumps, 161, 161f
horizontal axially split
between-bearing singlestage pumps, 161, 162f
with impeller, 160f
multi-stage horizontal axially
split pump, 161162,
163f
power and efficiency, 172
vertical in-line single stage
pumps, 161, 162f
vs positive displacement
pumps, 160t
Centrifugal pumps, retrofitting
affinity laws, 184185, 184f
pipeline throughput
increased, 183184
reduced, 183
CFR 195, 83
Check valves, 26, 196, 231,
282, 283f, 284f, 285f,
286f
Chemical drag reducers (CDR),
310, 311f
Chiller, 120
Churchills formula, 67
Circumferential measurement,
349
Civil design, storage tank,
465474
bund walls/dikes, 471474
foundation
overview, 465468
tank bottom, 470471
types of, 469471
Clamp-on flow meters, 372
Closed deck drains, 441
CMB method. See Compensated
mass balance (CMB)
method
Codes
for pipeline design, 321322
and standards (design
process), 8384
Cold heavy oil production with
sand (CHOPS), 339
Cold production, 339, 340f
Colebrook-White equation, 66
Column separation, 226227
Column wells, 443445
Combustible liquid, 529
transportation, 11
Combustible vapors, 525526
Command log, 571
Communication log, 571
Communications and oil
movement management,
273274
Compact soil foundations, 469
Compensated mass balance
(CMB) method, 581
RTTM-based leak detection
methodology vs., 581
Compressibility, 3839, 38f, 88,
223, 398
Computational pipeline
monitoring (CPM)
methods, 573, 579584
acoustic/negative pressure
wave technique, 582583
advantage of, 579
Bayesian inference technique,
583584
compensated mass balance, 581
line balance, 580
modified volume balance, 580
pressure/flow monitoring
technique, 582
RTTM-based leak detection
methodology, 581582
volume balance, 580
Concentration, DRA, 593
Concrete ring-wall foundation,
469, 470
Condensate, 32, 315
properties, 413
Cone-roof tanks, 357f, 358f,
359f, 417418
foam application on, 534535
foam system for, 540543
roof outage for, 492
safety issues, 531

Conical bottom tank, 471
Conoco/Simplified Conoco,
DRA correlation, 595
drag reduction factor, 596
Constant speed pumps, 189f,
194f
Contamination level, 255256
Continuity equation, 64
and volume correction, 7172
example, 7172, 71f
Continuous proportional
sampling, 378
Contract, 366
power, 604
Control center
equipments, 556
and SCADA, 554559
Control devices, 229, 230231
Controller, defined, 29
Control room, defined, 29
Control valves, 26, 232
and sizing, 197
Conventional oil, defined, 295
Conventional pipe provers,
386390
bi-directional provers, 388,
388f, 389f
master meter provers, 390
small volume displacement
provers, 388390, 389f
uni-directional prover, 387,
387f
Conventional turbine meter, 369f
Core annular flow (CAF),
308309, 308f, 309
Coriolis mass meters, 377
advantages, 376
density measurement, 375
disadvantages, 376
operating principle, 373375,
374f, 375f
temperature measurement,
375376
volume measurement, 376
Correction for effect of pressure
on liquid (CPL), 397
Correction for sediment and
water (CSW), 360
Correction for temperature of
liquid (CTL), 360, 397
Correction for temperature of
shell (CTSh), 360
Corrosion
anodic reaction characteristics, 505
cathodic reaction characteristics, 505
cell, components of, 504505
consequences of, 503506
control, importance of, 504
corrosive environment, 503
defect/voids, 507508
defined, 503
galvanic, 507
hydrogen attack/damage,
510
locations of, 512
pitting, 508
stress, 508510
sulfide stress corrosion
cracking, 510, 512
types of, 506510
uniform, 506507
Corrosion cell, components of,
504505
Corrosive environment, 503
Costs
construction, 94
of a leak detection system,
575t
station spacing and pumping,
95
valve-related, 95
water treatment, 501
Courant-Levy condition, 69
Covered floating roof tanks
safety issues, 530531
CPM methods. See Computational Pipeline Monitoring
(CPM) methods
Cricondenbar, 33, 33f, 34
Cricondentherm, 33, 33f, 34
Critical period, defined, 222
Critical point, 33, 33f
defined, 126
Critical pressure/temperature,
124t
Crude and products characteristics (US and Canadian),
13t
Crude oil, 31, 32f, 298, 412
contamination
level of, 255256
natural crude, 254
synthetic crude oils,

254255
phase diagram, 300
pipeline (isothermal flow),
99104
refining, 4
reserves, 336t
Crude oil storage tank
welding joints for, 477
Crushed-stone foundations,
469
Cushing Extension, 322f, 323,
329
Custody transfer, 24
metering systems, 365366
Customer communications,
274
Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS),
338, 343f
D
Darcy friction factor, 153
Darcy-Weisbach equation, 65
Database maintenance log, 571
Data communications, SCADA
systems, 559561
components of, 559561. See
also specific components
Data management, SCADA
system, 562564
Data trending, SCADA system
and, 569570, 586
DCS. See Distributed control
system (DCS)
Dead oil, defined, 301
Dead oil-black oil, 342
Deadwood measurement, 349
Decision support information,
pipeline system, 553
Deck drains, EFRT deck fitting,
440441
Deck legs, float roof, 441
Defect/voids corrosion,
507508
Degrees API Gravity, 43
Degrees Baume, 43, 44
Delivery point. See Terminal
Delivery restriction (zero
delivery), 332
Demodulation, 559
DENb-base density, 398
Densitometers, 251, 598
Index n 649
Density, 38, 88, 247
changes in batch interface,
270
liquid hydrocarbons property,
414
Derived data, 562
Design flow rate, 101
Design metal temperature
(DMT), 465
Design pressure, 9091, 91t,
458
Design process
codes and standards, 8384
hydraulic design procedure,
9698
operating parameters, 8687
high viscosity liquids,
8789
low-viscosity liquids, 87
pipeline route and
environmental issues,
8586
pipe parameters, 8990, 90t
design pressure, 9091,
91t
economic factors, 9394
maximum allowable
operating pressure
(MAOP), 9192, 92f
operating parameters, 95
pipe grade/size/wall
thickness, 94
pipeline route, 9495
pipe wall thickness, 9293
pressure-reducing station
(PRS), 9596
pumping parameters, 93
station spacing and
pumping costs, 95
valve related costs, 95
valve spacing, 95
supply and demand, 8485,
84f
Detectability, leak detection
system, 575
Device degradation, 364
Dew point, 33, 33f
Diesel, 246
properties, 413
Dikes. See Bunding
Dilatant fluids (shear thickening), 46
Dilution, 303304, 304f

