4734 Bridge Manual APPENDIX A

6/30/03

3:37 PM

Page 1

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

area of cross section of stringer or beam

A (4.6.2.2.1)

constant

maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface

that is similar to the loaded area and concentric with it
and does not overlap similar areas for adjacent anchorage
devices

A (5.10.9.7.2)

effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural

tension reinforcement and having the same centroid as
that reinforcement, divided by the number of bars or
wires; when the flexural reinforcement consists of several
bar sizes or wires, the number of bars or wires shall be
computed as the total area of reinforcement divided by
the area of the largest bar or wire used

A (5.7.3.4)

A (8.16.8.4)

Ab

net area of a bearing plate

Ab (5.10.9.7.2)

Ac

area of core of spirally reinforced compression member

measured to the outside diameter of the spiral

Ac (5.7.4.6)

Ac (8.18.2.2.2)

Ac

total area of the composite section

Ac

area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member

Acs

cross-sectional area of a concrete strut in strut-and-tie

model

Acs (5.6.3.3.1)

Acv

area of concrete section resisting shear transfer

Acv (5.8.4.1)

Acv (8.16.6.4.5)

Ag

gross area of section

Ag (5.5.4.2.1)

Ag (8.1.2)

Ag

gross area of bearing plate

Ag (5.10.9.7.2)

Ah

area of shear reinforcement parallel to flexural tension

reinforcement

Ah (5.13.2.4.1)

Ah(8.15.5.8,
8.16.6.8)

Ao

area enclosed by centerlines of the elements of the beam

C4.6.2.2.1

Aps, A*s

area of prestressing steel

Aps (5.5.4.2.1)

A*s (9.17)

APT

transverse post-tensioning reinforcement

As

area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement

As (5.5.4.2.1)

As (9.7, 9.19)

As

total area of vertical reinforcement located within the

distance (h/5) from the end of the beam

As

area of compression reinforcement

As (5.7.3.1.1)

As (9.19)

Asf

steel area required to develop the compressive strength of

the overhanging portions of the flange

Asf (9.17)

Ask

area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face

Ask (5.7.3.4)

Ask (8.17.2.1.3)
OCT 97

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Page 2

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

Asr

steel area required to develop the compressive strength of

the web of a flanged section

Asr (9.17-9.19)

Ass

area of reinforcement in an assumed strut of a

strut-and-tie model

Ass (5.6.3.3.4)

Ast

total area of longitudinal mild steel reinforcement

Ast (5.6.3.4.1)

Ast (8.16.4.1.2,
8.16.4.2.1)

At

area of one leg of closed transverse torsion reinforcement

At (5.8.3.6.2)

Av

area of transverse reinforcement within a distance s

Av (5.8.2.5)

Av (9.20)

Avh

area of web reinforcement required for horizontal shear

Avf

area of shear-friction reinforcement

Avf (5.8.4.1)

Avf (8.15.5.4.3)

Avf

total area of reinforcement, including flexural

reinforcement

Avf (5.10.11.4.4)

Av-min

minimum area of web reinforcement

distance from the end of beam to drape point

depth of equivalent rectangular stress block

a (5.7.2.2)

a (8.16.2.7, 9.17.2)

lateral dimension of the anchorage device measured

a (5.10.9.6.2)

af

distance between concentrated load and face of support

af (5.13.2.5.1)

av

shear span, distance between concentrated load and face

of support

av (5.13.2.4.1)

av (8.15.5.8,
8.16.6.8)

constant

buoyancy

B (3.22)

BR

vehicular braking force

BR (3.3.2)

the lateral dimension of the anchorage device measured

parallel to the smaller dimension of the cross-section

b (5.10.9.6.2)

width of bottom flange of the beam

effective flange width

width of beam

b (4.6.2.2.1)

width of compression face of member

b (5.7.3.1.1)

b (8.1.2)

width of pier or diameter of pile

b (3.18.2.2.4)

width of web of a flanged member

b (9.1.2)

bv , be

effective web width of the precast beam

bv (5.8.2.7)

OCT 97

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Page 3

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

bv

width of cross section at the contact surface being

investigated for horizontal shear

bv (5.8.4.1)

bv (9.20)

bw

width of a web of a flanged member

bw (5.7.3.1.1)

bw (8.15.5.1.1)

bw

width of web adjusted for the presence of ducts

bw ( 5.8.2.5)

stiffness parameter = K(W/L)

