1.

Decimal Number System

base 10
represented by arranging the 10 symbols i.e. 0 through 9 known as
digits (Arabic numerals).
position of each symbol in a given sequence has a certain numerical
weight.
use of a Decimal point
Decimal number = weighted sum representation of symbols
left most digit is called the most significant digit
right most digit is called the least significant digit.
digits to the right side of the decimal point are known as fractional part
digits to the left side of the decimal point are known as integer part.
Any number of zeros can be inserted to the left of most significant digit
of integer part and to the right side of the least significant digit of
fractional part.
The base, or radix, of a number system is defined as the number of
different digits which can occur in each position in the number system.
2. Binary Numbering System
base 2
represented by 0 and 1 known as bits also as Binary Digits
Binary point
weighted sum representation (weight as 2 to the power i.e. power of
base)
Counting (ginti) in binary is same as decimal
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
In binary machines each of the binary digit is represented by a switch
which can be used to represent two values but one at a time either ON
or OFF.
Example- given a set of six switches, any number from 000000 to
111111 may be represented by the switches if we define a switch with
its contacts closed as representing a 1 and a switch with open contacts
as representing a 0. If we desire to increase the total range of numbers
that we can represent so that it will include the negative numbers from
000000 to 111111, another bit (or switch) will be required. This bit is
called sign bit and placed before all other bits presenting magnitude.
when the sign bit is a 0 (open), the number represented is positive, and
when the sign bit is a 1 (close), the number is negative.
3. Binary to decimal conversion
By Weighted Sum Representation
4. Decimal to binary conversion
a) Sum of weight method hit and trial method. Find out all Binary
weight values, less than the given decimal number. Determine a set of
binary weight values when added should sum up equal to the given
decimal number.
b) Repeated division method (whole no. conversion) repeated
division with 2 give reminders respectively from LSB to MSB.
c) Repeated multiplication (for fractional part) multiply with 2 and
write integer part of multiply separately then again multiply with
fraction part only. Here integer part come in order of MSB to LSB
5. Octal Number System

 base 8
symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, these are known as Octal digits
weighted sum representation
Octal point
Counting (ginti) is same as decimal
6. Octal to Decimal Conversion
By Weighted Sum Representation
7. Decimal to Octal Conversion
a) Sum of weight method
b) Repeated division method (whole no. conversion)
c) Repeated multiplication (for fractional part)
8. Octal to binary conversion
There is a direct relation between the bases of Octal and Binary
number systems. i.e. 8 = 23 . To convert a given octal number to binary,
simply replace the octal digit by its equivalent 3-bit binary representation.
9. Binary to Octal Conversion
binary number is clubbed into a group of three bits towards left from
the octal point and grouped towards right from the octal point. Additional
0s, if required, can be added to right of rightmost bit in the fractional part,
10.
Hexadecimal Numbering System
Base 16
uses alpha-numeric symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and A, B, C, D, E,
F.
weighted number representation
Counting (ginti) is same as decimal
11.
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
direct relation 16 =24
12.
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
clubbed into a group of 4-bits
13.
Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion
first converting a given Hexadecimal number to binary and then
converting the resultant binary to octal system
14.
Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion
converting first to the binary system and then to hexadecimal
system.
15.
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
By Weighted Sum Representation
16.
Binary operations

this is best way to explain division

17.
Complementary numbering systems: 1s and 2s
Complements
1s complement of a given binary number can be obtained by
replacing all 0s by 1s and 1s by 0s. (In other words generalised - simply
by subtracting each digit of the number from the Base of number system
minus one)
2s complement of a given binary number can be obtained by first
obtaining 1s complement and then add 1 to it.
Sign bit helps to identify that number is positive or negative.
18.
Binary subtraction using 1s complementary
STEP 1:1s complement of the subtrahend is obtained first and then added
to the minuend.
STEP 2: If a carry generates remove that carry and add 1 to remaining part
Else answer is negative in 1s complement (so obtain 1s
complement and use ve sign to indicate)
19.
Binary subtraction using 2s complementary
STEP 1:2s complement of the subtrahend is obtained first and then added
to the minuend.
STEP 2: If a carry (called end around carry) generates remove that carry
Else answer is negative in 2s complement (so obtain 2s
complement and use ve sign to indicate)
20.
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Numbering system (8421 code)

with four bits the possible numbers of binary combinations are 2 4 =

16, out of which only first 10 combinations were used.
21.
BCD addition
STEP 1: add BCD like binary
STEP 2: if 4-bit resultant is more than 9 or a carry is generated then add
110