DilBit (diluted Bitumen) 323,
324, 327
Direct mass flow measurement,
376
Direct measurement devices
(energy extractive), 22
Discharge outlets, foam, 538
Discharge set point, 203, 219
Discrete alarms, 565
Discrete data points, 562
Distillate and kerosene, 246
Distributed control system (DCS)
characteristics of, 557558
vs. SCADA, 557558
DMT. See Design metal
temperature (DMT)
Domed external floating roof
tanks, 423424
roof outage for, 492493
Doppler ultrasonic flow meter,
373
Double case design, 366, 367f
Double-case (can) vertically
suspended volute pumps,
162164, 163f
Downstream effects, as DRA
characteristic, 590
Downstream pressures, 72
Down-surge, 221, 320
DRA. See Drag reducing agent
(DRA)
Drag reducers, 310, 310f
Drag reducing additive (DRA),
277
Drag reducing agent (DRA),
587596
benefits of, 589590
characteristics, 590
concentration, 593
correlations, 594596
design, limitations of, 593594
effectiveness of, 591
facilities, 590591
flow rate, 592
injection rate, 594
injection system, 591593
shut-down procedure, 593
starting procedure, 592
limitations, 593594
operations, 590594
limitations, 593594
overview, 587588
performance, 590
Drag reduction mechanism,
588589
Drooping characteristic, 172
Dye interface detector, 275
Dynamic measurement
Coriolis mass meters,
373376, 374f, 375f
custody transfer metering
systems, 365366
elements of, 361362
flow meter, 361
meter selection, 376377
flow computers, 379380
instrumentation and
accessories, 377378
meter sizing, 377
meter station design, 380,
380f
components of, 381382,
381f
meter provers, 384385, 386f
meter run, 382383
positive displacement (PD)
meter, 366367
bi-rotor meter, 367368,
368f
rotating vane meter, 367,
367f
prover, types of
calibration of, 390391,
391f
conventional pipe provers,
386390, 388f, 389f
tank prover, 386
turbine meters, 368371, 369f
ultrasonic meters, 371373
uncertainty, 362364, 363f
calibration, 365
device degradation, 364
operational problems, 365
quality of liquid, defined,
364
transducer/transmitter, 365
Dynamic viscosity, defined, 45
E
Economic analysis, pipeline,
9396
EFRT. See External floating
roof tanks (EFRT)

EGW. See Electrogas arc
welding (EGW)
Electrogas arc welding (EGW),
476
Electrolyte, as component of
corrosion cell, 504
Electromagnetic sensors, 375
Electronic flow measurement
(EFM), 378
Electro-optical distance ranging
method (EODRM),
353355, 353t, 354f
Elevation change (slack flow),
115119, 115f, 116f, 118f
Elevation sensitivity, 147
Emergency alarms, 564
Emergency flow restricting
devices (EFRD), 26
Emergency Operations Center
(EOC), 544545
Emergency planning, 543548
for oil spill, 544548
Emergency shutdown (ESD),
214215, 239
of pipeline system, 242
Emission, from storage tanks
calculation, 490500
controlling, 428435
from fixed roof storage tanks,
491499
from floating roof storage
tanks, 499500
Emulsified transportation, 307
Enbridge pipeline system, 305,
306f
End suction single stage pumps,
161, 161f
Energy additive, 22
Energy equation, 6768
and temperature profile
calculation, 7583, 76f,
78f, 79t, 80f, 81f
Energy extractive, 22
Energy saving, 193, 212, 310
Environmental issues, pipeline
route and, 8586
EOC. See Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
Equal load sharing, 190
Equation of state (EOS), 34, 68
Equivalent length method
(example), 150151, 151t
Erosion, 148, 371

Erosional velocity (of fluid),
148149, 149f
Estimated time of arrival (ETA),
220, 277, 278
Ethane pipelines (example),
125129, 126f, 128f
Eulers number, 49
Evaluation Methodology for
Software Based Leak
Detection Systems, 574
Evaporation, 53
Explicit methods, 69
External floating roof tanks
(EFRT), 356, 357f, 358f,
359f, 420424
advantages/disadvantages,
422, 423
components of, 422
domed, 423424
emissions from, 490, 499500
fittings, 435, 438443
External housing, 366
Extra heavy crude oil pipeline
(example), 134136
Extra-heavy oils, 298
F
Fanning friction factor, 67
Fiberglass Petroleum Tank and
Pipe Institute
Fibre optic cable, 561
Filters, 377378
Finite difference equations, 69
Fire protection, 409
Fittings
external floating roof tanks,
435, 438443
internal floating roof tanks,
443445
Fixed roof tanks, 416419
cone-roof, 417418
emissions from, 490
geodesic dome-roof tanks,
418419
steel dome roof tanks,
417418
total losses from, 491499
umbrella roof, 417, 418
Fixed-speed electric motors,
192, 209
Flammable and Combustible

Liquids Code, NFPA
30, 454
Flammable liquids, 529
Flash point (FPT) of fuel, 55,
528
Flat-bottom tank, 470471
Flat characteristic, 172
Floating roof, 349
Floating roof adjustment (FRA),
360
Floating roof tanks, 419426
covered, 530531
drainage system, problems
associated with, 500501
external, 420424
advantages/disadvantages,
422, 423
components of, 422
domed, 423424
emissions from, 490,
499500
fittings, 435, 438443
fabrication of, 475476
geometric parameters, 475
internal, 424426
advantages of, 424
components of, 425
contact decks in, 425
fittings, 443445
overflow spill, 502503
and rim seal fires, 502
sectional view of, 423
tank rim sealing systems,
428437
three-dimensional structural
view, 474
Flow computers, 379380
Flow control devices, 279282,
280f, 281f
Flow control valves, 378
Flow improvers (drag reducers),
309, 310f, 311f, 312f
Flow measuring devices, 22
Flow meter, 361, 378t
and volume accumulators,
276
Flow range, 376
Flow rate determination, 371
Flow stoppage, 223
Flow transients, 222
Index n 651
Fluid density, 247
Fluid film coefficient, 145, 147
Fluid isobaric specific heat, 144
Fluid physical properties,
5758, 58t
Fluid property, 323
information, 319
prediction method, 35
Fluid(s), classification of, 5758
Foam application, 534
Foam chambers, and fire
protection, 539540
Foam dam design, for storage
tanks, 415
Foam makers, and fire
protection, 540
Foam system
for cone-roof tanks, 540543
discharge outlets, 538
for fire protection of storage
tanks, 537543
foam chambers, 539540
foam makers, 540
sub surface base injection,
538539
and flammable/combustible
liquids, 537538
for oil spill emergency,
545548
Foamy oil, 339
Format control, SCADA
display, 567
Foundation, storage tank
overview, 465468
types of, 469471
Fouriers law, 68, 77
Free water (FW), 360
Freeze scheme, polling, 561
Friction pressure drop, 65, 72,
77
Fuels, aviation, 55
Full stream delivery, 106
Full stream injection, 110
Fungible batch, 249
G
Galvanic anode CP system,
514516
Galvanic corrosion, 507
Gas-cap reservoir, 342, 344f
Gas metal arc welding
(GMAW), 476
Gasoline, 11, 246

properties, 413
Gate valves, 26
Gauge-float, EFRT deck fitting,
438, 439
Gauge-hatch/sample port, EFRT
deck fitting, 438, 439
Geodesic dome-roof tanks,
418419
Globe valves, 26
GMAW. See Gas metal arc
welding (GMAW)
Grab sampling, 378
Gradual pipe enlargement and
reduction, 151154,
151f, 152t, 153f
Gravitational mass, 38
Gravity, liquid hydrocarbons
property, 414
Gross observed volume (GOV),
360
Gross standard volume (GSV),
361, 397, 398
Guide-pole, 442
H
HAZ. See Heat-affected zone
(HAZ)
HBPFM. See High Back Pressure
Foam Maker (HBPFM)
Headers, 381
Health, Safety and Environment
(HSE), 409
Heat-affected zone (HAZ),
483484
Heat balancing mechanism, 76,
76f
Heat capacity of liquid, defined,
55
Heater, 201202, 201f, 237
Heating, 305307, 306, 306f
Heat resistance, 78, 79
Heat transfer, 89, 144f, 146f
Heat transfer coefficient, 78,
81t, 145
Heavy crude pipeline hydraulic
design. See Liquid
pipeline design
Heavy crudes properties
designation, 315
grouping of crudes, 315, 315f
viscosity of bitumen, 316f
Heavy hydrocarbon products, 32