C (3.23.4.3)

centrifugal force in percent of live load

C (3.10.1)

Ca

creep coefficient for deflection at time of erection due to

loads applied at release

Cu

ultimate creep coefficient

Cu

ultimate creep coefficient for concrete at time of

application of the superimposed dead loads

CE

vehicular centrifugal force

CE (3.3.2)

CF

centrifugal force

CF (3.22)

CR

creep

CR (3.3.2)

CT

vehicular collision force

CT (3.3.2)

CV

vessel collision force

CV (3.3.2)

C (t,to)

creep coefficient at a concrete age of t days

cohesion factor

c (5.8.4.1)

vehicular braking force

distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis

c (5.7.2.2)

c (8.16.2.7)

parameter used in determination of load fraction of

wheel load

D (3.23.4.3)

prestressing steel elongation

a constant that varies with bridge type and geometry

width of distribution per lane

dead load

D (3.3.2)

D (3.22)

DC

dead load of structural components and nonstructural

attachments

DC (5.14.2.3.2)

DD

downdrag

DD (3.3.2)

D.F.

fraction of wheel load applied to beam

D.F. (3.28.1)

DFD

distribution factor for deflection

OCT 97

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Page 4

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

DFM

distribution factor for bending moment

DFm

live load distribution factor for moment

DFV

distribution factor for shear force

DL

contributing dead load

DL (3.1)

DW

dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities

DW (3.3.2,
5.14.2.3.2)

distance from extreme compressive fiber to centroid of the

pretensioning force

d (9.1.2)

depth of beam or stringer

d (4.6.2.2.1)

precast beam depth

distance from extreme compressive fiber to centroid of the

reinforcing but not less than 0.8h . In negative moment
section, the reinforcement is assumed to be located at the
mid-height of the slab. For computing horizontal shear
strength of composite members, d should be the distance
from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement for entire composite section.

d (9.1.2)

db

nominal diameter of a reinforcing bar or wire

db (5.10.2.1)

db (8.1.2)

db

nominal diameter of prestressing steel

db (5.10.2.1)

D (9.17, 9.27)

dc

thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme

tension fiber to center of bar or wire located closest thereto

dc (5.7.3.4)

dc (8.16.8.4)

de

distance between the center of exterior beam and interior

edge of curb or traffic barrier

de (4.6.2.2.1)

de

effective depth from extreme compression fiber to the

centroid of the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement

de (5.7.3.3.1)

dext

depth of the extreme steel layer from extreme compression

fiber

di

depth of steel layer from extreme compression fiber

dp

distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid

of the prestressing tendons

dp (5.7.3.1.1)

ds

distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid

of the non-prestressed tensile reinforcement

ds (5.7.3.2.2)

dt (9.7, 9.17-9.19)

dv

effective shear depth

dv (5.8.2.7)

ds

distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of

compression reinforcement

ds (5.7.3.2.2)

d (8.1.2)

OCT 97

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Page 5

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

d"

distance from centroid of gross section, neglecting the

reinforcement, to centroid of tension reinforcement

d" (8.1.2)

earth pressure

width of slab over which a wheel load is distributed

E (3.24.3)

Eb

the modulus of elasticity of the bearing plate material

Eb (5.10.9.7.2)

Ec

modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ec (5.4.2.4)

Ec (3.26.3, 8.7.1)

Eci

modulus of elasticity of concrete at transfer

Eci (5.9.5.2.3a)

Eeff

effective modulus of elasticity

Eeff (C5.14.2.3.6)

Ep, Es

modulus of elasticity of pretensioning reinforcement

Ep (5.4.4.2)

Es (9.16.2.1.2)

Es

modulus of elasticity of non-pretensioned reinforcement

Es (5.4.3.2)

Es (3.26.3, 8.7.2)

Ec*

age adjusted effective modulus of concrete for a gradually

applied load at the time of release of prestressing

EH

horizontal earth pressure load

EH (3.3.2)

EQ

earthquake

EQ (3.3.2)

EQ (3.22.1)

