Diversity a tension between the global and the local Globalization the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities o Economic Globalization Global communication systems that link all regions and most people on the planet instantaneously Transportation systems capable of moving goods quickly by air, sea, and land Transnational business strategies that have created global corporations more powerful than many sovereign nations New and more flexible forms of capital accumulation and international financial institutions that make 24-hour trading possible Global agreements that promote free trade Market economies and private enterprises that have replaced state-controlled economies and services An abundance of planetary goods and services that have arisen to fulfill consumer demand--real or imagined Economic disparities between rich and poor regions and countries that drive people to migrate, both legally and illegally, in search of a better life An army of international workers, managers, and executives who give this powerful economic force a human dimension o Globalization and Changing Human Geographies Global Consumer culture Global nonmaterial culture like language, expectations about human rights, etc Not just one way, but comes into countries and out of them as well demographic dimension Criminal element o Geopolitics and Globalization Many feel like globalization is not restricted by territorial or national boundaries Strong argument that globalization has weakened the political power of individual states by strengthening the power of regional economic and political organizations o The Environment and Globalization o Controversy about Globalization Pro-Globalization Arguments Economic convergence idea that globalization will help worlds poorer countries gradually catch up with the more advance economies
For: enhancing competition, allowing the flow of capital to
poor areas, and encouraging the spread of beneficial new technologies and ideas People that support globalization care about World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization Critics of Globalization Bubble economy a highly inflated economy that cannot be sustained, usually result from rapid influx of international capital into a developing country Against: Rich people more rich, poor people poorer People against it argue that unstable A Middle Position People in middle say unavoidable, but can be managed o Diversity in a Globalizing World Common view is world is becoming blandly homogeneous as world loses diversity Tension between homogenization of globalization and the reaction against it in terms of protecting cultural and political diversity Geography Matters: Environments, Regions, Landscapes Geography has two pursuits: physical and human geography o Areal Differentiation and Integration Areal differentiation describing and explaining the differences that distinguish one piece of the world from another Areal integration study of how places interact with one another o Regions: Formal, Functional, and Vernacular Regions a geographic concept of areal or spatial similarity, large or small Formal regions regions that are defined by some aspect of physical form or cultural features Functional regions where a certain activity takes place like economic activity or sports fans vernacular regions defined solely in peoples minds as spatial stereotypes that have no visible boundaries in the physical landscape o The Cultural Landscape: Space into Place cultural landscape the visible, material expression of human settlement, past and present or a tangible expression of the human habitat The Geographers Toolbox: Location, Maps, Remote Sensing, and GIS o Latitude and Longitude parallels lines of latitude meridians lines of longitude
prime meridian zero degrees longitude, from which locations
east and west are measured in a system of latitude and longitude global positioning systems (GPS) originally used to describe a very accurate satellite-based location system, but now also used in a general sense to describe smartphone location systems that may use cell phone towers as a substitute for satellites o Map Projections map projections - different ways maps are projected onto a flat service o Map Scale map scale mathematical ratio between the map and the surface are being mapped representative fraction relation between the map and the area being mapped graphic or linear scale visually depicts in a horizontal bar distance unit such as feet, meters, miles, or kilometers o Map Patterns and Map Legends choropleth maps maps different levels of intensity of data (such as per capita income or population density) placed within discrete spatial units (such as countries, cities, counties, or cultural regions) o Aerial Photos and Remote Sensing remote sensing a method of digitally photographing Earths surface from satellites or high altitude aircraft so that the information captured can be manipulated by computers to translate information into certain electromagnetic bandwidths, which, in turn, emphasizes certain features and patterns on Earths surface o Geographic Information Systems geographic information systems (GIS) a computerized mapping and information system that analyzes vast amounts of data that may include many layers of specific kinds of information, such as microclimates, hydrology, vegetation, or land-use zoning regulations Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography o Regional perspective Groups all of earth countries into 12 world regions Environmental Geography: The Changing Global Environment o Explain the environmental issue relevant to each world region such as climate change, sea-level rise, acid rain, tropical rain forest deforestation, and wildlife conservation Population and Settlement: People on the Land o Population Growth and Change Natural Population Increase