Heavy oil
extraction/recovery techniques, 336339, 337f,
339f
global distribution, 297299,
299f
grouping, 300301, 300f
oil reservoir classifications,
342
oil viscosity prediction,
301302, 301t
pipeline transportation
(example)
batch movement/transient
simulation time, 327
328, 328f
case study, 322327, 322f,
324f, 325f, 326f, 327f
code requirement, 321322
role of design, 317318
simulation, 328333, 330f,
331f, 332f
surge mitigation methods,
320321
transient analysis, need for,
318320
production technique,
339342, 340f, 341f
vs location resources, 343t
properties of, 299302
resources, 333336, 334f,
336t
global distribution of, 335f
technology and transportation, 295297, 296f, 297
transportation methods,
302303
comparative study on,
312314, 313t, 314f
core annular flow (CAF),
308309, 308f, 309
dilution, 303304, 304f
heating/thermal upgrading,
305307, 306f
slurry transportation
method, 312
surfactants/flow improvers,
309, 310f, 311f, 312f
upgrading/partial upgrading
method, 304305, 304f,
305f

Heavy oil (Cont.)
water emulsion, 307308,
307f, 308f
types of, 297299, 298f
viscosity-temperature for, 297f
Heavy sour crude, 315
Helical turbine meter, 369
HIC. See Hydrogen induced
cracking (HIC)
High back pressure foam maker
(HBPFM), 539
High-pressure storage tanks,
427428
High shrinkage (volatile) oils,
300
High vapor pressure (HVP),
54, 55
pipeline design, 122125,
124t
example, 125129, 126f,
128f
High viscosity liquids, 8789
HMI. See Human machine
interface (HMI)
Holding capacity, bunding, 472
Holding pressure, 203, 218
Hoop stress, 155
Horizontal axially split
between-bearing singlestage pumps, 161, 162f
Horton sphere, high-pressure
storage sphere, 427, 428
Host/master, SCADA system,
556557, 563
polling and, 561
power optimization system
and, 607
pressure/flow monitoring
technique, 582
software architecture,
components of, 559
Hot-work safety, OSHA, 527
HSE. See Health, Safety and
Environment (HSE)
Human machine interface
(HMI)
and reporting in SCADA
system, 566571
Hydraulic design procedure,
9698
Hydrocarbon batching,
245247, 246f
Hydrocarbon liquid pipeline

codes, 16t
use of, 13, 3f
Hydrocarbon liquids
blending and volume
shrinkage, 4950
condensate, 32
crude oils, 31, 32f
liquid petroleum products,
3132
and measurement systems,
58, 59, 348
base conditions, 57
fluid physical properties,
5758, 58t
measurement accuracy,
5859
phase behavior of, 3234, 33f
bubble point, 33, 33f
cricondenbar, 33f, 34
cricondentherm, 33f, 34
critical point, 33, 33f
dew point, 33, 33f
phase diagram determination, 3437, 37f
quality lines, 33f, 34
phase change, impact of, 57
positive displacement (PD)
meters, 58
specific heat capacity of, 5556
turbine meters, 59
Hydrocarbon tankage system,
411, 412
Hydrogen induced cracking
(HIC), 510511
Hydrostatic testing, 92
leak detection technique,
576577
I
IFRT. See Internal floating roof
tank (IFRT)
Impeller, 169
change, 173, 173f
design vs specific speed, 170f
diameter, 166
hydraulics, 163
speed, 166
underfiling and overfiling,
174f, 176
volute chipping, 175f, 176
volute inserts, 175f, 176
Implicit methods, 6970

Impressed current CP system,
516517
advantages, 516517
disadvantages, 517
Incipient leaks, 573
Indicated volume (IV), 398
Inertia-free principle, 373
Inertial force, 65
Inertial mass, 38
Inferential measurement devices
(energy additive), 23
Information for pipeline
dynamic assessment. See
Transient analysis
Injection/delivery station
control, 208
Injection points, 104
Injection system, DRA, 591593
shut-down procedure, 593
starting procedure, 592
Inlet fluid temperature, 145
Inlet stations, 104
Insertion flow meters, 372
Inspection methods, for leak
detection, 576577
Instrumentation, storage tanks,
486, 490
Insulation, 78f, 79, 132
conductivity, 145
Interface detectors, 251
Intermediate hydrocarbon
liquids, 99
Intermediate pump station, 102,
104
Internal floating roof tank
(IFRT), 424426
advantages of, 424
components of, 425
contact decks in, 425
fittings, 443445
seals for, 435
Internal floating roof (IFR)
tanks, 356
Internal pressure (IP)
storage tank, 415, 461462
International Bureau of Legal
Metrology (BIML), 384
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO),
403405
Index n 653
International System (SI) Units,
57, 397
IP. See Internal pressure (IP)
Isothermal bulk modulus, 36
Isothermal flow, 73, 75,
99104
J
Jains Approximation, 67
Joint efficiency factor
and shell thickness, 464
Joule Thompson coefficients,
147
Joule-Thomson effect, 67
K
Keystone Pipeline Project
(casestudy), 322, 322f
Kinematic viscosity, 49, 305
defined, 50
Kinetic energy, 150
Knot spacing, 328329
L
Ladder well, 445
Laminar flow, 66
LAN. See Local area network
(LAN)
Laser theodolite, 351
Layout, storage tanks, 450456
Leak detection system, 452,
572587, 576584
acoustic, 577
CPM methods, 579584. See
also Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM)
methods
effective operation of, 586
implementation of, 576
implementation/operation,
585587
inspection methods, 576577
and leakage response, 587
manual, 586
objectives of, 575
optical fiber sensor system,
577
overview, 572576
performance criteria, 575
selection criteria, 575576
sensor methods, 577579
vapor monitoring, 577579
Leaks, pipeline
causes of, 572
defined, 573
external/internal phenomena,
573
mitigation, 573
statistics, 572573
types of, 573
Lee-Kesler correlation, 56
Legal metrology agency, 366
Lifting, product, 597598
Lifting station, 240
Light crude oil, 298
Light density hydrocarbon
liquids, 32
Light hydrocarbon liquids, 98
Light sour blend (LSB), 315
Light sour crude, 315
Light sweet crude, 315
Line, metallic, 560
Linearity, 362
Line balance methodology, 580
Line fill of batches, 122f
Line packing, 64, 225, 225f,
226f, 332333
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
32
Liquid batching transportation.
See also Batch operation
in real-time
batched product pipeline
(growth and technique),
247248, 247f, 248f
batched products pipeline,
259260
design and operation, 260
operation and control,
262267
pipeline system operation/
control, 267274, 269f,
270f, 270t, 271f, 272f,
273f
crude oil contamination
contamination level,
255256
natural crude, 254
synthetic crude oils,
254255
hydrocarbon batching,
245247, 246f
interface-volume estimations,
256258
batch calculation and tracking example, 258259,