EQ

equivalent static horizontal force applied at the center

of gravity of the structure

EQ (3.1)

ES

earth surcharge load

ES (3.3.2)

EV

vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill

EV (3.3.2)

eccentricity of the strands at h/2

eccentricity of strands at transfer length

correction factor for distribution

e (4.6.2.2.1)

eccentricity of a lane from the center of gravity of the

pattern of girders

e (4.6.2.2.2d)

the eccentricity of the anchorage device or group of

devices, with respect to the centroid of the cross-section,
always taken as positive

e (5.10.9.6.3)

difference between eccentricity of pretensioning steel at

midspan and end span

ec

eccentricity of the strand at the midspan

ee

eccentricity of pretensioning force at end of beam

eg

distance between the centers of gravity of the basic

beam and deck

eg (4.6.2.2.1)

OCT 97

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Page 6

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

ep

eccentricity of the prestressing strands with respect to

the centroid of the section

Fb

allowable tensile stress in the precompressed tensile

zone at service loads

Fb

allowable bending stress

Fb (2.7.4.2)

Fcj

force in concrete for the j th component

FR

friction

FR (3.3.2)

Fpi

total force in strands before release

reduction factor

F (5.8.3.4.2)

stress

fD

sum of dead load bending stresses

f(L+I)

live load plus impact bending stress

fb

concrete stress at the bottom fiber of the beam

fb

average bearing stress in concrete on loaded area

fb (8.15.2.1.3,
8.16.7.1)

fc

extreme fiber compressive stress in concrete at service loads

fc (8.15.2.1.1)

fc

specified compressive strength of concrete at 28 days,

unless another age is specified

fc (5.4.2.1)

fc (8.1.2)

fca

concrete compressive stress ahead of the anchorage devices

fca (5.10.9.6.2)

fcds

average concrete compressive stress at the c.g. of the

prestressing steel under full dead load

fcds (9.16)

fcgp

concrete stress at the center of gravity of pretensioning

tendons, due to pretensioning force at transfer and the
self-weight of the member at the section of maximum
positive moment

fcgp (5.9.5.2.3a)

fcir (9.16)

fci

compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress

fci (5.9.1.2)

fci (9.15)

fct

average splitting tensile strength of lightweight

aggregate concrete

fct (5.8.2.2)

fct (9.1.2)

(fc )t

compressive strength of concrete at t days

fcu

the limiting concrete compressive stress for design by

strut-and-tie model

fcu (5.6.3.3.1)

fd

stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of

section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads

fd (9.20)

OCT 97

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Page 7

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

ff

fatigue stress range in reinforcement

ff (5.5.3.2)

ff (8.16.8.3)

fmin

algebraic minimum stress level in reinforcement

fmin (5.5.3.2)

fmin (8.16.8.3)

fn

nominal concrete bearing stress

fn (5.10.9.7.2)

fpb

compressive stress at bottom fiber of the beam due to

prestress force

fpc

compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all

prestress losses) at centroid of cross section resisting
externally applied loads or at junction of web and flange
when the centroid lies within the flange (In a composite
member, fpc is resultant compressive stress at centroid of
composite section, or at junction of web and flange when
the centroid lies within the flange, due to both prestress
and moments resisted by precast member acting alone.)

fpc(C5.6.3.5)

fpc (9.20)

fpe

effective prestress after losses

fpe (5.6.3.4.1)

fse

fpe

compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress

forces only (after allowance for all prestress losses) at
extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads

fpe (9.20)

fpi

initial stress immediately before transfer

fpj

stress in the prestressing steel at jacking

fpj (5.9.3)

fpo

stress in the prestressing steel when the stress in the

surrounding concrete is 0.0

fpo (5.8.3.4.2)

fps

average stress in prestressing steel at the time for which the

nominal resistance of member is required

fps (C5.6.3.3.3)

fpt

stress in prestressing steel immediately after transfer

fpt (5.9.3)

fpu, fs

ultimate strength of prestressing steel

fpu (5.4.4.1)

fs (9.15, 9.17)

fpy

yield point stress of prestressing steel

fpy (5.4.4.1)

fy* (9.15)

fr

the modulus of rupture of concrete

fr (5.4.2.6)

fr (9.18,
8.15.2.1.1)