rate of natural increase (RNI) annual growth rate for a
country or region as a percentage found by subtracting number of deaths from the number of births Total Fertility Rate total fertility rate (TFR) artificial and synthetic number that measures the fertility of a statistically fictitious, yet average group of women moving through their childbearing years Young and Old Populations Population Pyramids population pyramid graph that depicts the percentage of a population that is male or female in different age classes, from young to old Life Expectancy The Demographic Transition demographic transition model conceptualization that tracked the changes in birthrates and death rate over time o Global Migration Push and Pull Forces Net Migration Rates net migration rate statistic that indicates whether more people are entering or leaving a country o Settlement Geography Population Density population density average number of people per area unit An Urbanizing World urbanized population percentage of a countrys population living in cities Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Geography of Change and Tradition o Culture in a Globalizing World culture learned, not innate, and is behavior held in common by a group of people, empowering them with what is commonly called a way of life When Cultures Collide cultural imperialism - active promotion of one cultural system at the expense of another cultural nationalism process of protecting and defending a cultural system against diluting or offensive cultural expressions, while at the same time actively promoting national and local cultural values Cultural Hybrids cultural syncretism or hybridization most common product of cultural collision is the blending of forces to form a new, synergistic form of culture
Gender and Globalization
Gender sociocultural construct, linked to the values and traditions of specific cultural groups that differentiate the characteristics of the two biological sexes, male and female Gender roles cultural guidelines that define appropriate behavior for each gender within a specific context o Language and Culture in Global Context Lingua franca an agreed-upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics such as international business, politics, sports, or entertainment o The Geography of World Religions Universalizing religions attempt to appeal to all peoples, regardless of location or culture Ethnic religions identified closely with a specific ethnic, tribal, or national group Shia Islam The second largest denomination of Islam, whose adherents are called Shiites or Shias. While difficult to assess accurately, generally speaking 75-90 percent of the worlds Muslims are Sunni, with Shias making up the remainder of 10-25 percent. Sunni Islam The major denomination of Islam, with its adherents comprising from 75-90 percent of the worlds Muslims. secularism - people who consider themselves either nonreligious or outright atheistic. Geopolitical Framework: Unity and Fragmentation Geopolitics link between geography and politics, but focus on the interactivity between political power and territory at all scales, form the local to the global o The Nation-State Revisited Nation-state nation describes a large group of people with shared sociocultural traits, such as language, religion, and shared identity, the word state refers to an internal political entity with clearly delimited boundaries, control over its internal space, and recognition by external political states. o Colonialism, Decolonialization, and Neocolonialism Colonialism formal establishment of rule over a foreign population Decolonialization process of a colonys gaining control over its own territory and establishing a separate, independent government Neocolonialism characterized the many ways that newly independent states, particularly those in Africa, felt the continuing control of Western powers, especially in economic and political matter o Global Conflict Insurgency a political rebellion or uprising o
Terrorism violence directed at nonmilitary targets
Counterinsurgency more complicated, multifaceted strategy that combines military warfare with social and political service activities, designed to win over the local population and deprive insurgents of a political base Economic and Social Development: The Geography of Wealth and Poverty o More and Less Developed Countries Core-periphery model A conceptualization of the world into two economic spheres. The developed countries of western Europe, North America, and Japan form the dominant core, with less-developed countries making up the periphery. Implicit in this model is that the core gained its wealth at the expense of peripheral countries. o Indicators of Economic Development Gross Domestic Product and Income Gross domestic product (GDP) traditional measure of the size of a countrys economy is the value of all final goods and services produced within its borders Gross national income (GNI) with GDP is combined with net income from outside its borders through trade and other forms of income (also known as gross national product (GNP) Gross National income (GNI) per capita obtained by dividing GNI by the countrys population Purchasing power parity (PPP) takes into account the strength or weakness of local currencies Economic Growth Rates o Indicators of Social Development Gender equity a social condition, state, or goal of complete parity and equality between males and females The Human Development Index Human Development Index (HDI) combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equity, and income Poverty and Mortality Adult Literacy Gender Inequity