259f, 261f
results, 259, 261t, 262t,
263f
liquid pipelines, types of, 245,
246f
minimum batch size,
253254, 254t
multiproduct pipeline batch
optimization, 278, 278f
products batching (definitions
and terms), 248249,
249t
batch cycle/slug, 250, 250f
batching reports, 253
batching travel time, 251
batch injection/
transportation/delivery,
252253, 253f
batch interface marking
and detection, 251252,
252t
batch sequencing, 249250,
250f
buffers, 250251
Liquid calibration of tanks, 355
Liquid columns, 227
Liquid density, defined, 38
Liquid hydrocarbon pipelines
codes, 15, 16t
historical overview of, 1215,
13t
regulations, 1622, 17t21t
Liquid hydrocarbons
physical properties of, 414
storage tanks. See Storage
tanks
Liquid hydrocarbons pipeline
system definitions (ANSI/
ASME B31.4), 1, 2f
Liquid kinetic energy, 160
Liquid measurement system,
purpose of, 347
Liquid petroleum pipeline
networks, 511, 6f, 7t, 8f,
9f, 9t, 10f
Liquid petroleum products,
3132
Liquid pipeline design
batch pipeline hydraulics
design

Liquid pipeline design (Cont.)
design considerations,
120121
example, 121122, 122f
crude oil pipeline (isothermal
flow), 99104
alternative designs, 102104
elevation change (slack flow),
115119, 115f, 116f, 118f
heavy crude pipeline hydraulic design, 129130
design facilities, 133136
extra heavy crude oil pipeline (example), 134136
physical properties,
130131, 130t
pressure and temperature
determination, 131132
shutdown periods, 132133
high vapor pressure (HVP)
pipelines, 122125, 124t
examples, 125129, 126f,
128f
hydraulic studies for, 98
intermediate hydrocarbon
liquids, 99
light hydrocarbon liquids, 98
pipeline
in cold environment,
119120
configurations, 104112,
107f, 110f, 112f
in hot environment, 119
in parallel, 114115, 114f
in series, 112114, 112f
in severe weather conditions,
119120
side stream delivery,
105108, 107f
side stream injection,
108112, 110f
Liquid pipeline hydraulics
continuity equation, 64
and volume correction,
7172, 71f
energy equation, 6768
and temperature profile
calculation, 7583, 76f,
78f, 79t, 80f, 81f
equation of state, 68
mass conservation equation,
64
momentum equation, 6467,

66f
momentum equation and
pressure profile calculation, 7273
examples, 7375, 74f, 74t,
75f
pipeline flow equations,
6368
solution methods, 6869
explicit methods, 69
implicit methods, 6970
method of characteristics,
69
steady-state solutions and
design equations, 7083
Liquid pipeline operations,
2829, 28f
Liquid pipeline(s), types of,
245, 246f
Liquid transmission and distribution system components, 34, 4f
Liquid volume determination,
396399
Load factor, 87
Load sharing strategies, 190
Local area network (LAN), 560
Location resources, 343t
Log mean temperature, 80
Loss coefficients, 151t, 152t
Low shrinkage crude oil, 300
Low-viscosity liquids, 87
M
Magnesium anodes, 515, 516
Magnetic flux, leak detection
technique, 576
Mainline block valves, 329
Management information
system (MIS), 553
Manholes welding, 482
Manifolds, 27, 27f, 275f
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS),
384, 400403
Manual tank gauging, 355356,
356f
Manual tank strapping method
(MTSM), 348349
Marine Terminal, 240
Mass, 38
Mass conservation equation, 64

Mass flow measurement, 376
Master meter provers, 390, 391f
Master-slave communication
model, 561
Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS), 528
Matrix inversion software, 70
Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP),
9192, 92f, 206, 217,
218, 240
Measurement, 2225. See also
Dynamic measurement;
Static measurement;
Tank gauging; Volume
accounting system
accuracy, 5859
errors, 363
properties important to,
5758
ticket, 393
Measurement information, pipeline system, 552553
Mechanical design, storage
tank, 461465
shell thickness, 462465
tank internal pressure,
461462
Mechanical energy, 181
Mechanical/metallic rim mounted
shoe seal, 431, 433
Medium crude oil, 298
Medium density/mixed light
products, 32
Medium sour crude, 315
Medium sweet crude, 315
Metallic line, 560
Metallic path, 504505
Meter
configuration, 393
provers, 25, 382, 384385,
386f
run, 382383
selection of, 376377
instrumentation and accessories, 377378
sizing of meters, 377
ticket, 394395, 394f
Meter factor (MF), 398
and calibration, 396
defined, 384, 385f, 386f
Index n 655
Meter K-factor determination,
384
Meter prover, 382, 384386
Meter run, 382383
Meter station
components, 381f
headers, 381
meter prover, 382
transmitters, 382
valves, 381382
data requirement from, 562
design, 380, 380f
components of, 381382,
381f
meter provers, 384385,
386f
meter run, 382383
monitoring/control, 554
with prover, 381f, 569
Method of characteristics, 69
Metrology standards, 365, 366
Microprocessors, 357
Midline breakout tankage, 252
Minimum continuous stable
flow (MCSF), 182, 182f
Minor pressure losses, 149
equivalent length method
(example), 150151, 151t
gradual enlargement and reduction, 151154, 151f,
152t, 153f
MIS. See Management information system (MIS)
Mixed flow, 169
Modem, 559560
as component of data communication, 559560
Modified volume balance
method, 580
Modulation, 559
Modulus of elasticity, 155
Molecular weight of the vapor
(MV), calculation, 496
Momentum equation, 6467,
66f
and pressure profile calculation, 7273
75f, 76f, 78f, 79t, 80f,
81t
Moody diagram, 66, 66f
friction factor, 311f
MSDS. See Material Safety

Data Sheet (MSDS)
Multi-drop scheme, polling, 561
Multi-path ultrasonic meters,
373
Multiple products pipeline,
1112, 12t
Multiple pump units, 22
Multiproduct pipeline, 259
batch optimization, 278, 278f
Multi-stage horizontal axially
split pump, 161162, 163f
N
NACE. See National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
NACE RP0193-01, 520
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
cathodic protection system,
451, 520
storage tank standards,
447448
National Electric Code
(NFPA-70), 527
National Energy Board (NEB),
Canada, 22
National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA)
National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST),
349, 356
Natural bitumen, 333, 336f. See
also Bitumen
Natural crude, 254
Natural gas, 6, 6f, 31
condensate, 11
Natural gas liquids (NGL), 32
Natural gasoline, 32
Net positive suction head
(NPSH), 52
net positive suction head
available (NPSHA),
168169
required (NPSHR), 167
Net present value (NPV), 278,
278f
Net standard volume (NSV), 356,
358, 359, 361, 397, 398
Network and data communication, 560