fs

allowable stress in steel, but not taken greater than 20 ksi

fs

tensile stress in reinforcement at service loads

fs (8.15.2.2)

fsa

tensile stress in the reinforcement at service loads

fsa (5.7.3.4)

fse

effective final pretension stress

fsi

effective initial pretension stress

fsu*

stress in prestressing tension steel at ultimate load

fsu*
OCT 97

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Page 8

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

ft

extreme fiber tensile stress in concrete at service loads

ft (8.15.2.1.1)

ft

concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the

non-composite section

ftc

concrete stress at top fiber of the slab for the

composite section

ftg

concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the

composite section

fy

specified yield strength of non-prestressed conventional

reinforcement

fy (5.5.4.2.1),
fy(5.7.3.1.1)

fy (8.1.2), fy
(9.19), fsy (9.19,
9.20)

fyh

specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement

fyh (5.7.4.6)

A factor used to multiply the total longitudinal response

of the bridge due to a single longitudinal line of wheel
loads in order to determine the maximum response of
a single girder

distribution factor

g (4.6.2.2.1)

average annual ambient mean relative humidity, percent

H (5.4.2.3.2)

RH (9.16.2.1.1)

height of wall

H (A13.4.2)

overall thickness or depth of a member

h (5.8.2.7)

h (9.20)

hc

total height of composite section

hf

compression flange thickness

hf (5.7.3.1.1)

hf (8.1.2)

moment of inertia about the centroid of the

non-composite precast beam

Ig (5.7.3.6.2)

I (9.20)

Ic

moment of inertia of composite section

Icr

moment of inertia of cracked section transformed

to concrete

Icr (5.7.3.6.2)

Icr (8.13.3)

Ie

effective moment of inertia

Ie (5.7.3.6.2)

Ie (8.13.3)

Ig

moment of inertia of the gross concrete section about the

centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement

Ig (5.7.3.6.2)

Ig (3.23.4.3,
8.1.2, 9.20)

Is

moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis

of member cross section

Is (5.7.4.3)

Is (8.1.2)

IC

ice load

ICE

ice pressure

ICE (3.22.1)

IM

vehicular dynamic load allowance

IM (3.6.1.2.5)

I (3.8.2)
OCT 97

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Page 9

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

gross St. Venant torsional constant of the precast member

J (4.6.2.2.1)

J (3.23.4.3)

a non-dimensional constant

effective length factor for compression members

K (5.7.4.1)

k (8.16.5.2.3)

factor used for calculating time-dependent losses

wobble friction coefficient

K (5.9.5.2.2b)

K (9.16)

Kg

longitudinal stiffness parameter

Kg (4.6.2.2.1)

K (3.23.4)

Kr

factor used for calculating relaxation loss occurs prior

to transfer

factor used in calculation of distribution factor for

multi-beam bridges

k (4.6.2.2)

factor used in calculation of average stress in pretensioning

steel for Strength Limit State

live load distribution constant for spread box girders

k (3.28.1)

kc

product of applicable correction factors = kla (kh) (ks)

kc

a factor for the effect of the volume-to-surface ratio

kc (5.4.2.3.2)

kcp

correction factor for curing period

kf

a factor for the effect of concrete strength

kf (5.4.2.3.2)

kh

correction factor for relative humidity

kh (5.4.2.3.3)

kla

correction factor for loading age

ks

product of applicable correction factors = kcp (kh) (ks)

ks

correction factor for size

ks (5.4.2.3.3)

length in feet of the span under consideration for positive

moment and the average of two adjacent loaded spans
for negative moment

L (3.8.2.1)

Overall beam length or design span

span length measured parallel to longitudinal beams

length of the loaded portion of span from section under

consideration to the far reaction when computing shear
due to truck loads.

loaded length of span

L (5.7.3.1.2)

L (3.8.2)

LL, L

live load

LL (3.3.2)

L (3.22)

total length of prestressing steel from anchorage to anchorage

OCT 97

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Page 10

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

Lc

critical length of yield line failure pattern

Lc (A13.4.2)

LF

longitudinal force from live load

LF (3.22)

LS

live load surcharge

LS (3.3.2)

Lr

intrinsic relaxation of the strand

ld

development length

lt

transfer length

lu

unsupported length of compression member

lu (5.7.4.1)

lu (8.16.5.2.1)

Mb

unfactored bending moment due to barriers weight

Mc

flexural resistance of cantilevered wall

MCIP

unfactored bending moment due to cast-in-place

topping slab

Mconst

unfactored bending moment due to construction load

Mcr

moment causing flexural cracking at section due to

externally applied loads

Mcr (5.7.3.6.2)

Mcr (8.13.3, 9.20)

Mcr*

cracking moment

Mcr* (9.18)

MD

unfactored bending moment due to diaphragm weight

Md

bending moment at section due to unfactored dead load

Md/nc

non-composite dead load moment

Md/nc (9.18)

Mf

unfactored bending moment due to fatigue truck per beam

Mg

unfactored bending moment due to beam self-weight

MLL

unfactored bending moment due to lane load per beam

MLL+I

unfactored bending moment due to live load + impact

MLT

unfactored bending moment due to truck load with

dynamic allowance per beam

Mmax

maximum factored moment at section due to externally

applied loads

Mmax (9.20)

Mn

nominal flexural resistance

Mn (5.7.3.2.1)

Mn (9.1.2)

Mn/dc

non-composite dead load moment at the section

Mr

factored flexural resistance of a section in bending

Mr (5.7.3.2.1)

Mservice

total bending moment for service load combination

OCT 97

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Page 11

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

MS

unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch weights

MSDL

unfactored bending moment due to super-imposed

dead loads

MSIP

unfactored bending moment due to stay-in-place panel

Mu

factored moment at section Mn

Mu (C5.6.3.1)

Mu (9.17, 9.18)

Msw

moment at section of interest due to self-weight of the

member plus any permanent loads acting on the
member at time of release

Mws

unfactored bending moment due to wearing surface

Mx

bending moment at a distance (x) from the support

material parameter

stress ratio = (fy / 0.85 )

group number

N (3.22.1)

Nb, NB

number of beams

Nb (4.6.2.2.1)

NB (3.28.1)

NL

number of traffic lanes

NL (4.6.2.2.1,
3.6.1.1.1)

NL (3.23.4)

NL

number of traffic lanes

Nu

applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile

Nuc

factored axial force normal to the cross section, occurring

simultaneously with Vu to be taken as positive for
tension, negative for compression; includes effects of
tension due to creep and shrinkage

Nuc (5.13.2.4.1)

Nu (8.16.6.2.2)

modular ratio of elasticity - Es/Ec

n (5.7.1)

n (8.15.3.4)

concentrated wheel load

P (3.6.1.2.5)

live load intensity

P (C3.11.6.2)

live load on sidewalk

P (3.14.1.1)

load on one rear wheel of truck

P (3.24.3)

Diaphragm weight concentrated at quarter points

Pc

permanent net compression force

Pc (5.8.4.1)

Peff

effective post-tensioning force

Pi

total pretensioning force immediately after transfer

Pn

nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity

Pn (5.5.4.2.1)

Pn (8.1.2)
OCT 97

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Page 12

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

Pn

nominal axial resistance of strut or tie

Pn (5.6.3.2)

Pn

nominal bearing resistance

Pn (5.7.5)

Pnx

nominal axial load strength corresponding to Mnx, with

bending considered in the direction of the x axis only

Pnx (8.16.4.3)

Pny

nominal axial load strength corresponding to Mny, with

bending considered in the direction of the y axis only

Pny (8.16.4.3)

Pnxy

nominal axial load strength with biaxial loading

Pnxy (8.16.4.3)

Po

nominal axial load strength of a section at 0.0 eccentricity

Po (5.7.4.5)

Po (8.16.4.2.1)

Ppe

total pretensioning force after all losses

Ps

prestress force before initial losses

Ps

design jacking force

Pse

effective pretension force after allowing for all losses

Psi

effective pretension force after allowing for the initial losses

Pr

factored bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage

zone provided by transverse reinforcement

PT

factored axial resistance of strut or tie

Pr (5.6.3.2)

PT

factored bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage t

zone provided by transverse reinforcemen

Pr (5.10.10.1)

PL

pedestrian live load

PL (3.3.2)

fraction of truck traffic in a single lane

p (3.6.1.4.2)