Newtonian fluids, 45, 47f
NFPA. See National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Nominal pipe size (NPS), 90, 90t
Non-Newtonian fluid, 4547,
47f, 148f
Non-Newtonian viscosity
behavior, 130
Normal shutdown, 214
North American codes, 321
North America pipelines, 10f
Nuovo Pignone Model DVS,
pump curves for, 326f
Nusselt number, 146
O
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA),
527
OCP Ecuador Pipeline, 236, 237f
Oil depot. See Tank farm
Oil discharge (example), 153f
Oil reservoir classifications, 342
Oil sands, 296
Oil spill emergency
Emergency Operations
Center, 544545
foam application, 545548
tactical priorities, 545
Oil storage terminals. See Storage tanks
Oil viscosity prediction,
301302, 301t
On-line densitometers, 275
Open deck drains, 441
Open top storage tanks, 530
Operability, leak detection
system, 575
Operating pressure, 458
Operational scheduling, 267
Optical fiber sensor system, leak
detection, 577
Optical interface detectors
(OID), 251
Optical reference line method
(ORLM), 349351, 350f,
352f
Optical triangulation method
(OTM), 351353, 351t,
353f

Optimum load sharing, 190, 205
Organic liquids, 428
Original oil in-place (OOIP),
334
OSHA. See Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA)
Outlet/fluid temperature, 145
Outline settlement, 467
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
57
Overcapacity, 265
P
Parallel operation, 190191,
190f, 191f
Parallel pipes, 114115, 114f
Partial upgrading method,
304305, 304f, 305f
Permafrost, 119
Petroleum
causes to use, 410411
history, 410411
products, 412413
storage tanks. See Storage
tanks
Petroleum Equipment Institute
(PEI)
recommended practices,
447
Petroleum liquids, properties
of, 37
bulk modulus, 3940, 39t, 40f
calculation of, 4142
compressibility, 3839, 38f
density, 38
mass, 38
thermal expansion, 38, 40,
40f
volume, 38
Petroleum products, 2
flow, 11f
and properties, 12t
Phase behavior, 123
Phase diagram
defined, 33
determination, 3437, 37f
Benedict, Webb, Rubin and
Starling (BWRS) equation, 3536
bulk modulus, 36
equation of state (EOS), 34

fluid property prediction
method, 35
Phase envelope, 300
Pig launcher and receiver,
199200, 199f
Pile-supported foundation, 470
Pipe
coating, 90
grade/size/wall thickness, 94,
100, 101
parameters. See Design
process
provers. See Conventional
pipe provers
roughness, 90, 91t
volume, pressure and temperature on, 154156,
154f
example, 156157, 157f
wall thickness, 9293, 288
Pipeline
in cold environment, 119120
configurations, 104112,
107f, 110f, 112f
control, 268
design, role of, 317318
diameter, 288
failures, 228
flow equations, 6368
in hot environment, 119
operation, 263
in parallel, 114115, 114f
pigs, 199
pressure, 217
route, 9495
and environmental issues,
8586
in series, 112114, 112f
grades of, 113114
sizes, 112113, 112f
wall thickness, 113
supervisory data acquisition
and control system, 28f
supply scheduling, 265267,
265f
Pipeline Control Room Management, 555
Pipeline facilities
layout
manifolds, 27, 27f

metering/measurement,
2226, 23f, 24f, 25f, 26f
pump station, 22
valves, 26, 27f
location, 327
Pipeline hydraulic requirements
batched pipeline systems
with constant speed pumps,
188189, 188f, 189f
with variable speed pumps,
189
pump configurations
parallel operation, 190
191, 190f, 191f
series operation, 191f, 192,
192f
system head curves and
pump operating points,
185188, 185f, 186f,
186t, 187f
Pipeline operation and surge
control (example),
236237, 237f
Pipeline route elevation profile,
260t, 261f
Pipeline SCADA Alarm Management, 555
Pipeline SCADA Displays, 555
Pipeline system control
discharge set point, 203
holding pressure, 203
injection/delivery station
control, 208
pump control strategy,
206207
pump station operation,
203205, 204f
pump unit control, 208209,
209f
station control, 207208, 208f
suction set point, 202
throttling vs speed controls,
209212, 210f, 211f,
212f
Pipeline system operation
batching cycle, 219
batch tracking, 220
discharge set point, 219
maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP),
218
Index n 657
operating limits, 217218
pressure control, 218
suction set point, 219
tight line operation, 218
transmix, 219220
Pipeline system operation/
control
communications and oil
movement management,
273274
density changes in batch
interface, 270
operational scheduling, 267
operations and maintenance,
267
pipeline/terminal control, 268
product movement, 272273,
272f, 273f, 274f
pump operations/product
movement, 268270,
269f, 270f, 270t
quality control and product
movement, 271272
shipper/customer
communications, 274
viscosity changes in batch
interface, 270271
Pipeline system surge mitigation equipment, 278279
Pipeline throughput
increased, 184185, 184f
reduced, 183
Pipeline transient flow
acoustic speed, 222, 223t
column separation, 226227
flow transients, 222
fundamental equations, 221
line packing, 225, 225f, 226f
liquid columns, 227
pipeline failures, 228
potential surge, 223
pressure surge, 221
pressure transients, 222
simulation, 224
slack flow condition, 227
steady-state assumption, 220,
228
surge wave, behaviors of,
221222
vapor pocket, 227, 227f
Pipeline transportation. See also
Heavy oil
commodity classification,
315t
heavy crudes properties for
designation, 315
grouping, 315, 315t
typical properties, 316,
316f, 317f
specifications, 31
Pipeline Variable Uncertainties
And Their Effects On
Leak Detectability, 574
Piping design, 196197
Pitting corrosion, 508
Planer tilt, 467
Plastic fluids, 46
Playback feature, SCADA
system, 564
PLC. See Programmable logic
controller (PLC)
Plug valves, 26
Poissons ratio, 155
Polled Only scheme, 561
Polling and data communication, 561
Portable foam monitors,
535536
Positive displacement (PD)
meters, 58, 366367, 377
advantages of, 368
bi-rotor meter, 367368, 368f
rotating vane meter, 367, 367f
Positive displacement (PD)
pumps, 159
vs centrifugal pumps, 160t
Post Weld Heat Treatment
(PWHT), 482485
Potential surge, 222, 223, 224
Pour point, 5051, 89, 130t
determination of, 5152
Power contracts, 604
Power cost
controlling, 603608
power demand and, 604
unit operating statistics and,
604605
Power optimization, 606608
Prantl number, 146
Precipitation, 50
Pressure
control, 218
drop, 376
loss, 362
on pipe volume, 154f,

156157, 157f
regulators, 105
Pressure control valve (PCV),
196, 238, 239, 598, 599
Pressure-enthalpy diagram, 54f,
55, 126, 126f
Pressure/flow monitoring techniques, 582
Pressure gradient, 73, 86, 113,
118f, 227f
Pressure loss coefficient, 150
Pressure profile
with elevation profile, 75f
and gradient, 74
momentum equation and,
7275, 74f, 74t, 75f
Pressure-reducing station
(PRS), 9596, 116, 116f,
237, 239, 243
Pressure relief valves, 234236,
235f
Pressure safety valve (PSV), 19
Pressure surge, 221, 318, 331,
331f
Pressure transients, 222
Pressurized storage tanks,
427428
high-pressure, 427428
low-pressure, 427
variable vapor space tanks,
428
Primary driver for pipeline, 13
Primary liquid pipeline design
codes, 15, 16t
Primary recovery, 336
Product blending (example),
110112
Production technique, 339342,
340f, 341f
solvent dilution, 342
steam injection, 340341
vapor assisted extraction, 342
vs location resources, 343t
Product movement, 272273,
272f, 273f, 274f
types of, 267t
Products batching (definitions
and terms). See Liquid
batching transportation
Programmable logic controller
(PLC), 205, 558