As /bd, ratio of non-prestressed tension reinforcement

p (9.7, 9.17-9.19)

As /bd, ratio of compression reinforcement

p (9.19)

p*

As*/bd, ratio of prestressing steel

p* (9.17, 9.19)

pc

outside perimeter of the concrete section

pc (5.8.2.1)

ph

perimeter of the centerline of the closed transverse torsion

reinforcement

ph (5.8.3.6.2)

first moment of inertia of the area above the fiber being

considered

statical moment of cross sectional area, above or below the

level being investigated for shear, about the centroid

Q (9.20)

total factored load

Q (3.4.1)

generalized load

q (3.4.1)

OCT 97

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APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

qi

specified loads

qi (3.4.1)

reaction on exterior beam in terms of lanes

rib shortening

R (3.22)

Ru

flexural resistance factor

Rw

total transverse resistance of the railing

Rw (A13.4.2)

radius of gyration of cross section of a compression member

r (5.7.4.1)

r (8.16.5.2.2)

r/h

ratio of base radius to height of rolled-on transverse

deformations

r/h (5.5.3.2)

coefficient related to site conditions for use in determining

seismic loads)

S (3.10.5)

surface area of concrete exposed to drying

shrinkage

S (3.22)

spacing of beams

S (3.23.3, 3.28.1)

effective span length of the deck slab

S (3.25.1.3)

width of precast member

S (3.23.4.3)

Sb

noncomposite section modulus for the extreme fiber of

section where the tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads

Sb (9.18)

Sbc

composite section modulus for extreme bottom fiber of

the precast beam, Ic/ybc

Sc

composite section modulus for the extreme fiber of section

where the tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads

Sc (9.18)

St

section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the

non-composite precast beam

Stc

composite section modulus for top fiber of the slab,

Ic/(n)(ytc)

Stg

composite section modulus for top fiber of the precast

beam, Ic/ytg

Su

ultimate free shrinkage strain in the concrete adjusted for

member size and relative humidity

S(t,to)

shrinkage strain at a concrete age of t days

SE

settlement

SE (3.3.2)

SF

stream flow pressure

SF (3.22)
OCT 97

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APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

SH

shrinkage

SH (3.3.2,
5.14.2.3.2)

S (3.22)

SR

fatigue stress range

spacing of shear reinforcement in direction parallel to the

longitudinal reinforcement

s(5.8.4.1)

s (9.20)

effective deck span

s (3.25.1.3)

length of a side element

s (C4.6.2.2.1)

spacing of rows of ties

s (5.8.4.1)

collision force at deck slab level

mean daily air temperature

T (C3.9.2.2)

Tburst

the tensile force in the anchorage zone acting ahead of the

anchorage device and transverse to the tendon axis

Tburst (5.10.9.6.3)

Tcr

torsional cracking resistance

Tcr (5.8.2.1)

Tn

nominal torsion resistance

Tn (5.8.2.1)

TT

factored torsional resistance provided by circulatory

shear flow

Tr (5.8.2.1)

Tu

factored torsional moment

Tu (C5.6.3.1)

TG

temperature gradient

TG (3.3.2, C4.6.6)

TU

uniform temperature

TU (3.3.2)

thickness of web

thickness of an element of the beam

time in days

t (5.4.2.3.2)

average thickness of the flange of a flanged member

t (9.17, 9.18)

deck thickness

t (3.25.1.3)

tf

thickness of flange

ti

age of concrete when load is initially applied

ti (5.4.2.3.2)

tla

loading ages in days

ts

depth of concrete slab

ts (4.6.2.2.1)

to

age of concrete in days at the end of the initial curing period

design shear force at section

V (8.15.5.1.1)

OCT 97

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APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

variable spacing of truck axles

V (3.7.6)

volume of concrete

Vc

nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in

the concrete

Vc (5.8.2.4)

Vc (9.20, 8.16.6.1)

Vci

nominal shear strength provided by concrete when

diagonal cracking results from combined shear and moment

Vci (9.20)

Vcw

nominal shear strength provided by concrete when

diagonal cracking results from excessive principal tensile
stress in web

Vcw (9.20)

Vd

shear force at section due to unfactored dead load

Vd (9.20)

Vi

factored shear force at section due to externally applied

loads occurring simultaneously with Mmax

Vi (9.20)

VLL

unfactored shear force due to lane load per beam

VLL+I

unfactored shear force due to live load plus impact

VLT

unfactored shear force due to truck load with dynamic

allowance per beam

Vmu

ultimate shear force occurring simultaneously with Mu

Vn

nominal shear resistance of the section considered

Vn (5.8.2.1)

Vn (8.16.6.1)

Vnh

nominal horizontal shear strength

Vnh(8.16.6.5.3,
9.20)

Vp

component in the direction of the applied shear of the

effective pretensioning force, positive if resisting the
applied shear

Vp (C5.8.2.3)

Vp (9.20)

Vs

shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement

Vs (5.8.3.3)

Vs (8.16.6.1, 9.20)

VT

factored shear resistance

Vr (5.8.2.1)

Vu

factored shear force at section

Vu (C5.6.3.1)

Vu (8.16.6.1, 9.20)

Vuh

factored horizontal shear force per unit length of the beam

Vx

shear force at a distance (x) from the support

factored design shear stress

v (5.8.3.4.2)

v (8.15.5.1.1)

permissible horizontal shear stress

v (9.20)

vc

permissible shear stress carried by concrete

vc (8.15.5.2)

WS, W

wind load on structure

WS (3.3.2)

W (3.22)

overall width of bridge

W (3.23.4.3)
OCT 97

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APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

roadway width between curbs

W (3.28.1)

WA

water load and stream pressure

WA (3.3.2)

WL

wind load on live load

WL (3.3.2)

WL (3.22)

width of clear roadway

w (3.6.1.1.1)

a uniformly distributed load

wb

weight of barriers

wc

unit weight of concrete

wc (5.4.2.4)

wc (8.1.2)

wg

beam self-weight

ws

slab and haunch weights

wws

weight of future wearing surface

distance from load to point of support

X (3.24.5.1)

Xext

horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the

pattern of girders to the exterior girder

Xext (C4.6.2.2.2d)

the distance from the support to the section under question

horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the

pattern of girders to each girder

x (C4.6.2.2.2d)

length of prestressing steel element from jack end to

point x

x (5.9.5.2.2b)

L (9.16)

yb

distance from centroid to the extreme bottom fiber of the

non-composite precast beam

ybc

distance from the centroid of the composite section to

extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam

ybs

distance from the center of gravity of strands to the

bottom fiber of the beam

yt

distance from centroid to the extreme top fiber of the

non-composite precast beam

yt

distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting

reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension

yt (5.7.3.6.2)

yt (8.13.3, 9.20)

ytc

distance from the centroid of the composite section to

extreme top fiber of the slab

ytg

distance from the centroid of the composite section to

extreme top fiber of the precast beam

crack control parameter

Z (5.7.3.4)

OCT 97

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Page 17

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

factor reflecting exposure conditions

angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to

longitudinal axis

(5.8.3.3)

angle between inclined shear reinforcement and

longitudinal axis of member

(5.8.3.3)

(8.1.2)

factor used in calculating elastic shortening loss

total angular change of prestressing steel path from jacking

end to a point under investigation

(5.9.5.2.2b)

(9.16)

the angle of inclination of a tendon force, with respect to

the centerline of the member

(5.10.9.6.3)

total horizontal angular change of prestressing steel path

from jacking end to a point under investigation

h (5.9.5.2.2b)

angle between compressive strut and adjoining tension tie

s (5.6.3.3.3)

total vertical angular change of prestressing steel path from

jacking end to a point under investigation

v (5.9.5.2.2b)

factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to

transmit tension (a value indicating concrete contribution)

(5.8.3.3)

factor relating effect of longitudinal strain on the shear

capacity of concrete, as indicated by the ability of
diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension

(5.8.3.3)

ratio of area of reinforcement cut off to total area of

reinforcement at the section

b (5.11.1.2.1)

b (8.24.1.4.2)

absolute value of ratio of maximum dead load moment to

maximum total load moment, always positive

d (5.7.4.3)

d (8.1.2)

load combination coefficient for dead loads

D (3.22.1)

load combination coefficient for live loads

L (3.22.1)

ratio of depth of equivalent compression zone to depth

1 (5.7.2.2)