Propane, properties, 413
Proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller, 231,
233, 234f
Proration calculation, 264265
Protocols, 560
Prover, 382, 384392
Proving, 384
Pseudoplastic fluids (shear
thinning), 46
Pulse scaling factor (PSF), 375
Pump
configurations. See Pipeline
hydraulic requirements
control strategy, 206207
defined, 159
and driver information, 319
drivers, 192195, 193f, 194f
efficiency, 170, 172
vs specific speed, 170f
performance curve, 165, 165f
characteristics, 171172,
171f
shut-off, 165
Pump head-capacity (H-Q)
curve, 171
Pumping cost, 95
Pumping parameters, 93
Pump operating point, 187f
system head curves and,
185188, 185f, 186f,
186t, 187f
Pump operations/product movement, 268270, 269f,
270f, 270t
Pump selection and sizing. See
also Centrifugal pumps
cavitation, 176179, 176f,
177f, 178f, 179f
centrifugal pump power and
efficiency, 172
impeller change, 173, 173f
impeller underfiling and
overfiling, 174f, 176
impeller volute chipping,
175f, 176
impeller volute inserts, 175f,
176
minimum continuous stable
flow (MCSF), 182, 182f

(NPSH), 167169, 168f
performance, 164
pump performance curves,
165, 165f
performance modifications
for pipeline applications,
172176
pump performance curve
characteristics, 171172,
171f
restaging, 173, 174f
service conditions, 165167,
167f
specific speed, 169170, 170f
suction specific speed,
170171
temperature rise, 181
viscous hydrocarbon behavior, 180181, 180f
Pump selection map, 167f
Pump specification and purchase
data sheets, 182183
Pump station, 22, 105, 218, 240
diagram of, 567, 568569
discharge pressure, 332
monitoring/control, 554,
605606
operation, 203205, 204f,
208f
operation efficiency of, 605
shutdown, 330331, 331f
valve control, 207208, 208f
Pump station design, 195196
control valve and sizing, 197
diagram, 195f, 196
heater, 201202, 201f
pig launcher and receiver,
199200, 199f
piping, 196197
station flow recirculation,
198199, 198f
at tank farm, 200201, 200f
Pump station location
with branch line (example),
141143
in changing elevation profile
(example), 139141,
141f
criteria, 136137
simple pump station location

(example), 137139, 138f
Pump suction and discharge
systems, 159f
Pump unit
control, 208209, 209f
and pump station operations,
231233, 232f, 234f
PWHT. See Post weld heat
treatment (PWHT)
Q
Quality control and product
movement, 271272
Quality flag, 563
Quality of liquid, defined, 364
R
Radar tank measurement
system, 357, 358f
Radial flow, 169
Radio transmission, 560561
Random error, 363
Rangeability, 362
Ratability, 264
RBE. See Report by Exception
(RBE)
Real-time batch tracking,
276278, 277f
Real-Time Transient Model
(RTTM)-based leak
detection methodology,
581582
CMB method vs., 581
Recalibration, 355, 364
Recycling flow rate, 199
Reference measurement, 351
Refined petroleum products,
1112, 12t
Refined product (RP), 251
Refiners, 254
Refutas viscosity blending
index, 48
Regulating station, 105
Regulations, aboveground
storage tanks, 450452
Reid vapor pressure (RVP), 52,
53, 54f, 496
Relative density (specific
gravity), 4244
Reliability
leak detection system, 575
Index n 659
redundant SCADA system,
559
Relief devices, 234236, 235f
Relief valve, 26, 286
Remote control system, 204
Remote terminal units (RTU),
29, 558
SCADA host and, 561
Repeatability, 362, 363
Report by Exception (RBE)
polled, 561
unsolicited, 561
Reporting, SCADA system
HMI and, 566571
Resilient foam-filled seal,
431432
schematic of, 432
Resistance temperature detector
(RTD), 356
Resolution, 362
Resonance frequency, 375
Restaging, 173, 174f
Reynolds number, 65, 146, 219,
255, 256, 257
Rheology, 45
Rheopetic fluids, 46
Rim seal fires, floating roof
tanks, 502
Rim vents, EFRT deck fitting,
439, 440, 441
Rising characteristic, 172
Robustness, leak detection
system, 575
Root-mean square (RMS), 364
Rotating vane meter, 367, 367f
Royalty transfer, 25
RTU. See Remote terminal units
(RTU)
Rubber, as wiper seal material,
430
Rupture disc, 236, 287, 287f
RVP. See Reid vapor pressure
(RVP)
S
Sacrificial anode CP system,
514516
Sampling, 378
Sand pad foundations, 469
Satellite, 561
Saturated oil reservoir, 342,
344f
SAW. See Submerged arc welding (SAW)

SCADA. See Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA)
SCC. See Stress corrosion
cracking (SCC)
Scheduled pipeline system
start-up, 238240
SCO (Synthetic Crude Oil) 323
Secondary containment options,
452
Secondary recovery, 336
Security in SCADA system,
571572
Sediment and water (S & W),
364
SEGARC. See Submerged
electro-gas arc welding
(SEGARC)
Segregated batch, defined, 249
Sensing devices
acoustic, 577
and leak detection, 577579
Sensing element, 361, 362
Sensitivity, leak detection
system, 575
Sensors, 365
Sequential probability ratio test
(SPRT) technique, 583
Series operation, 191f, 192, 192f
Series pipes
grades, 113114
sizes, 112113, 112f
wall thickness, 113
Service conditions, 165167,
167f
Servo gauges, 356
Servo tank measurement system, 356357, 357f
Settlements, steel tanks
calculations, variable for, 466
components, 466
Shaft power, 172
Shape factor, defined, 145
Shear rate, 45, 47f
Shear stability, as DRA characteristic, 590
Shear stress, 45, 47f
Shear thickening fluids, 46
Shear thinning fluids, 46

Shell, storage tank
thickness of, 462465
Shell plate
horizontal butt joints, 477,
478
vertical butt joints, 477479
Shielded metal arc welding
(SMAW), 476, 479
Shipper
communications, 274
nominations, 262
schedules, 266
Shrinkage, 4950
Shutdown lockout, 214
Shutdown modes, 214215
Shutdown periods, 132133
Shutdown procedures, 228
Side stream delivery, 105108,
107f, 253, 599
Side stream injection, 108112,
110f, 201f, 252, 253f,
277
Side-stream injection facility,
598599
Side stream take-off, 107f
Signal conditioning, 362
Simulation information, pipeline system, 553
Simulation of pipeline
knot spacing, 328329
results
delivery restriction (zero
delivery), 332
line packing conditions,
332333
pump stations shutdown,
330331, 331f
terminal PCV closure, 332
valve closures, effect of,
329330
valve closure and station shutdown timing sequence,
329
Single case design, 366
Single product pipelines, 5
Slab foundation, 470
Slack flow, 115119, 115f, 116f,
118f, 227
Slack flow line (example),
117119, 118f
Slop, 249

Slotted guide-pole, 442443
Slurry transportation method,
312
Small volume displacement
provers, 388390, 389f
Smart pigs, 199
SMAW. See Shielded metal arc
welding (SMAW)
Soft starters, 288
Solidification, 50
Solubility, as DRA characteristic, 590
Solvent dilution, 341f, 342
Sour crude, 315
Spacing, storage tanks, 454456
Specific fraction of minimum
specified yield strength
(SMYS), 16, 91, 92
Specific gravity (SG), 71, 88,
130t
and API gravity, 4244, 44f,
45t
of blended products, 44
Specific heat, 89
capacity, 5556
Specific speed, 169170, 170f
vs impeller design, 170f
vs pump efficiency, 170f
Speed control, 209210
for variable speed pumps,
211212
Spheres, 219
construction of, 485, 486489
high-pressure storage tanks,
427
SPRT technique. See Sequential probability ratio test
(SPRT) technique
SR Cracking. See Stress relief
cracking (SR Cracking)
SSPC. See Steel Structures
Painting Council (SSPC)
Stable curve, 172
Standing storage, calculation,
491492
Static electricity, 148
Static measurement
tank calibration
electro-optical distance
ranging method (EODRM), 353355, 353t,
354f
liquid calibration, 355

manual tank strapping
method (MTSM),
348349
optical reference line
method (ORLM),
349351, 350f, 352f
optical triangulation
method (OTM), 351
353, 351t, 353f
tank capacity tables, 355
Static pressure profile, 241
Stationary provers, 391
Station control, 207208, 208f
implementation of, 204f
Station electrical control
shutdown modes, 214215
station auxiliary systems,
213214
Station flow recirculation,
198199, 198f
Station isolation valves, 196
Station shutdown timing
sequence, 329
Station spacing and pumping
costs, 95
Station suction pressure, 206
Statistical techniques, 583
Steady-state assumption, 220,
228
Steady-state hydraulics process,
318
Steady-state solutions and design equations
continuity equation and volume correction, 7172
examples, 7172, 71f
pipeline configuration, 71f
energy equation and temperature profile, 7583, 76f,
78f, 79t, 80f, 81f
example, 8183
momentum equation and
pressure profile, 7273
elevation profile, 74t, 75f
75f
pressure profile and gradient, 74f
Steam-assisted gravity drainage
(SAGD) technique, 338,
340, 343t
Steam injection, 339f, 340341,

341f
Steel dome roof tanks, 417418
Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC)
Steel Tank Institute
storage tank standards,
449450
Steep characteristic, 172
Storage pressure vs. TVP, 459
Storage tanks
aboveground, 415
atmospheric. See Atmospheric
tanks
bunded oil, 471
cathodic protection of. See
system
classification, 415
corrosion. See Corrosion
defined, 407, 415
design, 415, 456465
calculations, 457465
civil, 465474. See also
Civil design, storage tank
data requirement, 456457
mechanical, 461465
emission from
calculations of, 490500
controlling, 428435
explosion, factors associated,
526527
exposure protection, 547548
fabrication, 474476
failures, 520527
combustible vapors,
525526
inspection/maintenance/
repair practices, 524
past accidents, 523524,
525
tank design and, 524
fire protection measures,
533537
fire safety
foam system for. See Foam
system
steps to, 528537
foam dam design for, 415
ignition sources, control of,
532533
Index n 661
inspection/maintenance of, 527
instrumentation/controls, 486,
490
layout, 450456
location/accessibility, 531532
material, 465
mechanical appurtenances/
piping, 485486
open top, 530
operational issues, 500503
pressurized, 427428
safety measures for hazard
reduction, 527
spacing, 454456
spill control technique, 532
standards/practices, 445450
types, and safety issues,
529531
underground, 415
venting arrangement, 532
water demand for protection,
536537
welding process. See Welding, storage tanks
Strainers, 377
Stress corrosion cracking
(SCC), 508510, 576
Stress relief cracking (SR
Cracking), 482485
measures to avoid, 485
Strip delivery, 106
Submerged arc welding (SAW),
476, 477
Submerged electro-gas arc
welding (SEGARC), 480
Sub-surface method, fire
protection, 538539,
545546
advantages of, 538
disadvantages of, 538539
Suction nozzles, 166
Suction pressure, 166
Suction set point, 202, 219
Suction specific speed equation
(Nss), 170171
Sulfide stress corrosion
cracking, 510, 512
Sulfur, 254
Sump system, 600
Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA),
276, 385, 551572
alarms and, 564566

architecture of, 557
and archived data, 563564
batch summary, 392f
capabilities of, 557
characteristics of, 557558
components of, 556557
control center and, 554559
database, creation of, 563
data communications for,
559561
data management, 562564
data trending and, 569570,
586
data types in, 562
DCS vs., 557558
historical database, 563
information requirements,
552553
integrated corporate and, 552,
553
and logs, 571
overview, 551554
playback feature of, 564
redundant, 559
reporting, HMI and, 566571
security, 571572
web-based, 557
Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)
system, 28
defined, 29
Supply and demand, 8485, 84f
Surface mining, 338
Surfactants, 309, 310f, 311f,
312f
Surge, 222, 243245, 244f
Surge control, 228230
batch operation, 242243, 243f
control devices, 230231
emergency shutdown of pipeline system, 242
pipeline operation and (example), 236237, 237f
pump unit and pump station
operations, 231233,
232f, 234f
relief devices, 234236, 235f
scheduled pipeline system
start-up, 238240
Surge diversion valve,

287288
Surge mitigation equipment,
278279, 280t
Surge mitigation methods,
320321
application of, 290292, 291f,
292f
Surge pressure, 225
controls, 319320
Surge tanks, 234, 235, 235f, 289
Surge wave, behaviors of,
221222
Surging flows, 58
Sweet crude, 315
Synthetic crude oil (SCO),
254255, 299, 315, 323,
327, 328f, 330
Synthetic oil, 413
System curve, 185f
with elevation difference, 187
with two products, 186f
System head curves and
pump operating points,
185188, 185f, 186f,
186t, 187f
System log, 571
Systems characteristics,
318319
T
Tank
calibration. See Static
measurement
capacity tables, 355
height measurement, 349
prover, 386
ticket, 395
Tank bottom, 470471
flat, 470471
survey, 349
Tank farm, 407, 408, 411, 412
control system, 600602
variables, 601
defined, 596
layout, 455456
operation, 597600
levels of, 600
requirements for, 409
schematic of, 597
volume measurement, 602