1(8.16.2.7,9.179.19)

deflection

beam

deflection due to beam self-weight

b+ws

deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights

fcdp

change in concrete stress at c.g. of prestressing steel due

to all dead loads, except dead load acting at the time the
prestressing force is applied

fcdp (5.9.5.4.3)

fpA

loss in prestressing steel stress due to anchorage set

fpA (5.9.5.1)

OCT 97

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Page 18

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

fpCR

loss in prestressing steel stress due to creep

fpCR (5.9.5.1)

CRc (9.16)

fpES

loss in prestressing steel stress due to elastic shortening

fpES (5.9.5.1)

ES (9.16)

fpF

loss in prestressing steel stress due to friction

fpF (5.9.5.1)

fpi

total loss in pretensioning steel stress immediately

after transfer

fpR

total loss in prestressing steel stress due to relaxation of steel

fpR (5.9.5.1)

CRs (9.16)

fpR1

loss in prestressing steel stress due to relaxation of steel

at transfer

fpR1 (5.9.5.4.4b)

fpR2

loss in prestressing steel stress due to relaxation of steel

after transfer

fpR2 (5.9.5.4.4c)

fpSR

loss in prestressing steel stress due to shrinkage

fpSR (5.9.5.1)

SH (9.16)

fpT

total loss in prestressing steel stress

fpT (5.9.5.1)

fs

total prestress loss, excluding friction

fs (9.16)

deflection due to diaphragm weight

deflection due to specified live load

LL+I

deflection due to live load and impact

LL

deflection due to lane load

LT

deflection due to design truck load and impact

max

maximum allowable live load deflection

camber due pretension force at transfer

SDL

deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights

slab

deflection due to the weights of slab and haunch

strain

cu

the failure strain of concrete in compression

cu (5.7.3.1.2)

ps

strain in prestressing steel

tensile strain in cracked concrete in direction of tension tie

s (5.6.3.3.3)

sh

concrete shrinkage strain at a given time

sh (5.4.2.3.3)

si

strain in tendons corresponding to initial effective

pretension stress

longitudinal strain in the web reinforcement on the

flexural tension side of the member

x (5.8.3.4.2)

OCT 97

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Page 19

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

principal tensile strain in cracked concrete due to

factored loads

1 (5.6.3.3.3)

resistance factor

(5.5.4.2.1)

(8.16.1.2)

curvature at midspan

curvature at support

load factor

(3.22)

factor for type of prestressing steel

= 0.28 for low-relaxation steel
= 0.40 for stress-relieved steel
= 0.55 for bars

* (9.17)

load factor

i (3.4.1)

load factor for permanent loading

p (3.4.1)

variable load modifier which depends on ductility,

redundancy and operational importance

(3.4.1)

a correction factor for closely spaced anchorages

(5.10.9.6.2)

parameter used to determine friction coefficient and it is

related to unit weight for concrete

(5.8.4.2)

(8.15.5.4,
8.16.6.4)

coefficient of friction

(5.8.4.1)

(8.15.5.4.3)

Poisson's ratio

(3.23.4.3)

skew angle

angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses

(5.8.3.3)

angle between compression strut and longitudinal axis of

the member in a shear truss model of a beam

s (5.6.3.3.2)

tension reinforcement ratio - As/bwd, As/bd

(8.1.2)

(8.1.2)

* (9.17, 9.19)

actual

compression reinforcement ratio = As/bd

A *s , ratio of pretensioning reinforcement
bd
actual ratio of nonpretensioned reinforcement

reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions

b (8.16.3.1.1)

min

minimum ratio of tension reinforcement to effective

concrete area

min (5.7.3.3.2)

ratio of area of vertical shear reinforcement to area of gross

concrete area of a horizontal section

v (5.10.11.4.2)

OCT 97

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Page 20

APPENDIX A

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTATION
CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS

CORRESPONDING
AASHTO
STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

a factor reflects the fact that the actual relaxation is less

than the intrinsic relaxation

angle of harped pretensioned reinforcement

(t,ti)

creep coefficient - the ratio of the strain which exists t days

after casting to the elastic strain caused when load pi is
applied ti days after casting

(t,ti) (5.4.2.3.2)

aging coefficient

OCT 97