Tank farm
manifolds, 275f
pump station at, 200201,
200f
Tank gauging
hybrid tank measurement systems (HTMS), 358359,
359f
manual, 355356, 356f
radar, 357, 358f
servo, 356357, 357f
tankage volume calculation,
359361
Tank inventory, 602603
volume, determination, 603
Tank rim sealing systems,
428437
selection criteria, 435
types of, 429
Tank shell, 464
TAPS. See Trans-Alaska Pipe
Line System (TAPS)
Tee joints, 479480
Temperature calculation, 144
147, 144f, 146f, 148f
Temperature profile calculation,
energy equation and
7583, 76f, 78f, 79t, 80f, 81f
Temperature rise, 181
Terminal, 104
control, 268
operation at, 598
PCV closure, 332
Tertiary recovery, 336
Theodolite, 351, 351t
Thermal conductivity, 5657,
79, 79t
Thermal expansion, 38, 40,
40f
Thermal expansion coefficient,
36, 38, 40, 40f, 64
Thermal recovery process, 341f
Thermal stress, 156
Thermal upgrading, 305307,
306f
Thixotropic fluids, 46
Throttle pressure, 211
Throttling, 208, 209210
capacity change with, 210f
energy losses, 211
for fixed speed pumps,
210211, 210f
vs speed controls, 209212,

210f, 211f, 212f
Ticketing functions, 393
Ticket meter, 394395, 394f
Tight line operation, 218
Tilt, 349
planar, 467
Time dependent non-Newtonian
fluids, 46, 47f
Time-independent non-Newtonian fluids, 4647, 47f
Time thickening behavior, 46
Time thinning behavior, 46
Time transit ultrasonic meter
variables, 370
TLNET (Liquid Simulator)
model of keystone
pipeline, 327f
Total calculated volume (TCV),
361
Total observed volume (TOV),
360, 361
Trans-Alaska Pipe Line System
(TAPS), 587
TransCanada PipeLines Limited,
268
Transducers, 361, 365
Transient analysis
fluid property information, 319
operational data, 319
pump and driver information,
319
surge pressure controls,
319320
systems characteristics,
318319
valve characteristics, 319
Transient flows, 221
Transient model, 243245, 244,
244f
Transient simulation time,
327328, 328f
Transit time ultrasonic flow
meters, 371, 372
Transmission media
Transmission pipelines, liquid, 5
Transmitter, 365
Transmix, 2, 219220, 249, 364
Transportation methods (for
heavy oil). See Heavy oil
True vapor pressure (TVP),

5255, 53f, 53t, 54f, 496
storage pressure vs., 459
Turbine meters, 59, 368371,
369f
Turbulent flow zones, 589
TVP. See True vapor pressure
(TVP)
U
UL. See Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Ultrasonic, leak detection technique, 576
Ultrasonic meters, 371373, 377
Umbrella-roof tanks, 417, 418
Uncertainty in measurement.
See Dynamic measurement
Underground storage tanks
(UST), 415
Under-saturated oil reservoir,
342, 344f
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Uni-directional prover, 387,
387f. See also Conventional pipe provers
Uniform corrosion, 506507
Uniform settlement, 467
United States Customary (USC)
Units, 57, 397
Unit operating statistics, and
power cost control,
604605
Un-slotted guide-pole, 442
Unstable curve, 172
Upgrading/partial upgrading
method, 304305, 304f,
305f
Upstream pressure, 72
Up-surge, 221, 320
US and Canadian crude and
products characteristics,
13t
US and Canadian regulatory
definition, 17t21t
US Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), 22
UST. See Underground storage
tanks (UST)
Index n 663
V
Vacuum breaker, EFRT deck
fitting, 443
Valve(s), 26, 27f, 381382
bypass check, 290
characteristics, 319
check, 282, 283f, 284f, 285f,
286f
closure
effect of, 329330
times, 289
manipulation, 597598
opening, 289
pressure control, 598, 599
pressure relief, 234236, 235f
related costs, 95
relief, 26, 286
size, 197
spacing, 95
Vapor density, calculation,
495496
Vapor extraction (VAPEX), 340,
342
Vapor monitoring leak detection
system, 577579
Vapor pocket, 115, 115f, 227,
227f
Vapor pressure, 5255, 53f,
53t, 54f, 88, 177f, 270t,
528529
liquid hydrocarbons property,
414, 416
Vapor properties, calculations
of, 495497
Vapor space, 430
Vapor space expansion factor
(KE), 493495
Vapor space volume, calculation, 492793
Variable frequency drive (VFD),
193, 210
Variables
for settlement calculations, 466
tank control, 601
Variable speed drive (VSD),
192195, 193f, 194f,
210, 288
Variable speed pumps, 211

Variable vapor space tanks, 428
Vented vapor saturation factor
(KS), 495
Vertical can pump, 163f
Vertical in-line single stage
pumps, 161, 162f
Viscosity, 88, 247
of blended/diluted liquids,
4849
blending and volume shrinkage, 4950
changes in batch interface,
270271
and density relationship, 48
of heavy Dilbit, 324f
Newtonian fluids, 45, 47f
non-Newtonian fluids, 4547,
47f
time-dependent, 46
time-independent, 46
range, 377
reducers, 312
Viscosity blending index (VBI),
48
Viscosity relationship and pour
point, 5052
Viscous hydrocarbon behavior,
180181, 180f
Viscous liquids, 123
Visual inspection, leak detection
technique, 576
Volume, 38
accumulators, 276
balancing functions, 399
calculation, 396
tracking, 396
Volume accounting system
batch meter, 392, 392f
liquid volume determination,
396399
meter factor and calibration,
396
meter ticket, 394395, 394f
tank ticket, 395
ticketing functions, 393
volume balancing functions,

399
volume calculation, 396
volume tracking, 396
Volume balance technique, 580
trend of, 581
Volume correction, 361
continuity equation and,
7172, 71f
Vortex shedding meters, 365
W
WAN. See Wide-area network
(WAN)
Warning alarms, 564
Water
demand for tank protection,
536537, 547
emulsion, 307308, 307f,
308f
performance of pump, 180
Watson characterization factor,
56
Web-based SCADA systems,
557
Welding, storage tanks, 476
482
Well drilling, 338
Wide-area network (WAN), 560
Wiper seals, 429430
material used in, 430
Working loss (LW), 497499
Working pressure, storage tank
World oil imports and exports
(2008), 9t
World oil trade movements
(2008), 9f
World Onshore Hydrocarbon
Liquid Operating Pipelines, 7t, 8t
World Regional Pipeline Transportation Spread, 6f
Z
Zinc anode, 515, 516
Z662 standard, 574

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Appendix 1

The measure of the amount of water vapor actually in the

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612 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

Aboveground storage tank(s).

A baseline assessment plan (BAP) is the plan a pipeline

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614 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

washouts, frost heaves, earthquakes, etc. Buckles can also

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616 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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Ratio of the hoop stress developed in the pipeline by the

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618 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

The presence of substances in surface water, groundwater,

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potentials (voltage differences). If the soil resistance path

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620 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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630 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

The ratio of average demand to maximum demand (peak

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632 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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Excavation refers to any operation involving movement of

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624 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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Geometry tools are inline inspection tools that are used to

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626 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

A highly volatile liquid (HVL), as defined in pipeline safety

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In widespread or major emergencies that could affect large

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628 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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630 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

The ratio of average demand to maximum demand (peak

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Mass flow meter is a flow meter measuring the flow rate

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632 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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the allocation is based on service type, contract type, and a

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634 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

A natural reservoir containing or appearing to contain an

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636 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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638 n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

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Recirculation of discharge liquid back to suction in order

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